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Meens Miller E, O’Rourke N, Jeffrey M, Green-Johnson J, Dogra S. Novel biomarkers in the saliva of healthy young males and females in a randomized crossover study on sedentary time: An exploratory analysis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0308838. [PMID: 39163400 PMCID: PMC11335159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0308838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Several known biomarkers have been used to understand the physiological responses of humans to various short and long-term interventions such as exercise or dietary interventions. However, little exploratory work has been conducted to identify novel biomarkers in human saliva that could enable non-invasive physiological research to understand acute responses to interventions such as reducing sedentary time. The purpose of this study was to identify novel biomarkers in the saliva (cytokines, growth factors and vascular factors) that respond to prolonged (4 hours) and interrupted sitting (4 hours of sitting interrupted by 3 minutes of walking at 60% of maximal heart rate every 27 minutes) in young, healthy males and females. We also sought to determine whether responsive biomarkers would differ by sex. Participants (n = 24, 21.2 ± 2.2 years, 50% female) completed a prolonged sitting (PS) session and an interrupted sitting (IS) session in random order. Individual saliva samples were pooled into a male sample and a female sample to identify responsive biomarkers using a human cytokine antibody membrane array (42 targets). Several novel biomarkers were responsive in both sexes (e.g., IL-8, Angiogenin, VEGF, and EGF), in females only (e.g., TNF-α and IL-13), and in males only (e.g., IL-3, RANTES, and IL-12p40/p70). Importantly, several biomarkers appear to be responsive to the 4-hour prolonged and interrupted sitting sessions (e.g., TNF-α, IL-8, IL-3, RANTES, EGF, Angiogenin, and VEGF). This work highlights new directions for researchers aiming to investigate the effect of short-term or acute interventions on different physiological pathways using non-invasive methods. Our work clearly indicates that human saliva samples can provide a wealth of insight into physiological responses, and that a number of biomarkers can be used to understand changes induced by acute interventions such as interrupting prolonged sitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmeline Meens Miller
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Kinesiology), University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Nicholas O’Rourke
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Kinesiology), University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Jeffrey
- Faculty of Science (Biology), University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Julia Green-Johnson
- Faculty of Science (Biology), University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Shilpa Dogra
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Kinesiology), University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
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Riley S, Paterson C, Bates-Fraser LC, Ondrak KS, Stoner L, Hanson ED. Uninterrupted prolonged sitting and arterial stiffness: moderating effect of prior aerobic exercise in physically active adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1959-1967. [PMID: 38280015 PMCID: PMC11199110 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05419-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prolonged sitting acutely increases arterial stiffness, with interruption strategies only providing limited success in offsetting these rises. Acute aerobic exercise is a potent stimulus to decrease arterial stiffness. However, limited information exists on the effectiveness of acute exercise to maintain arterial stiffness when performed prior to prolonged sitting, particularly within physically active individuals. METHODS Using a randomized crossover design, 22 young, active individuals (50% female) performed two conditions 30 min of walking at 55-65% of heart rate reserve (EX) and 30 min of standing (STAND) followed by 2.5-h of sitting. Brachial-femoral (bfPWV) and femoral-ankle pulse wave velocity (faPWV) were assessed at Baseline, post-exercise and pre-sitting (Pre), and post-sitting (Post) as estimates of central and peripheral arterial stiffness, respectively. RESULTS For bfPWV, no interaction, condition, or time effects were observed. For faPWV, an interaction was present (p < 0.001); compared to Baseline, there was a 6.1% decrease for EX (- 0.4 m/s, p < 0.001) and a 4.6% increase for STAND (0.3 m/s, p = 0.016) for STAND such that there was an 11.3% difference between conditions at Pre (0.7 m/s, p < 0.001). From Pre to Post, EX then increased by 11.7% (0.9 m/s p < 0.001) while STAND remained unchanged, resulting in no difference between conditions (0.1 m/s, p = 0.569). CONCLUSIONS While aerobic exercise resulted in a significant decrease in faPWV prior to sitting, the prior exercise bout did not confer a protective effect against the deleterious effects of uninterrupted sitting. Future work should investigate the combined effect of prior exercise and sitting interruption strategies on markers of arterial stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Riley
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Craig Paterson
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lauren C Bates-Fraser
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kristin S Ondrak
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lee Stoner
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Erik D Hanson
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Soto-Rodríguez FJ, Moya AP, Bobadilla-Agouborde CJ, Pérez-Mármol JM. Effect of Exercise Prior to Sedentary Behavior on Vascular Health Parameters: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Crossover Trials. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:69. [PMID: 38853205 PMCID: PMC11162984 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00734-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sedentary behavior has been shown to negatively affect parameters of endothelial function and central hemodynamics, both of which are closely associated with vascular health. Exercise prior to sedentary behavior has demonstrated potential as a preventive strategy to mitigate these detrimental effects. To evaluate the impact of exercise prior to sedentary behavior on vascular health parameters in the adult population, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted, synthesizing the available body of knowledge. METHODS A literature search was carried out in 6 databases. For each outcome, standard error and mean difference or standardized mean difference were calculated, as appropriate. An analysis was performed using a random effects model with a 95% confidence interval, using the inverse variance statistical method. Risk of bias assessment was performed using ROB2 and considerations for crossover trials. The quality of evidence was assessed using the GRADE system. RESULTS Exercise performed prior to prolonged sedentary behavior resulted in increased flow-mediated vasodilation at the first and third hours of sedentary time, compared with the control condition of sedentary behavior without prior exercise [MD: 1.51% (95% CI: 0.57 to 2.45) and MD: 1.36% (95% CI: 0.56 to 2.16), respectively]. Moreover, prior exercise led to increased shear rate at the first and third hours of sedentary time [MD: 7.70 s^-1 (95% CI: 0.79 to 14.61) and MD: 5.21 s^-1 (95% CI: 1.77 to 8.43), respectively]. Furthermore, it increased blood flow at the third hour [SMD: 0.40 (95%CI: 0.07 to 0.72)], compared with the control condition of prolonged sedentary behavior without prior exercise. Regarding hemodynamic parameters, exercise prior to prolonged sedentary behavior decreased mean arterial pressure during the first and third hours of sedentary behavior [MD: -1.94 mmHg (95% CI: -2.77 to -1.11) and MD: -1.90 mmHg (95% CI: -3.27 to -0.53), respectively], and an increase in heart rate during the first hour [MD: 4.38 beats per minute (95%CI: 2.78 to 5.98)] compared with the control condition of prolonged sedentary behavior without prior exercise. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this research suggest that prior exercise may prevent the impairment of vascular health parameters caused by sedentary behavior. However, the quality of the evidence was estimated as moderate. Therefore, further experimental studies and high-quality clinical trials are needed in this field to strengthen the results and conclusions drawn. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42023393686.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Soto-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Rehabilitación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Carrera de Kinesiología, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco, Chile.
| | - Alicia Peris Moya
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - José Manuel Pérez-Mármol
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
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Athaide CE, Robertson AD, Devries MC, Au JS. Seated Elliptical Exercise, But Not Periodic Standing, Alleviates Sitting-Induced Changes to Arterial Wave Reflections. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:953-962. [PMID: 38181209 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sedentary behavior may contribute to increased central wave reflection due to associated peripheral vasoconstriction, yet its impact on central hemodynamics and the mitigating effects of interventional strategies have not been thoroughly investigated. We tested whether standing or seated elliptical breaks alleviate the deleterious effects of prolonged sitting on central wave reflections. METHODS Eighteen healthy adults (9 9 females, 25 ± 3 yr) completed three 3-h protocols on separate days: uninterrupted sitting, sitting with periodic standing, and sitting with periodic seated elliptical activity. Central wave reflection, central pulse wave velocity, and lower-limb pulse wave velocity were measured before and after each intervention. RESULTS Central relative wave reflection magnitude (RM) increased during sitting (0.31 ± 0.05 to 0.35 ± 0.05; P < 0.01) but did not change after standing (0.30 ± 0.05 to 0.32 ± 0.04; P = 0.19) or elliptical protocols (0.30 ± 0.05 to 0.30 ± 0.04; P > 0.99). The change in RM during prolonged sitting (ΔRM) was attenuated with elliptical activity (0.04 ± 0.05 vs 0.00 ± 0.03; P = 0.02) but not with periodic standing (0.04 ± 0.04 vs 0.02 ± 0.05; P = 0.54). In addition, augmentation index and central pulse wave velocity increased after sitting (both P < 0.01) and periodic standing (both P < 0.01) but were unchanged after elliptical activity. Lower limb pulse wave velocity did not change after sitting ( P = 0.73) or standing ( P = 0.21) but did decrease after elliptical activity ( P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Prolonged sitting without interruptions increased central wave reflection, whereas elliptical but not standing interruptions were able to ameliorate multiple sitting-induced vascular consequences. More work is required to examine the long-term effectiveness of interruption strategies, as well as the optimal type, frequency, and duration for reducing vascular risk associated with sedentary behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe E Athaide
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, CANADA
| | | | - Michaela C Devries
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, CANADA
| | - Jason S Au
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, CANADA
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Paterson C, Stone K, Turner L, Moinuddin A, Stoner L, Fryer S. The effect of cardiorespiratory fitness and habitual physical activity on cardiovascular responses to 2 h of uninterrupted sitting. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:1087-1096. [PMID: 38482575 PMCID: PMC11365548 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00361.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Prolonged uninterrupted sitting of >3 h has been shown to acutely cause central and peripheral cardiovascular dysfunction. However, individuals rarely sit uninterrupted for >2 h, and the cardiovascular response to this time is currently unknown. In addition, while increased cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and habitual physical activity (HPA) are independently associated with improvements in central and peripheral cardiovascular function, it remains unclear whether they influence the response to uninterrupted sitting. This study sought to 1) determine whether 2 h of uninterrupted sitting acutely impairs carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), femoral ankle PWV (faPWV), and central and peripheral blood pressure and 2) investigate the associations between CRF and HPA versus PWV changes during uninterrupted sitting. Following 2 h of uninterrupted sitting, faPWV significantly increased [mean difference (MD) = 0.26 m·s-1, standard error (SE) = 0.10, P = 0.013] as did diastolic blood pressure (MD = 2.83 mmHg, SE = 1.08, P = 0.014), however, cfPWV did not significantly change. Although our study shows 2 h of uninterrupted sitting significantly impairs faPWV, neither CRF (r = 0.105, P = 0.595) nor HPA (r = -0.228, P = 0.253) was associated with the increases.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate that neither cardiorespiratory fitness nor habitual physical activity influence central and peripheral cardiovascular responses to a 2-h bout of uninterrupted sitting in healthy young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Paterson
- Department of Exercise and Sports Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Keeron Stone
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Turner
- School of Natural, Social and Sport Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom
| | - Arsalan Moinuddin
- School of Natural, Social and Sport Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Stoner
- Department of Exercise and Sports Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Simon Fryer
- School of Natural, Social and Sport Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom
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Ferreira-Santos L, Martinez-Lemus LA, Padilla J. Sitting leg vasculopathy: potential adaptations beyond the endothelium. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2024; 326:H760-H771. [PMID: 38241008 PMCID: PMC11221807 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00489.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Increased sitting time, the most common form of sedentary behavior, is an independent risk factor for all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality; however, the mechanisms linking sitting to cardiovascular risk remain largely elusive. Studies over the last decade have led to the concept that excessive time spent in the sitting position and the ensuing reduction in leg blood flow-induced shear stress cause endothelial dysfunction. This conclusion has been mainly supported by studies using flow-mediated dilation in the lower extremities as the measured outcome. In this review, we summarize evidence from classic studies and more recent ones that collectively support the notion that prolonged sitting-induced leg vascular dysfunction is likely also attributable to changes occurring in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Indeed, we provide evidence that prolonged constriction of resistance arteries can lead to modifications in the structural characteristics of the vascular wall, including polymerization of actin filaments in VSMCs and inward remodeling, and that these changes manifest in a time frame that is consistent with the vascular changes observed with prolonged sitting. We expect this review will stimulate future studies with a focus on VSMC cytoskeletal remodeling as a potential target to prevent the detrimental vascular ramifications of too much sitting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- NextGen Precision Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Jaume Padilla
- NextGen Precision Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, United States
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Moreno K, Ferguson C, Garcia V, Gomez M, Gurovich AN. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic and a Physical Therapy Program on Students' Health Outcomes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2024; 17:199-211. [PMID: 38665687 PMCID: PMC11042892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic affected many aspects of everyday life including school, fitness regimens, and social interactions. The purpose of this study is to understand how COVID-19 restrictions affect the cardiovascular and mental health of Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) students as they progressed through the program. Data collection occurred in 16 DPT students (8F:8M, 24±3 years) over a total of 3 visits from 2020 to 2022, during high, moderate, and low COVID-19 restrictions. Outcome measures included VO2max, Venous Occlusion Plethysmography (VOP), %fat mass measured via DEXA, Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). A RM-ANOVA with pairwise comparisons was utilized. Significance was set prior at an α level of 0.05. There was a significant increase (p<0.05) from visit 1 to 2 in VO2max, VOP baseline, BMI, and METs. There was a significant decrease (p<0.05) from visit 2 to 3 in VO2max. Finally, a significant increase in visit 3 was seen from visit 2 in VOP peak. Overall, there was no significant difference observed for PSS and %fat mass (p>0.05). Between high and moderate restrictions, there was an increase in VO2max, VOP baseline, and METs. However, between moderate and low restrictions, only VOP Peak increased. This could be attributed to gyms being closed and limiting the type of physical activity a person could do to exercises like running or walking. When restrictions were lifted, traveling to and from classes, traveling to gyms, and socializing all increased, limiting the time for physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Moreno
- Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, Department of Physical Therapy and Movement Science, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Caitlyn Ferguson
- Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, Department of Physical Therapy and Movement Science, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Vanessa Garcia
- Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, Department of Physical Therapy and Movement Science, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Manuel Gomez
- Clinical Applied Physiology Lab, Department of Physical Therapy and Movement Science, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Alvaro N Gurovich
- Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, Department of Physical Therapy and Movement Science, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
- Clinical Applied Physiology Lab, Department of Physical Therapy and Movement Science, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
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Adams NT, Paterson C, Poles J, Higgins S, Stoner L. The Effect of Sitting Duration on Peripheral Blood Pressure Responses to Prolonged Sitting, With and Without Interruption: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2024; 54:169-183. [PMID: 37682412 PMCID: PMC10872309 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01915-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A previous meta-analysis reported that: (i) an acute bout of prolonged uninterrupted sitting induces a significant increase in peripheral blood pressure (BP) and (ii) the increase in BP can be offset by interrupting the sitting bout with light aerobic activities such as walking. However, the temporal association between prolonged uninterrupted sitting and BP was not determined. A better understanding of temporality, for example, how long it takes BP to increase, will assist in prescribing sitting interruption strategies. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine: (1) the temporal association between the duration of uninterrupted sitting and BP and (2) whether regular sitting interruptions moderate the association between uninterrupted sitting and BP. DATA SOURCES Electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus) were searched from inception to July 2022. Reference lists of eligible studies and relevant reviews were also screened. STUDY SELECTION Inclusion criteria for objective (1) were: (i) participants aged ≥ 18 years; (ii) a prolonged sitting bout ≥ 1 h; and (iii) peripheral BP measurements (systolic BP, diastolic BP, and/or mean arterial pressure) at more than two timepoints during the sitting bout. Additional criteria for objective (2) were: (i) the sitting interruption strategy was implemented during the sitting bout (i.e., not prior to engaging in sitting) and (ii) the study included a control (uninterrupted sitting) condition or group. APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS There were 1555 articles identified, of which 33 met inclusion criteria for objective (1). Of those articles, 20 met inclusion criteria for objective (2). To investigate the effect of sitting duration on the BP response, unstandardized b coefficients (mmHg/h) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a three-level mixed-effect meta-regression. RESULTS Increased sitting duration was positively associated with systolic BP (b = 0.42 mmHg/h, 95% CI 0.18-0.60), diastolic BP (b = 0.24 mmHg/h, 95% CI 0.06-0.42), and mean arterial pressure (b = 0.66 mmHg/h, 95% CI 0.36-0.90). In trials where sitting was interrupted, there was a significant decrease in systolic BP (b = - 0.24 mmHg/h, 95% CI - 0.42 to - 0.06) and diastolic BP (b = - 0.24 mmHg/h, 95% CI - 0.42 to - 0.12), and a non-significant change in mean arterial pressure (p = 0.69). CONCLUSIONS Increased uninterrupted sitting duration results in greater increases in BP; however, regularly interrupting sitting may offset negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan T Adams
- School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, 1238 Discovery Ave, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V9, Canada.
| | - Craig Paterson
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jillian Poles
- Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Simon Higgins
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lee Stoner
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Pekas EJ, Allen MF, Park SY. Prolonged sitting and peripheral vascular function: potential mechanisms and methodological considerations. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:810-822. [PMID: 36794688 PMCID: PMC10042610 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00730.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sitting time is associated with increased risks for subclinical atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease development, and this is thought to be partially due to sitting-induced disturbances in macro- and microvascular function as well as molecular imbalances. Despite surmounting evidence supporting these claims, contributing mechanisms to these phenomena remain largely unknown. In this review, we discuss evidence for potential mechanisms of sitting-induced perturbations in peripheral hemodynamics and vascular function and how these potential mechanisms may be targeted using active and passive muscular contraction methods. Furthermore, we also highlight concerns regarding the experimental environment and population considerations for future studies. Optimizing prolonged sitting investigations may allow us to not only better understand the hypothesized sitting-induced transient proatherogenic environment but to also enhance methods and devise mechanistic targets to salvage sitting-induced attenuations in vascular function, which may ultimately play a role in averting atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Pekas
- School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
| | - Michael F Allen
- School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
| | - Song-Young Park
- School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
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Chandran O, Shruthi P, Sukumar S, Kadavigere R, Chakravarthy K, Rao CR, Chandrasekaran B. Effects of physical activity breaks during prolonged sitting on vascular and executive function—A randomised cross-over trial. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2023; 18:1065-1075. [PMID: 36994221 PMCID: PMC10040888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives High sedentary behaviour is associated with adverse effects on central vascular function and cognitive function. Although interventions to mitigate the adverse effects of workplace sitting are intriguing, evidence of the efficacy of such interventions remains lacking. This randomised cross-over trial was aimed at exploring the effectiveness of prolonged sitting, with or without physical activity breaks, on central, peripheral vascular and cognitive function in adults. Methods Twenty one healthy adults completed 4 h of simulated work conditions in three experimental visits: (1) uninterrupted sitting (SIT); (2) sitting interrupted by 3 min of walking every hour (LIT); and (3) sitting interrupted by 3 min of stair climbing every hour (MIT). Carotid (CA) and superficial femoral artery (SFA) diameter, velocity, shear rate and blood flow were measured with Duplex ultrasound at 50 MHz at three time points (hours 0, 2 and 4), and executive function was assessed with the computer based Eriksen Flanker task every hour. Results The decreases in reaction time (-30.59%) and accuracy (-10.56%) during SIT conditions were statistically significant, and less of a decrease was observed under LIT and MIT conditions. No significant differences in CA and SFA function were observed with LIT and MIT interventions. Conclusion Physical activity breaks of varying intensity during prolonged sitting improve reaction time. However, the vascular benefits of physical activity breaks should be confirmed in the future through long term studies in natural environment.
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11
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Wright A, Stavres J, Galloway R, Donahue P, Sha Z, McCoy S. Aortic stiffness increases during prolonged sitting independent of intermittent standing or prior exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:533-546. [PMID: 36334128 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05079-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adverse vascular responses can occur during prolonged sitting, including stiffening of the aortic artery which may contribute to cardiovascular disease. Few studies have investigated the impact of intermittent standing and/or prior exercise as strategies to attenuate these potentially deleterious vascular changes. PURPOSE To investigate central vascular health responses during prolonged sitting, with and without intermittent standing and/or prior exercise. METHODS Fifteen males aged 18 to 31 years were recruited. Subjects completed a control condition [Sitting Only (SO)], and three randomized strategy conditions [Sitting Plus Standing (SSt), Exercise Plus Sitting (ES), Exercise Plus Sitting Plus Standing (ESSt)]. For all conditions, measurements of carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) were taken at pre- and post-intervention, and brachial and central blood pressure (BP) at pre-, 1-h, 2-h, and 3-h intervention. RESULTS cfPWV significantly increased from pre- to post-intervention for all conditions (all p ≤ 0.043), as did brachial mean arterial pressure (MAP) and diastolic BP, and central MAP and diastolic BP for the control condition (all p ≤ 0.022). Brachial and central systolic BP were significantly higher during SO compared to ESSt at 1 h, and compared to ES for central systolic BP (all p ≤ 0.036). CONCLUSIONS Strategies of intermittent standing and/or prior exercise may not prevent aortic stiffening during sitting but may attenuate BP elevations in the brachial and aortic arteries. Future research should investigate causal mechanistic links between sitting and aortic stiffening, and other attenuation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wright
- School of Kinesiology and Nutrition, College of Education and Human Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA.
| | - Jon Stavres
- School of Kinesiology and Nutrition, College of Education and Human Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Riley Galloway
- School of Kinesiology and Nutrition, College of Education and Human Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Paul Donahue
- School of Kinesiology and Nutrition, College of Education and Human Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Zhanxin Sha
- School of Kinesiology and Nutrition, College of Education and Human Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Stephanie McCoy
- School of Kinesiology and Nutrition, College of Education and Human Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
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12
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Padilha CS, Antunes BM, Jiménez-Maldonado A, St-Pierre DH, Lira FS. Impact of Breaking up of Sitting Time on Anti-inflammatory Response Induced by Extracellular Vesicles. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:2524-2533. [PMID: 37921133 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128244442231018070639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors (SB) have promoted a dramatic increase in the incidence of a host of chronic disorders over the last century. The breaking up of sitting time (i.e., sitting to standing up transition) has been proposed as a promising solution in several epidemiological and clinical studies. In parallel to the large interest it initially created, there is a growing body of evidence indicating that breaking up prolonged sedentary time (i.e., > 7 h in sitting time) could reduce overall mortality risks by normalizing the inflammatory profile and cardiometabolic functions. Recent advances suggest that the latter health benefits, may be mediated through the immunomodulatory properties of extracellular vesicles. Primarily composed of miRNA, lipids, mRNA and proteins, these vesicles would influence metabolism and immune system functions by promoting M1 to M2 macrophage polarization (i.e., from a pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory phenotype) and improving endothelial function. The outcomes of interrupting prolonged sitting time may be attributed to molecular mechanisms induced by circulating angiogenic cells. Functionally, circulating angiogenic cells contribute to repair and remodel the vasculature. This effect is proposed to be mediated through the secretion of paracrine factors. The present review article intends to clarify the beneficial contributions of breaking up sitting time on extracellular vesicles formation and macrophage polarization (M1 and M2 phenotypes). Hence, it will highlight key mechanistic information regarding how breaking up sitting time protocols improves endothelial health by promoting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses in human organs and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila S Padilha
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Post-graduation Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bárbara M Antunes
- Facultad de Deportes Campus Ensenada, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Mexico
| | | | - David H St-Pierre
- Department of Kinesiology, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal QC, Canada
| | - Fabio S Lira
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Post-graduation Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Daniele A, Lucas SJE, Rendeiro C. Detrimental effects of physical inactivity on peripheral and brain vasculature in humans: Insights into mechanisms, long-term health consequences and protective strategies. Front Physiol 2022; 13:998380. [PMID: 36237532 PMCID: PMC9553009 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.998380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing prevalence of physical inactivity in the population highlights the urgent need for a more comprehensive understanding of how sedentary behaviour affects health, the mechanisms involved and what strategies are effective in counteracting its negative effects. Physical inactivity is an independent risk factor for different pathologies including atherosclerosis, hypertension and cardiovascular disease. It is known to progressively lead to reduced life expectancy and quality of life, and it is the fourth leading risk factor for mortality worldwide. Recent evidence indicates that uninterrupted prolonged sitting and short-term inactivity periods impair endothelial function (measured by flow-mediated dilation) and induce arterial structural alterations, predominantly in the lower body vasculature. Similar effects may occur in the cerebral vasculature, with recent evidence showing impairments in cerebral blood flow following prolonged sitting. The precise molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying inactivity-induced vascular dysfunction in humans are yet to be fully established, although evidence to date indicates that it may involve modulation of shear stress, inflammatory and vascular biomarkers. Despite the steady increase in sedentarism in our societies, only a few intervention strategies have been investigated for their efficacy in counteracting the associated vascular impairments. The current review provides a comprehensive overview of the evidence linking acute and short-term physical inactivity to detrimental effects on peripheral, central and cerebral vascular health in humans. We further examine the underlying molecular and physiological mechanisms and attempt to link these to long-term consequences for cardiovascular health. Finally, we summarize and discuss the efficacy of lifestyle interventions in offsetting the negative consequences of physical inactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Daniele
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel J. E. Lucas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Catarina Rendeiro
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Catarina Rendeiro,
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14
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Léger MC, Cardoso MR, Dion C, Albert WJ. Does active sitting provide more physiological changes than traditional sitting and standing workstations? APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2022; 102:103741. [PMID: 35287085 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study examined the physiological effects of two active chairs (AC1: had the feature to pedal and slide forward; AC2: was a multiaxial chair) compared to a traditional office chair and standing workstation. Twenty-four healthy participants computed at each of the workstations for 60 min. The active protocol was to alternate between a pedalling/side-to-side motion and sliding forward/front-to-back motion to the sound of a metronome operating at 40 bpm. The participants' physiological effects were recorded using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS); electrodermal activity (EDA) and a heart rate (HR) monitor for each collection period. Statistical analysis was conducted using a repeated measures analysis of variance for within-task and between-workstation comparisons. A Tukey's post hoc analysis was calculated for significant findings. Both active chairs significantly increased oxygenated blood in the gastrocnemius and participants' heart rate and EDA (stress) levels were affected slightly by task and time. However, participants felt more "productive" sitting in the control chair than in either of the active chairs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cynthia Dion
- École de kinésiologie et de loisir, Université de Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Wayne J Albert
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, NB, Canada
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15
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Soto-Rodríguez FJ, Cabañas EI, Pérez-Mármol JM. Impact of prolonged sitting interruption strategies on shear rate, flow-mediated dilation and blood flow in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized cross-over trials. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1558-1567. [PMID: 35731706 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2091347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged sitting has been shown to affect endothelial function. Strategies that promote interruption of sitting have shown varying results on the shear rate (SR), flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and blood flow (BF). Thus, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to 1) increase the existing knowledge of the impact of sitting interruption in the prevention of endothelial dysfunction in adults and 2) determine the effect of the sitting interruption strategies on SR, FMD, BF. Literature search was carried out through 7 databases. A random effects model was used to provide the overall mean difference with a 95%CI, and forest plots were generated for pooled estimates of each study outcome. Assessment of biases was performed using ROB2 and considerations for crossover trials. Prolonged sitting interruption strategies showed a significant effect in increasing SR (MD: 7.58 s-1; 95% CI: 3.00 to 12.17), FMD (MD: 1.74%; 95% CI: 0.55 to 2.93) and BF (MD: 12.08 ml/min; 95% CI: 7.61 to 16.55) when compared with the uninterrupted prolonged sitting condition. Prolonged sitting interruption strategies significantly increase SR, FMD and BF, therefore, they represent a considerable effective preventive method on endothelial dysfunction caused by acute exposure to uninterrupted prolonged sitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Soto-Rodríguez
- Programa de Doctorado en Medicina Clínica y Salud Pública, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Carrera de Kinesiología, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco, Chile
| | - Eva Isidoro Cabañas
- Programa de Doctorado en Medicina Clínica y Salud Pública, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, España
| | - José Manuel Pérez-Mármol
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
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16
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Morishima T, Iemitsu M, Fujie S, Ochi E. Prior beetroot juice ingestion offsets endothelial dysfunction following prolonged sitting. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:69-74. [PMID: 35652829 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00200.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional strategies to prevent endothelial dysfunction following prolonged sitting remain largely unknown. Given that beetroot juice (BRJ) ingestion enhances nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, we aimed to evaluate whether prior BRJ ingestion would prevent sitting-induced endothelial dysfunction in the leg. Eleven healthy young males (n = 7) and females (n = 4) underwent two experimental trials of prolonged sitting with prior: 1) placebo ingestion (PL trial) and 2) BRJ ingestion (BRJ trial). All subjects ingested 140 ml of PL or BRJ (~0.0055 or ~12.8 mmol of nitrate, respectively) immediately before 3 h of sitting. Pre and post-sitting measurement of popliteal artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and blood pressure, and blood collection were undertaken. During the sitting period, an hourly assessment of popliteal artery diameter and blood velocity, blood pressure, and blood collection was performed. Popliteal artery blood flow and shear rate were significantly and similarly reduced during the sitting period in both trials (p < 0.001). Plasma nitrate and NOx (total nitrite and nitrate) concentrations were significantly increased relative to baseline in the only BRJ trial, and the overall concentrations were significantly higher in the BRJ trial (p < 0.001). Popliteal artery FMD was significantly reduced after the sitting period in the PL trial (p < 0.05), whereas no reduction was observed in the BRJ trial. Therefore, prior BRJ ingestion would prevent sitting-induced leg endothelial dysfunction via enhancing NO bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Morishima
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Chukyo University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Iemitsu
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Shumpei Fujie
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Eisuke Ochi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Sports and Health Studies, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Pettit-Mee RJ, Power G, Cabral-Amador FJ, Ramirez-Perez FI, Nogueira Soares R, Sharma N, Liu Y, Christou DD, Kanaley JA, Martinez-Lemus LA, Manrique-Acevedo CM, Padilla J. Endothelial HSP72 is not reduced in type 2 diabetes nor is it a key determinant of endothelial insulin sensitivity. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 323:R43-R58. [PMID: 35470695 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00006.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Impaired endothelial insulin signaling and consequent blunting of insulin-induced vasodilation is a feature of type 2 diabetes (T2D) that contributes to vascular disease and glycemic dysregulation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying endothelial insulin resistance remain poorly known. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that endothelial insulin resistance in T2D is attributed to reduced expression of heat shock protein 72(HSP72). HSP72 is a cytoprotective chaperone protein that can be upregulated with heating and is reported to promote insulin sensitivity in metabolically active tissues, in part via inhibition of JNK activity. Accordingly, we further hypothesized that, in T2D individuals, seven days of passive heat treatment via hot water immersion to waist-level would improve leg blood flow responses to an oral glucose load (i.e., endogenous insulin stimulation) via induction of endothelial HSP72. In contrast, we found that: 1) endothelial insulin resistance in T2D mice and humans was not associated with reduced HSP72 in aortas and venous endothelial cells, respectively; 2) after passive heat treatment, improved leg blood flow responses to an oral glucose load did not parallel with increased endothelial HSP72; 3) downregulation of HSP72 (via small-interfering RNA) or upregulation of HSP72 (via heating) in cultured endothelial cells did not impair or enhance insulin signaling, respectively, nor was JNK activity altered. Collectively, these findings do not support the hypothesis that reduced HSP72 is a key driver of endothelial insulin resistance in T2D but provide novel evidence that lower-body heating may be an effective strategy for improving leg blood flow responses to glucose ingestion-induced hyperinsulinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Pettit-Mee
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Gavin Power
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | | | | | | | - Neekun Sharma
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Demetra D Christou
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jill A Kanaley
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Camila M Manrique-Acevedo
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Research Services, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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18
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Trinity JD, Drummond MJ, Fermoyle CC, McKenzie AI, Supiano MA, Richardson RS. Cardiovasomobility: an integrative understanding of how disuse impacts cardiovascular and skeletal muscle health. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:835-861. [PMID: 35112929 PMCID: PMC8934676 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00607.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovasomobility is a novel concept that encompasses the integration of cardiovascular and skeletal muscle function in health and disease with critical modification by physical activity, or lack thereof. Compelling evidence indicates that physical activity improves health while a sedentary, or inactive, lifestyle accelerates cardiovascular and skeletal muscle dysfunction and hastens disease progression. Identifying causative factors for vascular and skeletal muscle dysfunction, especially in humans, has proven difficult due to the limitations associated with cross-sectional investigations. Therefore, experimental models of physical inactivity and disuse, which mimic hospitalization, injury, and illness, provide important insight into the mechanisms and consequences of vascular and skeletal muscle dysfunction. This review provides an overview of the experimental models of disuse and inactivity and focuses on the integrated responses of the vasculature and skeletal muscle in response to disuse/inactivity. The time course and magnitude of dysfunction evoked by various models of disuse/inactivity are discussed in detail, and evidence in support of the critical roles of mitochondrial function and oxidative stress are presented. Lastly, strategies aimed at preserving vascular and skeletal muscle dysfunction during disuse/inactivity are reviewed. Within the context of cardiovasomobility, experimental manipulation of physical activity provides valuable insight into the mechanisms responsible for vascular and skeletal muscle dysfunction that limit mobility, degrade quality of life, and hasten the onset of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Trinity
- Salt Lake City Veteran Affairs Medical Center Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Micah J Drummond
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Physical Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Caitlin C Fermoyle
- Salt Lake City Veteran Affairs Medical Center Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Alec I McKenzie
- Salt Lake City Veteran Affairs Medical Center Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Mark A Supiano
- Salt Lake City Veteran Affairs Medical Center Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Russell S Richardson
- Salt Lake City Veteran Affairs Medical Center Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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19
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Duran AT, Romero E, Diaz KM. Is Sedentary Behavior a Novel Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease? Curr Cardiol Rep 2022; 24:393-403. [PMID: 35182312 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-022-01657-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Review the most recent evidence on the role of sedentary behavior in the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). RECENT FINDINGS Prospective cohort studies continue to suggest a relationship between sedentary behavior and CVD, but the dose-response association, and the implications of sedentary pattern (vs. total volume) and context on CVD risk require further investigation. Most recent evidence suggests that physical activity influences the association between sedentary time and CVD risk, and that replacing sedentary time with other movement behaviors yields cardiometabolic benefits. Short-term intervention studies have further demonstrated that interrupting prolonged sitting with bouts of physical activity can elicit acute improvements on cardiometabolic biomarkers and vascular function relative to prolonged, uninterrupted sitting, albeit limited evidence exists on the long-term effects. More conclusive evidence regarding the implications of sedentary time on CVD risk is warranted before the optimal sedentary behavior reduction prescription for the prevention of CVD can be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea T Duran
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 622 West 168 Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Emily Romero
- Teachers College, Columbia University, 525 West 120th Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Keith M Diaz
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 622 West 168 Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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20
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Islam H, Gibala MJ, Little JP. Exercise Snacks: A Novel Strategy to Improve Cardiometabolic Health. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2022; 50:31-37. [PMID: 34669625 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We define exercise snacks as isolated ≤1-min bouts of vigorous exercise performed periodically throughout the day. We hypothesize that exercise snacks are a feasible, well-tolerated, and time-efficient approach to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and reduce the negative impact of sedentary behavior on cardiometabolic health. Efficacy has been demonstrated in small proof-of-concept studies. Additional research should investigate this novel physical activity strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim Islam
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC
| | - Martin J Gibala
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan P Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC
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21
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Taylor FC, Pinto AJ, Maniar N, Dunstan DW, Green DJ. The Acute Effects of Prolonged Uninterrupted Sitting on Vascular Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:67-76. [PMID: 34334722 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the dose-response relationship between prolonged sitting and vascular function in healthy individuals and those with metabolic disturbances and to investigate the acute effects, on vascular function, of interventions that target interrupting prolonged sitting. DESIGN This is a systematic review with meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES Ovid Embase, Ovid Medline, PubMed, and CINAHL were searched from inception to 4 December 2020. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Randomized crossover trials, quasi-randomized trials, and parallel group trials where vascular function (flow-mediated dilation [FMD]) was assessed before and after an acute period of sedentary behavior was used in this study. RESULTS Prolonged sitting resulted in a significant decrease in the standardized mean change (SMC) for lower-limb FMD at the 120-min (SMC = -0.85, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -1.32 to -0.38) and 180-min (SMC = -1.18, 95% CI = -1.69 to -0.66) time points. A similar pattern was observed for lower-limb shear rate. No significant changes were observed for any outcomes in the upper limb. Subgroup analysis indicated that prolonged sitting decreased lower-limb FMD in healthy adults (SMC = -1.33, 95% CI = -1.89 to -0.78) who had higher a priori vascular endothelial function, but not in those with metabolic and vascular dysfunction (SMC = -0.51, 95% CI = -1.18 to 0.15). Interrupting sitting with active interruptions increased the standardized mean difference for FMD, relative to prolonged sitting, but it was not statistically significant (0.13, 95% CI = -0.20 to 0.45). CONCLUSIONS Lower-limb vascular function is progressively impaired as a consequence of prolonged sitting, up to 180 min. A similar trend was not observed in upper-limb vascular function. Subgroup analysis indicated that prolonged sitting negatively affects healthy populations, a finding not observed in those with metabolic disturbances. Regularly interrupting sitting with activity may be beneficial for those with metabolic disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana J Pinto
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Laboratory of Assessment and Conditioning in Rheumatology, School of Physical Education and Sport, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, BRAZIL
| | | | | | - Daniel J Green
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, AUSTRALIA
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22
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The Effects of Acute Exposure to Prolonged Sitting, with and Without Interruption, on Peripheral Blood Pressure Among Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2021; 52:1369-1383. [PMID: 34932203 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01614-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous reviews have shown that exposure to acute prolonged sitting can have detrimental effects on several cardiovascular and cardiometabolic health markers. However, to date, there has been no synthesis of peripheral blood pressure data (including systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure), an important and translatable marker of cardiovascular health. Similarly, no previous study has consolidated the effects of sitting interruptions on peripheral blood pressure. OBJECTIVES We aimed to (1) assess the effect of exposure to acute prolonged sitting on peripheral blood pressure and (2) determine the efficacy of sitting interruption strategies as a means of offsetting any negative effects. Subgroup analyses by age and interruption modality were performed to explore heterogeneity. DATA SOURCES Electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science and, SPORTDiscus) were searched from inception to March 2021. Reference lists of eligible studies and relevant reviews were also screened. STUDY SELECTION Inclusion criteria for objective (1) were: (i) peripheral blood pressure was assessed non-invasively in the upper limb pre-sitting and post-sitting; (ii) studies were either randomised controlled, randomised crossover or quasi-experimental pre-test vs post-test trials; (iii) the sitting period was ≥ 1 h; (iv) pre-sitting and post-sitting measures were performed in the same posture; and (v) participants were adults (aged ≥ 18 years), free of autonomic or neuromuscular dysfunction. Additional criteria for objective (2) were: (i) the interruption strategy was during the sitting period; (ii) there was an uninterrupted sitting control condition; and (iii) the interruption strategy must have involved participants actively moving their upper or lower limbs. APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS In total, 9763 articles were identified, of which 33 met inclusion criteria for objective (1). Of those articles, 22 met inclusion criteria for objective (2). Weighted mean difference (WMD), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), and standardised mean difference (SMD) were calculated for all trials using inverse variance heterogeneity meta-analysis modelling. Standardised mean difference was used to determine the magnitude of effect, where < 0.2, 0.2, 0.5 and 0.8 were defined as trivial, small, moderate and large, respectively. RESULTS (1) Prolonged uninterrupted sitting resulted in trivial and small significant increases in systolic blood pressure (WMD = 3.2 mmHg, 95% CI 0.6 to 5.8, SMD = 0.14) and mean arterial pressure (WMD = 3.3 mmHg, 95% CI 2.2 to 4.4, SMD = 0.37), respectively, and a non-significant trivial increase in diastolic blood pressure. Subgroup analyses indicated that the increases in systolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure were more pronounced in younger age groups. (2) Interrupting bouts of prolonged sitting resulted in significantly lower systolic blood pressure (WMD = - 4.4 mmHg, 95% CI - 7.4 to - 1.5, SMD = 0.26) and diastolic blood pressure (WMD = - 2.4 mmHg, 95% CI - 4.5 to - 0.3, SMD = 0.19) compared with control conditions, particularly when using aerobic interruption strategies. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to acute prolonged uninterrupted sitting results in significant increases in systolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure, particularly in younger age groups. Regularly interrupting bouts of prolonged sitting, particularly with aerobic interruption strategies may reduce negative effects.
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Horiuchi M, Stoner L. Macrovascular and microvascular responses to prolonged sitting with and without bodyweight exercise interruptions: A randomized cross-over trial. Vasc Med 2021; 27:127-135. [PMID: 34809506 DOI: 10.1177/1358863x211053381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to uninterrupted prolonged sitting leads to macro- and microvascular complications, which can contribute to increased cardiovascular disease risk. This study investigated the macrovascular and microvascular responses to 3 h of sitting that was: (i) uninterrupted (CON); and (ii) interrupted every 20 min with 1 min light intensity half squats plus calf raises (EX). Twenty healthy participants (21 [SD: 2] years; 21.5 [SD: 1.6] kg/m2) were recruited to participate in this randomized cross-over trial. Macrovascular function was quantified using brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and the lower- and upper-limb arterial stiffness index (ASI). Microvascular function was quantified as the medial gastrocnemius tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) area under the curve (AUC) during reactive hyperemia. The baPWV did not significantly change with time (p = 0.594) or by condition (p = 0.772). The arm ASI increased by 3.6 (95% CI: 0.7 to 6.6, effect size [ES] = 0.27) with a nonsignificant condition effect (p = 0.219). There was a significant interaction effect for leg ASI (p = < 0.001), with ASI increasing (impairment) by 18.7 (95% CI: 12.1 to 25.3, ES = 0.63) for CON and decreasing (improvement) by -11.9 (95% CI: -18.5 to -5.3, ES = 0.40) for EX compared to presitting. Similarly, the AUC decreased (detrimental) by 18% (Δ = -321, 95% CI: -543 to -100, ES = 0.32) for CON and increased by 32% (Δ = 588, 95% CI: 366 to 809, ES = 0.59) for EX. The leg ASI was inversely associated with StO2 AUC (interclass correlation coefficient: -0.66, 95% CI: -0.51 to -0.77). These preliminary findings suggest that regularly interrupting prolonged sitting with simple bodyweight exercises may help to preserve lower-limb vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Horiuchi
- Division of Human Environmental Science, Mount Fuji Research Institute, Fuji-yoshida City, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Lee Stoner
- Department of Exercise and Sports Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Frey M, Barrett M, De Carvalho D. Effect of a dynamic seat pan design on spine biomechanics, calf circumference and perceived pain during prolonged sitting. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2021; 97:103546. [PMID: 34399370 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of a dynamic seat pan design on sitting biomechanics, perceived pain and seat movement compared to a control. Thirty male participants were recruited for two experimental sessions consisting of a 2-h sitting exposure (standardized typing task). Spine angles, back muscle activity, perceived pain and calf circumference were measured pre and post exposure. Sitting in the dynamic condition resulted in lower pain ratings (p = 0.031), decreased calf circumference (p < 0.001), lower average seat pressure (p < 0.001), and greater seat contact area (p = 0.003) compared to the control. Spine angles and low back EMG for all 6 muscles showed no significant differences between chair conditions. These results suggest this dynamic seat pan design is effective at decreasing several negative components associated with sitting for the occupant. Future work should examine the longer-term effects of dynamic office chair features in the field setting with a more generalizable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Frey
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - M Barrett
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - D De Carvalho
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
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Sit less and move more for cardiovascular health: emerging insights and opportunities. Nat Rev Cardiol 2021; 18:637-648. [PMID: 34017139 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-021-00547-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Sedentary behaviour - put simply, too much sitting, as a distinct concept from too little exercise - is a novel determinant of cardiovascular risk. This definition provides a perspective that is complementary to the well-understood detrimental effects of physical inactivity. Sitting occupies the majority of the daily waking hours in most adults and has become even more pervasive owing to the COVID-19 pandemic. The potential for a broad cardiovascular health benefit exists through an integrated approach that involves 'sitting less and moving more'. In this Review, we first consider observational and experimental evidence on the adverse effects of prolonged, uninterrupted sitting and the evidence identifying the possible mechanisms underlying the associated risk. We summarize the results of randomized controlled trials demonstrating the feasibility of changing sedentary behaviour. We also highlight evidence on the deleterious synergies between sedentary behaviour and physical inactivity as the underpinnings of our case for addressing them jointly in mitigating cardiovascular risk. This integrated approach should not only reduce the specific risks of too much sitting but also have a positive effect on the total amount of physical activity, with the potential to more broadly benefit the health of individuals living with or at risk of developing cardiovascular disease.
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Pettit-Mee RJ, Ready ST, Padilla J, Kanaley JA. Leg Fidgeting During Prolonged Sitting Improves Postprandial Glycemic Control in People with Obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:1146-1154. [PMID: 34159757 PMCID: PMC8231734 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies have shown that fidgeting augments metabolic demand and increases blood flow to the moving limbs, whereas prolonged sitting suppresses these factors and exacerbates postprandial glucose excursions. Therefore, the hypothesis of this study was that leg fidgeting during prolonged sitting would improve postprandial glycemic control. METHODS Adults with obesity (n = 20) participated in a randomized crossover trial in which blood glucose and insulin concentrations were measured during a 3-hour sitting period following the ingestion of a glucose load (75 g). During sitting, participants either remained stationary or intermittently fidgeted both legs (2.5 minutes off and 2.5 minutes on). Accelerometer counts, oxygen consumption, and popliteal-artery blood flow were also measured during the sitting period. RESULTS As expected, fidgeting increased accelerometer counts (P < 0.01), oxygen consumption (P < 0.01), and blood flow through the popliteal artery (P < 0.05). Notably, fidgeting lowered both glucose (P < 0.01) and insulin (P < 0.05) total area under the curve (AUC) and glucose incremental AUC (P < 0.05). Additionally, there was a strong negative correlation between fidgeting-induced increases in blood flow and reduced postprandial glucose AUC within the first hour (r = -0.569, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Leg fidgeting is a simple, light-intensity physical activity that enhances limb blood flow and can be incorporated during prolonged sitting to improve postprandial glycemic control in people with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Pettit-Mee
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Sean T. Ready
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Jill A. Kanaley
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
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Paterson C, Fryer S, Zieff G, Stone K, Credeur DP, Barone Gibbs B, Padilla J, Parker JK, Stoner L. The Effects of Acute Exposure to Prolonged Sitting, With and Without Interruption, on Vascular Function Among Adults: A Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2021; 50:1929-1942. [PMID: 32757163 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01325-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to acute prolonged sitting can result in vascular dysfunction, particularly within the legs. This vascular dysfunction, assessed using flow-mediated dilation (FMD), is likely the consequence of decreased blood flow-induced shear stress. With mixed success, several sitting interruption strategies have been trialled to preserve vascular function. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this meta-analysis were to (1) assess the effects of acute prolonged sitting exposure on vascular function in the upper- and lower-limb arteries, and (2) evaluate the effectiveness of sitting interruption strategies in preserving vascular function. Sub-group analyses were conducted to determine whether artery location or interruption modality explain heterogeneity. DATA SOURCES Electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, and Google Scholar) were searched from inception to January 2020. Reference lists of eligible studies and relevant reviews were also checked. STUDY SELECTION Inclusion criteria for objective (1) were: (i) FMD% was assessed pre- and post-sitting; (ii) studies were either randomised-controlled, randomised-crossover, or quasi-experimental trials; (iii) the sitting period was ≥ 1 h; and (iv) participants were healthy non-smoking adults (≥ 18 years), and free of vascular-acting medication and disease at the time of testing. Additional inclusion criteria for objective (2) were: (i) the interruption strategy must have been during the sitting period; (ii) there was a control (uninterrupted sitting) group/arm; and (iii) the interruption strategy must have involved the participants actively moving their lower- or upper-limbs. APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS One thousand eight hundred and two articles were identified, of which 17 (22 trials, n = 269) met inclusion criteria for objective (1). Of those 17 articles, 6 studies (9 trials, n = 127) met the inclusion criteria for objective (2). Weighted mean differences (WMD), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), and standardised mean difference (SMD) were calculated for all trials using random-effects meta-analysis modelling. SMD was used to determine the magnitude of effect, where < 0.2, 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 was defined as trivial, small, moderate, and large respectively. RESULTS (1) Random-effects modelling showed uninterrupted bouts of prolonged sitting resulted in a significant decrease in FMD% (WMD = - 2.12%, 95% CI - 2.66 to - 1.59, SMD = 0.84). Subgroup analysis revealed reductions in lower- but not upper-limb FMD%. (2) Random-effects modelling showed that interrupting bouts of sitting resulted in a significantly higher FMD% compared to uninterrupted sitting (WMD = 1.91%, 95% CI 0.40 to 3.42, SMD = 0.57). Subgroup analyses failed to identify an optimum interruption strategy but revealed moderate non-significant effects for aerobic interventions (WMD = 2.17%, 95% CI - 0.34 to 4.67, SMD = 0.69) and simple resistance activities (WMD = 2.40%, 95% CI - 0.08 to 4.88, SMD = 0.55) and a trivial effect for standing interruptions (WMD = 0.24%, 95% CI - 0.90 to 1.38, SMD = 0.16). CONCLUSIONS Exposure to acute prolonged sitting leads to significant vascular dysfunction in arteries of the lower, but not upper, limbs. The limited available data indicate that vascular dysfunction can be prevented by regularly interrupting sitting, particularly with aerobic or simple resistance activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Paterson
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK.
| | - Simon Fryer
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | - Gabriel Zieff
- Department of Exercise and Sports Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Keeron Stone
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | | | - Bethany Barone Gibbs
- Department of Health and Physical Activity, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - John K Parker
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | - Lee Stoner
- Department of Exercise and Sports Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Zheng C, Zhang X, Sheridan S, Ho RST, Sit CHP, Huang Y, Wong SHS. Effect of sedentary behavior interventions on vascular function in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:1395-1410. [PMID: 33655660 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Sedentary behavior (SB) results in hemodynamic alterations within the vasculature, leading to vascular dysfunction that may be attenuated by various interventions. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effect of SB interventions on vascular function in adults using seven databases searched on December 17, 2020. All types of SB interventions were included such as short- and long-term interventions (≥7 days) in participants aged ≥18 years. The pooled effect (mean difference) of intervention on three outcomes, namely, flow-mediated dilation (FMD), shear rate (SR), and pulse wave velocity (PWV), was evaluated using random effects meta-analyses. The revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials was employed to assess the quality of the included studies. Twenty-six studies (21 short-term and six long-term interventions) involving 669 participants from eight countries were included. Evidence from meta-analysis showed that short-term interventions targeting SB improved FMD by 1.50% (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00-1.99) and increased SR by 12.70 S-1 (95% CI 7.86-17.54); no significant pooled effect was found for PWV. Long-term SB interventions resulted in a 0.93% increase in FMD (95% CI 0.25-1.62) and had no significant effect on PWV. Findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that both short- and long-term SB interventions improved FMD but had no effect on PWV. Short-term interventions had a greater effect in improving lower extremity arterial function. Further studies targeting long-term SB interventions on vascular function in adults are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zheng
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhang
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sinead Sheridan
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Robin Sze-Tak Ho
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cindy Hui-Ping Sit
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Heart and Vascular Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Stephen Heung-Sang Wong
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Decker KP, Feliciano PG, Kimmel MT, Hogwood AC, Weggen JB, Darling AM, Richardson JW, Garten RS. Examining sex differences in sitting-induced microvascular dysfunction: Insight from acute vitamin C supplementation. Microvasc Res 2021; 135:104147. [PMID: 33610562 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2021.104147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lower limb microvascular dysfunction resulting from prolonged sitting (PS) bouts has been revealed to occur independent of sex. Although acute antioxidant supplementation has been reported to blunt conduit artery dysfunction following PS in young males, it is unknown if this protective effect extends to the microvasculature or is relevant in young females, who possess intrinsic vascular protective mechanisms specific to antioxidant defense. Therefore, this study employed an acute antioxidant supplementation to further examine sex differences during PS with a specific focus on microvascular function. METHODS On two separate visits, 14 females (23 ± 3 years) and 12 males (25 ± 4 years) had leg microvascular function (LMVF) assessed (via the passive leg movement technique) before and after 1.5 h of sitting. Prior to each visit, one gram of vitamin C (VC) or placebo (PL) was consumed. RESULTS PS significantly reduced LMVF [PL: (M: -34 ± 20; F: -23 ± 18%; p < 0.01) independent of sex (p = 0.7)], but the VC condition only blunted this reduction in males (VC: -3 ± 20%; p < 0.01), but not females (VC: -18 ± 25%; p = 0.5). CONCLUSION Young males and females reported similar reductions LMVF following PS, but only the young males reported a preservation of LMVF following the VC supplementation. This finding in young females was highlighted by substantial variability in LMVF measures in response to the VC condition that was unrelated to changes in the potential contributors to sitting-induced reductions in LMVF (e.g. lower limb venous pooling, reduced arterial shear rate). NEW AND NOTEWORTHY In this study, we employed an acute Vitamin C (VC) supplementation to examine sex differences in leg microvascular function (LMVF) following a bout of prolonged sitting. This study revealed that prolonged sitting reduced LMVF independent of sex, but only young males reported an attenuation to this lowered LMVF following VC supplementation. The young females revealed substantial variability in sitting-induced changes to LMVF that could not be explained by the potential contributors to sitting-induced reductions in LMVF (e.g. lower limb venous pooling, reduced arterial shear rate).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Decker
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Patrick G Feliciano
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Morgan T Kimmel
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Austin C Hogwood
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jennifer B Weggen
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ashley M Darling
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Jacob W Richardson
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ryan S Garten
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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Peddie MC, Kessell C, Bergen T, Gibbons TD, Campbell HA, Cotter JD, Rehrer NJ, Thomas KN. The effects of prolonged sitting, prolonged standing, and activity breaks on vascular function, and postprandial glucose and insulin responses: A randomised crossover trial. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244841. [PMID: 33395691 PMCID: PMC7781669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare acute effects of prolonged sitting, prolonged standing and sitting interrupted with regular activity breaks on vascular function and postprandial glucose metabolism. In a randomized cross-over trial, 18 adults completed: 1. Prolonged Sitting; 2. Prolonged Standing and 3. Sitting with 2-min walking (5 km/h, 10% incline) every 30 min (Regular Activity Breaks). Flow mediated dilation (FMD) was measured in the popliteal artery at baseline and 6 h. Popliteal artery hemodynamics, and postprandial plasma glucose and insulin were measured over 6 h. Neither raw nor allometrically-scaled FMD showed an intervention effect (p = 0.285 and 0.159 respectively). Compared to Prolonged Sitting, Regular Activity Breaks increased blood flow (overall effect of intervention p<0.001; difference = 80%; 95% CI 34 to 125%; p = 0.001) and net shear rate (overall effect of intervention p<0.001; difference = 72%; 95% CI 30 to 114%; p = 0.001) at 60 min. These differences were then maintained for the entire 6 h. Prolonged Standing increased blood flow at 60 min only (overall effect of intervention p<0.001; difference = 62%; 95% CI 28 to 97%; p = 0.001). Regular Activity Breaks decreased insulin incremental area under the curve (iAUC) when compared to both Prolonged Sitting (overall effect of intervention P = 0.001; difference = 28%; 95% CI 14 to 38%; p<0.01) and Prolonged Standing (difference = 19%; 95% CI 4 to 32%, p = 0.015). There was no intervention effect on glucose iAUC or total AUC (p = 0.254 and 0.450, respectively). In normal-weight participants, Regular Activity Breaks induce increases in blood flow, shear stress and improvements in postprandial metabolism that are associated with beneficial adaptations. Physical activity and sedentary behaviour messages should perhaps focus more on the importance of frequent movement rather than simply replacing sitting with standing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith C. Peddie
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Chris Kessell
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tom Bergen
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Travis D. Gibbons
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Holly A. Campbell
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - James D. Cotter
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Nancy J. Rehrer
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kate N. Thomas
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Rosenberg DE, Anderson ML, Renz A, Matson TE, Lee AK, Greenwood-Hickman MA, Arterburn DE, Gardiner PA, Kerr J, McClure JB. Reducing Sitting Time in Obese Older Adults: The I-STAND Randomized Controlled Trial. J Aging Phys Act 2020; 28:864-874. [PMID: 32498040 PMCID: PMC9067913 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2019-0470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The authors tested the efficacy of the "I-STAND" intervention for reducing sitting time, a novel and potentially health-promoting approach, in older adults with obesity. METHODS The authors recruited 60 people (mean age = 68 ± 4.9 years, 68% female, 86% White; mean body mass index = 35.4). The participants were randomized to receive the I-STAND sitting reduction intervention (n = 29) or healthy living control group (n = 31) for 12 weeks. At baseline and at 12 weeks, the participants wore activPAL devices to assess sitting time (primary outcome). Secondary outcomes included fasting glucose, blood pressure, and weight. Linear regression models assessed between-group differences in the outcomes. RESULTS The I-STAND participants significantly reduced their sitting time compared with the controls (-58 min per day; 95% confidence interval [-100.3, -15.6]; p = .007). There were no statistically significant changes in the secondary outcomes. CONCLUSION I-STAND was efficacious in reducing sitting time, but not in changing health outcomes in older adults with obesity.
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Caldwell HG, Coombs GB, Rafiei H, Ainslie PN, Little JP. Hourly staircase sprinting exercise "snacks" improve femoral artery shear patterns but not flow-mediated dilation or cerebrovascular regulation: a pilot study. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 46:521-529. [PMID: 33242251 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Healthy males (n = 10; age: 24 ± 4 years; body mass index: 24 ± 2 kg·m-2) completed 2 randomized conditions separated by ≥48 h involving 6-8.5 h of sitting with ("stair snacks") and without (sedentary) hourly staircase sprint interval exercise (∼14-20 s each). Resting blood flow and shear rates were measured in the femoral artery, internal carotid artery, and vertebral artery (Duplex ultrasound). Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was quantified as an index of peripheral endothelial function in the femoral artery. Neurovascular coupling (NVC; regional blood flow response to local increases in cerebral metabolism) was assessed in the posterior cerebral artery (transcranial Doppler ultrasound). Femoral artery hemodynamics were higher following the active trial with no change in the sedentary trial, including blood flow (+32 ± 23% vs. -10 ± 28%; P = 0.015 and P = 0.253, respectively), vascular conductance (+32 ± 27% vs. -15 ± 26%; P = 0.012 and P = 0.098, respectively), and mean shear rate (+17 ± 8% vs. -8 ± 28%; P = 0.004 and P = 0.310, respectively). The change in FMD was not different within or between conditions (P = 0.184). Global cerebral blood flow (CBF), conductance, shear patterns, and NVC were not different within or between conditions (all P > 0.05). Overall, exercise "stair snacks" improve femoral artery blood flow and shear patterns but not peripheral (e.g., FMD) or cerebral (e.g., CBF and NVC) vascular function following prolonged sitting. The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03374436). Novelty: Breaking up 8.5 h of sitting with hourly staircase sprinting exercise "snacks" improves resting femoral artery shear patterns but not FMD. Cerebral blood flow and neurovascular coupling were unaltered following 6 h of sitting with and without hourly exercise breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah G Caldwell
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada.,Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Geoff B Coombs
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada.,Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Hossein Rafiei
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada.,Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada.,Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Jonathan P Little
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada.,Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
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34
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Pereira MA, Mullane SL, Toledo MJL, Larouche ML, Rydell SA, Vuong B, Feltes LH, Mitchell NR, de Brito JN, Hasanaj K, Carlson NG, Gaesser GA, Crespo NC, Oakes JM, Buman MP. Efficacy of the 'Stand and Move at Work' multicomponent workplace intervention to reduce sedentary time and improve cardiometabolic risk: a group randomized clinical trial. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2020; 17:133. [PMID: 33109190 PMCID: PMC7592578 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-020-01033-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sedentary time is associated with chronic disease and premature mortality. We tested a multilevel workplace intervention with and without sit-stand workstations to reduce sedentary time and lower cardiometabolic risk. Methods Stand and Move at Work was a group (cluster) randomized trial conducted between January 2016 and December 2017 among full-time employees; ≥18 years; and in academic, industry/healthcare, and government worksites in Phoenix, Arizona and Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. Eligible worksites were randomized to (a) MOVE+, a multilevel intervention targeting reduction in sedentary time and increases in light physical activity (LPA); or (b) STAND+, the MOVE+ intervention along with sit-stand workstations to allow employees to sit or stand while working. The primary endpoints were objectively-measured workplace sitting and LPA at 12 months. The secondary endpoint was a clustered cardiometabolic risk score (blood pressure, glucose, insulin, triglycerides, and HDL-cholesterol) at 12 months. Results Worksites (N = 24; academic [n = 8], industry/healthcare [n = 8], and government [n = 8] sectors) and employees (N = 630; 27 ± 8 per worksite; 45 ± 11 years of age, 74% female) were enrolled. All worksites were retained and 487 participants completed the intervention and provided data for the primary endpoint. The adjusted between arm difference in sitting at 12 months was − 59.2 (CI: − 74.6,-43.8) min per 8 h workday, favoring STAND+, and in LPA at 12 months was + 2.2 (− 0.9,5.4) min per 8 h workday. Change in the clustered metabolic risk score was small and not statistically significant, but favored STAND+. In an exploratory subgroup of 95 participants with prediabetes or diabetes, the effect sizes were larger and clinically meaningful, all favoring STAND+, including blood glucose, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin, LDL-cholesterol, body weight, and body fat. Conclusions Multilevel workplace interventions that include the use of sit-stand workstations are effective for large reductions in sitting time over 12 months. Among those with prediabetes or diabetes, clinical improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors and body weight may be realized. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02566317. Registered 2 October 2015, first participant enrolled 11 January 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Pereira
- University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, 1300 South Second Street, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Sarah L Mullane
- Arizona State University, College of Health Solutions, 500 North 3rd Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | | | - Miranda L Larouche
- Arizona State University, College of Health Solutions, 500 North 3rd Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Sarah A Rydell
- University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, 1300 South Second Street, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | | | | | - Nathan R Mitchell
- University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, 1300 South Second Street, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Junia N de Brito
- University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, 1300 South Second Street, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Kristina Hasanaj
- Arizona State University, College of Health Solutions, 500 North 3rd Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Neil G Carlson
- University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, 1300 South Second Street, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Glenn A Gaesser
- Arizona State University, College of Health Solutions, 500 North 3rd Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | | | - J Michael Oakes
- University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, 1300 South Second Street, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Matthew P Buman
- Arizona State University, College of Health Solutions, 500 North 3rd Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
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35
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Park LK, Parks EJ, Pettit-Mee RJ, Woodford ML, Ghiarone T, Smith JA, Sales ARK, Martinez-Lemus LA, Manrique-Acevedo C, Padilla J. Skeletal muscle microvascular insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes is not improved by eight weeks of regular walking. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:283-296. [PMID: 32614687 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00174.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to examine whether individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) exhibit suppressed leg vascular conductance and skeletal muscle capillary perfusion in response to a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp and to test whether these two variables are positively correlated. Subsequently, we examined whether T2D-associated skeletal muscle microvascular insulin resistance, as well as overall vascular dysfunction, would be ameliorated by an 8-wk walking intervention (45 min at 60% of heart rate reserve, 5 sessions/week). We report that, relative to healthy subjects, overweight and obese individuals with T2D exhibit depressed insulin-stimulated increases in leg vascular conductance, skeletal muscle capillary perfusion, and Akt phosphorylation. Notably, we found that within individuals with T2D, those with lesser increases in leg vascular conductance in response to insulin exhibited the lowest increases in muscle capillary perfusion, suggesting that limited muscle capillary perfusion may be, in part, linked to the impaired ability of the upstream resistance vessels to dilate in response to insulin. Furthermore, we show that the 8-wk walking intervention, which did not evoke weight loss, was insufficient to ameliorate skeletal muscle microvascular insulin resistance in previously sedentary, overweight/obese subjects with T2D, despite high adherence and tolerance. However, the walking intervention did improve (P < 0.05) popliteal artery flow-mediated dilation (+4.52%) and reduced HbA1c (-0.75%). It is possible that physical activity interventions that are longer in duration, engage large muscle groups with recruitment of the maximum number of muscle fibers, and lead to a robust reduction in metabolic risk factors may be required to overhaul microvascular insulin resistance in T2D.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This report provides evidence that in sedentary subjects with type 2 diabetes diminished insulin-stimulated increases in leg vascular conductance and ensuing blunted capillary perfusion in skeletal muscle are not restorable by increased walking alone. More innovative physical activity interventions that ultimately result in a robust mitigation of metabolic risk factors may be vital for reestablishing skeletal muscle microvascular insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Park
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Elizabeth J Parks
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Ryan J Pettit-Mee
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Makenzie L Woodford
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Thaysa Ghiarone
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - James A Smith
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Allan R K Sales
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), São Paulo, Brazil.,Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Camila Manrique-Acevedo
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Research Services, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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36
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Unkart JT, Allison MA, Parada H, Criqui MH, Qi Q, Diaz KM, Carlson JA, Sotres-Alvarez D, Ostfeld RJ, Raij L, Bellettiere J. Sedentary time and peripheral artery disease: The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. Am Heart J 2020; 222:208-219. [PMID: 32105987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental evidence suggests that sedentary time (ST) may contribute to cardiovascular disease by eliciting detrimental hemodynamic changes in the lower limbs. However, little is known about objectively measured ST and lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD). METHODS We included 7,609 Hispanic/Latinos (ages 45-74) from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. PAD was measured using the ankle brachial index (≤0.9). ST was measured using accelerometry. We used multivariable logistic regression to assess associations of quartiles of ST and PAD, and then used the same logistic models with restricted cubic splines to investigate continuous nonlinear associations of ST and PAD. Models were sequentially adjusted for traditional PAD risk factors, leg pain, and moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA). RESULTS Median ST was 12.2 h/d, and 5.4% of individuals had PAD. In fully adjusted restricted cubic splines models accounting for traditional PAD risk factors, leg pain, and MVPA, ST had a significant overall (P = .048) and nonlinear (P = .024) association with PAD. A threshold effect was seen such that time spent above median ST was associated with higher odds of PAD. That is, compared to median ST, 1, 2, and 3 hours above median ST were associated with a PAD odds ratio of 1.16 (95% CI = 1.02-1.31), 1.44 (1.06-1.94), and 1.80 (1.11-2.90), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Among Hispanic/Latino adults, ST was associated with higher odds of PAD, independent of leg pain, MVPA, and traditional PAD risk factors. Notably, we observed a threshold effect such that these associations were only observed at the highest levels of ST.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Qibin Qi
- Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Keith M Diaz
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Leopoldo Raij
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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37
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MORISHIMA TAKUMA, TSUCHIYA YOSUKE, UEDA HISASHI, TSUJI KATSUNORI, OCHI EISUKE. Sitting-induced Endothelial Dysfunction Is Prevented in Endurance-trained Individuals. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:1770-1775. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Wheeler MJ, Dunstan DW, Ellis KA, Cerin E, Phillips S, Lambert G, Naylor LH, Dempsey PC, Kingwell BA, Green DJ. Effect of Morning Exercise With or Without Breaks in Prolonged Sitting on Blood Pressure in Older Overweight/Obese Adults. Hypertension 2019; 73:859-867. [PMID: 30782027 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Both exercise and breaks in prolonged sitting can reduce blood pressure (BP) in older overweight/obese adults. We investigated whether there is an additive hypotensive effect when exercise is combined with subsequent breaks in sitting. Sex differences and changes in plasma catecholamines as a potential candidate mechanism underlying BP responses were also examined. Sedentary older adults (n=67; 67±7 years; 31.2±4.1 kg/m2) completed 3 conditions in random order-sitting (SIT): uninterrupted sitting (8 hours, control); exercise+sitting (EX+SIT): sitting (1 hour), moderate-intensity walking (30 minutes), uninterrupted sitting (6.5 hours); exercise+breaks (EX+BR): sitting (1 hour), moderate-intensity walking (30 minutes), sitting interrupted every 30 minutes with 3 minutes of light-intensity walking (6.5 hours). Serial BP and plasma epinephrine/norepinephrine measurements occurred during 8 hours. The 8-hour average systolic and diastolic BP (mm Hg 95% CI) was lower in EX+SIT -3.4 (-4.5 to -2.3), -0.8 (-1.6 to -0.04), and EX+BR -5.1 (-6.2 to -4.0), -1.1 (-1.8 to -0.3), respectively, relative to SIT (all P <0.05). There was an additional reduction in average systolic BP of -1.7 (-2.8 to -0.6) in EX+BR relative to EX+SIT ( P=0.003). This additional reduction in systolic BP was driven by women -3.2 (-4.7 to -1.7; P<0.001 EX+BR versus EX+SIT). Average epinephrine decreased in EX+SIT and EX+BR in women (-13% to -12%) but increased in men (+12% to +23%), respectively, relative to SIT ( P<0.05). No differences in average norepinephrine were observed. Morning exercise reduces BP during a period of 8 hours in older overweight/obese adults compared with prolonged sitting. Combining exercise with regular breaks in sitting may be of more benefit for lowering BP in women than in men. Clinical Trial Registration- URL: https://www.anzctr.org.au . Unique identifier: ACTRN12614000737639.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Wheeler
- From the School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), University of Western Australia, Perth (M.J.W., D.W.D., L.H.N., D.J.G.).,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.J.W., D.W.D., E.C., S.P., G.L., P.C.D., B.A.K.)
| | - David W Dunstan
- From the School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), University of Western Australia, Perth (M.J.W., D.W.D., L.H.N., D.J.G.).,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.J.W., D.W.D., E.C., S.P., G.L., P.C.D., B.A.K.).,Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria (D.W.D., E.C.)
| | - Kathryn A Ellis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.A.E.)
| | - Ester Cerin
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.J.W., D.W.D., E.C., S.P., G.L., P.C.D., B.A.K.).,School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong (E.C.).,Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria (D.W.D., E.C.)
| | - Sarah Phillips
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.J.W., D.W.D., E.C., S.P., G.L., P.C.D., B.A.K.).,Iverson Health Innovation Research Institute and School of Health Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (S.P., G.L.)
| | - Gavin Lambert
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.J.W., D.W.D., E.C., S.P., G.L., P.C.D., B.A.K.).,Iverson Health Innovation Research Institute and School of Health Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (S.P., G.L.)
| | - Louise H Naylor
- From the School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), University of Western Australia, Perth (M.J.W., D.W.D., L.H.N., D.J.G.)
| | - Paddy C Dempsey
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.J.W., D.W.D., E.C., S.P., G.L., P.C.D., B.A.K.).,Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (P.C.D.)
| | - Bronwyn A Kingwell
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.J.W., D.W.D., E.C., S.P., G.L., P.C.D., B.A.K.)
| | - Daniel J Green
- From the School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), University of Western Australia, Perth (M.J.W., D.W.D., L.H.N., D.J.G.)
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Morishima T, Tsuchiya Y, Padilla J, Ochi E. Eight weeks of fish oil supplementation does not prevent sitting-induced leg endothelial dysfunction. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:55-60. [PMID: 31671276 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged sitting impairs leg endothelial function and this impairment is thought to be mediated by a sustained reduction in blood flow-induced shear stress. However, whether nutritional strategies can be used to prevent sitting-induced leg endothelial dysfunction remains unknown. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that 8 weeks of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation would prevent endothelial dysfunction associated with sitting. Nineteen healthy men were randomly assigned to a placebo group or EPA+DHA group in a double-blind fashion. The EPA+DHA group was administered EPA-rich fish oil, containing 600 mg EPA and 260 mg DHA per day for 8 weeks. The placebo group received matching capsules for the same duration of time. Popliteal artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was measured at baseline and before and after a 3-h sitting period. During sitting, blood pressure, popliteal artery diameter, and blood velocity were measured every hour. Throughout the sitting period, popliteal artery blood flow and shear rate were markedly and similarly reduced in both groups (P < 0.05). However, counter to the hypothesis, 3 h of sitting impaired popliteal artery FMD to the same extent in both groups (P < 0.05). In conclusion, daily EPA and DHA supplementation is not effective at preventing the detrimental effects of prolonged sitting on leg endothelial function. Novelty We provide evidence that sitting-induced leg endothelial dysfunction in young healthy subjects cannot be remediated by a nutritional strategy known to produce cardiovascular benefits. This could be partially due to the low total dose of EPA and DHA administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Morishima
- Sports Research Center, Hosei University, Kawasaki 211-0031, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tsuchiya
- Faculty of Modern Life, Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo 164-8530, Japan
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Eisuke Ochi
- Sports Research Center, Hosei University, Kawasaki 211-0031, Japan.,Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Hosei University, Tokyo 184-8584, Japan
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40
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A Prior High-Intensity Exercise Bout Attenuates the Vascular Dysfunction Resulting From a Prolonged Sedentary Bout. J Phys Act Health 2019; 16:916-924. [DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2018-0568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: This study sought to determine the impact of an acute prior bout of high-intensity interval aerobic exercise on attenuating the vascular dysfunction associated with a prolonged sedentary bout. Methods: Ten young (24 ± 1 y) healthy males completed two 3-hour sessions of prolonged sitting with (SIT-EX) and without (SIT) a high-intensity interval aerobic exercise session performed immediately prior. Prior to and 3 hours into the sitting bout, leg vascular function was assessed with the passive leg movement technique, and blood samples were obtained from the lower limb to evaluate changes in oxidative stress (malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase) and inflammation (interleukin-6). Results: No presitting differences in leg vascular function (assessed via passive leg movement technique-induced hyperemia) were revealed between conditions. After 3 hours of prolonged sitting, leg vascular function was significantly reduced in the SIT condition, but unchanged in the SIT-EX. Lower limb blood samples revealed no alterations in oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity, or inflammation in either condition. Conclusions: This study revealed that lower limb vascular dysfunction was significantly attenuated by an acute presitting bout of high-intensity interval aerobic exercise. Further analysis of lower limb blood samples revealed no changes in circulating oxidative stress or inflammation in either condition.
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41
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O’Brien MW, Johns JA, Williams TD, Kimmerly DS. Sex does not influence impairments in popliteal endothelial-dependent vasodilator or vasoconstrictor responses following prolonged sitting. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:679-687. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00887.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An acute bout of prolonged sitting (PS) impairs the popliteal artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) response. Despite equivocal reductions in mean shear rate, young women demonstrate an attenuated decline in popliteal FMD versus young men. However, it is uncertain whether popliteal endothelial-dependent vasoconstrictor responses [low-flow-mediated constriction (L-FMC)] are similarly affected by PS and/or whether sex differences exist. We tested the hypothesis that women would have attenuated reductions in both popliteal FMD and L-FMC responses following an acute bout of PS. Popliteal FMD and L-FMC responses were assessed via duplex ultrasonography before and after a 3-h bout of PS. These responses were then compared between 10 men (24 ± 2 yr) and 10 women (23 ± 2 yr) with similar ( P > 0.13) levels of objectively measured habitual physical activity (via PiezoRx) and sedentary time (via activPAL). At baseline, men and women exhibited similar ( P > 0.46) popliteal FMD (4.8 ± 1.2 vs. 4.5 ± 0.6%) and L-FMC (–1.7 ± 1.0 vs. –1.9 ± 0.9%) responses. Both sexes experienced identical (group: P > 0.76; time: P < 0.001) PS-induced impairments in popliteal FMD (–2.8 ± 1.4 vs. –2.6 ± 0.9%) and L-FMC (1.3 ± 0.7% vs. 1.4 ± 0.7%). In young adults, sex did not influence the negative PS-induced FMD, L-FMC, or microvascular responses in the lower limb. As such, our findings suggest that young men and women are similarly susceptible to the acute negative vascular effects of PS. Future studies should extend these findings to older, less physically active adults and/or patients with vascular disease. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We compared changes in popliteal artery endothelial function to a single 3-h bout of sitting between young men and women. Both groups exhibited similar endothelial-dependent vasodilation (i.e., flow-mediated dilation) and endothelial-dependent vasoconstrictor responses (i.e., low-flow-mediated constriction) at baseline and equivocal impairments in these measures of endothelial function following prolonged sitting. These findings demonstrate that acute impairments in conduit artery endothelial health associated with uninterrupted sitting are not influenced by sex in young, healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles W. O’Brien
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jarrett A. Johns
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Tanner D. Williams
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Derek S. Kimmerly
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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42
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Tremblay JC, Bailey DM. Physical activity and the stress of shear: Vasoprotective or vasopreventative? Exp Physiol 2019; 104:1329-1330. [PMID: 31228213 DOI: 10.1113/ep087896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Tremblay
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Damian M Bailey
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, UK
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43
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Garten RS, Darling A, Weggen J, Decker K, Hogwood AC, Michael A, Imthurn B, Mcintyre A. Aerobic training and vascular protection: Insight from altered blood flow patterns. Exp Physiol 2019; 104:1420-1431. [PMID: 31127657 DOI: 10.1113/ep087576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDING What is the central question of this study? This study sought to determine whether prior upper limb aerobic training can attenuate the vascular dysfunction resulting from negative alteration of blood flow patterns. What is the main finding and its importance? We demonstrated that the microvasculature of young men with prior upper limb aerobic training (rowing) was equally susceptible to negatively altered blood flow patterns when compared with untrained control subjects. This finding reveals that aerobic training does not provide adequate protection against this type of vascular insult, highlighting the importance of reducing known vascular insults regardless of training status. ABSTRACT Acute alteration of blood flow patterns can substantially reduce blood vessel function and, if consistently repeated, may chronically reduce vascular health. Aerobic exercise training is associated with improved vascular health, but it is not well understood whether aerobic training-induced vascular adaptations provide protection against acute vascular insults. This study sought to determine whether prior upper limb aerobic training can attenuate the vascular dysfunction resulting from an acute vascular insult (increased retrograde/oscillatory shear). Ten young arm-trained (AT) men (rowers; 22 ± 1 years of age) and 10 untrained (UT) male control subjects (21 ± 3 years of age) were recruited for this study. Subjects completed two brachial artery (BA) flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) tests separated by an acute bout of subdiastolic cuff inflation (SDCI) of the distal forearm. Brachial artery dilatation (normalized for the shear stimulus) and reactive hyperaemia evaluated during the BA FMD test were used to determine conduit artery and microvascular function, respectively. Data were presented as mean values ± SD. The AT group reported significantly greater whole body (peak oxygen uptake; P = 0.01) and forearm aerobic capacity (P < 0.001). The SDCI intervention significantly increased retrograde (P < 0.001) and oscillatory shear (P < 0.001) in both groups. After the SDCI, microvascular function (post-cuff release hyperaemia), but not conduit artery function (shear-induced BA dilatation), was significantly reduced from pre-SDCI values (P = 0.001) independent of group. This study revealed that young men with prior upper limb aerobic training, when compared with untrained control subjects, were equally susceptible to the microvascular dysfunction associated with an acute increase in retrograde/oscillatory shear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Garten
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ashley Darling
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jennifer Weggen
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kevin Decker
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Austin C Hogwood
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Austin Michael
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Brandon Imthurn
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Andrew Mcintyre
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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44
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Dempsey PC, Larsen RN, Dunstan DW, Owen N, Kingwell BA. Sitting Less and Moving More: Implications for Hypertension. Hypertension 2019; 72:1037-1046. [PMID: 30354827 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.11190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paddy C Dempsey
- From the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (P.C.D., R.N.L., D.W.D., N.O., B.A.K.).,MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom (P.C.D.).,Centre for Urban Transitions, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (P.C.D., N.O.)
| | - Robyn N Larsen
- From the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (P.C.D., R.N.L., D.W.D., N.O., B.A.K.)
| | - David W Dunstan
- From the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (P.C.D., R.N.L., D.W.D., N.O., B.A.K.).,Mary MacKillop Institute of Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria (D.W.D.)
| | - Neville Owen
- From the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (P.C.D., R.N.L., D.W.D., N.O., B.A.K.).,Centre for Urban Transitions, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (P.C.D., N.O.)
| | - Bronwyn A Kingwell
- From the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (P.C.D., R.N.L., D.W.D., N.O., B.A.K.)
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45
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Morishima T, Toyoda M, Ochi E. Prior cycling exercise does not prevent endothelial dysfunction after resistance exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1663-1669. [PMID: 31055679 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04154-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Resistance exercise impairs endothelial function acutely. Therefore, it becomes important to devise an effective strategy for preventing acute endothelial dysfunction after resistance exercise. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that resistance exercise-induced temporal endothelial dysfunction is prevented by prior cycling. METHODS Twelve young healthy subjects completed two randomized experimental trials: (1) resistance exercise only trial (RE trial), (2) resistance exercise with prior cycling trial (C + RE trial). Following baseline brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD), the subjects maintained the supine position for 45 min in the RE trial; the subjects performed a 45 min of cycling (67.0 ± 1.7% HRmax) in the C + RE trial. After 45 min of resting or cycling, the subjects performed resistance exercise (69.7 ± 4.0 kg) at the same time points. Following the resistance exercise, they were asked to rest in the supine position for 60 min. Then FMD were repeated at 10, 30 and 60 min after the resistance exercise in both trials. RESULTS The increased blood flow and shear rate after resistance exercise did not differ between trials, and these changes disappeared following resting in the supine position for 60 min. There was no significant interaction in %FMD responses. Both trials caused impairment in %FMD after the resistance exercise, and statistical significance was observed at 30 and 60 min after resistance exercise in the RE trial. CONCLUSION The present study revealed that cycling for 45 min prior to resistance exercise was not sufficient to prevent the acute endothelial dysfunction after resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masahira Toyoda
- Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eisuke Ochi
- Sports Research Center, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
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46
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Tremblay JC, Grewal AS, Pyke KE. Examining the acute effects of retrograde versus low mean shear rate on flow-mediated dilation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:1335-1342. [PMID: 30844335 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01065.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial endothelial function is acutely and chronically regulated by blood flow-associated shear stress. An acute intervention employing modest forearm cuff occlusion to simultaneously increase retrograde and decrease mean brachial artery shear rate for 30 min evokes transient impairments in flow-mediated dilation (FMD). However, the independent influence of the low mean versus the retrograde shear stress components is unclear. Healthy young adults [n = 24 (12 women, 12 men); 22 ± 2 yr, body mass index = 25 ± 2 kg/m2 (mean ± SD)] completed three laboratory visits within 1 wk. Visits consisted of 45 min of supine rest followed by a brachial artery FMD test (duplex ultrasound) before and after a 30-min intervention: control (shear rate unchanged), cuff (mean shear rate decreased, retrograde shear rate increased), or arterial compression (mean shear rate decreased, no increase in retrograde shear rate). The mean shear rate on the compression visit was targeted to match that achieved on the cuff visit. Cuff and compression trials decreased mean shear rate to a similar extent (cuff: 43 ± 22 s-1, compression: 43 ± 21 s-1; P = 0.850) compared with control (65 ± 21 s-1; both P < 0.001), with the retrograde component elevated only in the former (cuff: -83 ± 30 s-1, compression: -7 ± 5 s-1; P < 0.001). FMD decreased by 29 ± 30% (P < 0.001) after the cuff intervention and 32 ± 24% (P < 0.001) after the compression trial but was unchanged on the control visit (-0.3 ± 18%; P = 0.754). This was not altered by accounting for the shear rate stimulus. An increased retrograde shear stress does not appear to be obligatory for the transient reduction in FMD achieved after a 30-min exposure to low mean shear stress. These findings provide novel mechanistic insight on the regulation of endothelial function in vivo. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Low mean and retrograde shear stress are considered atherogenic; however, their relative contribution to the acute regulation of endothelial function in humans is unclear. Matched reductions in mean shear stress (30 min), with and without increases in retrograde shear stress, elicited equivalent reductions in flow-mediated dilation in men and women. These findings afford novel insight regarding the shear stress components governing the acute (dys)regulation of conduit artery endothelial function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Tremblay
- Cardiovascular Stress Response Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario , Canada
| | - Arman S Grewal
- Cardiovascular Stress Response Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario , Canada
| | - Kyra E Pyke
- Cardiovascular Stress Response Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario , Canada
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47
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Tremblay JC, Stimpson TV, Murray KM, Pyke KE. Sitting cross-legged for 30 min alters lower limb shear stress pattern but not flow-mediated dilation or arterial stiffness. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:221-224. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged sitting decreases lower limb endothelial function via sustained reductions in mean shear rate. We tested whether 30 min of sitting cross-legged differentially impacts superficial femoral artery shear rate pattern, flow-mediated dilation (FMD), and leg pulse-wave velocity (PWV) compared with sitting flat-footed. Sitting cross-legged attenuated the reduction in mean and antegrade shear rate and increased arterial pressure compared with sitting flat-footed. Superficial femoral artery FMD and leg PWV were unaltered following either sitting position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C. Tremblay
- Cardiovascular Stress Response Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, 28 Division Street, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Cardiovascular Stress Response Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, 28 Division Street, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Taylor V. Stimpson
- Cardiovascular Stress Response Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, 28 Division Street, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Cardiovascular Stress Response Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, 28 Division Street, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Kristen M. Murray
- Cardiovascular Stress Response Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, 28 Division Street, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Cardiovascular Stress Response Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, 28 Division Street, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Kyra E. Pyke
- Cardiovascular Stress Response Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, 28 Division Street, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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48
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Climie RE, Wheeler MJ, Grace M, Lambert EA, Cohen N, Owen N, Kingwell BA, Dunstan DW, Green DJ. Simple intermittent resistance activity mitigates the detrimental effect of prolonged unbroken sitting on arterial function in overweight and obese adults. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:1787-1794. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00544.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged sitting contributes to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. The underlying mechanisms are unknown but may include changes in arterial function and vasoactive mediators. We examined the effects of prolonged unbroken sitting, relative to regular active interruptions to sitting time, on arterial function in adults at increased CVD risk. In a randomized crossover trial, 19 sedentary overweight/obese adults (mean ± SD age 57 ± 12 yr) completed 2 laboratory-based conditions: 5 h uninterrupted sitting (SIT) and 5 h sitting interrupted every 30 min by 3 min of simple resistance activities (SRA). Femoral artery function [flow-mediated dilation (FMD)], blood flow, and shear rate were measured at 0 h, 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, and 5 h. Brachial FMD was assessed at 0 and 5 h. Plasma was collected hourly for measurement of endothelin-1 (ET-1), nitrates/nitrites, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). There was a significant decline in femoral artery FMD, averaged over 5 h in the SIT condition, relative to SRA ( P < 0.001). Plasma ET-1 total area under the curve over 5 h increased in the SIT condition compared with SRA ( P = 0.006). There was no significant difference between conditions in femoral or brachial shear rate, brachial FMD, nitrates/nitrites, VCAM-1, or ICAM-1 ( P > 0.05 for all). Five hours of prolonged sitting, relative to regular interruptions to sitting time, impaired femoral artery vasodilator function and increased circulating ET-1 in overweight/obese adults. There is the need to build on this evidence beyond acute observations to better understand the potential longer-term vascular-related consequences of prolonged sitting. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to examine the effect of prolonged sitting on arterial function in adults at increased cardiovascular disease risk. We have shown that 5 h of prolonged sitting, relative to regular interruptions to sitting time, impaired femoral artery vasodilator function and increased circulating endothelin-1 in overweight/obese adults. There is now the need to build on this evidence beyond acute observations to better understand the potential longer-term vascular-related consequences of prolonged sitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Climie
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Michael J. Wheeler
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Megan Grace
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elisabeth A. Lambert
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neale Cohen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neville Owen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bronwyn A. Kingwell
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Central Clinical School and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nursing and Health Services, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David W. Dunstan
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Mary MacKillop Institute of Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel J. Green
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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49
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Walsh LK, Ghiarone T, Olver TD, Medina-Hernandez A, Edwards JC, Thorne PK, Emter CA, Lindner JR, Manrique-Acevedo C, Martinez-Lemus LA, Padilla J. Increased endothelial shear stress improves insulin-stimulated vasodilatation in skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2018; 597:57-69. [PMID: 30328623 DOI: 10.1113/jp277050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS It has been postulated that increased blood flow-associated shear stress on endothelial cells is an underlying mechanism by which physical activity enhances insulin-stimulated vasodilatation. This report provides evidence supporting the hypothesis that increased shear stress exerts insulin-sensitizing effects in the vasculature and this evidence is based on experiments in vitro in endothelial cells, ex vivo in isolated arterioles and in vivo in humans. Given the recognition that vascular insulin signalling, and associated enhanced microvascular perfusion, contributes to glycaemic control and maintenance of vascular health, strategies that stimulate an increase in limb blood flow and shear stress have the potential to have profound metabolic and vascular benefits mediated by improvements in endothelial insulin sensitivity. ABSTRACT The vasodilator actions of insulin contribute to glucose uptake by skeletal muscle, and previous studies have demonstrated that acute and chronic physical activity improves insulin-stimulated vasodilatation and glucose uptake. Because this effect of exercise primarily manifests in vascular beds highly perfused during exercise, it has been postulated that increased blood flow-associated shear stress on endothelial cells is an underlying mechanism by which physical activity enhances insulin-stimulated vasodilatation. Accordingly, herein we tested the hypothesis that increased shear stress, in the absence of muscle contraction, can acutely render the vascular endothelium more insulin-responsive. To test this hypothesis, complementary experiments were conducted using (1) cultured endothelial cells, (2) isolated and pressurized skeletal muscle arterioles from swine, and (3) humans. In cultured endothelial cells, 1 h of increased shear stress from 3 to 20 dynes cm-2 caused a significant shift in insulin signalling characterized by greater activation of eNOS relative to MAPK. Similarly, isolated arterioles exposed to 1 h of intraluminal shear stress (20 dynes cm-2 ) subsequently exhibited greater insulin-induced vasodilatation compared to arterioles kept under no-flow conditions. Finally, we found in humans that increased leg blood flow induced by unilateral limb heating for 1 h subsequently augmented insulin-stimulated popliteal artery blood flow and muscle perfusion. In aggregate, these findings across models (cells, isolated arterioles and humans) support the hypothesis that elevated shear stress causes the vascular endothelium to become more insulin-responsive and thus are consistent with the notion that shear stress may be a principal mechanism by which physical activity enhances insulin-stimulated vasodilatation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Walsh
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Thaysa Ghiarone
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - T Dylan Olver
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - Jenna C Edwards
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Pamela K Thorne
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Craig A Emter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jonathan R Lindner
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Camila Manrique-Acevedo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Research Services, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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50
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Prolonged standing increases lower limb arterial stiffness. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:2249-2258. [PMID: 30076480 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3956-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Standing workstations have recently been promoted as a healthy alternative to sitting. However, it is unknown how prolonged standing affects arterial stiffness, a prognostic indicator of cardiovascular health. The purpose of this study was twofold: to observe changes in arterial stiffness, as assessed by pulse wave velocity (PWV), with a 2-h bout of standing, and to determine if short, intermittent walking bouts provide a comparative advantage to standing alone. METHODS Nineteen adults had arterial stiffness assessed by pulse wave velocity. Central (CPWV), upper peripheral (UPWV), and lower peripheral (LPWV) PWV were assessed before (supine), during standing (min 10, 60, and 120), and after (supine) the 2-h standing bout. In one trial, the participants stood at a standing desk immobile for 2 h. In the other trial, participants performed 5-min walking breaks after every 25 min of standing. RESULTS After 2-h of standing, supine (85.8 ± 90.1 cm/s) and standing (303.4 ± 390.2 cm/s), LPWV increased independent of trial (i.e., main effect of time; p < 0.001). Walking breaks during 2 h of standing did not significantly attenuate these changes. In addition, standing CPWV decreased over time (- 38.5 ± 61.5 cm/s; p = 0.04). Yet, UPWV, standing or supine, did not change over the course of standing (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that prolonged standing increases the measures of arterial stiffness and there is no evidence that walk breaks attenuate this response.
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