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Paganelli A, Felici M, Turini L, Baragli P, Carlucci L, Recchia FA, Sgorbini M. Detour test performance of cloned minipigs from three different clone populations. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:2137-2144. [PMID: 37452229 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10168-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Genetics, the uterine environment, maternal behavior, and rearing conditions can all influence animal behavioral phenotypes. Some studies on cloned pigs have found no differences between the behavioral patterns of cloned and non-cloned animals. Other studies conducted on dogs have reported similarities in the behavior of cloned subjects. This study evaluated the performance of 12 cloned minipigs from three different clone populations (A, B, C) in a detour test around symmetric and asymmetric barriers. We measured the detour time and patterns, in order to investigate the pigs' cognitive abilities.The detour time and the detour entry/exit pattern were recorded. All the animals tended to keep a fixed entry/exit pattern instead of modifying it to accommodate changes in the working set. Significant differences in detour time were found among the populations, with animals belonging to population B being faster than the others, and also within each population.Our study is one of the few to assess the cognitive abilities of cloned minipigs. The results indicate that even animals belonging to the same cloned population may develop different cognitive, hence behavioral characteristics. Whether cloning can be utilized to obtain similar behavioral phenotypes therefore remains a matter of debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Paganelli
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà, 33, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Martina Felici
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Viale Giuseppe Fanin, 40-50, Bologna, 40127, Italy
| | - Luca Turini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa, 56124, Italy.
| | - Paolo Baragli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, 56122, Italy
| | - Lucia Carlucci
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà, 33, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Fabio Anastasio Recchia
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà, 33, Pisa, 56127, Italy
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council of Italy, Pisa, Italy
| | - Micaela Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, 56122, Italy
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Stimpson CD, Smaers JB, Raghanti MA, Phillips KA, Jacobs B, Hopkins WD, Hof PR, Sherwood CC. Evolutionary scaling and cognitive correlates of primate frontal cortex microstructure. Brain Struct Funct 2023:10.1007/s00429-023-02719-7. [PMID: 37889302 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-023-02719-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Investigating evolutionary changes in frontal cortex microstructure is crucial to understanding how modifications of neuron and axon distributions contribute to phylogenetic variation in cognition. In the present study, we characterized microstructural components of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and primary motor cortex from 14 primate species using measurements of neuropil fraction and immunohistochemical markers for fast-spiking inhibitory interneurons, large pyramidal projection neuron subtypes, serotonergic innervation, and dopaminergic innervation. Results revealed that the rate of evolutionary change was similar across these microstructural variables, except for neuropil fraction, which evolves more slowly and displays the strongest correlation with brain size. We also found that neuropil fraction in orbitofrontal cortex layers V-VI was associated with cross-species variation in performance on experimental tasks that measure self-control. These findings provide insight into the evolutionary reorganization of the primate frontal cortex in relation to brain size scaling and its association with cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl D Stimpson
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- DoD/USU Brain Tissue Repository and Neuropathology Program, Uniformed Services University (USU), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeroen B Smaers
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Mary Ann Raghanti
- Department of Anthropology and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Kimberley A Phillips
- Department of Psychology, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Bob Jacobs
- Department of Psychology, Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - William D Hopkins
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Michale E Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, M D Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Center for Discovery and Innovation, and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chet C Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
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3
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Samandra R, Haque ZZ, Rosa MGP, Mansouri FA. The marmoset as a model for investigating the neural basis of social cognition in health and disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 138:104692. [PMID: 35569579 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Social-cognitive processes facilitate the use of environmental cues to understand others, and to be understood by others. Animal models provide vital insights into the neural underpinning of social behaviours. To understand social cognition at even deeper behavioural, cognitive, neural, and molecular levels, we need to develop more representative study models, which allow testing of novel hypotheses using human-relevant cognitive tasks. Due to their cooperative breeding system and relatively small size, common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) offer a promising translational model for such endeavours. In addition to having social behavioural patterns and group dynamics analogous to those of humans, marmosets have cortical brain areas relevant for the mechanistic analysis of human social cognition, albeit in simplified form. Thus, they are likely suitable animal models for deciphering the physiological processes, connectivity and molecular mechanisms supporting advanced cognitive functions. Here, we review findings emerging from marmoset social and behavioural studies, which have already provided significant insights into executive, motivational, social, and emotional dysfunction associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranshikha Samandra
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Zakia Z Haque
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Marcello G P Rosa
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; ARC Centre for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Australia.
| | - Farshad Alizadeh Mansouri
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; ARC Centre for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Australia.
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4
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Coenen VA, Schlaepfer TE, Sajonz BEA, Reinacher PC, Döbrössy MD, Reisert M. “The Heart Asks Pleasure First”—Conceptualizing Psychiatric Diseases as MAINTENANCE Network Dysfunctions through Insights from slMFB DBS in Depression and Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12040438. [PMID: 35447971 PMCID: PMC9028695 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12040438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
More than a decade ago, deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the superolateral medial forebrain bundle (slMFB), as part of the greater MFB system, had been proposed as a putative yet experimental treatment strategy for therapy refractory depression (TRD) and later for obsessive–compulsive disorders (OCD). Antidepressant and anti-OCD efficacy have been shown in open case series and smaller trials and were independently replicated. The MFB is anato-physiologically confluent with the SEEKING system promoting euphoric drive, reward anticipation and reward; functions realized through the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic system. Growing clinical experience concerning surgical and stimulation aspects from a larger number of patients shows an MFB functionality beyond SEEKING and now re-informs the scientific rationale concerning the MFB’s (patho-) physiology. In this white paper, we combine observations from more than 75 cases of slMFB DBS. We integrate these observations with a selected literature review to provide a new neuroethological view on the MFB. We here formulate a re-interpretation of the MFB as the main structure of an integrated SEEKING/MAINTENANCE circuitry, allowing for individual homeostasis and well-being through emotional arousal, basic and higher affect valence, bodily reactions, motor programing, vigor and flexible behavior, as the basis for the antidepressant and anti-OCD efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker A. Coenen
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Medical Center of Freiburg University, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (B.E.A.S.); (P.C.R.); (M.D.D.); (M.R.)
- Medical Faculty, Freiburg University, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
- Center for Deep Brain Stimulation, Medical Center of Freiburg University, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Stereotaxy and Interventional Neurosciences, Department of Stereotactic and Functional, Neurosurgery, Medical Center of Freiburg University, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-761-270-50630; Fax: +49-761-270-50100
| | - Thomas E. Schlaepfer
- Medical Faculty, Freiburg University, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
- Center for Deep Brain Stimulation, Medical Center of Freiburg University, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Interventional Biological Psychiatry, Medical Center of University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bastian E. A. Sajonz
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Medical Center of Freiburg University, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (B.E.A.S.); (P.C.R.); (M.D.D.); (M.R.)
- Medical Faculty, Freiburg University, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Peter C. Reinacher
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Medical Center of Freiburg University, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (B.E.A.S.); (P.C.R.); (M.D.D.); (M.R.)
- Medical Faculty, Freiburg University, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
- Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology (ILT), 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Máté D. Döbrössy
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Medical Center of Freiburg University, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (B.E.A.S.); (P.C.R.); (M.D.D.); (M.R.)
- Medical Faculty, Freiburg University, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
- Laboratory of Stereotaxy and Interventional Neurosciences, Department of Stereotactic and Functional, Neurosurgery, Medical Center of Freiburg University, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Reisert
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Medical Center of Freiburg University, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (B.E.A.S.); (P.C.R.); (M.D.D.); (M.R.)
- Medical Faculty, Freiburg University, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center of University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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Zlomuzica A, Dere E. Towards an animal model of consciousness based on the platform theory. Behav Brain Res 2022; 419:113695. [PMID: 34856300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of intellectual capacities has brought forth a continuum of consciousness levels subserved by neuronal networks of varying complexity. Brain pathologies, neurodegenerative, and mental diseases affect conscious cognition and behavior. Although impairments in consciousness are among the most devastating consequences of neurological and mental diseases, valid and reliable animal models of consciousness, that could be used for preclinical research are missing. The platform theory holds that the brain enters a conscious operation mode, whenever mental representations of stimuli, associations, concepts, memories, and experiences are effortfully maintained (in working memory) and actively manipulated. We used the platform theory as a framework and evaluation standard to categorize behavioral paradigms with respect to the level of consciousness involved in task performance. According to the platform theory, a behavioral paradigm involves conscious cognitive operations, when the problem posed is unexpected, novel or requires the maintenance and manipulation of a large amount of information to perform cognitive operations on them. Conscious cognitive operations are associated with a relocation of processing resources and the redirection of attentional focus. A consciousness behavioral test battery is proposed that is composed of tests which are assumed to require higher levels of consciousness as compared to other tasks and paradigms. The consciousness test battery for rodents includes the following tests: Working memory in the radial arm maze, episodic-like memory, prospective memory, detour test, and operant conditioning with concurrent variable-interval variable-ratio schedules. Performance in this test battery can be contrasted with the performance in paradigms and tests that require lower levels of consciousness. Additionally, a second more comprehensive behavioral test battery is proposed to control for behavioral phenotypes not related to consciousness. Our theory could serve as a guidance for the decryption of the neurobiological basis of consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Zlomuzica
- Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum (RUB), Massenbergstraße 9-13, D-44787 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Ekrem Dere
- Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum (RUB), Massenbergstraße 9-13, D-44787 Bochum, Germany; Sorbonne Université. Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, (IBPS), Département UMR 8256: Adaptation Biologique et Vieillissement, UFR des Sciences de la Vie, Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, Bâtiment B, 9 quai Saint Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France.
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Triki Z, Fong S, Amcoff M, Kolm N. Artificial mosaic brain evolution of relative telencephalon size improves inhibitory control abilities in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Evolution 2021; 76:128-138. [PMID: 34806770 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mosaic brain evolution, the change in the size of separate brain regions in response to selection on cognitive performance, is an important idea in the field of cognitive evolution. However, untill now, most of the data on how separate brain regions respond to selection and their cognitive consequences stem from comparative studies. To experimentally investigate the influence of mosaic brain evolution on cognitive ability, we used male guppies artificially selected for large and small telencephalons relative to the rest of the brain. Here, we tested an important aspect of executive cognitive ability using a detour task. We found that males with larger telencephalons outperformed males with smaller telencephalons. Fish with larger telencephalons showed faster improvement in performance during detour training and were more successful in reaching the food reward without touching the transparent barrier (i.e., through correct detouring) during the test phase. Together, our findings provide the first experimental evidence showing that evolutionary enlargement of relative telencephalon size confers cognitive benefits, supporting an important role for mosaic brain evolution during cognitive evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zegni Triki
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephanie Fong
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mirjam Amcoff
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niclas Kolm
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Juszczak GR, Bobrowska A. Assessment of Problem-Solving Skills and Inhibitory Control in Mice Using Water Escape Detour Test. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 10:e82. [PMID: 32870595 DOI: 10.1002/cpmo.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the importance of emotional intelligence, its biological mechanism is still not well understood. For this reason, we have developed a rodent detour task which requires an animal to reach a highly desired object placed directly behind a transparent barrier that blocks the direct route to the target. This apparently simple task is highly dependent on the emotional control that is necessary to inhibit prepotent and counterproductive responses driven by the sight of a desired object. The water escape detour task designed for mice enables testing the ability to solve emotionally challenging problems, as well as identification of an impairment termed perseveration. Such a maladaptive reaction to a challenging situation is characterized by difficulty in terminating an unsuccessful response, leading to persistent repetition of inappropriate behavior. This issue is important because perseveration is associated with schizophrenia, drug abuse, and aging. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: Water escape detour task Support Protocol 1: Preparation of escape platform Support Protocol 2: Preparation of the transparent barrier Alternate Protocol: Water escape detour task for testing acute effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz R Juszczak
- Department of Animal Behavior and Welfare, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Anna Bobrowska
- Department of Animal Behavior and Welfare, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Magdalenka, Poland
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Nichols ES, Erez J, Stojanoski B, Lyons KM, Witt ST, Mace CA, Khalid S, Owen AM. Longitudinal white matter changes associated with cognitive training. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:4722-4739. [PMID: 34268814 PMCID: PMC8410562 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Improvements in behavior are known to be accompanied by both structural and functional changes in the brain. However, whether those changes lead to more general improvements, beyond the behavior being trained, remains a contentious issue. We investigated whether training on one of two cognitive tasks would lead to either near transfer (that is, improvements on a quantifiably similar task) or far transfer (that is, improvements on a quantifiably different task), and furthermore, if such changes did occur, what the underlying neural mechanisms might be. Healthy adults (n = 16, 15 females) trained on either a verbal inhibitory control task or a visuospatial working memory task for 4 weeks, over the course of which they received five diffusion tensor imaging scans. Two additional tasks served as measures of near and far transfer. Behaviorally, participants improved on the task that they trained on, but did not improve on cognitively similar tests (near transfer), nor cognitively dissimilar tests (far transfer). Extensive changes to white matter microstructure were observed, with verbal inhibitory control training leading to changes in a left-lateralized network of frontotemporal and occipitofrontal tracts, and visuospatial working memory training leading to changes in right-lateralized frontoparietal tracts. Very little overlap was observed in changes between the two training groups. On the basis of these results, we suggest that near and far transfer were not observed because the changes in white matter tracts associated with training on each task are almost entirely nonoverlapping with, and therefore afford no advantages for, the untrained tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Sophia Nichols
- Faculty of Education, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan Erez
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bobby Stojanoski
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathleen Michelle Lyons
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Charlotte Anna Mace
- Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sameera Khalid
- Neuroscience Program, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adrian Mark Owen
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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Neural Correlates of Strategy Switching in the Macaque Orbital Prefrontal Cortex. J Neurosci 2020; 40:3025-3034. [PMID: 32098903 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1969-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We can adapt flexibly to environment changes and search for the most appropriate rule to a context. The orbital prefrontal cortex (PFo) has been associated with decision making, rule generation and maintenance, and more generally has been considered important for behavioral flexibility. To better understand the neural mechanisms underlying the flexible behavior, we studied the ability to generate a switching signal in monkey PFo when a strategy is changed. In the strategy task, we used a visual cue to instruct two male rhesus monkeys either to repeat their most recent choice (i.e., stay strategy) or to change it (i.e., shift strategy). To identify the strategy switching-related signal, we compared nonswitch and switch trials, which cued the same or a different strategy from the previous trial, respectively. We found that the switching-related signal emerged during the cue presentation and it was combined with the strategy signal in a subpopulation of cells. Moreover, the error analysis showed that the activity of the switch-related cells reflected whether the monkeys erroneously switched or not the strategy, rather than what was required for that trial. The function of the switching signal could be to prompt the use of different strategies when older strategies are no longer appropriate, conferring the ability to adapt flexibly to environmental changes. In our task, the switching signal might contribute to the implementation of the strategy cued, overcoming potential interference effects from the strategy previously cued. Our results support the idea that ascribes to PFo an important role for behavioral flexibility.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We can flexibly adapt our behavior to a changing environment. One of the prefrontal areas traditionally associated with the ability to adapt to new contingencies is the orbital prefrontal cortex (PFo). We analyzed the switching related activity using a strategy task in which two rhesus monkeys were instructed by a visual cue either to repeat or change their most recent choice, respectively using a stay or a shift strategy. We found that PFo neurons were modulated by the strategy switching signal, pointing to the importance of PFo in behavioral flexibility by generating control over the switching of strategies.
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10
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Wallace KJ, Rausch RT, Ramsey ME, Cummings ME. Sex differences in cognitive performance and style across domains in mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). Anim Cogn 2020; 23:655-669. [PMID: 32166514 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-020-01367-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Given that the sexes often differ in their ecological and sexual selection pressures, sex differences in cognitive properties are likely. While research on sexually dimorphic cognition often focuses on performance, it commonly overlooks how sexes diverge across cognitive domains and in behaviors exhibited during a cognitive task (cognitive style). We tested male and female western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) in three cognitive tasks: associative learning (numerical discrimination), cognitive flexibility (detour task), and spatio-temporal learning (shuttlebox). We characterized statistical relationships between cognitive performances and cognitive style during the associative learning task with measures of anxiety, boldness, exploration, reaction time, and activity. We found sex differences in performance, cognitive style, and the relationships between cognitive domains. Females outperformed males in the spatio-temporal learning task, while the sexes performed equally in associate learning and cognitive flexibility assays. Females (but not males) exhibited a 'fast-exploratory' cognitive style during associative learning trials. Meanwhile, only males showed a significant positive relationship between domains (associative learning and cognitive flexibility). We propose that these sexually dimorphic cognitive traits result from strong sexual conflict in this taxon; and emphasize the need to explore suites of sex-specific cognitive traits and broader comparative work examining sexual selection and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J Wallace
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, 1 University Station C0990, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Richie T Rausch
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, 1 University Station C0990, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Mary E Ramsey
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, 1 University Station C0990, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Molly E Cummings
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, 1 University Station C0990, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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11
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van Horik JO, Beardsworth CE, Laker PR, Whiteside MA, Madden JR. Response learning confounds assays of inhibitory control on detour tasks. Anim Cogn 2019; 23:215-225. [PMID: 31758353 PMCID: PMC6981321 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-019-01330-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The ability to inhibit prepotent actions towards rewards that are made inaccessible by transparent barriers has been considered to reflect capacities for inhibitory control (IC). Typically, subjects initially reach directly, and incorrectly, for the reward. With experience, subjects may inhibit this action and instead detour around barriers to access the reward. However, assays of IC are often measured across multiple trials, with the location of the reward remaining constant. Consequently, other cognitive processes, such as response learning (acquisition of a motor routine), may confound accurate assays of IC. We measured baseline IC capacities in pheasant chicks, Phasianus colchicus, using a transparent cylinder task. Birds were then divided into two training treatments, where they learned to access a reward placed behind a transparent barrier, but experienced differential reinforcement of a particular motor response. In the stationary-barrier treatment, the location of the barrier remained constant across trials. We, therefore, reinforced a fixed motor response, such as always go left, which birds could learn to aid their performance. Conversely, we alternated the location of the barrier across trials for birds in the moving-barrier treatment and hence provided less reinforcement of their response learning. All birds then experienced a second presentation of the transparent cylinder task to assess whether differences in the training treatments influenced their subsequent capacities for IC. Birds in the stationary-barrier treatment showed a greater improvement in their subsequent IC performance after training compared to birds in the moving-barrier treatment. We, therefore, suggest that response learning aids IC performance on detour tasks. Consequently, non-target cognitive processes associated with different neural substrates appear to underlie performances on detour tasks, which may confound accurate assays of IC. Our findings question the construct validity of a commonly used paradigm that is widely considered to assess capacities for IC in humans and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayden O van Horik
- Washington Singer Laboratories, Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QG, UK.
| | - Christine E Beardsworth
- Washington Singer Laboratories, Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QG, UK
| | - Philippa R Laker
- Washington Singer Laboratories, Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QG, UK
| | - Mark A Whiteside
- Washington Singer Laboratories, Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QG, UK
| | - Joah R Madden
- Washington Singer Laboratories, Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QG, UK
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12
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Enomoto T, Tatara A, Goda M, Nishizato Y, Nishigori K, Kitamura A, Kamada M, Taga S, Hashimoto T, Ikeda K, Fujii Y. A Novel Phosphodiesterase 1 Inhibitor DSR-141562 Exhibits Efficacies in Animal Models for Positive, Negative, and Cognitive Symptoms Associated with Schizophrenia. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 371:692-702. [PMID: 31578257 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.260869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In our drug discovery program, we identified a novel orally available and brain-penetrant phosphodiesterase (PDE) 1 inhibitor, 3-methyl-7-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-2-{[trans-4-(trifluoromethyl)cyclohexyl]-methoxy}imidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(3H)-one (DSR-141562). In the present study, we characterized the preclinical profile of DSR-141562. This compound has preferential selectivity for predominantly brain-expressed PDE1B over other PDE1 family members, and high selectivity for the PDE1 family over other PDE families and 65 other tested biologic targets. Oral administration of DSR-141562 at 10 mg/kg slightly elevated the cGMP concentration, and it potently enhanced the increase of cGMP induced by a dopamine D1 receptor agonist in mouse brains. The cGMP level in monkey cerebrospinal fluid was also elevated after treatment with DSR-141562 at 30 and 100 mg/kg and could be used as a translational biomarker. Since PDE1B is believed to regulate dopaminergic and glutamatergic signal transduction, we evaluated the effects of this compound using schizophrenia-related behavioral assays. DSR-141562 at 3-30 mg/kg potently inhibited methamphetamine-induced locomotor hyperactivity in rats, while it had only minimal effects on the spontaneous locomotor activity. Furthermore, DSR-141562 at 1-100 mg/kg did not induce any signs of catalepsy in rats. DSR-141562 at 0.3-3 mg/kg reversed social interaction and novel object recognition deficits induced by repeated treatment with an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, phencyclidine, in mice and rats, respectively. In common marmosets, DSR-141562 at 3 and 30 mg/kg improved the performance in object retrieval with detour tasks. These results suggest that DSR-141562 is a therapeutic candidate for positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This is the first paper showing that a phosphodiesterase 1 inhibitor is efficacious in animal models for positive and negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia. Furthermore, we demonstrated that this compound improved cognitive function in the common marmoset, a nonhuman primate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Enomoto
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Ayaka Tatara
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Masao Goda
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Yohei Nishizato
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Kantaro Nishigori
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kitamura
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Mami Kamada
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Shiori Taga
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Hashimoto
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Ikeda
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujii
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
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13
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Scopolamine increases perseveration in mice subjected to the detour test. Behav Brain Res 2019; 356:71-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Sampson WWL, Khan SA, Nisenbaum EJ, Kralik JD. Abstraction promotes creative problem-solving in rhesus monkeys. Cognition 2018; 176:53-64. [PMID: 29547710 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstraction allows us to discern regularities beyond the specific instances we encounter. It also promotes creative problem-solving by enabling us to consider unconventional problem solutions. However, the mechanisms by which this occurs are not well understood. Because it is often difficult to isolate human high-level cognitive processes, we utilized a nonhuman primate model, in which rhesus monkeys appear to use similar processes to consider an unconventional solution to the difficult reverse-reward problem: i.e., given the choice between a better and worse food option they must select the worse one to receive the better one. After solving this problem with only one specific example-one vs. four half-peanuts-three of four monkeys immediately transferred to novel cases: novel quantities, food items, non-food items, and to the choice between a larger, but inferior vegetable and a smaller, but superior food item (either grape or marshmallow), in which they selected the inferior vegetable to receive the superior option. Thus, we show that nonhuman animals have the capacity to comprehend abstract non-perceptual features, to infer them from one specific case, and to use them to override the natural preference to select the superior option. Critically, we also found that three monkeys had a large learning and performance advantage over the fourth monkey who showed less generalization from the original one and four half-peanuts. This difference suggests that abstraction promoted problem-solving via cascading activation from the two food item options to the relation between them, thus providing access to an initially nonapparent problem solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W L Sampson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, 6207 Moore Hall, Hanover, NH 03755, United States
| | - Sara A Khan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, 6207 Moore Hall, Hanover, NH 03755, United States
| | - Eric J Nisenbaum
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, 6207 Moore Hall, Hanover, NH 03755, United States
| | - Jerald D Kralik
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, 6207 Moore Hall, Hanover, NH 03755, United States; Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea.
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15
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Olsen MR. A case for methodological overhaul and increased study of executive function in the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris). Anim Cogn 2018; 21:175-195. [PMID: 29380086 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-018-1162-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Executive function (EF) allows for self-regulation of behavior including maintaining focus in the face of distraction, inhibiting behavior that is suboptimal or inappropriate in a given context, and updating the contents of working memory. While EF has been studied extensively in humans, it has only recently become a topic of research in the domestic dog. In this paper, I argue for increased study of dog EF by explaining how it might influence the owner-dog bond, human safety, and dog welfare, as well as reviewing the current literature dedicated to EF in dogs. In "EF and its Application to "Man's Best Friend" section, I briefly describe EF and how it is relevant to dog behavior. In "Previous investigations into EF in dogs" section, I provide a review of the literature pertaining to EF in dogs, specifically tasks used to assess abilities like inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, and working memory capacity. In "Insights and limitations of previous studies" section, I consider limitations of existing studies that must be addressed in future research. Finally, in "Future directions" section, I propose future directions for meaningful research on EF in dogs.
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Abstract
In this paper, we review one of the oldest paradigms used in animal cognition: the detour paradigm. The paradigm presents the subject with a situation where a direct route to the goal is blocked and a detour must be made to reach it. Often being an ecologically valid and a versatile tool, the detour paradigm has been used to study diverse cognitive skills like insight, social learning, inhibitory control and route planning. Due to the relative ease of administrating detour tasks, the paradigm has lately been used in large-scale comparative studies in order to investigate the evolution of inhibitory control. Here we review the detour paradigm and some of its cognitive requirements, we identify various ecological and contextual factors that might affect detour performance, we also discuss developmental and neurological underpinnings of detour behaviors, and we suggest some methodological approaches to make species comparisons more robust.
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17
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Kabadayi C, Krasheninnikova A, O'Neill L, van de Weijer J, Osvath M, von Bayern AMP. Are parrots poor at motor self-regulation or is the cylinder task poor at measuring it? Anim Cogn 2017; 20:1137-1146. [PMID: 28929247 PMCID: PMC5640728 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-017-1131-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability to inhibit unproductive motor responses triggered by salient stimuli is a fundamental inhibitory skill. Such motor self-regulation is thought to underlie more complex cognitive mechanisms, like self-control. Recently, a large-scale study, comparing 36 species, found that absolute brain size best predicted competence in motor inhibition, with great apes as the best performers. This was challenged when three Corvus species (corvids) were found to parallel great apes despite having much smaller absolute brain sizes. However, new analyses suggest that it is the number of pallial neurons, and not absolute brain size per se, that correlates with levels of motor inhibition. Both studies used the cylinder task, a detour-reaching test where food is presented behind a transparent barrier. We tested four species from the order Psittaciformes (parrots) on this task. Like corvids, many parrots have relatively large brains, high numbers of pallial neurons, and solve challenging cognitive tasks. Nonetheless, parrots performed markedly worse than the Corvus species in the cylinder task and exhibited strong learning effects in performance and response times. Our results suggest either that parrots are poor at controlling their motor impulses, and hence that pallial neuronal numbers do not always correlate with such skills, or that the widely used cylinder task may not be a good measure of motor inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Kabadayi
- Department of Cognitive Science, Lund University, Helgonavägen 3, 22100, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Anastasia Krasheninnikova
- Max-Planck-Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-str., 82319, Seewiesen, Germany
- Max-Planck Comparative Cognition Research Station, Loro Parque Fundacíon, 38400, Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Laurie O'Neill
- Max-Planck-Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-str., 82319, Seewiesen, Germany
- Max-Planck Comparative Cognition Research Station, Loro Parque Fundacíon, 38400, Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Joost van de Weijer
- Centre for Languages and Literature, Lund University, Helgonabacken 12, 22362, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mathias Osvath
- Department of Cognitive Science, Lund University, Helgonavägen 3, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Auguste M P von Bayern
- Max-Planck-Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-str., 82319, Seewiesen, Germany.
- Max-Planck Comparative Cognition Research Station, Loro Parque Fundacíon, 38400, Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, Spain.
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18
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The Role of the Orbitofrontal and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortices in Aesthetic Preference for Art. Behav Sci (Basel) 2017; 7:bs7020031. [PMID: 28492478 PMCID: PMC5485461 DOI: 10.3390/bs7020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for the underlying neural activation that occurs during subjective aesthetic experiences of artwork has been enhanced through neuroimaging techniques. Recently, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, alongside the orbitofrontal cortex, have been implicated in aesthetic appreciation, and this is the focus of the present paper. Here, the validity of this conclusion is examined through the discussion of its neuroanatomical connections and functional properties. It is proposed that the experimental evidence challenges the view that this area could hold a privileged position in a brain network involved in aesthetic preference.
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19
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Kerr MSD, Sacré P, Kahn K, Park HJ, Johnson M, Lee J, Thompson S, Bulacio J, Jones J, González-Martínez J, Liégeois-Chauvel C, Sarma SV, Gale JT. The Role of Associative Cortices and Hippocampus during Movement Perturbations. Front Neural Circuits 2017; 11:26. [PMID: 28469563 PMCID: PMC5395558 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although motor control has been extensively studied, most research involving neural recordings has focused on primary motor cortex, pre-motor cortex, supplementary motor area, and cerebellum. These regions are involved during normal movements, however, associative cortices and hippocampus are also likely involved during perturbed movements as one must detect the unexpected disturbance, inhibit the previous motor plan, and create a new plan to compensate. Minimal data is available on these brain regions during such “robust” movements. Here, epileptic patients implanted with intracerebral electrodes performed reaching movements while experiencing occasional unexpected force perturbations allowing study of the fronto-parietal, limbic and hippocampal network at unprecedented high spatial, and temporal scales. Areas including orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and hippocampus showed increased activation during perturbed trials. These results, coupled with a visual novelty control task, suggest the hippocampal MTL-P300 novelty response is modality independent, and that the OFC is involved in modifying motor plans during robust movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S D Kerr
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pierre Sacré
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kevin Kahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hyun-Joo Park
- Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland ClinicCleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mathew Johnson
- Department of Neuroscience, Cleveland ClinicCleveland, OH, USA
| | - James Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, Cleveland ClinicCleveland, OH, USA
| | - Susan Thompson
- Department of Neuroscience, Cleveland ClinicCleveland, OH, USA
| | - Juan Bulacio
- Epilepsy Center, Cleveland ClinicCleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jaes Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Cleveland ClinicCleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Catherine Liégeois-Chauvel
- Epilepsy Center, Cleveland ClinicCleveland, OH, USA.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1106, INSMarseille, France.,Aix Marseille UniversityMarseille, France
| | - Sridevi V Sarma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - John T Gale
- Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland ClinicCleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Cleveland ClinicCleveland, OH, USA
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21
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Juszczak GR, Miller M. Detour Behavior of Mice Trained with Transparent, Semitransparent and Opaque Barriers. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162018. [PMID: 27588753 PMCID: PMC5010287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Detour tasks are commonly used to study problem solving skills and inhibitory control in canids and primates. However, there is no comparable detour test designed for rodents despite its significance for studying the development of executive skills. Furthermore, mice offer research opportunities that are not currently possible to achieve when primates are used. Therefore, the aim of the study was to translate the classic detour task to mice and to compare obtained data with key findings obtained previously in other mammals. The experiment was performed with V-shaped barriers and was based on the water escape paradigm. The study showed that an apparently simple task requiring mice to move around a small barrier constituted in fact a challenge that was strongly affected by the visibility of the target. The most difficult task involved a completely transparent barrier, which forced the mice to resolve a conflict between vision and tactile perception. The performance depended both on the inhibitory skills and on previous experiences. Additionally, all mice displayed a preference for one side of the barrier and most of them relied on the egocentric strategy. Obtained results show for the first time that the behavior of mice subjected to the detour task is comparable to the behavior of other mammals tested previously with free-standing barriers. This detailed characterization of the detour behavior of mice constitutes the first step toward the substitution of rodents for primates in laboratory experiments employing the detour task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz R. Juszczak
- Department of Animal Behavior, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Jastrzebiec, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Michal Miller
- Department of Animal Behavior, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Jastrzebiec, Poland
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22
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Abstract
The concept of “inhibition” is widely used in synaptic, circuit, and systems neuroscience, where it has a clear meaning because it is clearly observable. The concept is also ubiquitous in psychology. One common use is to connote an active/willed process underlying cognitive control. Many authors claim that subjects execute cognitive control over unwanted stimuli, task sets, responses, memories, and emotions by inhibiting them, and that frontal lobe damage induces distractibility, impulsivity, and perseveration because of damage to an inhibitory mechanism. However, with the exception of the motor domain, the notion of an active inhibitory process underlying cognitive control has been heavily challenged. Alternative explanations have been provided that explain cognitive control without recourse to inhibition as concept, mechanism, or theory. This article examines the role that neuroscience can play when examining whether the psychological concept of active inhibition can be meaningfully applied in cognitive control research. NEUROSCIENTIST 13(3):214—228, 2007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Aron
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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23
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Franklin JL, Mirzaei M, Wearne TA, Homewood J, Goodchild AK, Haynes PA, Cornish JL. Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of the Orbital Frontal Cortex in Rats Following Extended Exposure to Caffeine Reveals Extensive Changes to Protein Expression: Implications for Neurological Disease. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:1455-71. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b01043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jane L. Franklin
- Department of Psychology, ‡Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, §Faculty of Human Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Department of Psychology, ‡Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, §Faculty of Human Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Travis A. Wearne
- Department of Psychology, ‡Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, §Faculty of Human Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Judi Homewood
- Department of Psychology, ‡Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, §Faculty of Human Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Ann K. Goodchild
- Department of Psychology, ‡Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, §Faculty of Human Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Paul A. Haynes
- Department of Psychology, ‡Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, §Faculty of Human Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Jennifer L. Cornish
- Department of Psychology, ‡Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, §Faculty of Human Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2109, Australia
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Shiba Y, Santangelo AM, Roberts AC. Beyond the Medial Regions of Prefrontal Cortex in the Regulation of Fear and Anxiety. Front Syst Neurosci 2016; 10:12. [PMID: 26941618 PMCID: PMC4761915 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2016.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fear and anxiety are adaptive responses but if left unregulated, or inappropriately regulated, they become biologically and socially maladaptive. Dysregulated emotions are manifest in a wide variety of psychiatric and neurological conditions but the external expression gives little indication of the underlying causes, which are inevitably multi-determined. To go beyond the overt phenotype and begin to understand the causal mechanisms leading to conditions characterized by anxiety and disorders of mood, it is necessary to identify the base psychological processes that have become dysregulated, and map them on to their associated neural substrates. So far, attention has been focused primarily on the medial regions of prefrontal cortex (PFC) and in particular their contribution to the expression and extinction of conditioned fear. However, functional neuroimaging studies have shown that the sphere of influence within the PFC is not restricted to its medial regions, but extends into dorsal, ventrolateral (vlPFC) and orbitofrontal (OFC) regions too; although the causal role of these other areas in the regulation of fear and anxiety remains to be determined and in the case of the OFC, existing findings are conflicting. Here, we review the evidence for the contribution of these other regions in negative emotion regulation in rodents and old world and new world monkeys. We consider a variety of different contexts, including conditioned and innate fear, learned and unlearned anxiety and cost-benefit decision-making, and a range of physiological and behavioral measures of emotion. It is proposed that both the OFC and vlPFC contribute to emotion regulation via their involvement, respectively, in the prediction of future outcomes and higher-order attentional control. The fractionation of these neurocognitive and neurobehavioral systems that regulate fear and anxiety opens up new opportunities for diagnostic stratification and personalized treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Shiba
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
| | - Andrea M. Santangelo
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
| | - Angela C. Roberts
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
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25
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Striatal dopamine D2/3 receptor regulation by stress inoculation in squirrel monkeys. Neurobiol Stress 2016; 3:68-73. [PMID: 27981179 PMCID: PMC5146202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermittent mildly stressful situations provide opportunities to learn, practice, and improve coping in a process called stress inoculation. Stress inoculation also enhances cognitive control and response inhibition of impulsive motivated behavior. Cognitive control and motivation have been linked to striatal dopamine D2 and/or D3 receptors (DRD2/3) in rodents, monkeys, and humans. Here, we study squirrel monkeys randomized early in life to stress inoculation with or without maternal companionship and a no-stress control treatment condition. Striatal DRD2/3 availability in adulthood was measured in vivo by [11C]raclopride binding using positron emission tomography (PET). DRD2/3 availability was greater in caudate and putamen compared to ventral striatum as reported in PET studies of humans and other non-human primates. DRD2/3 availability in ventral striatum was also consistently greater in stress inoculated squirrel monkeys compared to no-stress controls. Squirrel monkeys exposed to stress inoculation in the presence of their mother did not differ from squirrel monkeys exposed to stress inoculation without maternal companionship. Similar effects in different social contexts extend the generality of our findings and together suggest that stress inoculation increases striatal DRD2/3 availability as a correlate of cognitive control in squirrel monkeys. Stress inoculation entails intermittent exposure to mildly stressful situations. Stress inoculation promotes coping, emotion regulation, and cognitive control of behavior. Cognitive control has been linked to striatal dopamine D2/3 receptors (DRD2/3). Stress inoculation increases striatal DRD2/3 availability and enhances cognitive control in squirrel monkeys.
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26
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The serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonist tandospirone improves executive function in common marmosets. Behav Brain Res 2015; 287:120-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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27
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Mitchell JF, Leopold DA. The marmoset monkey as a model for visual neuroscience. Neurosci Res 2015; 93:20-46. [PMID: 25683292 PMCID: PMC4408257 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) has been valuable as a primate model in biomedical research. Interest in this species has grown recently, in part due to the successful demonstration of transgenic marmosets. Here we examine the prospects of the marmoset model for visual neuroscience research, adopting a comparative framework to place the marmoset within a broader evolutionary context. The marmoset's small brain bears most of the organizational features of other primates, and its smooth surface offers practical advantages over the macaque for areal mapping, laminar electrode penetration, and two-photon and optical imaging. Behaviorally, marmosets are more limited at performing regimented psychophysical tasks, but do readily accept the head restraint that is necessary for accurate eye tracking and neurophysiology, and can perform simple discriminations. Their natural gaze behavior closely resembles that of other primates, with a tendency to focus on objects of social interest including faces. Their immaturity at birth and routine twinning also makes them ideal for the study of postnatal visual development. These experimental factors, together with the theoretical advantages inherent in comparing anatomy, physiology, and behavior across related species, make the marmoset an excellent model for visual neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude F Mitchell
- Brain and Cognitive Sciences Department, Meliora Hall, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
| | - David A Leopold
- Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Neurophysiology Imaging Facility, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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28
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Abstract
The primate amygdala sends dense projections to posterior orbitofrontal cortex (pOFC) in pathways that are critical for processing emotional content, but the synaptic mechanisms are not understood. We addressed this issue by investigating pathways in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) from the amygdala to pOFC at the level of the system and synapse. Terminations from the amygdala were denser and larger in pOFC compared with the anterior cingulate cortex, which is also strongly connected with the amygdala. Axons from the amygdala terminated most densely in the upper layers of pOFC through large terminals. Most of these terminals innervated spines of presumed excitatory neurons and many were frequently multisynaptic and perforated, suggesting high synaptic efficacy. These amygdalar synapses in pOFC exceeded in size and specialization even thalamocortical terminals from the prefrontal-related thalamic mediodorsal nucleus to the middle cortical layers, which are thought to be highly efficient drivers of cortical neurons. Pathway terminals in the upper layers impinge on the apical dendrites of neurons in other layers, suggesting that the robust amygdalar projections may also activate neurons in layer 5 that project back to the amygdala and beyond to autonomic structures. Among inhibitory neurons, the amygdalar pathway innervated preferentially the neurochemical classes of calbindin and calretinin neurons in the upper layers of pOFC, which are synaptically suited to suppress noise and enhance signals. These features provide a circuit mechanism for flexibly shifting focus and adjusting emotional drive in processes disrupted in psychiatric disorders, such as phobias and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
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Lacreuse A, Chang J, Metevier CM, LaClair M, Meyer JS, Ferris CM. Oestradiol modulation of cognition in adult female marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). J Neuroendocrinol 2014; 26:296-309. [PMID: 24617856 PMCID: PMC4040528 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) provides many advantages over traditional rodent and macaque species as a model for human ageing and may be very useful for studying the effects of sex steroids on cognitive and brain ageing. We present the first study examining the effects of oestrogens on cognitive function in female marmosets. Adult monkeys (3-5 years of age) were trained to a specific learning criterion on a battery of cognitive tasks preoperatively (object discrimination, delayed response with increasing delays and detour reaching with opaque box) and were tested on different versions of these tasks (object reversals, delayed response with randomised delays and detour reaching with clear box) after ovariectomy and simultaneous implantation with 17β-oestradiol (E2 ) (n = 6) or blank (n = 6) Silastic capsules. Acquisition of a delayed matching-to-position task with a 1-s delay was also administered after completion of these tests. E2 -treated monkeys were significantly impaired on the second reversal and showed an increase in perseverative responding from reversals 1-3. Their performance also tended to be worse than that of control monkeys on the delayed response task. Performance acquisition on the delayed matching-to-position tended to be better in E2 -treated relative to control monkeys, although the group difference did not reach statistical significance. No effect of treatment was detected for detour reaching or affiliative behaviours. Overall, the findings indicate that E2 compromises performance on prefrontally-mediated tasks. The suggestion that E2 may improve acquisition on tasks dependent on the hippocampus will require further validation. These results are discussed in the context of dopaminergic and serotonergic signalling. We conclude that the marmoset is a useful new primate model for examining the effects of oestrogens on cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Lacreuse
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA 01003
- Correspondence to: Department of Psychology 135 Hicks Way University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003 Phone: 413-545-2183 Fax: 413-545-0996
| | - Jeemin Chang
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA 01003
| | | | - Matthew LaClair
- Neuroscience and Behavior graduate program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA
| | - Jerrold S. Meyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA 01003
| | - Craig M. Ferris
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston MA 02115
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Shiba Y, Santangelo AM, Braesicke K, Agustín-Pavón C, Cockcroft G, Haggard M, Roberts AC. Individual differences in behavioral and cardiovascular reactivity to emotive stimuli and their relationship to cognitive flexibility in a primate model of trait anxiety. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:137. [PMID: 24795587 PMCID: PMC4006051 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
High trait anxiety is a risk factor for the development of anxiety disorders. Like the disorders themselves high trait anxiety has marked phenotypic variation at the level of symptomatology and neural circuits, suggesting that there may be different symptoms and distinct neural circuits associated with risk for these disorders. To address these issues, it is essential to develop reliable animal models of trait anxiety in a non-human primate whose brain bears structural and functional similarity to humans. The present study investigated individual variation in responsivity to fearful and anxiety provoking stimuli in the common marmoset monkey. Seven out of 27 animals failed to display discriminative, conditioned cardiovascular and behavioral responses on an auditory fear discrimination task, similar to that seen in high anxious humans and rodents. Their heightened emotionality to a rubber snake was consistent with the hypothesis that they were high in trait-like anxiety. Evidence for phenotypic variation in the high anxiety group was provided by the finding that discrimination failure was predicted early in conditioning by either hyper-vigilant scanning to the cues or a reduction in blood pressure to the context, i.e., test apparatus. Given that high trait anxiety in humans can be associated with altered prefrontal cognitive functioning and previously we implicated the marmoset anterior orbitofrontal (antOFC) and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) in negative emotion regulation, we also tested the marmosets on two tests of cognitive flexibility differentially dependent on these two regions. While the high anxious group did not differ overall in their perseverative performance, the two distinct phenotypes were differentially correlated with reduced perseverative responding on the OFC- and vlPFC-dependent flexibility tests. Together, this study provides a new model of trait anxiety in marmosets amenable to analysis of phenotypic variation and neural circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Shiba
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK ; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrea M Santangelo
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK ; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Katrin Braesicke
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK ; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Carmen Agustín-Pavón
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK ; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Gemma Cockcroft
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK ; Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Haggard
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Angela C Roberts
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK ; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
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Corbetta D, Friedman DR, Bell MA. Brain reorganization as a function of walking experience in 12-month-old infants: implications for the development of manual laterality. Front Psychol 2014; 5:245. [PMID: 24711801 PMCID: PMC3968748 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand preference in infancy is marked by many developmental shifts in hand use and arm coupling as infants reach for and manipulate objects. Research has linked these early shifts in hand use to the emergence of fundamental postural-locomotor milestones. Specifically, it was found that bimanual reaching declines when infants learn to sit; increases if infants begin to scoot in a sitting posture; declines when infants begin to crawl on hands and knees; and increases again when infants start walking upright. Why such pattern fluctuations during periods of postural-locomotor learning? One proposed hypothesis is that arm use practiced for the specific purpose of controlling posture and achieving locomotion transfers to reaching via brain functional reorganization. There has been scientific support for functional cortical reorganization and change in neural connectivity in response to motor practice in adults and animals, and as a function of crawling experience in human infants. In this research, we examined whether changes in neural connectivity also occurred as infants coupled their arms when learning to walk and whether such coupling mapped onto reaching laterality. Electroencephalogram (EEG) coherence data were collected from 43 12-month-old infants with varied levels of walking experience. EEG was recorded during quiet, attentive baseline. Walking proficiency was laboratory assessed and reaching responses were captured using small toys presented at mid-line while infants were sitting. Results revealed greater EEG coherence at homologous prefrontal/central scalp locations for the novice walkers compared to the prewalkers or more experienced walkers. In addition, reaching laterality was low in prewalkers and early walkers but high in experienced walkers. These results are consistent with the interpretation that arm coupling practiced during early walking transferred to reaching via brain functional reorganization, leading to the observed developmental changes in manual laterality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Corbetta
- Department of Psychology, University of TennesseeKnoxville, TN, USA
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32
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Lack of dopamine D4 receptor affinity contributes to the procognitive effect of lurasidone. Behav Brain Res 2014; 261:26-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Executive dysfunction occurs in sickle cell anemia, but there are few early data. Infants with sickle cell anemia (n = 14) and controls (n = 14) performed the "A-not-B" and Object Retrieval search tasks, measuring precursors of executive function at 9 and 12 months. Significant group differences were not found. However, for the A-not-B task, 7 of 11 sickle cell anemia infants scored in the lower 2 performance categories at 9 months, but only 1 at 12 months (P = .024); controls obtained scores at 12 months that were statistically comparable to the scores they had already obtained at 9 months. On the Object Retrieval task, 9- and 12-month controls showed comparable scores, whereas infants with sickle cell anemia continued to improve (P = .027); at 9 months, those with lower hemoglobin oxygen saturation passed fewer trials (R s = 0.670, P = .024) and took longer to obtain the toy (R s = -0.664, P = .013). Subtle delays in acquiring developmental skills may underlie abnormal executive function in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M. Hogan
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health,
and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom,Alexandra M. Hogan, PhD, Developmental Cognitive
Neuroscience Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, Guildford Street, London, WC1 N., United
Kingdom
| | - Paul T. Telfer
- Haematology Department, The Royal London Hospital, London, United
Kingdom
| | - Fenella J. Kirkham
- Neuroscience Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street
Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle de Haan
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health,
and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
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Murai T, Nakako T, Ikejiri M, Ishiyama T, Taiji M, Ikeda K. Effects of lurasidone on executive function in common marmosets. Behav Brain Res 2013; 246:125-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Cléry H, Andersson F, Fonlupt P, Gomot M. Brain correlates of automatic visual change detection. Neuroimage 2013; 75:117-122. [PMID: 23501051 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of studies support the presence of visual automatic detection of change, but little is known about the brain generators involved in such processing and about the modulation of brain activity according to the salience of the stimulus. The study presented here was designed to locate the brain activity elicited by unattended visual deviant and novel stimuli using fMRI. Seventeen adult participants were presented with a passive visual oddball sequence while performing a concurrent visual task. Variations in BOLD signal were observed in the modality-specific sensory cortex, but also in non-specific areas involved in preattentional processing of changing events. A degree-of-deviance effect was observed, since novel stimuli elicited more activity in the sensory occipital regions and at the medial frontal site than small changes. These findings could be compared to those obtained in the auditory modality and might suggest a "general" change detection process operating in several sensory modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Cléry
- UMR-S930, INSERM, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - F Andersson
- UMR-S930, INSERM, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - P Fonlupt
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre, Brain Dynamics and Cognition Team, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - M Gomot
- UMR-S930, INSERM, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France.
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Agustín-Pavón C, Braesicke K, Shiba Y, Santangelo AM, Mikheenko Y, Cockroft G, Asma F, Clarke H, Man MS, Roberts AC. Lesions of ventrolateral prefrontal or anterior orbitofrontal cortex in primates heighten negative emotion. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 72:266-72. [PMID: 22502990 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heightened fear and anxiety are core symptoms of a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. They are associated with structural and activity changes throughout neural circuitry that includes the ventral and medial prefrontal cortices (PFC), the amygdala, and hippocampus. Although the contributions of the medial PFC, amygdala, and hippocampus to fear and anxiety have been studied extensively with animal models, the selective roles of the ventral PFC-including the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) and orbitofrontal cortex-are poorly understood. METHODS We investigated the effects of selective excitotoxic lesions of either the vlPFC or anterior orbitofrontal cortex (antOFC) on anxious behavior and Pavlovian conditioned autonomic and behavioral fear responses in the New World primate, the common marmoset. RESULTS Both vlPFC and antOFC lesions resulted in stronger, less adaptable conditioned fear responses. They also heightened the anxiety responses of a marmoset to a human intruder. In contrast, only a lesion of the vlPFC affected the coping style that a marmoset displayed in the presence of the human intruder, increasing the likelihood of proactive mobbing. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that both the antOFC and vlPFC can downregulate fear and anxiety and, together, provide necessary but independent contributions to the top-down control of negative emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Agustín-Pavón
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Noland JS, Rodrigues NP. Direct touches to clear barriers: developmental sensitivity of a new measure of the production of ineffective responses in infancy. Child Neuropsychol 2011; 18:506-11. [PMID: 22122383 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2011.628307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Current interpretation of the object retrieval task ( Diamond, 1990 ) as an infant assessment of response inhibition requires evidence that younger infants make more ineffective attempts to retrieve toys through clear barriers. On two 30-second trials, infants (9 or 11 months of age) saw an inaccessible toy in the front or back of a clear box. The location of the infants touches corresponded with the toy's location and, on the second trial, the younger infants touched the box more. In previous research nonhuman primates with orbital-frontal, but not dorsa-lateral, lesions also made ineffective barrier touches. The current developmental decreases in barrier touches may selectively tap developmental increases in inhibitory control supported by the developing orbital-frontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S Noland
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37203-5721, USA.
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Lenartowicz A, Verbruggen F, Logan GD, Poldrack RA. Inhibition-related Activation in the Right Inferior Frontal Gyrus in the Absence of Inhibitory Cues. J Cogn Neurosci 2011; 23:3388-99. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) has been hypothesized to mediate response inhibition. Typically response inhibition is signaled by an external stop cue, which provides a top–down signal to initiate the process. However, recent behavioral findings suggest that response inhibition can also be triggered automatically by bottom–up processes. In the present study, we evaluated whether rIFG activity would also be observed during automatic inhibition, in which no stop cue was presented and no motor inhibition was actually required. We measured rIFG activation in response to stimuli that were previously associated with stop signals but which required a response on the current trial (reversal trials). The results revealed an increase in rIFG (pars triangularis) activity, suggesting that it can be activated by associations between stimuli and stopping. Moreover, its role in inhibition tasks is not contingent on the presence of an external stop cue. We conclude that rIFG involvement in stopping is consistent with a role in reprogramming of action plans, which may comprise inhibition, and its activity can be triggered through automatic, bottom–up processing.
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Pauli WM, Hazy TE, O'Reilly RC. Expectancy, ambiguity, and behavioral flexibility: separable and complementary roles of the orbital frontal cortex and amygdala in processing reward expectancies. J Cogn Neurosci 2011; 24:351-66. [PMID: 22004047 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Appetitive goal-directed behavior can be associated with a cue-triggered expectancy that it will lead to a particular reward, a process thought to depend on the OFC and basolateral amygdala complex. We developed a biologically informed neural network model of this system to investigate the separable and complementary roles of these areas as the main components of a flexible expectancy system. These areas of interest are part of a neural network with additional subcortical areas, including the central nucleus of amygdala, ventral (limbic) and dorsomedial (associative) striatum. Our simulations are consistent with the view that the amygdala maintains Pavlovian associations through incremental updating of synaptic strength and that the OFC supports flexibility by maintaining an activation-based working memory of the recent reward history. Our model provides a mechanistic explanation for electrophysiological evidence that cue-related firing in OFC neurons is nonselectively early after a contingency change and why this nonselective firing is critical for promoting plasticity in the amygdala. This ambiguous activation results from the simultaneous maintenance of recent outcomes and obsolete Pavlovian contingencies in working memory. Furthermore, at the beginning of reversal, the OFC is critical for supporting responses that are no longer inappropriate. This result is inconsistent with an exclusive inhibitory account of OFC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang M Pauli
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Boulder, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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40
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Elsworth JD, Groman SM, Jentsch JD, Valles R, Shahid M, Wong E, Marston H, Roth RH. Asenapine effects on cognitive and monoamine dysfunction elicited by subchronic phencyclidine administration. Neuropharmacology 2011; 62:1442-52. [PMID: 21875607 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Repeated, intermittent administration of the psychotropic NMDA antagonist phencyclidine (PCP) to laboratory animals causes impairment in cognitive and executive functions, modeling important sequelae of schizophrenia; these effects are thought to be due to a dysregulation of neurotransmission within the prefrontal cortex. Atypical antipsychotic drugs have been reported to have measurable, if incomplete, effects on cognitive dysfunction in this model, and these effects may be due to their ability to normalize a subset of the physiological deficits occurring within the prefrontal cortex. Asenapine is an atypical antipsychotic approved in the US for the treatment of schizophrenia and for the treatment, as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy to lithium or valproate, of acute manic or mixed episodes associated bipolar I disorder. To understand its cognitive and neurochemical actions more fully, we explored the effects of short- and long-term dosing with asenapine on measures of cognitive and motor function in normal monkeys and in those previously exposed for 2 weeks to PCP; we further studied the impact of treatment with asenapine on dopamine and serotonin turnover in discrete brain regions from the same cohort. METHODS Monkeys were trained to perform reversal learning and object retrieval procedures before twice daily administration of PCP (0.3 mg/kg intra-muscular) or saline for 14 days. Tests confirmed cognitive deficits in PCP-exposed animals before beginning twice daily administration of saline (control) or asenapine (50, 100, or 150 μg/kg, intra-muscular). Dopamine and serotonin turnover were assessed in 15 specific brain regions by high-pressure liquid chromatography measures of the ratio of parent amine to its major metabolite. RESULTS On average, PCP-treated monkeys made twice as many errors in the reversal task as did control monkeys. Asenapine facilitated reversal learning performance in PCP-exposed monkeys, with improvements at trend level after 1 week of administration and reaching significance after 2-4 weeks of dosing. In week 4, the improvement with asenapine 150 μg/kg (p = 0.01) rendered the performance of PCP-exposed monkeys indistinguishable from that of normal monkeys without compromising fine motor function. Asenapine administration (150 μg/kg twice daily) produced an increase in dopamine and serotonin turnover in most brain regions of control monkeys and asenapine (50-150 μg/kg) increased dopamine and serotonin turnover in several brain regions of subchronic PCP-treated monkeys. No significant changes in the steady-state levels of dopamine or serotonin were observed in any brain region except for the central amygdala, in which a significant depletion of dopamine was observed in PCP-treated control monkeys; asenapine treatment reversed this dopamine depletion. A significant decrease in serotonin utilization was observed in the orbitofrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens in PCP monkeys, which may underlie poor reversal learning. In the same brain regions, dopamine utilization was not affected. Asenapine ameliorated this serotonin deficit in a dose-related manner that matched its efficacy for reversing the cognitive deficit. CONCLUSIONS In this model of cognitive dysfunction, asenapine produced substantial gains in executive functions that were maintained with long-term administration. The cognition-enhancing effects of asenapine and the neurochemical changes in serotonin and dopamine turnover seen in this study are hypothesized to be primarily related to its potent serotonergic and noradrenergic receptor binding properties, and support the potential for asenapine to reduce cognitive dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Elsworth
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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41
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Woicik PA, Urban C, Alia-Klein N, Henry A, Maloney T, Telang F, Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Goldstein RZ. A pattern of perseveration in cocaine addiction may reveal neurocognitive processes implicit in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Neuropsychologia 2011; 49:1660-9. [PMID: 21392517 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability to adapt behavior in a changing environment is necessary for humans to achieve their goals and can be measured in the lab with tests of rule-based switching. Disease models, such as cocaine addiction, have revealed that alterations in dopamine interfere with adaptive set switching, culminating in perseveration. We explore perseverative behavior in individuals with cocaine use disorders (CUD) and healthy controls (CON) during performance of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) (N=107 in each group). By examining perseverative errors within each of the 6 blocks of the WCST, we uniquely test two forms of set switching that are differentiated by either the presence (extradimensional set shifting (EDS) - first 3 blocks) or absence (task-set switching - last 3 blocks) of new contingency learning. We also explore relationships between perseveration and select cognitive and drug use factors including verbal learning and memory, trait inhibitory control, motivational state, and urine status for cocaine (in CUD). Results indicate greater impairment for CUD than CON on the WCST, even in higher performing CUD who completed all 6 blocks of the WCST. Block by block analysis conducted on completers' scores indicate a tendency for greater perseveration in CUD than CON but only during the first task-set switch; no such deficits were observed during EDS. This task-set switching impairment was modestly associated with two indices of immediate recall (r=-.32, -.29) and urine status for cocaine [t (134)=2.3, p<.03]. By distinguishing these two forms of switching on the WCST, the current study reveals a neurocognitive context (i.e. initial stage of task-set switching) implicit in the WCST that possibly relies upon intact dopaminergic function, but that is impaired in CUD, as associated with worse recall and possibly withdrawal from cocaine. Future studies should investigate whether dopaminergically innervated pathways alone, or in combination with other monoamines, underlie this implicit neurocognitive processes in the WCST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Woicik
- Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, United States.
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42
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Lyons DM, Parker KJ, Schatzberg AF. Animal models of early life stress: implications for understanding resilience. Dev Psychobiol 2011; 52:616-24. [PMID: 20957724 DOI: 10.1002/dev.20500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the mid-1950s, Levine and his colleagues reported that brief intermittent exposure to early life stress diminished indications of subsequent emotionality in rats. Here we review ongoing studies of a similar process in squirrel monkeys. Results from these animal models suggest that brief intermittent exposure to stress promotes the development of arousal regulation and resilience. Implications for programs designed to enhance resilience in human development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Lyons
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA.
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43
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Lyons DM, Parker KJ, Schatzberg AF. Animal models of early life stress: Implications for understanding resilience. Dev Psychobiol 2010; 52:402-10. [PMID: 20175105 DOI: 10.1002/dev.20429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In the mid-1950s, Levine and his colleagues reported that brief intermittent exposure to early life stress diminished indications of subsequent emotionality in rats. Here we review ongoing studies of a similar process in squirrel monkeys. Results from these animal models suggest that brief intermittent exposure to stress promotes the development of arousal regulation and resilience. Implications for programs designed to enhance resilience in human development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Lyons
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Rd, MSLS P104, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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44
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Rygula R, Walker SC, Clarke HF, Robbins TW, Roberts AC. Differential contributions of the primate ventrolateral prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex to serial reversal learning. J Neurosci 2010; 30:14552-9. [PMID: 20980613 PMCID: PMC3044865 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2631-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The discrimination reversal paradigm is commonly used to measure a subject's ability to adapt their behavior according to changes in stimulus-reward contingencies. Human functional neuroimaging studies have demonstrated activations in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) in subjects performing this task. Excitotoxic lesions of analogous regions in marmosets have revealed, however, that although the OFC is indeed critical for reversal learning, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) (analogous to IFG) is not, contributing instead to higher order processing, such as that required in attentional set-shifting and strategy transfer. One major difference between the marmoset and human studies has been the level of training subjects received in reversal learning, being far greater in the latter. Since exposure to repeated contingency changes, as occurs in serial reversal learning, is likely to trigger the development of higher order, rule-based strategies, we hypothesized a critical role of the marmoset VLPFC in performance of a serial reversal learning paradigm. After extensive training in reversal learning, marmosets received an excitotoxic lesion of the VLPFC, OFC, or a sham control procedure. In agreement with our prediction, postsurgery, VLPFC lesioned animals were impaired in performing a series of discrimination reversals, but only when novel visual stimuli were introduced. In contrast, OFC lesioned animals were impaired regardless of whether the visual stimuli were the same or different from those used during presurgery training. Together, these data demonstrate the heterogeneous but interrelated involvement of primate OFC and VLPFC in the performance of serial reversal learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Rygula
- Department of Experimental Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom.
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Gourley SL, Lee AS, Howell JL, Pittenger C, Taylor JR. Dissociable regulation of instrumental action within mouse prefrontal cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2010; 32:1726-34. [PMID: 21044173 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07438.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of the behavioral 'costs', such as effort expenditure relative to the benefits of obtaining reward, is a major determinant of goal-directed action. Neuroimaging evidence suggests that the human medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) is involved in this calculation and thereby guides goal-directed and choice behavior, but this region's functional significance in rodents is unknown despite extensive work characterizing the role of the lateral OFC in cue-related response inhibition processes. We first tested mice with mOFC lesions in an instrumental reversal task lacking discrete cues signaling reinforcement; here, animals were required to shift responding based on the location of the reinforced aperture within the chamber. Mice with mOFC lesions acquired the reversal but failed to inhibit responding on the previously reinforced aperture, while mice with prelimbic prefrontal cortex lesions were unaffected. When tested on a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement, mice with prelimbic cortical lesions were unable to maintain responding, resulting in declining response levels. Mice with mOFC lesions, by contrast, escalated responding. Neither lesion affected sensitivity to satiety-specific outcome devaluation or non-reinforcement (i.e. extinction), and neither had effects when placed after animals were trained on a progressive ratio response schedule. Lesions of the ventral hippocampus, which projects to the mOFC, resulted in similar response patterns, while lateral OFC and dorsal hippocampus lesions resulted in response acquisition, though not inhibition, deficits in an instrumental reversal. Our findings thus selectively implicate the rodent mOFC in braking reinforced goal-directed action when reinforcement requires the acquisition of novel response contingencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L Gourley
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06508, USA
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Schoenbaum G, Roesch MR, Stalnaker TA, Takahashi YK. A new perspective on the role of the orbitofrontal cortex in adaptive behaviour. Nat Rev Neurosci 2009; 10:885-92. [PMID: 19904278 PMCID: PMC2835299 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is crucial for changing established behaviour in the face of unexpected outcomes. This function has been attributed to the role of the OFC in response inhibition or to the idea that the OFC is a rapidly flexible associative-learning area. However, recent data contradict these accounts, and instead suggest that the OFC is crucial for signalling outcome expectancies. We suggest that this function--signalling of expected outcomes--can also explain the crucial role of the OFC in changing behaviour in the face of unexpected outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Schoenbaum
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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Lyons DM, Parker KJ, Katz M, Schatzberg AF. Developmental cascades linking stress inoculation, arousal regulation, and resilience. Front Behav Neurosci 2009; 3:32. [PMID: 19826626 PMCID: PMC2759374 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.08.032.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stressful experiences that are challenging but not overwhelming appear to promote the development of arousal regulation and resilience. Variously described in studies of humans as inoculating, steeling, or toughening, the notion that coping with early life stress enhances arousal regulation and resilience is further supported by longitudinal studies of squirrel monkey development. Exposure to early life stress inoculation diminishes subsequent indications of anxiety, increases exploration of novel situations, and decreases stress-levels of cortisol compared to age-matched monkeys raised in undisturbed social groups. Stress inoculation also enhances prefrontal-dependent cognitive control of behavior and increases ventromedial prefrontal cortical volumes. Larger volumes do not reflect increased cortical thickness but instead represent surface area expansion of ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Expansion of ventromedial prefrontal cortex coincides with increased white matter myelination inferred from diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. These findings suggest that early life stress inoculation triggers developmental cascades across multiple domains of adaptive functioning. Prefrontal myelination and cortical expansion induced by the process of coping with stress support broad and enduring trait-like transformations in cognitive, motivational, and emotional aspects of behavior. Implications for programs designed to promote resilience in humans are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Lyons
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-5485, USA.
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Response disengagement on a spatial self-ordered sequencing task: effects of regionally selective excitotoxic lesions and serotonin depletion within the prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 2009; 29:6033-41. [PMID: 19420270 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0312-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prefrontal cortex (PFC) is critical for self-ordered response sequencing. Patients with frontal lobe damage are impaired on response sequencing tasks, and increased blood flow has been reported in ventrolateral and dorsolateral PFC in subjects performing such tasks. Previously, we have shown that large excitotoxic lesions of the lateral PFC (LPFC) and orbitofrontal cortex FC (OFC), but not global prefrontal dopamine depletion, markedly impaired marmoset performance on a spatial self-ordered sequencing task (SSOST). To determine whether LPFC or OFC was responsible for the previously observed impairments and whether the underlying neural mechanism was modulated by serotonin, the present study compared the effects of selective LPFC and OFC excitotoxic lesions and 5,7-DHT-induced PFC serotonin depletions in marmosets on SSOST performance. Severe and long-lasting impairments in SSOST performance, including robust perseverative responding, followed LPFC but not OFC lesions. The deficit was ameliorated by task manipulations that precluded perseveration. Depletions of serotonin within LPFC and OFC had no effect, despite impairing performance on a visual discrimination reversal task, thus providing further evidence for differential monaminergic regulation of prefrontal function. In the light of the proposed attentional control functions of ventrolateral PFC and the failure of LPFC-lesioned animals to disengage from the immediately preceding response, it is proposed that this deficit may be due to a failure to attend to and register that a response has been made and thus should not be repeated. However, 5-HT does not appear to be implicated in this response inhibitory capacity.
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Noland JS. Executive functioning demands of the object retrieval task for 8- month-old infants. Child Neuropsychol 2009; 14:504-9. [PMID: 18608230 DOI: 10.1080/09297040701770819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
At 8 to 11 months of age, infants are more successful in negotiating opaque relative to transparent barriers. However, 7-month-old infants have more difficulty with opaque barriers relative to semitransparent barriers. Here, 8-month-old infants spent more time in ineffective direct reaches with more the transparent barriers (Experiments 1 & 2) and were faster with the fully opaque barrier (Experiment 2). This demonstration of the graded effects of transparency confirms the working memory and/or response inhibition demands of the object retrieval task.
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Walker SC, Robbins TW, Roberts AC. Differential contributions of dopamine and serotonin to orbitofrontal cortex function in the marmoset. Cereb Cortex 2008; 19:889-98. [PMID: 18723695 PMCID: PMC2651474 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhn136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown previously that the inhibitory control functions of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) are disrupted by serotonin, but not dopamine depletions. However, both dopamine and serotonin terminals and receptors are present within the OFC and thus the aim of the present study was to determine the differential contributions of these neurotransmitters to orbitofrontal function. OFC and dopamine are involved in the process by which neutral stimuli take on reinforcing properties, by virtue of their prior association with reward, and guide behavior. Thus, we compared the performance of marmosets with dopaminergic or serotoninergic OFC depletions on a test of conditioned reinforcement. To further our understanding of serotonin in behavioral flexibility, the effect of these depletions was also compared on the extinction of a visual discrimination. Monkeys with serotonin depletions of the OFC displayed stimulus-bound responding on both tests of conditioned reinforcement and discrimination extinction suggesting that orbitofrontal serotonin plays a specific role in preventing competing, task irrelevant, salient stimuli from biasing responding. In contrast, monkeys with dopamine depletion were insensitive to conditioned reinforcers and displayed persistent responding in the absence of reward in extinction, a pattern of deficits that may reflect basic deficits in the associative processing of reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Walker
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, UK
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