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Gao L, Wang H, Fang F, Liu J, Zhao C, Niu J, Wang Z, Zhong Y, Wang X. The roles of orphan nuclear receptor 4 group A1 and A2 in fibrosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 139:112705. [PMID: 39029235 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Fibrosis is not a disease but rather an outcome of the pathological tissue repair response. Many myofibroblasts are activated which lead to the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix components such as collagen and fibronectin with fibrosis. A variety of organs, including kidney, liver, lung, heart and skin, can undergo fibrosis under the stimulation of exogenous or endogenous pathogenic factors. The orphan nuclear receptor 4 group A1 (NR4A1) and nuclear receptor 4 group A2(NR4A2)are belong to the nuclear receptor subfamily and inhibit the occurrence and development of fibrosis. NR4A1 is an inhibitory factor of TGF-β signaling transduction. Overexpression of NR4A1 in fibroblasts can reduce TGF-β induced collagen deposition and fibrosis related gene expression. Here, we summarize the current research progress on the NR4A1/2 and fibrosis, providing reference for the treatment of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanjun Gao
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
| | - Hongshuang Wang
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
| | - Jiazhi Liu
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
| | - Chenchen Zhao
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
| | - Jieqi Niu
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver-Kidney Patterns Research, Shijiazhuang 050091, China; Institute of Integrative Medicine, College of Integrative Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, China
| | - Yan Zhong
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver-Kidney Patterns Research, Shijiazhuang 050091, China; Institute of Integrative Medicine, College of Integrative Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, China.
| | - Xiangting Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver-Kidney Patterns Research, Shijiazhuang 050091, China.
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2
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Upadhyay S, Hailemariam AE, Mariyam F, Hafiz Z, Martin G, Kothari J, Farkas E, Sivaram G, Bell L, Tjalkens R, Safe S. Bis-Indole Derivatives as Dual Nuclear Receptor 4A1 (NR4A1) and NR4A2 Ligands. Biomolecules 2024; 14:284. [PMID: 38540704 PMCID: PMC10967861 DOI: 10.3390/biom14030284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Bis-indole derived compounds such as 1,1-bis(3'-indolyl)-1-(3,5-disubstitutedphenyl) methane (DIM-3,5) and the corresponding 4-hydroxyl analogs (DIM8-3,5) are NR4A1 ligands that act as inverse NR4A1 agonists and are potent inhibitors of tumor growth. The high potency of several DIM-3,5 analogs (IC50 < 1 mg/kg/day), coupled with the >60% similarity of the ligand-binding domains (LBDs) of NR4A1 and NR4A2 and the pro-oncogenic activities of both receptors lead us to hypothesize that these compounds may act as dual NR4A1 and NR4A2 ligands. Using a fluorescence binding assay, it was shown that 22 synthetic DIM8-3,5 and DIM-3,5 analogs bound the LBD of NR4A1 and NR4A2 with most KD values in the low µM range. Moreover, the DIM-3,5 and DIM8-3,5 analogs also decreased NR4A1- and NR4A2-dependent transactivation in U87G glioblastoma cells transfected with GAL4-NR4A1 or GAL4-NR4A2 chimeras and a UAS-luciferase reporter gene construct. The DIM-3,5 and DIM8-3,5 analogs were cytotoxic to U87 glioblastoma and RKO colon cancer cells and the DIM-3,5 compounds were more cytotoxic than the DIM8-3,5 compounds. These studies show that both DIM-3,5 and DIM8-3,5 compounds previously identified as NR4A1 ligands bind both NR4A1 and NR4A2 and are dual NR4A1/2 ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijana Upadhyay
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (S.U.); (A.E.H.); (F.M.); (G.M.); (E.F.)
| | - Amanuel Esayas Hailemariam
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (S.U.); (A.E.H.); (F.M.); (G.M.); (E.F.)
| | - Fuada Mariyam
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (S.U.); (A.E.H.); (F.M.); (G.M.); (E.F.)
| | - Zahin Hafiz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (Z.H.); (J.K.)
| | - Gregory Martin
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (S.U.); (A.E.H.); (F.M.); (G.M.); (E.F.)
| | - Jainish Kothari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (Z.H.); (J.K.)
| | - Evan Farkas
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (S.U.); (A.E.H.); (F.M.); (G.M.); (E.F.)
| | - Gargi Sivaram
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Logan Bell
- Department of Chemistry, University of La Verne, La Verne, CA 91750, USA;
| | - Ronald Tjalkens
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA;
| | - Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (S.U.); (A.E.H.); (F.M.); (G.M.); (E.F.)
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3
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Lin T, Jiang D, Chen W, Lin JS, Zhang X, Chen C, Hsu C, Lai L, Chen P, Yang K, Sansing LH, Chang C. Trained immunity induced by high-salt diet impedes stroke recovery. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57164. [PMID: 37965920 PMCID: PMC10702837 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A high-salt diet (HSD) elicits sustained sterile inflammation and worsens tissue injury. However, how this occurs after stroke, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, remains unknown. Here, we report that HSD impairs long-term brain recovery after intracerebral hemorrhage, a severe form of stroke, despite salt withdrawal prior to the injury. Mechanistically, HSD induces innate immune priming and training in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) by downregulation of NR4a family and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. This training compromises alternative activation of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) without altering the initial inflammatory responses of the stroke brain. Healthy mice transplanted with bone marrow from HSD-fed mice retain signatures of reduced MDM reparative functions, further confirming a persistent form of innate immune memory that originates in the bone marrow. Loss of NR4a1 in macrophages recapitulates HSD-induced negative impacts on stroke outcomes while gain of NR4a1 enables stroke recovery in HSD animals. Together, we provide the first evidence that links HSD-induced innate immune memory to the acquisition of persistent dysregulated inflammatory responses and unveils NR4a1 as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze‐Yen Lin
- Department and Graduate Institute of PhysiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Danye Jiang
- Department of NeurologyMcGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center in HoustonHoustonTXUSA
| | - Wan‐Ru Chen
- Department and Graduate Institute of PhysiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
- School of MedicineNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Jhih Syuan Lin
- Department and Graduate Institute of PhysiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Xin‐Yu Zhang
- Department and Graduate Institute of PhysiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chih‐Hung Chen
- Department and Graduate Institute of PhysiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chia‐Lang Hsu
- Department of Medical ResearchNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Liang‐Chuan Lai
- Department and Graduate Institute of PhysiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Ping‐Hung Chen
- Department and Graduate Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Kai‐Chien Yang
- Department and Graduate Institute of PharmacologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Lauren H Sansing
- Department of NeurologyYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Che‐Feng Chang
- Department and Graduate Institute of PhysiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
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Zhang L, Martin G, Mohankumar K, Wright GA, Mariyam F, Safe S. Piperlongumine is a ligand for the orphan nuclear receptor 4A1 (NR4A1). Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1223153. [PMID: 37808182 PMCID: PMC10551445 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1223153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Piperlongumine and derivatives are being developed as anticancer agents which act primarily as inducers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cancer cell lines. Many of the anticancer activities of piperlongumine resemble those observed for bis-indole derived compounds that bind the orphan nuclear receptor 4A1 (NR4A1) and act as inverse receptor agonists to inhibit NR4A1-regulated pro-oncogenic pathways and genes. In this study we show that like other NR4A1 inverse agonists piperlongumine inhibited RKO, SW480 and HCT116 colon cancer cell growth migration and invasion and induced apoptosis. Piperlongumine also downregulated the pro-reductant isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and thioredoxin domain-containing 5 (TXNDC5) gene products resulting in the induction of ROS as previously observed for other inverse NR4A1 agonists. ROS also induced sestrin2 and this resulted in activation of AMPK phosphorylation and inhibition of mTOR pathway signaling. It has previously been reported that these pathways/genes are also regulated by inverse NR4A1 agonists or by knockdown of NR4A1. We also observed that piperlongumine directly bound NR4A1, inhibited NR4A1-dependent transactivation and interactions of the NR4A1/Sp1 complex bound to the GC-rich promoter of the NR4A1-regulated G9a gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Greg Martin
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Kumaravel Mohankumar
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Gus A. Wright
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Fuada Mariyam
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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5
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Riganello F, Tonin P, Soddu A. I Feel! Therefore, I Am from Pain to Consciousness in DOC Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11825. [PMID: 37511583 PMCID: PMC10380260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain assessment and management in patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC) is a challenging and important aspect of care, with implications for detecting consciousness and promoting recovery. This narrative review explores the role of pain in consciousness, the challenges of pain assessment, pharmacological treatment in DOC, and the implications of pain assessment when detecting changes in consciousness. The review discusses the Nociception Coma Scale and its revised version, which are behavioral scales used to assess pain in DOC patients, and the challenges and controversies surrounding the appropriate pharmacological treatment of pain in these patients. Moreover, we highlight recent evidence suggesting that an accurate pain assessment may predict changes in the level of consciousness in unresponsive wakefulness syndrome/vegetative state patients, underscoring the importance of ongoing pain management in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Riganello
- Research in Advanced Neurorehabilitation, S. Anna Institute, 88900 Crotone, Italy
| | - Paolo Tonin
- Research in Advanced Neurorehabilitation, S. Anna Institute, 88900 Crotone, Italy
| | - Andrea Soddu
- Physics, and Astronomy Department, Western Institute for Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
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6
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Chang C, He F, Ao M, Chen J, Yu T, Li W, Li B, Fang M, Yang T. Inhibition of Nur77 expression and translocation by compound B6 reduces ER stress and alleviates cigarette smoke-induced inflammation and injury in bronchial epithelial cells. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1200110. [PMID: 37405051 PMCID: PMC10315657 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1200110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of death worldwide with inflammation and injury in airway epithelial cells. However, few treatment options effectively reduce severity. We previously found that Nur77 is involved in lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and injury of lung tissue. Here, we established an in vitro model of COPD-related inflammation and injury in 16-HBE cells induced by cigarette smoke extract (CSE). In these cells, Nur77 expression and localization to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) increased following CSE treatment, as did ER stress marker (BIP, ATF4, CHOP) expression, inflammatory cytokine expression, and apoptosis. The flavonoid derivative, named B6, which was shown to be a modulator of Nur77 in previous screen, molecular dynamics simulation revealed that B6 binds strongly to Nur77 through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Treating CSE-stimulated 16-HBE cells with B6 resulted in a reduction of both inflammatory cytokine expression and secretion, as well as attenuated apoptosis. Furthermore, B6 treatment resulted in a decrease in Nur77 expression and translocation to the ER, which was accompanied by a concentration-dependent reduction in the expression of ER stress markers. Meanwhile, B6 played a similar role in CSE-treated BEAS-2B cells. These combined effects suggest that B6 could inhibit inflammation and apoptosis in airway epithelial cells after cigarette smoke stimulation, and support its further development as a candidate intervention for treating COPD-related airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenli Chang
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengming He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Mingtao Ao
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Jun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tao Yu
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weiyu Li
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baicun Li
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meijuan Fang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ting Yang
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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7
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Zhu F, Ma J, Li W, Liu Q, Qin X, Qian Y, Wang C, Zhang Y, Li Y, Jiang D, Wang S, Xia P. The orphan receptor Nur77 binds cytoplasmic LPS to activate the non-canonical NLRP3 inflammasome. Immunity 2023; 56:753-767.e8. [PMID: 37001519 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular sensing of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by murine caspase-11 or human caspase-4 initiates a protease cascade, termed the non-canonical inflammasome, that results in gasdermin D (GSDMD) processing and subsequent NLRP3 inflammasome activation. In an effort aimed at identifying additional sensors for intracellular LPS by biochemical screening, we identified the nuclear orphan receptor Nur77 as an LPS-binding protein in macrophage lysates. Nr4a1-/- macrophages exhibited impaired activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, but not caspase-11, in response to LPS. Biochemical mapping revealed that Nur77 bound LPS directly through a domain in its C terminus. Yeast two-hybrid assays identified NLRP3 as a binding partner for Nur77. The association between Nur77 and NLRP3 required the presence of LPS and dsDNA. The source of dsDNA was the mitochondria, requiring the formation of gasdermin-D pores. In vivo, Nur77 deficiency ameliorated host response to endotoxins. Thus, Nur77 functions as an intracellular LPS sensor, binding mitochondrial DNA and LPS to activate the non-canonical NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangrui Zhu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Juan Ma
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Weitao Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qiannv Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiwen Qin
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yan Qian
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chunlei Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dong Jiang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Pengyan Xia
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100191, China.
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8
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Bending D, Zikherman J. Nr4a nuclear receptors: markers and modulators of antigen receptor signaling. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 81:102285. [PMID: 36764055 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Nr4a1-3 encode a small family of orphan nuclear hormone receptors with transcriptional activity. Their expression reflects both acute and chronic antigen-receptor signaling in T and B-cells, and they have been implicated in critical aspects of lymphocyte development, tolerance, and function. These include roles in regulatory T-cell (Treg), thymic-negative selection, humoral responses, anergy, and exhaustion. Here, we review recent advances in this field such as functional roles in B-cells, transcriptional targets, and mechanism of action. We highlight recurrent themes, including integration of antigen-receptor signaling with costimulatory input, as well as unanswered questions and translational applications of this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bending
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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9
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Wang H, Zhang M, Fang F, Xu C, Liu J, Gao L, Zhao C, Wang Z, Zhong Y, Wang X. The nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A1 in human disease. Biochem Cell Biol 2023; 101:148-159. [PMID: 36861809 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2022-0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor 4A1 (NR4A1), a member of the NR4A subfamily, acts as a gene regulator in a wide range of signaling pathways and responses to human diseases. Here, we provide a brief overview of the current functions of NR4A1 in human diseases and the factors involved in its function. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms can potentially improve drug development and disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongshuang Wang
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
| | - Mengjuan Zhang
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
| | - Jiazhi Liu
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
| | - Lanjun Gao
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
| | - Chenchen Zhao
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver-Kidney Patterns Research, Shijiazhuang 050091, China.,Institute of Integrative Medicine, College of Integrative Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, China
| | - Yan Zhong
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver-Kidney Patterns Research, Shijiazhuang 050091, China.,Institute of Integrative Medicine, College of Integrative Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, China
| | - Xiangting Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver-Kidney Patterns Research, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
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10
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Birari P, Mal S, Majumder D, Sharma AK, Kumar M, Das T, Ghosh Z, Jana K, Gupta UD, Kundu M, Basu J. Nur77 influences immunometabolism to regulate the release of proinflammatory cytokines and the formation of lipid bodies during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of macrophages. Pathog Dis 2023; 81:ftad033. [PMID: 38017622 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftad033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection of macrophages with Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces innate immune responses designed to clear the invading bacterium. However, bacteria often survive within the intracellular environment by exploiting these responses triggered by macrophages. Here, the role of the orphan nuclear receptor Nur77 (Nr4a1) in regulating the response of macrophages infected with M. tuberculosis (Mtb) has been delineated. Nur77 is induced early during infection, regulates metabolism by binding directly at the promoter of the TCA cycle enzyme, isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2), to act as its repressor, and shifts the balance from a proinflammatory to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Depletion of Nur77 increased transcription of IDH2 and, consequently, the levels of intracellular succinate, leading to enhanced levels of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β. Further, Nur77 inhibited the production of antibacterial nitric oxide and IL-1β in a succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)-dependent manner, suggesting that its induction favors bacterial survival by suppressing bactericidal responses. Indeed, depletion of Nur77 inhibited the intracellular survival of Mtb. On the other hand, depletion of Nur77 enhanced lipid body formation, suggesting that the fall in Nur77 levels as infection progresses likely favors foamy macrophage formation and long-term survival of Mtb in the host milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Birari
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bose Institute, 93/1 APC Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Soumya Mal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bose Institute, Unified Academic Campus, EN 80, Sector V, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700091, India
| | - Debayan Majumder
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bose Institute, 93/1 APC Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Arun K Sharma
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bose Institute, 93/1 APC Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bose Institute, 93/1 APC Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Troyee Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bose Institute, Unified Academic Campus, EN 80, Sector V, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700091, India
| | - Zhumur Ghosh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bose Institute, Unified Academic Campus, EN 80, Sector V, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700091, India
| | - Kuladip Jana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bose Institute, Unified Academic Campus, EN 80, Sector V, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700091, India
| | - Umesh D Gupta
- National JALMA Institute of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Disease, Agra 282001, India
| | - Manikuntala Kundu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bose Institute, 93/1 APC Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Joyoti Basu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bose Institute, 93/1 APC Road, Kolkata 700009, India
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11
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Arifi S, Zaienne D, Heering J, Wein T, Zhubi R, Chaikuad A, Knapp S, Marschner JA, Merk D. Fragment-based discovery of orphan nuclear receptor Nur77/NGFI-B ligands. Bioorg Chem 2022; 129:106164. [PMID: 36162288 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor nerve growth factor-induced clone B (NGFI-B, Nur77, NR4A1) is an orphan nuclear receptor playing a role in cell survival and apoptosis regulation. Pharmacological Nur77 modulation holds promise for cancer and (neuro-)inflammatory disease treatment. The available Nur77 ligand scaffolds based on highly lipophilic natural products cytosporone B, celastrol and isoalantolactone are inadequate for the development of potent Nur77 modulators with favorable properties as chemical tools and future drugs. By fragment library screening and subsequent modeling for fragment extension, we have obtained a set of new Nur77 ligands offering alternative chemotypes for the development of Nur77 agonists and inverse agonists. Computer-aided fragment extension in a second stage screening yielded a Nur77 agonist with significant activation efficacy and preference over the related NR4A receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Arifi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Zaienne
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jan Heering
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas Wein
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Rezart Zhubi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; Structural Genomics Consortium, BMLS, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Apirat Chaikuad
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; Structural Genomics Consortium, BMLS, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; Structural Genomics Consortium, BMLS, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Julian A Marschner
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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12
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Triggle CR, Mohammed I, Bshesh K, Marei I, Ye K, Ding H, MacDonald R, Hollenberg MD, Hill MA. Metformin: Is it a drug for all reasons and diseases? Metabolism 2022; 133:155223. [PMID: 35640743 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metformin was first used to treat type 2 diabetes in the late 1950s and in 2022 remains the first-choice drug used daily by approximately 150 million people. An accumulation of positive pre-clinical and clinical data has stimulated interest in re-purposing metformin to treat a variety of diseases including COVID-19. In polycystic ovary syndrome metformin improves insulin sensitivity. In type 1 diabetes metformin may help reduce the insulin dose. Meta-analysis and data from pre-clinical and clinical studies link metformin to a reduction in the incidence of cancer. Clinical trials, including MILES (Metformin In Longevity Study), and TAME (Targeting Aging with Metformin), have been designed to determine if metformin can offset aging and extend lifespan. Pre-clinical and clinical data suggest that metformin, via suppression of pro-inflammatory pathways, protection of mitochondria and vascular function, and direct actions on neuronal stem cells, may protect against neurodegenerative diseases. Metformin has also been studied for its anti-bacterial, -viral, -malaria efficacy. Collectively, these data raise the question: Is metformin a drug for all diseases? It remains unclear as to whether all of these putative beneficial effects are secondary to its actions as an anti-hyperglycemic and insulin-sensitizing drug, or result from other cellular actions, including inhibition of mTOR (mammalian target for rapamycin), or direct anti-viral actions. Clarification is also sought as to whether data from ex vivo studies based on the use of high concentrations of metformin can be translated into clinical benefits, or whether they reflect a 'Paracelsus' effect. The environmental impact of metformin, a drug with no known metabolites, is another emerging issue that has been linked to endocrine disruption in fish, and extensive use in T2D has also raised concerns over effects on human reproduction. The objectives for this review are to: 1) evaluate the putative mechanism(s) of action of metformin; 2) analyze the controversial evidence for metformin's effectiveness in the treatment of diseases other than type 2 diabetes; 3) assess the reproducibility of the data, and finally 4) reach an informed conclusion as to whether metformin is a drug for all diseases and reasons. We conclude that the primary clinical benefits of metformin result from its insulin-sensitizing and antihyperglycaemic effects that secondarily contribute to a reduced risk of a number of diseases and thereby enhancing healthspan. However, benefits like improving vascular endothelial function that are independent of effects on glucose homeostasis add to metformin's therapeutic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris R Triggle
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, P.O. Box 24144, Education City, Doha, Qatar; Department of Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, P.O. Box 24144, Education City, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Ibrahim Mohammed
- Department of Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, P.O. Box 24144, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Khalifa Bshesh
- Department of Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, P.O. Box 24144, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Isra Marei
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, P.O. Box 24144, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Kevin Ye
- Department of Biomedical Physiology & Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Hong Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, P.O. Box 24144, Education City, Doha, Qatar; Department of Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, P.O. Box 24144, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ross MacDonald
- Distribution eLibrary, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, P.O. Box 24144, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, a Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Michael A Hill
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, MO, USA
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13
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Murphy EP, Crean D. NR4A1-3 nuclear receptor activity and immune cell dysregulation in rheumatic diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:874182. [PMID: 35935773 PMCID: PMC9354819 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.874182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and progression of immune-mediated rheumatic disease (IMRD) involves dysfunction of innate and adaptive immune cell populations leading to altered responses including inflammasome activation, dysregulated cytokine networks, increased immune cell numbers and multifaceted cell-cell communication. Several rheumatic diseases are further characterized by the presence of autoantibodies, immune complex mediated complement activation and the deficit of peripheral immune tolerance due to reduced regulatory T-lymphocyte cell function. Ultimately, in rheumatic disease the loss in cellular and tissue homeostasis culminates in the advancement of chronic inflammation. The three members of the NR4A subfamily of nuclear receptors are immediate early genes, and act as potent transcriptional responders to changes in the cellular and tissue microenvironment. Subfamily members are rapidly expressed in diseases characterized by inflammation and function to control the differentiation and activity of innate and adaptive immune cells in a cell-type and cell-context specific manner. Rheumatic disease including rheumatoid-, psoriatic-, osteo-arthritis and systemic sclerosis display altered NR4A1-3 activity in controlling immune cell migration and function, production of paracrine signaling molecules, synovial tissue hyperplasia, and regulating cartilage turn-over in vivo. Additionally, NR4A1-3 activities mediate cytokine, prostanoid and growth factor signaling to control angiogenesis, modulate the regulatory functions of mesenchymal stromal cells, alter the activation status of dendritic cells, influence the generation of peripheral myeloid and T-lymphocyte lineages and promote the maintenance of functional regulatory T-cells. Further reports uncover the potential of moderating NR4A 1-3 receptors as therapeutic targets in altering immune tolerance, pathological angiogenesis and controlling inflammation in several models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn P. Murphy
- School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- *Correspondence: Evelyn P. Murphy
| | - Daniel Crean
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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14
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Yousefi H, Fong J, Alahari SK. NR4A Family Genes: A Review of Comprehensive Prognostic and Gene Expression Profile Analysis in Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:777824. [PMID: 35547878 PMCID: PMC9082356 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.777824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This report analyzes nuclear receptor (NR) subfamily 4A’s potential role in treating those diagnosed with breast cancer. Here we reviewed the current literature on NR4 family members. We also examined the relative gene expression of the NR4A receptor subfamily in the basal, HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) positive, luminal A, and luminal B subtypes using data from tumor samples in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC). These data showed a positive link between NR4A1-NR4A3 expression and increased overall survival and relapse-free survival in breast cancer patients. In addition, we observed that high expression of NR4A1, NR4A2, and NR4A3 led to better survival. Furthermore, NR4A family genes seem to play an essential regulatory role in glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in breast cancer. The novel prognostic role of the NR4A1–NR4A3 receptors implicates these receptors as important mediators controlling breast cancer metabolic reprograming and its progression. The review establishes a strong clinical basis for the investigation of the cellular, molecular, and physiological roles of NR4A genes in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Yousefi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center (LSUHSC), New Orleans, LA, United States.,Stanley S. Scott Cancer Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Jordyn Fong
- Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Suresh K Alahari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center (LSUHSC), New Orleans, LA, United States.,Stanley S. Scott Cancer Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
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15
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Hiwa R, Brooks JF, Mueller JL, Nielsen HV, Zikherman J. NR4A nuclear receptors in T and B lymphocytes: Gatekeepers of immune tolerance . Immunol Rev 2022; 307:116-133. [PMID: 35174510 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Random VDJ recombination early in T and B cell development enables the adaptive immune system to recognize a vast array of evolving pathogens via antigen receptors. However, the potential of such randomly generated TCRs and BCRs to recognize and respond to self-antigens requires layers of tolerance mechanisms to mitigate the risk of life-threatening autoimmunity. Since they were originally cloned more than three decades ago, the NR4A family of nuclear hormone receptors have been implicated in many critical aspects of immune tolerance, including negative selection of thymocytes, peripheral T cell tolerance, regulatory T cells (Treg), and most recently in peripheral B cell tolerance. In this review, we discuss important insights from many laboratories as well as our own group into the function and mechanisms by which this small class of primary response genes promotes self-tolerance and immune homeostasis to balance the need for host defense against the inherent risks posed by the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Hiwa
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engelman Arthritis Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jeremy F Brooks
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engelman Arthritis Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - James L Mueller
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engelman Arthritis Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hailyn V Nielsen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engelman Arthritis Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engelman Arthritis Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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16
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Nuclear receptors: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutics. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:847-856. [PMID: 34825698 PMCID: PMC8628184 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are classically defined as ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate key functions in reproduction, development, and physiology. Humans have 48 nuclear receptors, which when dysregulated are often linked to diseases. Because most nuclear receptors can be selectively activated or inactivated by small molecules, they are prominent therapeutic targets. The basic understanding of this family of transcription factors was accelerated in the 1980s upon the cloning of the first hormone receptors. During the next 20 years, a deep understanding of hormone signaling was achieved that has translated to numerous clinical applications, such as the development of standard-of-care endocrine therapies for hormonally driven breast and prostate cancers. A 2004 issue of this journal reviewed progress on elucidating the structures of nuclear receptors and their mechanisms of action. In the current issue, we focus on the broad application of new knowledge in this field for therapy across diverse disease states including cancer, cardiovascular disease, various inflammatory diseases, the aging brain, and COVID-19.
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17
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Nuclear receptor Nur77: its role in chronic inflammatory diseases. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:927-939. [PMID: 34328179 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nur77 is a nuclear receptor that has been implicated as a regulator of inflammatory disease. The expression of Nur77 increases upon stimulation of immune cells and is differentially expressed in chronically inflamed organs in human and experimental models. Furthermore, in a variety of animal models dedicated to study inflammatory diseases, changes in Nur77 expression alter disease outcome. The available studies comprise a wealth of information on the function of Nur77 in diverse cell types and tissues. Negative cross-talk of Nur77 with the NFκB signaling complex is an example of Nur77 effector function. An alternative mechanism of action has been established, involving Nur77-mediated modulation of metabolism in macrophages as well as in T cells. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on the role of Nur77 in atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and sepsis. Detailed insight in the control of inflammatory responses will be essential in order to advance Nur77-targeted therapeutic interventions in inflammatory disease.
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