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Aznag FZ, Elouilamine E, Korrida A, Izaabel EH. Polymorphisms in the Tumor Necrosis Factor Genes Are Associated with Breast Cancer in the Moroccan Population. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2020; 24:592-599. [PMID: 32735459 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2020.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The multifunctional cytokines of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family have been found to be involved in the promotion of inflammatory responses, and to play critical roles in the pathogenesis of inflammatory, autoimmune, and malignant diseases. The aim of the present study was to assess the associations among the TNFα -238 G > A (rs361525), TNFα -308 G > A (rs1800629), and TNFβ +252 A>G (rs909253) polymorphisms, and the breast cancer (BC) susceptibility in the Moroccan population. Materials and Methods: We conducted a case-control study, including 492 participants made up of 264 pathologically confirmed BC subjects, and 228 healthy women as controls. The samples were genotyped by means of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses. Results: The TNFα -238 G > A and TNFα -308 G > A polymorphisms were significantly associated with increased risk of BC for the AA genotype, while, the AG genotype of TNFβ +252 A>G may offer a protective effect in this population. Haplotypic analyses showed that the GAA and AAG haplotypes increased the risk significantly for BC. Moreover, a significant association was observed between polymorphisms at the TNFα -238 A>G locus and the clinical profiles of the patients with regard to their estrogen-and progesterone-positive receptor status. Conclusion: These findings indicate that TNF gene polymorphisms are linked with the risk of BC in the Moroccan population. Further studies implementing a larger sample size are needed to support our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Zahra Aznag
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Ezohra Elouilamine
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Amal Korrida
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco.,Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques of Agadir, Ministry of Health, Agadir, Morocco
| | - El Hassan Izaabel
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
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Ahmad MM, Parveen F, Akhter N, Siddiqui JA, Shukla NK, Husain SA. Genetic Polymorphism in TNF-α-308 G/A and TNF-β +252 A/G, as Prognostic Biomarker in Breast Cancer Patients among Indian Population. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:301-308. [PMID: 32102503 PMCID: PMC7332152 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.2.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokines are the key regulator molecules that modulate immune response. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF- α-308 G/A and TNF-β +252 A/G ) are inflammatory cytokine that control the progression of several types of cancer. They play a vital role in both tumor progression and destruction based on their concentrations. The role of TNF-α-308 G/A and TNF-β +252 A/G gene polymorphism in the etiology of breast cancer (BC) is not clearly understood. Therefore, present study investigates the association of TNF-α -308 G/A and TNF-β +252 A/G and the clinical features with Breast cancer patients. METHODS In a case- control study, we have investigated 150 breast cancer patients and 300 age and ethnically matched healthy controls for duration of 3 years from North India. Promoter polymorphisms of tumor necrosis factor gene (TNF-α -308 G/A and TNF-β +252 A/G) were genotyped using allele specific oligonucleotide polymerase chain reaction ASO and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The associations were evaluated by calculating the pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) using SPSS. RESULTS Patients with different clinico-pathological variables and healthy controls were analyzed. Significant association was observed in A allele of TNF-α -308 G/A in breast cancer patients as compared to healthy controls (p<0.0001). However, no association was seen in TNF-β +252 A/G both at genotypic and allelic level. The GG genotype of TNF-β +252A/G is higher in grades III (p<0.01) patients. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that TNF-α-308G/A polymorphism showed significant association with breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nootan Kumar Shukla
- Department of Surgical Oncology, BRA IRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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Kadiam S, Ramasamy T, Ramakrishnan R, Mariakuttikan J. Association of HLA-G 3'UTR 14-bp Ins/Del polymorphism with breast cancer among South Indian women. J Clin Pathol 2019; 73:456-462. [PMID: 31796638 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2019-205772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIM Human leucocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) are potent immune mediators implicated in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. The polymorphisms in the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of HLA-G and promoter region of TNF-α are well known to influence their expression levels and may consequently contribute to varied disease predisposition. Therefore, in the present study, we explored the effect of HLA-G 3'UTR (14-bp Ins/Del and +3142 C/G) and TNF-α promoter (-238 G/A and -308 G/A) polymorphisms on breast cancer risk among South Indian women. METHODS A total of 342 women (100 patients with breast cancer, 142 patients with benign breast disorder and 100 healthy women volunteers) were enrolled for this study. Genotyping of HLA-G and TNF-α polymorphisms were performed by direct PCR DNA amplification and amplification refractory mutation system PCR methods, respectively. RESULTS Significantly higher frequencies of HLA-G 14-bp Ins allele and Ins/+3142G haplotype were observed in patients with breast cancer than healthy controls (OR=1.56, Pc=0.036) and patients with benign breast disorder (OR=1.47, Pc=0.046). Similarly, subgroup analysis based on age at diagnosis (age≤50 years and >50 years) of breast cancer revealed higher frequencies of 14-bp Ins allele and Ins/+3142G haplotype in the patients of age >50 years than healthy controls (OR=1.77, Pc=0.03). Additionally, the extended haplotypes and multifactor dimensionality reduction analysis of the studied polymorphisms revealed significant contribution of HLA-G 14-bp Ins/Del polymorphism towards breast cancer risk. CONCLUSION The findings of the present study suggest that the HLA-G 14-bp Ins/Del polymorphism could influence breast cancer pathogenesis among South Indian women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sony Kadiam
- Department of Immunology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
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Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and tumor necrosis factor beta polymorphisms and risk of breast cancer: Review. GENE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Duggan C, Baumgartner RN, Baumgartner KB, Bernstein L, George S, Ballard R, Neuhouser ML, McTiernan A. Genetic variation in TNFα, PPARγ, and IRS-1 genes, and their association with breast-cancer survival in the HEAL cohort. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2017; 168:567-576. [PMID: 29256014 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-017-4621-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) are associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and inflammation. Few data exist on associations between polymorphisms in these genes and mortality in breast cancer survivors. METHODS We investigated associations between TNF-α -308G > A (rs1800629); PPARγ Pro12Ala (rs1801282); and IRS-1 Gly972Arg (rs1801278) polymorphisms and anthropometric variables, circulating levels of previously measured biomarkers, and tumor characteristics in 553 women enrolled in the Health, Eating, Activity, and Lifestyle Study, a multiethnic, prospective cohort study of women diagnosed with stage I-IIIA breast cancer between 1995 and 1999 (median follow-up 14.7 years). Using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for possible confounders, we evaluated associations between these polymorphisms and mortality. RESULTS Carriers of the PPARγ variant allele had statistically significantly lower rates of type 2 diabetes (P = 0.04), lower BMI (P = 0.01), and HOMA scores [P = 0.004; non-Hispanic White (NHWs) only]; carriers of the TNF-α variant A allele had higher serum glucose (P = 0.004, NHW only); and the IRS-1 variant was associated with higher leptin levels (P = 0.003, Hispanics only). There were no associations between any of the polymorphisms and tumor characteristics. Among 141 deaths, 62 were due to breast cancer. Carriers of the TNF-α-variant A allele had a decreased risk of breast-cancer-specific mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 0.30; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.10-0.83] and all-cause mortality (HR 0.51; 95% CI 0.28-0.91). CONCLUSIONS Neither the PPARγ nor the IRS-1 polymorphism was associated with mortality outcome. The TNF-α -308 G > A polymorphism was associated with reduced breast-cancer-specific and all-cause mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Duggan
- Epidemiology Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Richard N Baumgartner
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Kathy B Baumgartner
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Leslie Bernstein
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie George
- Office of Disease Prevention, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Rachel Ballard
- Office of Disease Prevention, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Marian L Neuhouser
- Epidemiology Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anne McTiernan
- Epidemiology Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Regier MC, Montanez-Sauri SI, Schwartz MP, Murphy WL, Beebe DJ, Sung KE. The Influence of Biomaterials on Cytokine Production in 3D Cultures. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:709-718. [PMID: 28157290 PMCID: PMC5672812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
As a result of improved relevance to in vivo physiology, in vitro studies are increasingly performed in diverse, three-dimensional (3D) biomaterials. However, material-cell type pairing effects on cytokine availability remain unclear. We cultured five cell types in agarose, alginate, collagen, Matrigel, or RGD-functionalized polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogels. We measured 21 cytokines in the conditioned media, and we identified differences in measured cytokine levels that were cell-type- or material-dependent. We further evaluated our data using principal component analysis. Interestingly, component one identified two classes of biomaterials with characteristic cytokine expression levels. Component two identified cell-type-dependent differences in cytokines related to the wound response. Although elements of soluble cytokine availability are shared despite parameter differences, material and cellular properties variably influenced cytokine levels, underlining the influence of biomaterial-cell type pairings on in vitro assay outcomes. Relationships between material properties, cellular responses, and cytokine availability in 3D in vitro models warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C. Regier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Sara I. Montanez-Sauri
- Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison,
Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Michael P. Schwartz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - William L. Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - David J. Beebe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kyung Eun Sung
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissues
and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, The U.S. Food
and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
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Study of single nucleotide polymorphisms of tumour necrosis factors and HSP genes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma in North East India. Tumour Biol 2015. [PMID: 26198046 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3767-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an epithelial tumour with a distinctive racial and geographical distribution. High incidence of NPC has been reported from China, Southeast Asia, and northeast (NE) region of India. The immune mechanism plays incredibly role in pathogenesis of NPC. Tumour necrosis factors (TNFs) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP 70) constitute significant components of innate as well as adaptive host immunity. Multi-analytical approaches including logistic regression (LR), classification and regression tree (CART) and multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) were applied in 120 NPC cases and 100 controls to explore high order interactions among TNF-α (-308 G>A), TNF β (+252 A>G), HSP 70-1 (+190 G>C), HSP 70-hom (+2437 T>C) genes and environmental risk factors. TNF β was identified as the primary etiological factor by all three analytical approaches. Individual analysis of results showed protective effect of TNF β GG genotype (adjusted odds ratio (OR2) = 0.27, 95 % CI = 0.125-0.611, P = 0.001), HSP 70 (+2437) CC genotype (OR2 = 0.17, 95 % CI = 0.0430.69, P = 0.013), while AG genotype of TNF β was found significantly associated with risk of NPC (OR2 = 1.97, 95 % CI = 1.019-3.83, P = 0.04). Analysis of environmental factors demonstrated association of alcohol consumption, living in mud houses and use of firewood for cooking as major risk factors for NPC. Individual haplotype association analysis showed significant risk associated with GTGA haplotype (OR = 68.61, 95 % CI = 2.47-190.37, P = 0.013) while a protective effect with CCAA and GCGA haplotypes (OR = 0.19, 95 % CI = 0.05-0.75, P = 0.019; OR = 0.01 95 % CI = 0.05-0.30, P = 0.007). The multi-analytical approaches applied in this study helped in identification of distinct gene-gene and gene-environment interactions significant in risk assessment of NPC.
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Tumour Necrosis Factor-α Gene Polymorphism Is Associated with Metastasis in Patients with Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10244. [PMID: 26165253 PMCID: PMC4499887 DOI: 10.1038/srep10244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is critical in the regulation of inflammation and tumour progression. TNF-α-308G > A is associated with constitutively elevated TNF-α expression. The purpose of this study was to assess the association between TNF-α-308G > A and breast cancer (BC) risk by subtype and the connection between genotypes and clinical features of BC. A total of 768 patients and 565 controls were enrolled in this study, and genotypes were detected using the TaqMan assay. No effect on susceptibility for any BC subtype was found for the TNF-α-308 polymorphism in our study or in the pooled meta-analysis. This polymorphism was shown to be associated with age at menarche in all BC and in progesterone receptor-negative BC. Interestingly, triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients with TNF-α-308A had an increased risk of distant tumour metastasis (OR = 3.80, 95% CI: 1.31-11.02, P = 0.009). Multi-regression analysis showed that TNF-α-308A was also a risk factor for distant tumour metastasis after adjustment for tumour size and lymph node metastasis status (OR = 6.26, 95% CI: 1.88-20.87, P = 0.003). These findings indicate that TNF-α might play a distinct role in the progression of TNBC, especially in distant tumour metastasis of TNBC.
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Wang Z, Liu QL, Sun W, Yang CJ, Tang L, Zhang X, Zhong XM. Genetic polymorphisms in inflammatory response genes and their associations with breast cancer risk. Croat Med J 2015; 55:638-46. [PMID: 25559835 PMCID: PMC4295076 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2014.55.638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To explore the association of NFKB1 c.-798_-795delATTG (rs28362491), NFKBIA c.-949C>T (rs2233406), IL-8 c.-352A>T (rs4073), IL-10 c.-854T>C (rs1800871), TNF c.-418G>A (rs361525), and TNF c.-488G>A (rs1800629) polymorphisms with breast cancer risk in an East Chinese population. Methods We conducted a case-control study including 975 study participants (474 breast cancer patients and 501 female controls without cancer) and genotyped the polymorphisms employing polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Logistic regression was used to assess the association of the polymorphisms with breast cancer risk. Results We found that the ins/del and del/del genotypes of NFKB1 polymorphism and TT genotype of IL-10 polymorphism significantly increased breast cancer risk (NFKB1 ins/del odds ratio [OR] 1.69, 95% [CI] 1.23-2.33, P = 0.001; NFKB1 del/del OR 2.42, 95% CI 1.72-3.42, P < 0.001; IL-10 TT OR 2.36, 95% CI 1.58-3.52, P < 0.001). On the other hand, the TT genotype of IL-8 polymorphism, GA and AA genotypes of TNF c.-418G>A polymorphism, and GA genotype of TNF c.-488G>A polymorphism significantly reduced breast cancer risk (IL-8 TT OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.33-0.72, P < 0.001; TNF c.-418 GA OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.41-0.80, P = 0.001; TNF c.-418 AA OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.14-0.98, P = 0.044; TNF c.-488 GA OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.48-0.96, P = 0.029). When stratified by menopausal status, the CT genotype of NFKBIA polymorphism significantly reduced the risk among pre-menopausal women (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.40-0.99, P = ,043), but not among post-menopausal women. Conclusions NFKB1, NFKBIA, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF polymorphisms could serve as useful predictive biomarkers for breast cancer risk among women in East China.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiao-Ming Zhong
- Xiao-Ming Zhong, Department of Radiotherapy, Jiangxi Province Cancer Hospital, No. 519, Beijing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330029, China,
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Jin G, Zhao Y, Sun S, Kang H. Association between the tumor necrosis factor alpha gene -308G> A polymorphism and the risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:12091-8. [PMID: 25149156 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2510-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) plays an important role in cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, lipid metabolism, and endothelial function. To date, many studies have evaluated the association between the TNF-α -308G> A polymorphism and breast cancer risk; however, the results remain ambiguous and inconclusive. To derive a more precise estimation of the association and assess its strength, we carried out a meta-analysis of 20 published case-control studies with 12,360 cases and 15,110 controls using crude odd ratios (ORs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). Overall, no significant associations were found for all genetic models (allele model OR = 1.06, 95 % CI 0.90-1.24, P heterogeneity < 0.001; homozygous model OR = 1.25, 95 % CI 0.85-1.82, P heterogeneity < 0.001; recessive model OR = 1.26, 95 % CI 0.88-1.82, P heterogeneity = 0.001; dominant model OR = 1.00, 95 % CI 0.85-1.18, P heterogeneity < 0.001). Moreover, no significant associations were observed when stratified by ethnicity, control source, genotyping method, or Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium status. However, in the menopausal status subgroup, significantly decreased breast cancer risks were found among postmenopausal women (allele model OR = 0.90, 95 % CI 0.83-0.98; dominant model OR = 0.89, 95 % CI 0.81-0.98), while the TNF-α -308 AA genotype was a breast cancer risk factor in premenopausal women (homozygous model OR = 4.38, 95 % CI 1.44-13.36; recessive model OR = 4.43, 95 % CI 1.47-13.42). This meta-analysis indicated that the TNF-α -308G> A polymorphism is not associated with breast cancer risk in the overall population but that the A allele may be a protective factor for breast cancer in postmenopausal women, and the AA genotype may be a breast cancer risk factor in premenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojiang Jin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, China
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Association of TNF-α, TNFRSF1A and TNFRSF1B gene polymorphisms with the risk of sporadic breast cancer in northeast Chinese Han women. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101138. [PMID: 25010932 PMCID: PMC4091942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The interaction of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) with its receptors: TNFRSF1A and TNFRSF1B is critical for the promotion of tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. To better understand the roles of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TNF-α, TNFRSF1A and TNFRSF1B genes in the development of breast cancer, we explored the associations between SNPs in these three genes and breast cancer susceptibility in northeast Chinese Han women. Methodology/Principal Findings This case-control study was conducted among 1016 breast cancer patients and 806 age-matched healthy controls. Seven SNPs in the TNF-α (rs1800629, rs361525), TNFRSF1A (rs767455, rs4149577 and rs1800693) and TNFRSF1B (rs1061622 and rs1061624) genes were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. In TNFRSF1B, the rs1061622 GT genotype and the G allele conferred a reduced susceptibility to breast cancer (P = 0.000662, OR = 0.706, 95% CI: 0.578–0.863; P = 0.002, OR = 0.769, 95% CI; 0.654–0.905, respectively). Moreover, the AG genotype, the AA genotype and the A allele in rs1061624 conferred an increased risk of breast cancer (P = 0.007, OR = 1.470, 95% CI:1.112–1.943; P = 0.00109, OR = 1.405 95% CI:1.145–1.724; P = 0.001, OR = 1.248 95% CI:1.092–1.426, respectively). These two SNPs also had associations with breast cancer risk under the dominant model. In haplotype analysis, the CTA (rs767455 C-rs4149577 T-rs1800693 A) haplotype in TNFRSF1A and the TA (rs1061622 T-rs1061624 A) haplotype in TNFRSF1B had higher frequencies in breast cancer patients (P = 0.00324; P = 0.000370, respectively), but the frequency of GG (rs1061622 G-rs1061624 G) haplotype in TNFRSF1B was lower in breast cancer patients (P = 0.000251). The associations of the three haplotypes remained significant after correcting for multiple testing. In addition, significant associations were also observed between TNFRSF1A polymorphisms and lymph node metastasis, P53, estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) statuses. Conclusions Our results suggest that rs1061622 and rs1061624 in TNFRSF1B may affect breast cancer risk, and SNPs in TNFRSF1A are associated with the clinical features of breast cancer.
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Gong Z, Quan L, Yao S, Zirpoli G, Bandera EV, Roberts M, Coignet JG, Cabasag C, Sucheston L, Hwang H, Ciupak G, Davis W, Pawlish K, Jandorf L, Bovbjerg DH, Ambrosone CB, Hong CC. Innate immunity pathways and breast cancer Risk in African American and European-American women in the Women's Circle of Health Study (WCHS). PLoS One 2013; 8:e72619. [PMID: 23991131 PMCID: PMC3749137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
African American (AA) women are more likely than European American (EA) women to be diagnosed with early, aggressive breast cancer. Possible differences in innate immune pathways (e.g., inflammatory responses) have received little attention as potential mechanisms underlying this disparity. We evaluated distributions of selected genetic variants in innate immune pathways in AA and EA women, and examined their associations with breast cancer risk within the Women's Circle of Health Study (WCHS). In stage I of the study (864 AA and 650 EA women) we found that genotype frequencies for 35 of 42 tested SNPs (18 candidate genes) differed between AAs and EAs (corroborated by ancestry informative markers). Among premenopausal AA women, comparing variant allele carriers to non-carriers, reduced breast cancer risk was associated with CXCL5-rs425535 (OR=0.61, P=0.02), while among EA women, there were associations with TNFA-rs1799724 (OR =2.31, P =0.002) and CRP-rs1205 (OR=0.54, P=0.01). For postmenopausal women, IL1B-rs1143627 (OR=1.80, P=0.02) and IL1B-rs16944 (OR=1.85, P =0.02) were associated with risk among EA women, with significant associations for TNFA-rs1799724 limited to estrogen receptor (ER) positive cancers (OR=2.0, P =0.001). However, none of the SNPs retained significance after Bonferroni adjustment for multiple testing at the level of P0.0012 (0.05/42) except for TNFA-rs1799724 in ER positive cancers. In a stage II validation (1,365 AA and 1,307 EA women), we extended evaluations for four SNPs (CCL2-rs4586, CRP-rs1205, CXCL5-rs425535, and IL1RN-rs4251961), which yielded similar results. In summary, distributions of variants in genes involved in innate immune pathways were found to differ between AA and EA populations, and showed differential associations with breast cancer according to menopausal or ER status. These results suggest that immune adaptations suited to ancestral environments may differentially influence breast cancer risk among EA and AA women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Gong
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA.
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TNF-β +252 A>G polymorphism and susceptibility to cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2013; 139:765-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-013-1384-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Zhou P, Huang W, Chu X, Du LF, Li JP, Zhang C. The Lymphotoxin-α 252 A>G Polymorphism and Breast Cancer: A Meta-analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:1949-52. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.5.1949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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15
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Associations between polymorphisms of tumor necrosis factor-α gene and breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 129:1015-7. [PMID: 21597918 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1580-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Ding Z, Jiang F, Ding X, Chen S, Lv G. Tumor necrosis factor-α 308 G/A polymorphism in breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 128:593-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1418-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Berhane N, Sobti RC, Mahdi SA. DNA repair genes polymorphism (XPG and XRCC1) and association of prostate cancer in a north Indian population. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:2471-9. [PMID: 21670956 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0998-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men worldwide and is the second leading cause of cancer related mortality. Genetic background may account for the difference in susceptibility of individuals to different diseases and the relationship between genetic polymorphism and some diseases has been extensively studied. There are several common polymorphisms in genes encoding DNA repair enzymes, some of these polymorphisms are reported to result in subtle structural alterations of the repair enzyme and modulation of the repair capacity. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of XPG Asp 1104His and XRCC1 Arg309Gln polymorphisms on risk of prostate cancer in north Indian population. Statistically significant increased risk of prostate cancer was observed on individuals that posses His/His genotype of XPG (OR 2.53, 95% CI 0.99-6.56, P = 0.031). In this study 150 prostate cancer diagnosed patients, 150 healthy controls and 150 BPH (benign prostate hyper plasia) were recruited from north Indian population. Moreover, individuals that carried the Gln/Gln genotype of XRCC1 also showed statistically increased risk of prostate cancer (OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.07-4.00, P = 0.033). The Asp/Asp of XPG and Gln/Gln of XRCC1 in combination showed statistically increased risk of prostate cancer in cases (OR 3.29, 95% CI 1.09-10.16, P = 0.032).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nega Berhane
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Gondar, 196 Gondar, Ethiopia.
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18
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Karakus N, Kara N, Ulusoy AN, Özaslan C, Bek Y. Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha and Beta and Interferon Gamma Gene Polymorphisms in Turkish Breast Cancer Patients. DNA Cell Biol 2011; 30:371-7. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2010.1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nevin Karakus
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Nurten Kara
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ali Naki Ulusoy
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Cihangir Özaslan
- Department of Surgery Clinics, Oncology Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yüksel Bek
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
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19
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TNF-alpha polymorphisms and breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 129:513-9. [PMID: 21476000 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1494-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is an important pro-inflammatory cytokine in the development and progress in human cancer. TNF-α polymorphisms have been confirmed to influence the risk for several types of cancer, however, the associations between TNF-α polymorphisms and breast cancer (BC) remain controversial and ambiguous. The aim of this meta-analysis is to explore more precise estimations regarding this point. Electronic searches of several databases were conducted for all online publications on the associations between TNF-α-238, -308, -857, -863, -1031, -1210 polymorphisms and BC through March 2011. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated to assess the strength of these associations in fixed- and random-effect models with Review manager 5.0. A total of 17 studies with 44,442 BC patients and 49,926 controls involved were identified. This meta-analysis showed no significant association between TNF-α-308 polymorphism and BC (AA + GA vs. GG: OR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.82-1.09) in overall and (OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 0.61-3.40) Asian populations, however, a negative association was shown in Caucasian subgroup (OR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.85-0.97). As regards the TNF-α-238 polymorphism, the OR values (95% CI) were 0.99 (0.94-1.05), 0.94 (0.78-1.14), and 1.00 (0.95-1.05) for the overall, Asian, and Caucasian studies, respectively. No significant associations were found for other polymorphisms. Furthermore, there was a coincidence in the sensitivity analysis of these associations. No publication bias was detected in this study. To sum up, no significant associations were found between the TNF-α-308, -238, -857, -863, -1031, -1210 polymorphisms and the risk for BC in overall populations, whereas a negative association was found between TNF-α-308 polymorphism and BC in Caucasian populations.
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20
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Chen MB, Shen WX, Li C, Tao GQ, Lu PH. Unincluded subjects need to be included for concerning the real association between TNFa-308 G/A polymorphism and cancer susceptibility. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 126:835-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1342-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Polymorphisms of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 126:763-70. [PMID: 20882404 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1184-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a meta-analysis to assess the association between tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) gene TNFA -308 (G>A), TNFA -238 (G>A), TNFA -857 (C>T), TNFA -863 (C>A), TNFA -1031 (T>C), TNFA -1210 (A>T) polymorphisms and breast cancer(BC) susceptibility. We also performed subgroup analyses based on ethnicity (Caucasian, Asian, and African). An extensive search was performed to identify all case-control studies investigating such association. Thirteen eligible studies, including 10,236 BC patients and 13,143 controls, were identified. No significant association was observed in all genotypes in worldwide populations, but stratification by ethnicity indicated that the TNFA -308 A allele was associated with a decreased risk of BC compared with the G allele in Caucasian individuals (OR = 0.927, 95%CI = 0.879-0.978). Similar results were obtained when the A/A +A/G genotype was compared with the G/G genotype. In addition, meta-analysis results indicated that the A/A genotype of TNFA -308 was a risk factor for BC in African (A/A vs. G/G OR = 4.085 95%CI = 1.460-11.425; A/A vs. G/A OR = 4.861 95%CI = 1.746-13.527; A/A vs. G/A + G/G OR = 4.246 95%CI = 1.551-11.625), but not in Caucasian or Asian individuals. In conclusion, the results of this meta-analysis indicate that the TNFA -308 A allele may be an important protective factor for BC in European individuals, but it is not likely to confer susceptibility to BC in worldwide populations. In addition, the AA genotype of TNFA -308 may be a risk factor for BC in African individuals. Besides, other polymorphisms were not associated with BC susceptibility.
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Role of ethnic variations in TNF-α and TNF-β polymorphisms and risk of breast cancer in India. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 126:739-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1175-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Kohaar I, Tiwari P, Kumar R, Nasare V, Thakur N, Das BC, Bharadwaj M. Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TNF-LTA locus with breast cancer risk in Indian population. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 114:347-55. [PMID: 18409070 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-008-0006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cytokine milieu of tumor microenvironment affects tumorigenesis in breast cancer. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential association of functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TNF-LTA locus with breast cancer. METHODS The study included 127 individuals comprising 40 breast cancer cases (35 sporadic & 5 familial) and 87 individuals of high risk group (with family history of breast cancer) along with 150 healthy controls. PCR-RFLP was employed to analyze TNFA promoter polymorphisms at -238 G/A, -308 G/A, -857 C/T, -863 C/A and -1031 T/C along with +252 A/G SNP in LTA. The results were further confirmed by direct sequencing. RESULTS Significant association was established for TNFA -308 G/A and LTA +252 A/G polymorphisms with breast cancer versus controls (P < 0.0001; OR, 9.53; 95% CI, 4.11-22.13; P (c) < 0.001) and high risk group versus controls (P < 0.0001; OR, 8.27; 95% CI, 4.28-16.0; P (c) < 0.001) respectively. GGACCT haplotype was found to be positively associated with breast cancer (P < 0.0001; OR, 12.17; 95% CI = 5.12-28.92; P (c) < 0.001) and high risk group (P, 0.03; OR, 2.95; 95% CI, 1.20-7.26; P (c), 0.005) in relation to controls. While GGGCCT haplotype was significantly related with high risk group in comparison to cancer (P, 0.0002; OR, 5.71; 95% CI, 2.18-14.99; P (c), 0.003) and controls (P, 0.0002; OR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.55-3.96; P (c), 0.003). CONCLUSION TNF-LTA locus could serve as an important biomarker for breast cancer predisposition in Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu Kohaar
- Division of Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry, Institute of Cytology & Preventive Oncology (ICMR), Noida, India
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24
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Talseth BA, Meldrum C, Suchy J, Kurzawski G, Lubinski J, Scott RJ. Lack of association between genetic polymorphisms in cytokine genes and disease expression in patients with hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer. Scand J Gastroenterol 2007; 42:628-32. [PMID: 17454884 DOI: 10.1080/00365520601106699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is caused by germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes and is characterized by familial aggregations of early-onset epithelial cancers. Inflammatory cells produce an attractive environment for tumour growth since reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generated by inflammatory cytokine induction can cause damage to DNA and proteins. In this study the objective was to investigate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in cytokine genes to assess their impact on disease expression in individuals diagnosed with HNPCC. MATERIAL AND METHODS DNA samples from 220 participants diagnosed with HNPCC were genotyped for SNPs in IL-6, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-10, IL-4 and IL-1RN. The association between the polymorphisms and disease characteristics, i.e. affected or unaffected with colorectal cancer (CRC) and age of diagnosis of CRC, was tested with the Pearson chi2 test and by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. RESULTS There was no significant difference between CRC patients and unaffected MMR gene mutation carriers for any of the SNPs studied and the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed no significant difference between age of diagnosis of CRC and genotype. CONCLUSIONS The SNPs selected for this study do not appear to modify disease expression in HNPCC. Given the complexity of the inflammatory response, the limited number of SNPs studied does not rule out the notion that other cytokine polymorphisms could act as disease modifiers of disease expression in HNPCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente A Talseth
- Discipline of Medical Genetic, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, and the Hunter Medical Research Institute, NSW, Australia
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25
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Niwa Y, Ito H, Matsuo K, Hirose K, Ito N, Mizuno M, Hamajima N, Tajima K, Nakanishi T. Lymphotoxin-α polymorphisms and the risk of endometrial cancer in Japanese subjects. Gynecol Oncol 2007; 104:586-90. [PMID: 17045328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2006.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Revised: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the association of endometrial cancer with the lymphotoxin-alpha (LTalpha) C804A and A252G polymorphisms, a hospital-based incident case-control study was performed in Japanese subjects. METHODS The cases comprised 110 endometrial cancer patients, and the controls were 220 age-matched cancer-free females. RESULTS The LTalpha C804A and A252G polymorphisms were in complete linkage disequilibrium. We performed conditional logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, which revealed that the LTalpha 252AG and 804CA variant genotypes were associated with a significantly reduced risk of endometrial cancer (OR=0.51, 95% CI=0.31-0.86, P=0.011). Being homozygous of the LTalpha 252G and 804A alleles was not associated with the risk of endometrial cancer. However, the presence of at least one variant LTalpha allele was associated with a significantly lower risk of endometrial cancer (OR=0.54, 95% CI=0.33-0.87, P=0.012). After adjusting for potential confounders (body mass index, age at menarche, parity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, family history of endometrial cancer, hormone replacement therapy, smoking status, and alcohol consumption), the risk of endometrial cancer was significantly lower both in carriers of one variant allele and in carriers of either one or two of the variant alleles (OR=0.47, 95% CI=0.26-0.85, P=0.017; OR=0.50, 95% CI=0.28-0.89, P=0.019; respectively). CONCLUSION The results suggest that these LTalpha polymorphisms play an important role in the tumorigenesis of endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimitsu Niwa
- Department of Gynecology, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan.
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26
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Sirotkovic-Skerlev M, Cacev T, Krizanac S, Kulić A, Pavelic K, Kapitanovic S. TNF alpha promoter polymorphisms analysis in benign and malignant breast lesions. Exp Mol Pathol 2007; 83:54-8. [PMID: 17234183 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2006.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2006] [Revised: 11/14/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in genes involved in the complex mechanisms of carcinogenesis may affect the susceptibility to cancer. The multifunctional cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) has an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory, autoimmune and malignant diseases. It has a large spectrum of activities, including both antitumorigenic and protumorigenic. In recent years, several TNF alpha promoter polymorphisms have been identified and related to the expression level of cytokine and to the susceptibility to solid tumors. The aim of our study was to investigate the frequency of three TNF alpha promoter polymorphisms (-1031, -308 and -238) in benign (fibrocystic changes) and malignant (invasive carcinoma) breast lesions. Using "real-time" PCR SNP analysis these polymorphisms were determined in 76 patients with benign and 158 patients with malignant breast lesions. The high expression genotypes at any of the three SNP polymorphisms were more frequent in invasive breast carcinoma (in 81 of 158 examined, 51.3%) than in fibrocystic changes (in 33 of 76 examined, 43.4%). The combined frequency of high production genotypes (-1031 T/C and C/C, -308 G/A and A/A and -238 G/A and A/A) was higher in patients with invasive breast carcinoma than in those with fibrocystic changes. However, these results were not statistically significant. Further studies on a larger group of patients are needed to evaluate the significance of potential differences in TNF alpha genotypes in different breast lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Sirotkovic-Skerlev
- Department of Pathophysiology, Zagreb University Hospital and Zagreb University Medical School, Kispaticeva 12, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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27
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Gaudet MM, Egan KM, Lissowska J, Newcomb PA, Brinton LA, Titus-Ernstoff L, Yeager M, Chanock S, Welch R, Peplonska B, Trentham-Dietz A, Garcia-Closas M. Genetic variation in tumor necrosis factor and lymphotoxin-alpha (TNF-LTA) and breast cancer risk. Hum Genet 2007; 121:483-90. [PMID: 17216494 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-006-0315-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is critical to regulation of inflammation. Genetic variation in the promoter region of TNF has been associated with expression differences, and a range of auto-immune, infectious, and oncologic diseases. We analyzed eight common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs746868, rs909253, rs1799964, rs1800630, rs1800750, rs1800629, rs361525, and rs1800610) to capture most of the genetic variation in TNF in addition to SNPs in lymphotoxin-alpha (LTA), a pro-inflammatory cytokine in linkage disequilibrium with the TNF promoter region. SNPs were genotyped in a USA population-based case-control study (3,318 cases, 2,841 controls). Promising results were followed-up in an independent population-based case-control study in Poland (2,228 cases, 2,378 controls). In both studies, women carrying the variant allele of rs361525 were at elevated breast cancer risk compared to the GG genotype (per allele OR = 1.18, 95% CI 1.04-1.35; P for trend = 0.008). Other SNPs were not significantly associated with breast cancer risk. Haplotype analyses did not reveal any additional associations between TNF and breast cancer risk. Data from 5,269 cases and 4,982 controls suggested that the rs361525 A allele, located in the TNF promoter region, was associated with a modest increase in breast cancer risk. Additional studies are required to replicate these findings and to determine whether rs361525 is a causative SNP or is a marker of a causative SNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia M Gaudet
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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28
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Howell WM, Rose-Zerilli MJ. Cytokine gene polymorphisms, cancer susceptibility, and prognosis. J Nutr 2007; 137:194S-199S. [PMID: 17182825 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.1.194s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-10 is a multifunctional cytokine with both immunosuppressive and antiangiogenic functions and may have both tumor-promoting and -inhibiting properties. A large number of polymorphisms (primarily single-nucleotide polymorphisms) have been identified in the IL10 gene promoter. Convincing evidence that certain of these polymorphisms are associated with differential expression of IL-10 in vitro and in some cases in vivo was obtained, and a number of studies investigated associations between IL10 polymorphisms and cancer susceptibility and prognosis. The results from 22 studies in 13 different malignancies are reviewed. In 17 of these studies, positive associations between IL10 genotype or haplotype and disease susceptibility, progression, or both were reported. In some of these cancers genotypes associated with low IL-10 expression were a risk factor for disease or disease progression, whereas in others genotypes associated with high IL-10 expression were a risk factor. Published findings in breast cancer are as yet conflicting. Most but not all of the studies reviewed are based on small sample sizes and a limited number of IL10 polymorphisms. However, the preliminary data indicate that larger studies are required in a number of cancers to confirm initial results, extend studies to include more detailed genotype and haplotype analysis, and combine genotype and gene expression studies in the same subjects. Such studies will contribute significantly to our understanding of the biological role of IL-10 in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Martin Howell
- Department of Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics, National Blood Service, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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29
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Theodoropoulos G, Papaconstantinou I, Felekouras E, Nikiteas N, Karakitsos P, Panoussopoulos D, Lazaris AC, Patsouris E, Bramis J, Gazouli M. Relation between common polymorphisms in genes related to inflammatory response and colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:5037-43. [PMID: 16937502 PMCID: PMC4087409 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i31.5037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the association between common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in inflammatory response-related genes such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) in a group of Greek patients.
METHODS: The study group consisted of 222 CRC patients and 200 healthy controls. Genotyping was performed using allele-specific PCR of PRC-RFLP and the results were confirmed by sequencing. We studied the association of SNPs in the IL-6 (-174G > C), IL-8 (-251T > A), TNFα (-308G > A), ICAM-1 (R241G and K469E), and PPARγ (Pro12Ala) genes and the risk of CRC.
RESULTS: The IL-6 -174G, R241 and K469 alleles of ICAM-1 were associated with increased risk of CRC (OR = 1.77, 95% CI: 1.34-2.34; OR = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.23-2.72; and OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.03-1.77 respectively). The IL-8 and TNFα polymorphisms had no effect. Whereas the PPARγ Pro12 genotype was associated with increased risk of disease (OR = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.25-2.49).
CONCLUSION: The association between common SNPs in immunologic response-related genes and CRC is reported in the present study. Apart from shedding light on the mechanisms of malignancy initiation and progression, SNPs may improve appropriate screening for sub-populations at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Theodoropoulos
- 1st Propaideutic Surgical Department, Hippocration University Hospital, University of Athens, Greece
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30
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Howell WM, Rose-Zerilli MJ. Interleukin-10 polymorphisms, cancer susceptibility and prognosis. Fam Cancer 2006; 5:143-9. [PMID: 16736283 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-005-0072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2004] [Accepted: 06/20/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a multifunctional cytokine with both immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic functions and may have both tumour-promoting and -inhibiting properties. A large number of polymorphisms (primarily single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)) have been identified in the IL-10 gene promoter. Convincing evidence that certain of these polymorphisms are associated with differential expression of IL-10 in vitro and in some cases in vivo has been obtained and a number of studies have investigated associations between IL-10 polymorphisms and cancer susceptibility/prognosis. The results from 22 studies in 13 different malignancies are reviewed. In 17 of these studies, positive associations between IL-10 genotype or haplotype and disease susceptibility and/or progression were reported. In some of these cancers genotypes associated with low IL-10 expression were a risk factor for disease or disease progression, while in others genotypes associated with high IL-10 expression were a risk factor. Published findings in breast cancer are as yet conflicting. Most, but not all of the studies reviewed are based on small sample sizes and a limited number of IL-10 polymorphisms. However, the preliminary data obtained thus far indicate that larger studies are required in a number of cancers, in order to confirm initial results, extend studies to include more detailed genotype/haplotype analysis and combine genotype and gene expression studies in the same subjects. Such studies will contribute significantly to our understanding of the biological role of IL-10 in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Martin Howell
- Molecular Pathology Department, Southampton University, Hospitals NHS Trust, Southampton, UK.
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31
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Baccar Harrath A, Yacoubi Loueslati B, Troudi W, Hmida S, Sedkaoui S, Dridi A, Jridi A, Ben Ayed F, Ben Rhomdhane K, Ben Ammar Elgaaied A. HLA class II polymorphism: protective or risk factors to breast cancer in Tunisia? Pathol Oncol Res 2006; 12:79-81. [PMID: 16799707 DOI: 10.1007/bf02893448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2005] [Accepted: 03/18/2006] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
HLA system plays a key role in the tumor cells' escape from immune surveillance. Herein is the first report on the correlation of the susceptibility to breast cancer with HLA class II markers in Tunisia. Molecular typing of HLA-DRB1 and -DQB1 loci was undertaken for 70 Tunisian female patients. Comparison of allele and haplotype distribution between patients and 70 female control subjects reveals a negative association between HLADRB1* 07-DQB1*02 and the incidence of breast cancer in the Tunisian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Baccar Harrath
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Immunology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, ElManar University, Tunis, 1060, Tunisia.
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32
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Kamali-Sarvestani E, Merat A, Talei AR. Polymorphism in the genes of alpha and beta tumor necrosis factors (TNF-alpha and TNF-beta) and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) among Iranian women with breast cancer. Cancer Lett 2005; 223:113-9. [PMID: 15890243 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2004] [Revised: 09/12/2004] [Accepted: 09/15/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The association of the polymorphism in the genes of TNF-alpha, TNF-beta and IFN-gamma with breast cancer was investigated in the present study. There were no differences in the TNF-alpha and TNF-beta alleles and genotypes frequencies between breast cancer patients (n=223) and control subjects (n=267). The correlations between TNFA or TNFB alleles or genotypes and clinicopathological indices were also insignificant. However, the frequency of IFN-gamma+874 T/T genotype was significantly higher in breast cancer patients compared to those of controls (P<0.002; OR=2.03, 95% CI=1.28-3.2) which indicates that Iranian women carrying the IFN-gamma+874 T/T genotype may be exposed to an increased risk of breast cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eskandar Kamali-Sarvestani
- Department of Immunology, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 71345-1798, Shiraz, Iran.
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Estevam FR, Augusto SF, Rodrigues SA, Pinheiro MRR, Monteiro AF. Apoptosis and production of TNF-alpha by tumor-associated inflammatory cells in histological grade III breast cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54:671-6. [PMID: 15625605 PMCID: PMC11032828 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0639-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2004] [Accepted: 10/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is a cytokine that acts as an important mediator of the apoptotic process that also demonstrates selective citotoxicity against malignant breast tumor cells. In the present study, the presence of apoptotic tumor cells and the synthesis of TNF-alpha by inflammatory cells were investigated in tissue samples from grade III invasive breast cancer with long-term follow-up. In situ detection of tumor apoptotic cells was investigated by direct immuno-peroxidase of digoxigenin-labeled genomic DNA. The production of TNF-alpha and tumor cell proliferation were investigated by immunohistochemical procedures. Our data demonstrated that patients with a clinical history of cancer recurrence and metastasis presented a lower number of cancerous apoptotic cells, higher tumor proliferation rates, and lower TNF-alpha expression rates by inflammatory cells than what is observed among patients diagnosed with the same histopathological breast cancer type but in the absence of tumor recurrence and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farias Rogério Estevam
- Laboratory of Immunopathogy and Experimental Pathology, Reproduction Biology Center, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais Brazil
- Departament of Pathology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Souza Andrezza Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Immunopathogy and Experimental Pathology, Reproduction Biology Center, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Machado Raquel Rocha Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Immunopathogy and Experimental Pathology, Reproduction Biology Center, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Aarestrup Fernando Monteiro
- Laboratory of Immunopathogy and Experimental Pathology, Reproduction Biology Center, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais Brazil
- Centro de Biologia da Reprodução-CBR, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Bairro Martelos, 36036-330 Brazil
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Lee KM, Park SK, Hamajima N, Tajima K, Yoo KY, Shin A, Noh DY, Ahn SH, Hirvonen A, Kang D. Genetic polymorphisms of TGF-beta1 & TNF-beta and breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2005; 90:149-55. [PMID: 15803361 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-004-3859-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The proliferation of malignant breast epithelial cells is regulated by various stimuli including cytokines and growth factors, thus the variants of those genes may modify the breast cancer risk. To evaluate the potential influences of TGF-beta1 T29C and TNF-beta A252G gene polymorphisms on breast cancer risk, a case-control study was conducted in Korea. METHODS Histologically confirmed breast cancer cases (n=560) and controls (n=509) with no previous history of cancer were recruited from three teaching hospitals in Seoul, Korea. Genotypes were determined by PCR-CTPP (polymerase chain reaction with confronting two-pair primers) method. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by unconditional logistic regression model adjusting for age, body mass index, education, parity, age at first full-term pregnancy, and family history of breast cancer. RESULTS The TGF-beta1 29C-allele containing genotypes posed an increased risk of breast cancer (OR=1.3, 95% CI=1.02-1.79), especially in postmenopausal women (OR=1.6, 95% CI=1.01-2.44). Similarly, the TNF-beta 252G-allele containing genotypes posed an increased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer (OR=1.7, 95% CI=1.09-2.55). The risk of postmenopausal breast cancer increased in parallel with the number of the risk genotypes (p for trend <0.01). When data were stratified by the presumed non-genetic risk factors, TGF-beta1 C-allele containing genotypes were found to increase breast cancer risk almost two-fold in postmenopausal women with greater than median body mass index (>22.8 kg/m2) (OR=1.9, 95% CI=1.04-3.37). CONCLUSION The results of this study therefore suggest that polymorphisms of TGF-beta1 and TNF-beta genes may modify individual susceptibility to breast cancer in Korean women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Mu Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-Dong, Chongno-Gu, Seoul, 110-799, Korea
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Smith KC, Bateman AC, Fussell HM, Howell WM. Cytokine gene polymorphisms and breast cancer susceptibility and prognosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 31:167-73. [PMID: 15265021 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2370.2004.00462.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter regions of cytokine genes are associated with differential levels of cytokine expression. We hypothesized that these SNPs might influence breast tumour development and progression by affecting the efficiency of the antitumour immune response and/or pathways of angiogenesis. A total of 144 female breast cancer patients and 263 cancer-free population controls were genotyped for the interleukin (IL)-1beta-511 (T/C), IL-6 -174 (G/C), tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-308 (A/G), IL-10 -1082 (A/G), IL-8 -251 (A/T) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) -1154 (A/G) SNPs, using amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) and TaqMan (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) 5' nuclease assays for allelic discrimination. No significant associations were seen. Patient-control comparisons revealed a non-significant trend for association between the TNF-alpha-308 GG genotype and breast cancer compared to controls (79.7 vs. 68.2%, P = 0.03, Pc = 0.54). Stratification of the patient group according to the Nottingham Prognostic Index and individual prognostic factors revealed trends for association between IL-6 -174 GC and IL-8 -251 AA genotypes and markers of poor prognosis (P = 0.04, Pc = 0.72 and P = 0.02, Pc = 0.36, respectively). There were also trends for associations between VEGF -1154 AG and IL-1beta-511 TC genotypes and markers of good prognosis (P = 0.02, Pc = 0.36 and P = 0.05, Pc = 0.90, respectively). These results suggest that the role of cytokine promoter SNPs in both susceptibility to and prognosis in breast cancer requires further investigation in a larger study.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Smith
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics Laboratory and Department of Human Genetics, Southampton General Hospital, UK
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Lotze MT, Wang E, Marincola FM, Hanna N, Bugelski PJ, Burns CA, Coukos G, Damle N, Godfrey TE, Howell WM, Panelli MC, Perricone MA, Petricoin EF, Sauter G, Scheibenbogen C, Shivers SC, Taylor DL, Weinstein JN, Whiteside TL. Workshop on Cancer Biometrics: Identifying Biomarkers and Surrogates of Cancer in Patients. J Immunother 2005; 28:79-119. [PMID: 15725954 DOI: 10.1097/01.cji.0000154251.20125.2e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The current excitement about molecular targeted therapies has driven much of the recent dialog in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Particularly in the biologic therapy of cancer, identifiable antigenic T-cell targets restricted by MHC molecules and the related novel stress molecules such as MICA/B and Letal allow a degree of precision previously unknown in cancer therapy. We have previously held workshops on immunologic monitoring and angiogenesis monitoring. This workshop was designed to discuss the state of the art in identification of biomarkers and surrogates of tumor in patients with cancer, with particular emphasis on assays within the blood and tumor. We distinguish this from immunologic monitoring in the sense that it is primarily a measure of the tumor burden as opposed to the immune response to it. Recommendations for intensive investigation and targeted funding to enable such strategies were developed in seven areas: genomic analysis; detection of molecular markers in peripheral blood and lymph node by tumor capture and RT-PCR; serum, plasma, and tumor proteomics; immune polymorphisms; high content screening using flow and imaging cytometry; immunohistochemistry and tissue microarrays; and assessment of immune infiltrate and necrosis in tumors. Concrete recommendations for current application and enabling further development in cancer biometrics are summarized. This will allow a more informed, rapid, and accurate assessment of novel cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Lotze
- Translational Research, University of Pittsburgh Molecular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Azmy IAF, Balasubramanian SP, Wilson AG, Stephenson TJ, Cox A, Brown NJ, Reed MWR. Role of tumour necrosis factor gene polymorphisms (-308 and -238) in breast cancer susceptibility and severity. Breast Cancer Res 2004; 6:R395-400. [PMID: 15217507 PMCID: PMC468647 DOI: 10.1186/bcr802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2003] [Revised: 03/21/2004] [Accepted: 04/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genetic polymorphisms in the promoter region of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) gene can regulate gene expression and have been associated with inflammatory and malignant conditions. We have investigated two polymorphisms in the promoter of the TNF gene (-308 G>A and -238 G>A) for their role in breast cancer susceptibility and severity by means of an allelic association study. METHODS Using a case-control study design, breast cancer patients (n = 709) and appropriate age-matched and sex-matched controls obtained from the Breast Screening Unit (n = 498) were genotyped for these TNF polymorphisms, using a high-throughput allelic discrimination method. RESULTS Allele frequencies for both polymorphisms were similar in both breast cancer cases and controls. However, the -308 polymorphism was found to be associated with vascular invasion in breast tumours (P = 0.024). Comparison with other standard prognostic indices did not show any association for either genotype. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated no association between the -308G>A polymorphism and the -238G>A polymorphism in the promoter region of TNF and susceptibility to breast cancer, in a large North European population. However, the -308 G>A polymorphism was found to be associated with the presence of vascular invasion in breast tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman A F Azmy
- Academic Surgical Oncology Unit, University of Sheffield, UK.
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Giordani L, Bruzzi P, Lasalandra C, Quaranta M, Schittulli F, Della Ragione F, Iolascon A. Association of Breast Cancer and Polymorphisms of Interleukin-10 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Genes. Clin Chem 2003; 49:1664-7. [PMID: 14500594 DOI: 10.1373/49.10.1664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Giordani
- Department of Biomedicine Evolutive Age, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
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Balasubramanian SP, Brown NJ, Reed MWR. Role of genetic polymorphisms in tumour angiogenesis. Br J Cancer 2002; 87:1057-65. [PMID: 12402142 PMCID: PMC2376194 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2002] [Revised: 08/15/2002] [Accepted: 09/04/2002] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis plays a crucial role in the development, growth and spread of solid tumours. Pro- and anti-angiogenic factors are abnormally expressed in tumours, influencing tumour angiogenesis, growth and progression. Polymorphisms in genes encoding angiogenic factors or their receptors may alter protein expression and/or activity. This article reviews the literature to determine the possible role of angiogenesis-related polymorphisms in cancer. Further research studies in this potentially crucial area of tumour biology are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Balasubramanian
- Academic Unit of Surgical Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
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