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Gu YY, Liu XS, Lan HY. Therapeutic potential for renal fibrosis by targeting Smad3-dependent noncoding RNAs. Mol Ther 2024; 32:313-324. [PMID: 38093516 PMCID: PMC10861968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a characteristic hallmark of chronic kidney disease (CKD) that ultimately results in renal failure, leaving patients with few therapeutic options. TGF-β is a master regulator of renal fibrosis and mediates progressive renal fibrosis via both canonical and noncanonical signaling pathways. In the canonical Smad signaling, Smad3 is a key mediator in tissue fibrosis and mediates renal fibrosis via a number of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). In this regard, targeting Smad3-dependent ncRNAs may offer a specific therapy for renal fibrosis. This review highlights the significance and innovation of TGF-β/Smad3-associated ncRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in renal fibrogenesis. In addition, the underlying mechanisms of these ncRNAs and their future perspectives in the treatment of renal fibrosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Yu Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Departments of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, and Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Departments of Nephrology and Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu-Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Hui-Yao Lan
- Departments of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, and Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Departments of Nephrology and Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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2
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Chen J, Zhang H, Yi X, Dou Q, Yang X, He Y, Chen J, Chen K. Cellular senescence of renal tubular epithelial cells in acute kidney injury. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:62. [PMID: 38316761 PMCID: PMC10844256 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01831-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence represents an irreversible state of cell-cycle arrest during which cells secrete senescence-associated secretory phenotypes, including inflammatory factors and chemokines. Additionally, these cells exhibit an apoptotic resistance phenotype. Cellular senescence serves a pivotal role not only in embryonic development, tissue regeneration, and tumor suppression but also in the pathogenesis of age-related degenerative diseases, malignancies, metabolic diseases, and kidney diseases. The senescence of renal tubular epithelial cells (RTEC) constitutes a critical cellular event in the progression of acute kidney injury (AKI). RTEC senescence inhibits renal regeneration and repair processes and, concurrently, promotes the transition of AKI to chronic kidney disease via the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. The mechanisms underlying cellular senescence are multifaceted and include telomere shortening or damage, DNA damage, mitochondrial autophagy deficiency, cellular metabolic disorders, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and epigenetic regulation. Strategies aimed at inhibiting RTEC senescence, targeting the clearance of senescent RTEC, or promoting the apoptosis of senescent RTEC hold promise for enhancing the renal prognosis of AKI. This review primarily focuses on the characteristics and mechanisms of RTEC senescence, and the impact of intervening RTEC senescence on the prognosis of AKI, aiming to provide a foundation for understanding the pathogenesis and providing potentially effective approaches for AKI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Huhai Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangling Yi
- Department of Nephrology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Dou
- Department of Nephrology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Yani He
- Department of Nephrology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400042, Chongqing, China.
| | - Kehong Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400042, Chongqing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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3
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Chatterjee E, Rodosthenous RS, Kujala V, Gokulnath P, Spanos M, Lehmann HI, de Oliveira GP, Shi M, Miller-Fleming TW, Li G, Ghiran IC, Karalis K, Lindenfeld J, Mosley JD, Lau ES, Ho JE, Sheng Q, Shah R, Das S. Circulating extracellular vesicles in human cardiorenal syndrome promote renal injury in a kidney-on-chip system. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e165172. [PMID: 37707956 PMCID: PMC10721327 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.165172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDCardiorenal syndrome (CRS) - renal injury during heart failure (HF) - is linked to high morbidity. Whether circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their RNA cargo directly impact its pathogenesis remains unclear.METHODSWe investigated the role of circulating EVs from patients with CRS on renal epithelial/endothelial cells using a microfluidic kidney-on-chip (KOC) model. The small RNA cargo of circulating EVs was regressed against serum creatinine to prioritize subsets of functionally relevant EV-miRNAs and their mRNA targets investigated using in silico pathway analysis, human genetics, and interrogation of expression in the KOC model and in renal tissue. The functional effects of EV-RNAs on kidney epithelial cells were experimentally validated.RESULTSRenal epithelial and endothelial cells in the KOC model exhibited uptake of EVs from patients with HF. HF-CRS EVs led to higher expression of renal injury markers (IL18, LCN2, HAVCR1) relative to non-CRS EVs. A total of 15 EV-miRNAs were associated with creatinine, targeting 1,143 gene targets specifying pathways relevant to renal injury, including TGF-β and AMPK signaling. We observed directionally consistent changes in the expression of TGF-β pathway members (BMP6, FST, TIMP3) in the KOC model exposed to CRS EVs, which were validated in epithelial cells treated with corresponding inhibitors and mimics of miRNAs. A similar trend was observed in renal tissue with kidney injury. Mendelian randomization suggested a role for FST in renal function.CONCLUSIONPlasma EVs in patients with CRS elicit adverse transcriptional and phenotypic responses in a KOC model by regulating biologically relevant pathways, suggesting a role for EVs in CRS.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov NCT03345446.FUNDINGAmerican Heart Association (AHA) (SFRN16SFRN31280008); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (1R35HL150807-01); National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (UH3 TR002878); and AHA (23CDA1045944).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeli Chatterjee
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rodosthenis S. Rodosthenous
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Priyanka Gokulnath
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michail Spanos
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Helge Immo Lehmann
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Guoping Li
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ionita Calin Ghiran
- Department of Anesthesia, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katia Karalis
- Emulate, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - JoAnn Lindenfeld
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Mosley
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Emily S. Lau
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Ho
- Cardiovascular Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Ravi Shah
- Vanderbilt Translational and Clinical Research Center, Cardiology Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Saumya Das
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Chen XC, Huang LF, Tang JX, Wu D, An N, Ye ZN, Lan HY, Liu HF, Yang C. Asiatic acid alleviates cisplatin-induced renal fibrosis in tumor-bearing mice by improving the TFEB-mediated autophagy-lysosome pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115122. [PMID: 37413899 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nephrotoxicity is a major side effect of cisplatin treatment of solid tumors in the clinical setting. Long-term low-dose cisplatin administration causes renal fibrosis and inflammation. However, few specific medicines with clinical application value have been developed to reduce or treat the nephrotoxic side effects of cisplatin without affecting its tumor-killing effect. The present study analyzed the potential reno-protective effect and mechanism of asiatic acid (AA) in long-term cisplatin-treated nude mice suffering from tumors. AA treatment significantly attenuated renal injury, inflammation, and fibrosis induced by long-term cisplatin injection in tumor-bearing mice. AA administration notably suppressed tubular necroptosis and improved the autophagy-lysosome pathway disruption caused by chronic cisplatin treatment in tumor-transplanted nude mice and HK-2 cells. AA promoted transcription factor EB (TFEB)-mediated lysosome biogenesis and reduced the accumulation of damaged lysosomes, resulting in enhanced autophagy flux. Mechanistically, AA increased TFEB expression by rebalancing Smad7/Smad3, whereas siRNA inhibition of Smad7 or TFEB abolished the effect of AA on autophagy flux in HK-2 cells. In addition, AA treatment did not weaken, but actually enhanced the anti-tumor effect of cisplatin, as evidenced by the promoted tumor apoptosis and inhibited proliferation in nude mice. In summary, AA alleviates cisplatin-induced renal fibrosis in tumor-bearing mice by improving the TFEB-mediated autophagy-lysosome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Cui Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China
| | - Li-Feng Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China
| | - Ji-Xin Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China
| | - Ning An
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China
| | - Zhen-Nan Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China
| | - Hui-Yao Lan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory on Immunological and Genetic Kidney Diseases, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua-Feng Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China.
| | - Chen Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China.
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Liang XB, Dai ZC, Zou R, Tang JX, Yao CW. The Therapeutic Potential of CDK4/6 Inhibitors, Novel Cancer Drugs, in Kidney Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13558. [PMID: 37686364 PMCID: PMC10487876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a crucial pathological feature in cancers and kidney diseases, playing a significant role in disease progression. Cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6 not only contribute to cell cycle progression but also participate in cell metabolism, immunogenicity and anti-tumor immune responses. Recently, CDK4/6 inhibitors have gained approval for investigational treatment of breast cancer and various other tumors. Kidney diseases and cancers commonly exhibit characteristic pathological features, such as the involvement of inflammatory cells and persistent chronic inflammation. Remarkably, CDK4/6 inhibitors have demonstrated impressive efficacy in treating non-cancerous conditions, including certain kidney diseases. Current studies have identified the renoprotective effect of CDK4/6 inhibitors, presenting a novel idea and potential direction for treating kidney diseases in the future. In this review, we briefly reviewed the cell cycle in mammals and the role of CDK4/6 in regulating it. We then provided an introduction to CDK4/6 inhibitors and their use in cancer treatment. Additionally, we emphasized the importance of these inhibitors in the treatment of kidney diseases. Collectively, growing evidence demonstrates that targeting CDK4 and CDK6 through CDK4/6 inhibitors might have therapeutic benefits in various cancers and kidney diseases and should be further explored in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ji-Xin Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Diseases of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Cui-Wei Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Diseases of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
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Treatment with quercetin inhibits SARS-CoV-2 N protein-induced acute kidney injury by blocking Smad3-dependent G1 cell-cycle arrest. Mol Ther 2023; 31:344-361. [PMID: 36514292 PMCID: PMC9743779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that SARS-CoV-2 can infect kidneys and cause acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically ill COVID-19 patients. However, mechanisms through which COVID-19 induces AKI are largely unknown, and treatment remains ineffective. Here, we report that kidney-specific overexpressing SARS-CoV-2 N gene can cause AKI, including tubular necrosis and elevated levels of serum creatinine and BUN in 8-week-old diabetic db/db mice, which become worse in those with older age (16 weeks) and underlying diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Treatment with quercetin, a purified product from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that shows effective treatment of COVID-19 patients, can significantly inhibit SARS-CoV-2 N protein-induced AKI in diabetic mice with or without underlying DKD. Mechanistically, quercetin can block the binding of SARS-CoV-2 N protein to Smad3, thereby inhibiting Smad3 signaling and Smad3-mediated cell death via the p16-dependent G1 cell-cycle arrest mechanism in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, SARS-CoV-2 N protein is pathogenic and can cause severe AKI in diabetic mice, particularly in those with older age and pre-existing DKD, via the Smad3-dependent G1 cell-cycle arrest mechanism. Importantly, we identify that quercetin may be an effective TCM compound capable of inhibiting COVID-19 AKI by blocking SARS-CoV-2 N-Smad3-mediated cell death pathway.
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7
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Li J, Gong X. Bibliometric and visualization analysis of kidney repair associated with acute kidney injury from 2002 to 2022. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1101036. [PMID: 37153766 PMCID: PMC10157647 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1101036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Renal repair is closely related to the prognosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) and has attracted increasing attention in the research field. However, there is a lack of a comprehensive bibliometric analysis in this research area. This study aims at exploring the current status and hotspots of renal repair research in AKI from the perspective of bibliometrics. Methods: Studies published between 2002 and 2022 related to kidney repair after AKI were collected from Web of Science core collection (WoSCC) database. Bibliometric measurement and knowledge graph analysis to predict the latest research trends in the field were performed using bibliometrics software CiteSpace and VOSviewer. Results: The number of documents related to kidney repair after AKI has steadily increased over 20 years. The United States and China contribute more than 60% of documents and are the main drivers of research in this field. Harvard University is the most active academic institution that contributes the most documents. Humphreys BD and Bonventre JV are the most prolific authors and co-cited authors in the field. The American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology and Journal of the American Society of Nephrology are the most popular journals in the field with the greatest number of documents. "exosome", "macrophage polarization", "fibroblast", and" aki-ckd transition" are high-frequency keywords in this field in recent years. Extracellular vesicles (including exosomes), macrophage polarization, cell cycle arrest, hippo pathway, and sox9 are current research hotspots and potential targets in this field. Conclusion: This is the first comprehensive bibliometric study on the knowledge structure and development trend of AKI-related renal repair research in recent years. The results of the study comprehensively summarize and identify research frontiers in AKI-related renal repair.
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Ji X, Meng X, Zhu X, He Q, Cui Y. Research and development of Chinese anti-COVID-19 drugs. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:4271-4286. [PMID: 36119967 PMCID: PMC9472487 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak and spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) highlighted the importance and urgency of the research and development of therapeutic drugs. Very early into the COVID-19 pandemic, China has begun developing drugs, with some notable progress. Herein, we summarizes the anti-COVID-19 drugs and promising drug candidates originally developed and researched in China. Furthermore, we discussed the developmental prospects, mechanisms of action, and advantages and disadvantages of the anti-COVID-19 drugs in development, with the aim to contribute to the rational use of drugs in COVID-19 treatment and more effective development of new drugs against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the variants. Neutralizing antibody is an effective approach to overcome COVID-19. However, drug resistance induced by rapid virus mutation will likely to challenge neutralizing antibodies. Taking into account current epidemic trends, small molecule drugs have a crucial role in fighting COVID-19 due to their significant advantage of convenient administration and affordable and broad-spectrum. Traditional Chinese medicines, including natural products and traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions, contribute to the treatment of COVID-19 due to their unique mechanism of action. Currently, the research and development of Chinese anti-COVID-19 drugs have led to some promising achievements, thus prompting us to expect even more rapidly available solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwei Ji
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Xiangrui Meng
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qingfeng He
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yimin Cui
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
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9
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Ren C, Bao X, Lu X, Du W, Wang X, Wei J, Li L, Li X, Lin X, Zhang Q, Ma B. Complanatoside A targeting NOX4 blocks renal fibrosis in diabetic mice by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation and autophagy. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 104:154310. [PMID: 35843189 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is an important cause of end-stage renal disease. Complanatoside A (CA), an active component from Semen Astragali Complanati, has been reported to be a potential candidate for the treatment of kidney diseases. However, the underlying mechanisms and protective effects of CA in DN remain unclear. PURPOSE In this paper, the effects and the mechanism of CA against ameliorating DN were investigated in vivo and in vitro. STUDY DESIGN Here, a high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic model and TGF-β1-induced HK-2 cells were used to explore the protective effects and mechanisms of CA on DN in vivo and in vitro. METHODS Major biochemical indexes, Histopathological morphology, and Immunohistochemistry have explored the therapeutic effect of CA on DN. Subsequently, TGF-β1-induced HK-2 cells were utilized to investigate the anti-renal fibrosis effect of CA. Finally, the mechanism of CA against renal fibrosis was studied via western blotting, immunofluorescence, transfection, and molecular docking. RESULTS The results showed that CA attenuated glomerular hypertrophy, collagen matrix deposition, and tubular interstitial fibrosis in diabetic mice. Moreover, the activation of TGF-β1-inducible epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was hindered by CA treatment in HK-2 cells. Mechanistically, the data suggested that upregulated NOX4 during diabetes and TGF-β1 in HK-2 cells was prominently diminished after CA treatment. Furthermore, CA exposure inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation and downstream inflammation gene expression such as IL-18 and IL-1β in vivo and vitro. These findings indicated that CA obstructed the EMT to protect renal tubular epithelial cells against fibrosis via blocking NLRP3 activation, which was associated with inhibiting NOX4. Besides, the markedly raised autophagy levels in the diabetic model characterized by increasing LC3II/LC3I and Beclin1 were reversed after CA treatment, which is also a pivotal mechanism against renal fibrosis. More importantly, specific NOX4 overexpressed in HK-2 cells abolished that CA exposure blocked TGF-β1-induced-EMT, ROS generation, NLRP3, and autophagy activation. Meanwhile, the inhibition of cell migration, ROS generation, autophagy, and renal inflammation after CA treatment was more pronounced in NOX4-deficient HK-2 cells. CONCLUSION Our findings provided evidence that CA might be a potential therapeutic agent for DN by ameliorating NLRP3 inflammasome and autophagy activation via targeting NOX4 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoxing Ren
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiaowen Bao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xuanzhao Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Wei Du
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jingxun Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Lin Li
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaotian Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xin Lin
- The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Bo Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
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10
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Yu C, Li T, Li J, Cui B, Liu N, Bayliss G, Zhuang S. Inhibition of polycomb repressive complex 2 by targeting EED protects against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:4061-4075. [PMID: 35734954 PMCID: PMC9279598 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) is a multicomponent complex with methyltransferase activity that catalyzes trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me3). Interaction of the epigenetic reader protein EED with EZH2, a catalytic unit of PRC, allosterically stimulates PRC2 activity. In this study, we investigated the role and underlying mechanism of the PRC2 in acute kidney injury (AKI) by using EED226, a highly selective PRC2 inhibitor, to target EED. Administration of EED226 improved renal function, attenuated renal pathological changes, and reduced renal tubular cell apoptosis in a murine model of cisplatin‐induced AKI. In cultured renal epithelial cells, treatment with either EED226 or EED siRNA also ameliorated cisplatin‐induced apoptosis. Mechanistically, EED226 treatment inhibited cisplatin‐induced phosphorylation of p53 and FOXO3a, two transcriptional factors contributing to apoptosis, and preserved expression of Sirtuin 3 and PGC1α, two proteins associated with mitochondrial protection in vivo and in vitro. EED226 was also effective in enhancing renal tubular cell proliferation, suppressing expression of multiple inflammatory cytokines, and reducing infiltration of macrophages to the injured kidney. These data suggest that inhibition of the PRC2 activity by targeting EED can protect against cisplatin‐induced AKI by promoting the survival and proliferation of renal tubular cells and inhibiting inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialu Li
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Binbin Cui
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - George Bayliss
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Shougang Zhuang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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11
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Losartan ameliorates renal interstitial fibrosis through metabolic pathway and Smurfs-TGF-β/Smad. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112931. [PMID: 36068784 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The genesis and development of renal fibrosis involve a variety of pathways closely related to inflammation, cytokines, oxidative stress and metabolic abnormalities. Renal fibrosis is the result of a complex combination of a variety of lesions. Epithelial-mesenchymal transdifferentiation (EMT) of renal tubular epithelial cells is considered the key to renal fibrosis. Losartan is a typical Angiotensin II (ANG II) receptor antagonist and relaxes blood vessels. In this study, we investigated the effects of losartan on Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction (UUO) model mice by studying the changes in the TGF-β/Smad and metabolomics. Male C57BL/6 J mice were intervened with the UUO model and given losartan (10, 20, 30 mg/kg/d) for 28 consecutive days. The results showed that losartan could reduce UUO-induced abnormal serum metabolic spectrum and renal function. It could also improve renal tubular-interstitial injury and fibrosis by reducing tubulointerstitial dilation and collagen deposition. In addition, losartan promoted the expression of Smurf2 and Smurf1, i.e., Smad7 and E3 ubiquitin-linked enzymes, in the nucleus to degrade the type I receptor of TGF-β1 (TβR-I) and P-Smad2/3 to inhibit renal tubular epithelial cells EMT. In summary, these findings indicated that losartan could regulate the TGF-β/Smad and metabolic pathway in UUO model mice through ubiquitination to reduce renal fibrosis.
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Sako K, Furuichi K, Makiishi S, Yamamura Y, Okumura T, Le T, Kitajima S, Toyama T, Hara A, Iwata Y, Sakai N, Shimizu M, Niimura F, Matsusaka T, Kaneko S, Wada T. Cyclin-dependent kinase 4-related tubular epithelial cell proliferation is regulated by Paired box gene 2 in kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury. Kidney Int 2022; 102:45-57. [PMID: 35483529 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Paired box 2 (Pax2) is a transcription factor essential for kidney development and is reactivated in proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) during recovery from kidney injury. However, the role of Pax2 in this process is still unknown. Here the role of Pax2 reactivation during injury was examined in the proliferation of PTECs using an ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) mouse model. Kidney proximal tubule-specific Pax2 conditional knockout mice were generated by mating kidney androgen-regulated protein-Cre and Pax2 flox mice. The degree of cell proliferation and fibrosis was assessed and a Pax2 inhibitor (EG1) was used to evaluate the role of Pax2 in the hypoxic condition of cultured PTECs (O2 5%, 24 hours). The number of Pax2-positive cells and Pax2 mRNA increased after IRI. Sirius red staining indicated that the area of interstitial fibrosis was significantly larger in knockout mice 14 days after IRI. The number of Ki-67-positive cells (an index of proliferation) was significantly lower in knockout than in wild-type mice after IRI, whereas the number of TUNEL-positive cells (an index of apoptotic cells) was significantly higher in knockout mice four days after IRI. Expression analyses of cell cycle-related genes showed that cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) was significantly less expressed in the Pax2 knockout mice. In vitro data showed that the increase in CDK4 mRNA and protein expression induced by hypoxia was attenuated by EG1. Thus, Pax2 reactivation may be involved in PTEC proliferation by activating CDK4, thereby limiting kidney fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Sako
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kengo Furuichi
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Shohei Makiishi
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yuta Yamamura
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Toshiya Okumura
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Thu Le
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shinji Kitajima
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tadashi Toyama
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Akinori Hara
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yasunori Iwata
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Division of Infection Control, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Norihiko Sakai
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miho Shimizu
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Fumio Niimura
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Taiji Matsusaka
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan; Institute of Medical Science, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kaneko
- Department of System Biology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Wada
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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PPARγ regulates the expression of genes involved in the DNA damage response in an inflamed endometrium. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4026. [PMID: 35256739 PMCID: PMC8901773 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07986-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractInflammation is a biological response of the immune system, which can be triggered by many factors, including pathogens. These factors may induce acute or chronic inflammation in various organs, including the reproductive system, leading to tissue damage or disease. In this study, the RNA-Seq technique was used to determine the in vitro effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) ligands on the expression of genes and long non-coding RNA, and alternative splicing events (ASEs) in LPS-induced inflammation of the porcine endometrium during the follicular phase of the estrous cycle. Endometrial slices were incubated in the presence of LPS and PPARγ agonists (PGJ2 or pioglitazone) and a PPARγ antagonist (T0070907). We identified 169, 200, 599 and 557 differentially expressed genes after LPS, PGJ2, pioglitazone or T0070907 treatment, respectively. Moreover, changes in differentially expressed long non-coding RNA and differential alternative splicing events were described after the treatments. The study revealed that PPARγ ligands influence the LPS-triggered expression of genes controlling the DNA damage response (GADD45β, CDK1, CCNA1, CCNG1, ATM). Pioglitazone treatment exerted a considerable effect on the expression of genes regulating the DNA damage response.
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Wang W, Chen J, Hu D, Pan P, Liang L, Wu W, Tang Y, Huang XR, Yu X, Wu J, Lan HY. SARS-CoV-2 N Protein Induces Acute Kidney Injury via Smad3-Dependent G1 Cell Cycle Arrest Mechanism. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103248. [PMID: 34813685 PMCID: PMC8787402 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and can cause severe multiple organ injury and death. Kidney is one of major target organs of COVID-19 and acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in critically ill COVID-19 patients. However, mechanisms through which COVID-19 causes AKI remain largely unknown and treatment remains unspecific and ineffective. Here, the authors report that normal kidney-specifically overexpressing SARS-CoV-2 N develops AKI, which worsens in mice under ischemic condition. Mechanistically, it is uncovered that SARS-CoV-2 N-induced AKI is Smad3-dependent as SARS-CoV-2 N protein can interact with Smad3 and enhance TGF-β/Smad3 signaling to cause tubular epithelial cell death and AKI via the G1 cell cycle arrest mechanism. This is further confirmed in Smad3 knockout mice and cells in which deletion of Smad3 protects against SARS-CoV-2 N protein-induced cell death and AKI in vivo and in vitro. Most significantly, it is also found that targeting Smad3 with a Smad3 pharmacological inhibitor is able to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 N-induced AKI. In conclusion, the authors identify that SARS-CoV-2 N protein is a key mediator for AKI and induces AKI via the Smad3-dependent G1 cell cycle arrest mechanism. Targeting Smad3 may represent as a novel therapy for COVID-19-asscoaited AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbiao Wang
- Departments of Medicine and TherapeuticsLi Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, and Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of VirologyInstitute of Medical MicrobiologyJinan UniversityGuangzhou510632China
- Guangdong‐Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Immunological and Genetic Kidney DiseaseGuangdong Academy of Medical ScienceGuangdong Provincial People's HospitalGuangzhou510080China
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong‐Guangdong Academy of Sciences/Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital Joint Research Laboratory on Immunological and Genetic Kidney DiseasesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Junzhe Chen
- Departments of Medicine and TherapeuticsLi Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, and Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
- Department of NephrologyThe Third Affiliated HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Dingwen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of VirologyCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Pan Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of VirologyInstitute of Medical MicrobiologyJinan UniversityGuangzhou510632China
| | - Liying Liang
- Departments of Medicine and TherapeuticsLi Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, and Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Wenjing Wu
- Departments of Medicine and TherapeuticsLi Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, and Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
- Guangdong‐Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Immunological and Genetic Kidney DiseaseGuangdong Academy of Medical ScienceGuangdong Provincial People's HospitalGuangzhou510080China
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of NephrologyThe Third Affiliated HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Xiao R. Huang
- Departments of Medicine and TherapeuticsLi Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, and Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
- Guangdong‐Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Immunological and Genetic Kidney DiseaseGuangdong Academy of Medical ScienceGuangdong Provincial People's HospitalGuangzhou510080China
| | - Xueqing Yu
- Guangdong‐Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Immunological and Genetic Kidney DiseaseGuangdong Academy of Medical ScienceGuangdong Provincial People's HospitalGuangzhou510080China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of VirologyInstitute of Medical MicrobiologyJinan UniversityGuangzhou510632China
- State Key Laboratory of VirologyCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Hui Y. Lan
- Departments of Medicine and TherapeuticsLi Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, and Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong‐Guangdong Academy of Sciences/Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital Joint Research Laboratory on Immunological and Genetic Kidney DiseasesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
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Tubular Cell Cycle Response upon AKI: Revising Old and New Paradigms to Identify Novel Targets for CKD Prevention. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011093. [PMID: 34681750 PMCID: PMC8537394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is characterized by a rapid deterioration of kidney function, representing a global healthcare concern. In addition, AKI survivors frequently develop chronic kidney disease (CKD), contributing to a substantial proportion of disease burden globally. Yet, over the past 30 years, the burden of CKD has not declined to the same extent as many other important non-communicable diseases, implying a substantial deficit in the understanding of the disease progression. The assumption that the kidney response to AKI is based on a high proliferative potential of proximal tubular cells (PTC) caused a critical confounding factor, which has led to a limited development of strategies to prevent AKI and halt progression toward CKD. In this review, we discuss the latest findings on multiple mechanisms of response related to cell cycle behavior of PTC upon AKI, with a specific focus on their biological relevance. Collectively, we aim to (1) provide a new perspective on interpreting cell cycle progression of PTC in response to damage and (2) discuss how this knowledge can be used to choose the right therapeutic window of treatment for preserving kidney function while avoiding CKD progression.
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Negative regulators of TGF-β1 signaling in renal fibrosis; pathological mechanisms and novel therapeutic opportunities. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:275-303. [PMID: 33480423 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Elevated expression of the multifunctional cytokine transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) is causatively linked to kidney fibrosis progression initiated by diabetic, hypertensive, obstructive, ischemic and toxin-induced injury. Therapeutically relevant approaches to directly target the TGF-β1 pathway (e.g., neutralizing antibodies against TGF-β1), however, remain elusive in humans. TGF-β1 signaling is subjected to extensive negative control at the level of TGF-β1 receptor, SMAD2/3 activation, complex assembly and promoter engagement due to its critical role in tissue homeostasis and numerous pathologies. Progressive kidney injury is accompanied by the deregulation (loss or gain of expression) of several negative regulators of the TGF-β1 signaling cascade by mechanisms involving protein and mRNA stability or epigenetic silencing, further amplifying TGF-β1/SMAD3 signaling and fibrosis. Expression of bone morphogenetic proteins 6 and 7 (BMP6/7), SMAD7, Sloan-Kettering Institute proto-oncogene (Ski) and Ski-related novel gene (SnoN), phosphate tensin homolog on chromosome 10 (PTEN), protein phosphatase magnesium/manganese dependent 1A (PPM1A) and Klotho are dramatically decreased in various nephropathies in animals and humans albeit with different kinetics while the expression of Smurf1/2 E3 ligases are increased. Such deregulations frequently initiate maladaptive renal repair including renal epithelial cell dedifferentiation and growth arrest, fibrotic factor (connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2), plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), TGF-β1) synthesis/secretion, fibroproliferative responses and inflammation. This review addresses how loss of these negative regulators of TGF-β1 pathway exacerbates renal lesion formation and discusses the therapeutic value in restoring the expression of these molecules in ameliorating fibrosis, thus, presenting novel approaches to suppress TGF-β1 hyperactivation during chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression.
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Chen J, Wang W, Tang Y, Huang XR, Yu X, Lan HY. Inflammatory stress in SARS-COV-2 associated Acute Kidney Injury. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:1497-1506. [PMID: 33907513 PMCID: PMC8071761 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.58791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing clinical evidence shows that acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and severe complication in critically ill COVID-19 patients. The older age, the severity of COVID-19 infection, the ethnicity, and the history of smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease are the risk factor for AKI in COVID-19 patients. Of them, inflammation may be a key player in the pathogenesis of AKI in patients with COVID-19. It is highly possible that SARS-COV-2 infection may trigger the activation of multiple inflammatory pathways including angiotensin II, cytokine storm such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), TGF-β signaling, complement activation, and lung-kidney crosstalk to cause AKI. Thus, treatments by targeting these inflammatory molecules and pathways with a monoclonal antibody against IL-6 (Tocilizumab), C3 inhibitor AMY-101, anti-C5 antibody, anti-TGF-β OT-101, and the use of CRRT in critically ill patients may represent as novel and specific therapies for AKI in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhe Chen
- Departments of Medicine & Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, and Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated hospital, Southern Medical university, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbiao Wang
- Departments of Medicine & Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, and Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated hospital, Southern Medical university, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-ru Huang
- Departments of Medicine & Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, and Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Immunity and Genetics of Chronic Kidney Disease, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueqing Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Immunity and Genetics of Chronic Kidney Disease, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Yao Lan
- Departments of Medicine & Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, and Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Immunity and Genetics of Chronic Kidney Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Wang HJ, Liu H, Lin YH, Zhang SJ. MiR-32-5p knockdown inhibits epithelial to mesenchymal transition and renal fibrosis by targeting SMAD7 in diabetic nephropathy. Hum Exp Toxicol 2021; 40:587-595. [PMID: 32959695 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120952157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is primary cause of end-stage renal disease. A previous study has shown that miR-32-5p (miR-32) is highly expressed in kidney tissue during chronic allograft dysfunction with interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy. However, the role of miR-32-5p (miR-32) in DN is still unclear. In this study, streptozotocin-induced DN rat models and high glucose (HG)-incubated human kidney proximal tubular epithelial (HK-2) cells were established to investigate the role and underlying mechanisms of miR-32 in DN. Results of real-time PCR revealed that miR-32 levels were greatly increased in DN rats and HG-incubated HK-2 cells. Downregulation of miR-32 effectively relieved HG-induced autophagy suppression, fibrosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and inflammation in HK-2 cells. Besides, miR-32 overexpression significantly down-regulated the expression of mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7 (SMAD7), whereas knockdown of miR-32 markedly up-regulated the level of SMAD7. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay confirmed that SMAD7 was a target of miR-32. Reintroduction of SMAD7 expression rescued miR-32-induced HK-2 cells autophagy suppression, EMT and renal fibrosis. Our findings indicate that miR-32 may play roles in the progression of EMT and fibrosis in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-J Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of 194024Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - H Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of 194024Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Y-H Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of 194024Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - S-J Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of 194024Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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Juan CX, Mao Y, Cao Q, Chen Y, Zhou LB, Li S, Chen H, Chen JH, Zhou GP, Jin R. Exosome-mediated pyroptosis of miR-93-TXNIP-NLRP3 leads to functional difference between M1 and M2 macrophages in sepsis-induced acute kidney injury. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:4786-4799. [PMID: 33745232 PMCID: PMC8107088 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome caused by infection, resulting in organ dysfunction. Sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most common potential complications. Increasing reports have shown that M1 and M2 macrophages both take part in the progress of AKI by influencing the level of inflammatory factors and the cell death, including pyroptosis. However, whether M1 and M2 macrophages regulate AKI by secreting exosome remains unknown. In the present study, we isolated the exosomes from M1 and M2 macrophages and used Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to investigate the effect of M1 and M2 exosomes on cell pyroptosis. miRNA sequencing was used to identify the different miRNA in M1 and M2 exosomes. Luciferase reporter assay was used to verify the target gene of miRNA. We confirmed that exosomes excreted by macrophages regulated cell pyroptosis in vitro by using Western blot and ELISA. miRNA sequencing revealed the differentially expressed level of miRNAs in M1 and M2 exosomes, among which miR-93-5p was involved in the regulation of pyroptosis. By using bioinformatics predictions and luciferase reporter assay, we found that thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) was a direct target of miR-93-5p. Further in vitro and in vivo experiments indicated that exosomal miR-93-5p regulated the TXNIP directly to influence the pyroptosis in renal epithelial cells, which explained the functional difference between different phenotypes of macrophages. This study might provide new targets for the treatment of sepsis-induced AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Xia Juan
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Mao
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Geriatric Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lan-Bo Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Yancheng Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia-He Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guo-Ping Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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miR-20a-5p is enriched in hypoxia-derived tubular exosomes and protects against acute tubular injury. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:2223-2234. [PMID: 32808649 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Exosomes have been shown to effectively regulate the biological functions of target cells. Here, we investigated the protective effect and mechanism of hypoxia-induced renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs)-derived exosomes on acute tubular injury. We found that in vitro hypoxia-induced tubular exosomes (Hy-EXOs) were protective in acute tubular injury by promoting TECs proliferation and improving mitochondrial functions. By using exosome miRNA sequencing, we identified miR-20a-5p was abundant and was a key mechanism for the protective effect of Hy-EXOs on tubular injury as up-regulation of miR-20a-5p enhanced but down-regulation of miR-20a-5p inhibited the protective effect of Hy-EXOs on tubular injury under hypoxia conditions. Further study in a mouse model of ischemia–reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury (IRI-AKI) also confirmed this notion as pre-treating mice with the miR-20a-5p agomir 48 h prior to AKI induction was capable of inhibiting IRI-AKI by lowering serum levels of creatinine and urea nitrogen, and attenuating the severity of tubular necrosis, F4/80(+) macrophages infiltration and vascular rarefaction. Mechanistically, the protective effect of miR-20a-5p on acute kidney injury (AKI) was associated with inhibition of TECs mitochondrial injury and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, miR-20a-5p is enriched in hypoxia-derived tubular exosomes and protects against acute tubular injury. Results from the present study also reveal that miR-20a-5p may represent as a novel therapy for AKI.
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Yang C, Wu HL, Li ZH, Chen XC, Su HY, Guo XY, An N, Jing KP, Pan QJ, Liu HF. Autophagy Inhibition Sensitizes Renal Tubular Epithelial Cell to G1 Arrest Induced by Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-β). Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e922673. [PMID: 32555132 PMCID: PMC7297028 DOI: 10.12659/msm.922673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cell cycle arrest and autophagy have been demonstrated to be involved in various transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-mediated phenotype alterations of tubular epithelial cells (TECs) and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. But the relationship between cell cycle arrest and the autophagy induced by TGF-β has not been explored well. Material/Methods The effects of autophagy inhibition on TGF-β-induced cell cycle arrest in TECs were explored in vitro. Human kidney-2 (HK-2) cells were stimulated by TGF-β with or without a combined treatment of autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) or bafilomycin A1 (Baf). Results Autophagy inhibition by CQ or Baf promotes the suppression of growth in TGF-β-treated HK-2 cells, as detected by the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) method. In addition, CQ or Baf stimulation enhances G1 arrest in TGF-β treated HK-2 cells, as investigated using propidium iodide (PI) staining and flow cytometry, which was further confirmed by a decrease in the expression of phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein (p-RB) and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4). The upregulation of p21 induced by CQ or Baf may mediate an enhanced G1 arrest in TGF-β treated HK-2 cells. Western blot analysis showed that TGF-β-induced expression of extracellular matrix fibronectin was notably upregulated in the presence of autophagy inhibitors. Conclusions Inhibition of autophagy sensitizes the TECs to G1 arrest and proliferation suppression induced by TGF-β that contributes to the induction of tubulointerstitial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Hong-Luan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Zhi-Hang Li
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Xiao-Cui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Hong-Yong Su
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Xiao-Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Ning An
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Kai-Peng Jing
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Qing-Jun Pan
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Hua-Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China (mainland)
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Wu WF, Wang JN, Li Z, Wei B, Jin J, Gao L, Li HD, Li J, Chen HY, Meng XM. 7-Hydroxycoumarin protects against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury by inhibiting necroptosis and promoting Sox9-mediated tubular epithelial cell proliferation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 69:153202. [PMID: 32169782 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 7-Hydroxycoumarin (7-HC), also known as umbelliferon, is commonly found in Chinese herbs (e.g. Eucommiae Cortex, Prunellae Spica, Radix Angelicae Biseratae). Previous laboratory studies have indicated that 7-HC has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-tumor effects. Cisplatin is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent for cancer. Nephrotoxicity is one of the limiting side effects of cisplatin use. PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the renoprotective effect of 7-HC in a cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) mouse model. METHODS AKI was induced in male C57BL/6 mice (aged 6-8 weeks) by a single intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin at 20 mg/kg. The mice received 7-HC at 30, 60, and 90 mg/kg intraperitoneally before or after cisplatin administration. Renal function, necroptosis, and cell proliferation were measured. Mechanisms underlying the reno-protective effect of 7-HC were explored in renal tubular epithelial cells treated with or without cisplatin. RESULTS In-vivo experiments showed that 7-HC significantly improved the loss in kidney function induced by cisplatin, as indicated by lower levels of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, in AKI mice. Consistent herewith, cisplatin-induced tubular damage was alleviated by 7-HC as shown by morphological (periodic acid-Schiff staining) and kidney injury marker (KIM-1) analyses. We found that 7-HC suppressed renal necroptosis via the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL pathway and accelerated renal repair as evidenced by the upregulation of cyclin D1 in cisplatin-induced nephropathy. In-vitro experiments showed that knockdown of Sox9 attenuated the suppressive effect of 7-HC on KIM-1 and reversed the stimulatory effect of 7-HC on cyclin D1 expression in cisplatin-treated HK-2 cells, indicating that 7-HC may protect against AKI via a Sox9-dependent mechanism. CONCLUSION 7-HC inhibits cisplatin-induced AKI by suppressing RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL-mediated necroptosis and promoting Sox9-mediated tubular epithelial cell proliferation. 7-HC may serve as a preventive and therapeutic agent for AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Feng Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong and Department of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jia-Nan Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Zeng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Biao Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Juan Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Li Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Hai-Di Li
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Jun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Hai-Yong Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong and Department of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Xiao-Ming Meng
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.
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Xie X, Yang X, Wu J, Ma J, Wei W, Fei X, Wang M. Trib1 Contributes to Recovery From Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Acute Kidney Injury by Regulating the Polarization of Renal Macrophages. Front Immunol 2020; 11:473. [PMID: 32265926 PMCID: PMC7098949 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that macrophage polarization is involved in the recovery from ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced acute kidney injury (AKI), implying that the regulation of macrophage polarization homeostasis might mediate AKI recovery. Trib1 is a key regulator of macrophage differentiation, but its role in AKI remains unclear. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of Trib1 and its link with the macrophage phenotype in the process of adaptive recovery from I/R-induced renal injury. Lentiviral vector-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) was used to knock down Trib1 expression in vitro and in vivo, and a mouse model of moderate AKI was established by the induction of I/R injury. Renal function measurements and inflammatory factors were determined by the corresponding kits. Histomorphology was assessed by hematoxylin-eosin, Masson and PAS staining. Western blot and flow cytometry were employed for the analysis of signal transduction, cell apoptosis and macrophage phenotypes. Trib1 knockdown inhibited cell viability of tubular epithelial cells (TECs) by inhibiting proliferation and enhancing apoptosis in vitro. I/R-induced AKI significantly impaired renal function in mice via increasing the levels of BUN, Scr, NGAL and renal tubular damage, leading to renal fibrosis from days 1 to 3. Through the adaptive self-repair mechanism, renal dysfunction recovered over time and returned to almost normal levels on day 28 after I/R intervention. However, Trib1 depletion worsened renal damage on day 3 and blunted the adaptive repair process of the renal tissue. Mechanistically, Trib1 inhibition suppressed renal tubular cell proliferation under adaptive self-repair conditions by affecting the expression of the proliferation-related proteins cyclin D1, cyclin B, p21, and p27, the apoptosis-related proteins Bcl-2 and Bax, and the fibrosis-related proteins collagen I and III. Furthermore, the M1/M2 macrophage ratio increased in the first 3 days and decreased from day 7 to day 28, consistent with changes in the expression of inflammatory factors, including TNFα, IL-6, IL-12, IL-10, and IL-13. Trib1 inhibition blocked macrophage polarization during adaptive recovery from I/R-induced moderate AKI. Our results show that Trib1 plays a role in kidney recovery and regeneration via the regulation of renal tubular cell proliferation by affecting macrophage polarization. Thus, Trib1 might be a viable therapeutic target to improve renal adaptive repair following I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangcheng Xie
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiu Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junxia Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jilin Ma
- Division of Nephrology, Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Fei
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Wang JN, Yang Q, Yang C, Cai YT, Xing T, Gao L, Wang F, Chen X, Liu XQ, He XY, Wei B, Jiang L, Li C, Jin J, Wen JG, Ma TT, Chen HY, Li J, Meng XM. Smad3 promotes AKI sensitivity in diabetic mice via interaction with p53 and induction of NOX4-dependent ROS production. Redox Biol 2020; 32:101479. [PMID: 32143149 PMCID: PMC7058410 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence and severity of acute kidney injury (AKI) is increased yearly in diabetic patients. Although the mechanisms for this remain unclear, the prevention of AKI in diabetic nephropathy is feasible and of value. As we detected highly activation of TGF-β/Smad3 signaling in both human biopsy and mouse model of diabetic nephropathy, we hypothesized that Smad3 activation in diabetic kidneys may increase AKI sensitivity. We tested our hypothesis in vitro using TGF-β type II receptor (TGF-βRII) disrupted tubular epithelial cells (TECs) and in vivo in mice with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic nephropathy before the induction of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. We found that high glucose (HG)-cultured TECs showed increased inflammation, apoptosis and oxidative stress following hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury. Disruption of TGF-βRII attenuated cell injury induced by H/R in HG-treated TECs. Consistently, Smad3 knockdown in diabetic kidney attenuated I/R-induced AKI. Mechanistically, Smad3 binds to p53 and enhances p53 activity in cells treated with HG and H/R, which may lead to TECs apoptosis. Additionally, ChIP assay showed that Smad3 bound with the promoter region of NOX4 and induced ROS production and inflammation. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that Smad3 promotes AKI susceptibility in diabetic mice by interacting with p53 and NOX4. Smad3 activation in diabetic kidneys may increase AKI sensitivity. Blockade of Smad3 in diabetic kidney may both prevent AKI and CKD progression. Smad3 interacts with p53 to enhance TECs apoptosis. Smad3 binds with promoter region of NOX4 to induce ROS production and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Nan Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Qin Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524001, China
| | - Yu-Ting Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China; Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Tian Xing
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Li Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Fang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xin Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xue-Qi Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China; Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xiao-Yan He
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Biao Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China; Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Chao Li
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Juan Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jia-Gen Wen
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Tao-Tao Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Hai-Yong Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Meng
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China.
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Gao L, Zhong X, Jin J, Li J, Meng XM. Potential targeted therapy and diagnosis based on novel insight into growth factors, receptors, and downstream effectors in acute kidney injury and acute kidney injury-chronic kidney disease progression. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:9. [PMID: 32296020 PMCID: PMC7018831 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0106-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is defined as a rapid decline in renal function and is characterized by excessive renal inflammation and programmed death of resident cells. AKI shows high morbidity and mortality, and severe or repeated AKI can transition to chronic kidney disease (CKD) or even end-stage renal disease (ESRD); however, very few effective and specific therapies are available, except for supportive treatment. Growth factors, such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), are significantly altered in AKI models and have been suggested to play critical roles in the repair process of AKI because of their roles in cell regeneration and renal repair. In recent years, a series of studies have shown evidence that growth factors, receptors, and downstream effectors may be highly involved in the mechanism of AKI and may function in the early stage of AKI in response to stimuli by regulating inflammation and programmed cell death. Moreover, certain growth factors or correlated proteins act as biomarkers for AKI due to their sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, growth factors originating from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) via paracrine signaling or extracellular vesicles recruit leukocytes or repair intrinsic cells and may participate in AKI repair or the AKI-CKD transition. In addition, growth factor-modified MSCs show superior therapeutic potential compared to that of unmodified controls. In this review, we summarized the current therapeutic and diagnostic strategies targeting growth factors to treat AKI in clinical trials. We also evaluated the possibilities of other growth factor-correlated molecules as therapeutic targets in the treatment of AKI and the AKI-CKD transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China
| | - Xiang Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610072, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Juan Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Meng
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China.
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26
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Liu L, Deng Y, Cai Y, Lu P, Guo Y, Zhang C, Li Q, Zhang T, Han M, Xu G. Ablation of Gsa impairs renal tubule proliferation after injury via CDK2/cyclin E. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 318:F793-F803. [PMID: 32036696 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00367.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury has a high global morbidity associated with an increased risk of death and chronic kidney disease. Renal tubular epithelial cell regeneration following injury may be a decisive factor in renal repair or the progression of acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease, but the underlying mechanism of abnormal renal tubular repair remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the role of heterotrimeric G stimulatory protein α-subunit (Gsa) in renal tubular epithelial cell regeneration. We generated renal tubule epithelium-specific Gsa knockout (GsaKspKO) mice to show the essential role of Gsa in renal tubular epithelial cell regeneration in two AKI models: acute aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN) and unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury (UIRI). GsaKspKO mice developed more severe renal impairment after AAN and UIRI, higher serum creatinine levels, and more substantial tubular necrosis than wild-type mice. More importantly, Gsa inactivation impaired renal tubular epithelial cell proliferation by reducing bromodeoxyuridine+ cell numbers in the AAN model and inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinase 2/cyclin E1 expression in the UIRI model. This reduced proliferation was further supported in vitro with Gsa-targeting siRNA. Downregulation of Gsa inhibited tubular epithelial cell proliferation in HK-2 and mIMCD-3 cells. Furthermore, Gsa downregulation inhibited cyclin-dependent kinase 2/cyclin E1 expression, which was dependent on the Raf-MEK-ERK signaling pathway. In conclusion, Gsa is required for tubular epithelial cell regeneration during kidney repair after AKI. Loss of Gsa impairs renal tubular epithelial cell regeneration by blocking the Raf-MEK-ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanjun Deng
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Cai
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pingfan Lu
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiyan Guo
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunjiang Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianjing Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Han
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Yang Q, Ren GL, Wei B, Jin J, Huang XR, Shao W, Li J, Meng XM, Lan HY. Conditional knockout of TGF-βRII /Smad2 signals protects against acute renal injury by alleviating cell necroptosis, apoptosis and inflammation. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:8277-8293. [PMID: 31754396 PMCID: PMC6857044 DOI: 10.7150/thno.35686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: TGF-β/Smad signaling is the central mediator for renal fibrosis, however, its functional role in acute kidney injury (AKI) is not fully understood. We previously showed Smad2 protects against renal fibrosis by limiting Smad3 signaling, but details on its role in acute phase are unclear. Recent evidence showed that TGF-β/Smad3 may be involved in the pathogenesis of AKI, so we hypothesized that Smad2 may play certain roles in AKI due to its potential effect on programmed cell death. Methods: We established a cisplatin-induced AKI mouse model with TGF-β type II receptor or Smad2 specifically deleted from renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs). We also created stable in vitro models with either Smad2 knockdown or overexpression in human HK2 cells. Importantly, we evaluated whether Smad2 could serve as a therapeutic target in both cisplatin- and ischemic/reperfusion (I/R)-induced AKI mouse models by silencing Smad2 in vivo. Results: Results show that disruption of TGF-β type II receptor suppressed Smad2/3 activation and attenuated renal injury in cisplatin nephropathy. Furthermore, we found that conditional knockout of downstream Smad2 in TECs protected against loss of renal function, and alleviated p53-mediated cell apoptosis, RIPK-mediated necroptosis and p65 NF-κB-driven renal inflammation in cisplatin nephropathy. This was further confirmed in cisplatin-treated Smad2 knockdown and overexpression HK2 cells. Additionally, lentivirus-mediated Smad2 knockdown protected against renal injury and inflammation while restoring renal function in established nephrotoxic and ischemic AKI models. Conclusions: These findings show that unlike its protective role in renal fibrosis, Smad2 promoted AKI by inducing programmed cell death and inflammation. This may offer a novel therapeutic target for acute kidney injury.
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28
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Moonen L, D'Haese PC, Vervaet BA. Epithelial Cell Cycle Behaviour in the Injured Kidney. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2038. [PMID: 30011818 PMCID: PMC6073451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI), commonly caused by ischemia-reperfusion injury, has far-reaching health consequences. Despite the significant regenerative capacity of proximal tubular epithelium cells (PTCs), repair frequently fails, leading to the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In the last decade, it has been repeatedly demonstrated that dysregulation of the cell cycle can cause injured kidneys to progress to CKD. More precisely, severe AKI causes PTCs to arrest in the G1/S or G2/M phase of the cell cycle, leading to maladaptive repair and a fibrotic outcome. The mechanisms causing these arrests are far from known. The arrest might, at least partially, be attributed to DNA damage since activation of the DNA-damage response pathway leads to cell cycle arrest. Alternatively, cytokine signalling via nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κβ) and p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK) pathways, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) can play a role independent of DNA damage. In addition, only a handful of cell cycle regulators (e.g., p53, p21) have been thoroughly studied during renal repair. Still, why and how PTCs decide to arrest their cell cycle and how this arrest can efficiently be overcome remain open and challenging questions. In this review we will discuss the evidence for cell cycle involvement during AKI and development of CKD together with putative therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lies Moonen
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Patrick C D'Haese
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Benjamin A Vervaet
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
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Tang PMK, Zhang YY, Mak TSK, Tang PCT, Huang XR, Lan HY. Transforming growth factor-β signalling in renal fibrosis: from Smads to non-coding RNAs. J Physiol 2018; 596:3493-3503. [PMID: 29781524 DOI: 10.1113/jp274492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is the key player in tissue fibrosis. However, antifibrotic therapy targeting this multifunctional protein may interfere with other physiological processes to cause side effects. Thus, precise therapeutic targets need to be identified by further understanding the underlying mechanisms of TGF-β1 signalling during fibrogenesis. Equilibrium of Smad signalling is crucial for TGF-β-mediated renal fibrosis, where Smad3 is pathogenic but Smad2 and Smad7 are protective. The activation of TGF-β1/Smad signalling triggers extracellular matrix deposition, and local myofibroblast generation and activation. Mechanistic studies have shown that TGF-β/Smad3 transits the microRNA profile from antifibrotic to profibrotic and therefore promotes renal fibrosis via regulating non-coding RNAs at transcriptional levels. More importantly, disease-specific Smad3-dependent long non-coding RNAs have been recently uncovered from mouse kidney disease models and may represent novel precision therapeutic targets for chronic kidney disease. In this review, mechanisms of TGF-β-driven renal fibrosis via non-coding RNAs and their translational capacities will be discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Ming-Kuen Tang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ying-Ying Zhang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Thomas Shiu-Kwong Mak
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Philip Chiu-Tsun Tang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiao-Ru Huang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hui-Yao Lan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Chen L, Yang T, Lu DW, Zhao H, Feng YL, Chen H, Chen DQ, Vaziri ND, Zhao YY. Central role of dysregulation of TGF-β/Smad in CKD progression and potential targets of its treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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