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Chen CC, Luo CW, Tsai SCS, Huang JY, Yang SF, Lin FCF. Synergistic Effect of Human Papillomavirus and Environmental Factors on Skin Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Basal Cell Carcinoma, and Melanoma: Insights from a Taiwanese Cohort. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2284. [PMID: 38927988 PMCID: PMC11201942 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16122284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been implicated in various cancers, including those affecting the skin. The study assessed the long-term risk of skin cancer associated with HPV infection in Taiwan region, using data from the National Health Insurance Research Database between 2007 and 2015. Our analysis revealed a significant increase in skin cancer risk among those with HPV, particularly for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), the subtype with the highest observed adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 5.97, 95% CI: 4.96-7.19). The overall aHR for HPV-related skin cancer was 5.22 (95% CI: 4.70-5.80), indicating a notably higher risk in the HPV-positive group. The risk of skin cancer was further stratified by type, with basal cell carcinoma (aHR = 4.88, 95% CI: 4.14-5.74), and melanoma (aHR = 4.36, 95% CI: 2.76-6.89) also showing significant associations with HPV. The study also highlighted regional variations, with increased risks in southern Taiwan and the Kaohsiung-Pingtung area. Key findings emphasize the importance of sun protection, particularly in regions of high UV exposure and among individuals in high-risk occupations. This research contributes to a better understanding of the complex interactions between HPV and skin cancer risk, reinforcing the importance of preventive strategies in public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chia Chen
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (J.-Y.H.); (S.-F.Y.)
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan
| | - Ci-Wen Luo
- Department of Medical Research, Tungs’ Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung 43503, Taiwan;
| | - Stella Chin-Shaw Tsai
- Superintendent Office, Tungs’ Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung 43503, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Shin University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Yang Huang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (J.-Y.H.); (S.-F.Y.)
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (J.-Y.H.); (S.-F.Y.)
| | - Frank Cheu-Feng Lin
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
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2
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Munday JS, Knight CG, Luff JA. Papillomaviral skin diseases of humans, dogs, cats and horses: A comparative review. Part 2: Pre-neoplastic and neoplastic diseases. Vet J 2022; 288:105898. [PMID: 36152994 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Papillomaviruses (PVs) are well recognized to cause pre-neoplastic and neoplastic diseases in humans. Similarly, there is increasing evidence that PVs play a significant role in the development of pre-neoplastic and neoplastic diseases of the haired skin of dogs and cats, and the mucosa of horses. As the mechanisms by which PVs cause neoplasia are well studied in humans, it is valuable to compare the PV-induced neoplasms of humans with similar PV-associated neoplasms in the companion animal species. In the second part of this comparative review, the pre-neoplastic and neoplastic diseases thought to be caused by PVs in humans, dogs, cats, and horses are described. This includes PV-induced cutaneous plaques, cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and mucosal SCCs within the four species. The review concludes with a discussion about the potential use of vaccines to prevent PV-induced diseases of dogs, cats, and horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Munday
- Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Cameron G Knight
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jennifer A Luff
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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3
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Giuliani E, Rollo F, Donà MG, Garbuglia AR. Human Papillomavirus Oral Infection: Review of Methodological Aspects and Epidemiology. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111411. [PMID: 34832567 PMCID: PMC8625118 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral infection by Human Papillomavirus (HPV) has recently gained great attention because of its involvement in the development of a subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The role of specific Alpha-HPVs in this regard has been well established, whereas the contribution of other genera is under investigation. Despite their traditional classification as “cutaneous” types, Beta and Gamma HPVs are frequently detected in oral samples. Due to the lack of a standardized protocol, a large variety of methodologies have been used for oral sample collection, DNA extraction, HPV detection and genotyping. Laboratory procedures influence the evaluation of oral HPV prevalence, which largely varies also according to the population characteristics, e.g., age, gender, sexual behavior, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) status. Nevertheless, oral infection by Beta and Gamma HPVs seems to be even more common than Alpha-HPVs. The latter is 5–7% in the general population, and increases up to 30% approximately in HIV-infected men who have sex with men. Despite major advances in the evaluation of oral HPV prevalence, its natural history is still little understood, especially for Beta and Gamma HPVs. The latest technologies, such as Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), can be exploited to gain new insights into oral HPV, and to improve the identification of novel HPV types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Giuliani
- Scientific Direction, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesca Rollo
- Pathology Department, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Maria Gabriella Donà
- STI/HIV Unit, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0652665393
| | - Anna Rosa Garbuglia
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, INMI Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy;
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4
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Chen ML, Wang SH, Wei JCC, Yip HT, Hung YM, Chang R. The Impact of Human Papillomavirus Infection on Skin Cancer: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Oncologist 2020; 26:e473-e483. [PMID: 33191546 DOI: 10.1002/onco.13593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the correlation between a history of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and skin cancer risk. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study cohort comprised 26,919 patients with newly diagnosed HPV infection between 2000 and 2012; with the use of computer-generated numbers, patients without previous HPV infection were randomly selected as the comparison cohort. The patients in the HPV infection cohort were matched to comparison individuals at a 1:4 ratio by demographic characteristics and comorbidities. All study individuals were followed up until they developed skin cancer, withdrew from the National Health Insurance program, were lost to follow-up, or until the end of 2013. The primary outcome was subsequent skin cancer development. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to analyze the risk of skin cancer with hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) between the HPV and control cohort. RESULTS The adjusted HR of skin cancer for patients with HPV relative to controls was 2.45 after adjusting sex, age and comorbidities. (95% CI, 1.44-4.18, p < .01). The subgroup analysis indicated that a patient with HPV infection had a significantly greater risk of skin cancer if they were aged >40 years. Notably, a risk of skin cancer was found in the group diagnosed with HPV within the first 5 years after the index date (adjusted HR, 3.12; with 95% CI, 1.58-5.54). Sensitivity analysis by propensity score, matching with balanced sex, age, and comorbidities, showed consistent results. CONCLUSION A history of HPV infection is associated with the development of subsequent skin cancer in Taiwanese subjects, and the risk wanes 5 years later. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE In this Taiwan nationwide cohort study, there was a 2.45-fold increased risk of developing new-onset skin cancers for patients with incident human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, compared with the matched controls. Furthermore, the risk was noticeably significant among patients aged >40 years. A prominent risk of skin cancers was found in the group diagnosed with HPV within the first 5 years after the index date in this study. The results of this analysis may raise consensus on the effect of HPV infection on the risk of skin cancers. Clinicians are encouraged to implement prudently on the differential diagnosis of skin cancers and HPV prevention and treatment, especially in older patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Li Chen
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shuo-Hsuan Wang
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - James Cheng-Chung Wei
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hei-Tung Yip
- Management office for Health Data, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Public Health (Biostatistics), National Yangming University, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Min Hung
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal United Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Tajen University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Renin Chang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Recreation Sports Management, Tajen University, Pingtung, Taiwan
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Chandra A, Newman A, Mullens D, Lin CC. Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-Associated Squamous Cell Carcinoma In situ With Positive p16 and Ki-67 Immunohistochemical Stains in a Young Immunocompetent Patient. Cureus 2020; 12:e9673. [PMID: 32923268 PMCID: PMC7485991 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.9673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an oncogenic role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the development of premalignant and malignant skin cancers, especially squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Some of the major risk factors for SCC include older age, fair skin types, immunosuppression, ultraviolet radiation (UVR), history of epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV), and co-carcinogenesis by the HPV. Our case report exemplifies a unique case of a low-risk, 34-year-old female who developed an HPV-associated squamous cell carcinoma in situ (SCCIS) on her left palmar hand, despite having none of the contributing risk factors. The biopsy also showed full-thickness keratinocyte atypia and increased mitotic activity throughout all the layers of the epidermis. Immunohistochemical stains showed strong and diffuse nuclear staining of p16 and Ki-67 throughout the SCCIS, confirming HPV etiology. We speculate that tumor development in our patient relied on the combined effects of UVR exposure, localized immunosuppression, and the co-carcinogenic effects of HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Chandra
- Dermatology, Midwestern University, Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Phoenix, USA
| | - Andrew Newman
- Dermatology, Affiliated Dermatology, Scottsdale, USA
| | - Dustin Mullens
- Dermatology, Honor Health/Affiliated Dermatology, Scottsdale, USA
| | - Christine C Lin
- Dermatology, Honor Health/Affiliated Dermatology, Scottsdale, USA
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6
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Bolatti EM, Zorec TM, Montani ME, Hošnjak L, Chouhy D, Viarengo G, Casal PE, Barquez RM, Poljak M, Giri AA. A Preliminary Study of the Virome of the South American Free-Tailed Bats ( Tadarida brasiliensis) and Identification of Two Novel Mammalian Viruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040422. [PMID: 32283670 PMCID: PMC7232368 DOI: 10.3390/v12040422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats provide important ecosystem services as pollinators, seed dispersers, and/or insect controllers, but they have also been found harboring different viruses with zoonotic potential. Virome studies in bats distributed in Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America have increased dramatically over the past decade, whereas information on viruses infecting South American species is scarce. We explored the virome of Tadarida brasiliensis, an insectivorous New World bat species inhabiting a maternity colony in Rosario (Argentina), by a metagenomic approach. The analysis of five pooled oral/anal swab samples indicated the presence of 43 different taxonomic viral families infecting a wide range of hosts. By conventional nucleic acid detection techniques and/or bioinformatics approaches, the genomes of two novel viruses were completely covered clustering into the Papillomaviridae (Tadarida brasiliensis papillomavirus type 1, TbraPV1) and Genomoviridae (Tadarida brasiliensis gemykibivirus 1, TbGkyV1) families. TbraPV1 is the first papillomavirus type identified in this host and the prototype of a novel genus. TbGkyV1 is the first genomovirus reported in New World bats and constitutes a new species within the genus Gemykibivirus. Our findings extend the knowledge about oral/anal viromes of a South American bat species and contribute to understand the evolution and genetic diversity of the novel characterized viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa M. Bolatti
- Grupo Virología Humana, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (CONICET), Suipacha 590, Rosario 2000, Argentina; (E.M.B.); (D.C.); (G.V.)
- Área Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina;
| | - Tomaž M. Zorec
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.M.Z.); (L.H.)
| | - María E. Montani
- Museo Provincial de Ciencias Naturales “Dr. Ángel Gallardo”, San Lorenzo 1949, Rosario 2000, Argentina;
- Programa de Conservación de los Murciélagos de Argentina, Miguel Lillo 251, San Miguel de Tucumán 4000, Argentina;
- Programa de Investigaciones de Biodiversidad Argentina, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Miguel Lillo 205, San Miguel de Tucumán 4000, Argentina
| | - Lea Hošnjak
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.M.Z.); (L.H.)
| | - Diego Chouhy
- Grupo Virología Humana, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (CONICET), Suipacha 590, Rosario 2000, Argentina; (E.M.B.); (D.C.); (G.V.)
- Área Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina;
| | - Gastón Viarengo
- Grupo Virología Humana, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (CONICET), Suipacha 590, Rosario 2000, Argentina; (E.M.B.); (D.C.); (G.V.)
| | - Pablo E. Casal
- Área Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina;
| | - Rubén M. Barquez
- Programa de Conservación de los Murciélagos de Argentina, Miguel Lillo 251, San Miguel de Tucumán 4000, Argentina;
- Programa de Investigaciones de Biodiversidad Argentina, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Miguel Lillo 205, San Miguel de Tucumán 4000, Argentina
| | - Mario Poljak
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.M.Z.); (L.H.)
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (A.A.G.); Tel.: +386-1-543-7454 (M.P.); +54-341-435-0661 (ext. 116) (A.A.G.); Fax: +54-341-439-0465 (A.A.G.)
| | - Adriana A. Giri
- Grupo Virología Humana, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (CONICET), Suipacha 590, Rosario 2000, Argentina; (E.M.B.); (D.C.); (G.V.)
- Área Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina;
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (A.A.G.); Tel.: +386-1-543-7454 (M.P.); +54-341-435-0661 (ext. 116) (A.A.G.); Fax: +54-341-439-0465 (A.A.G.)
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7
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Rollison DE, Schell MJ, Fenske NA, Cherpelis B, Messina JL, Giuliano AR, Epling-Burnette PK, Hampras SS, Amorrortu RP, Balliu J, Vijayan L, Naqvi SMH, Zhao Y, Parab K, McKay-Chopin S, Gheit T, Tommasino M. Cutaneous Viral Infections Across 2 Anatomic Sites Among a Cohort of Patients Undergoing Skin Cancer Screening. J Infect Dis 2019; 219:711-722. [PMID: 30260406 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Findings from previous studies of cutaneous human papillomavirus (cuHPV) infection and keratinocyte carcinomas have varied due to several factors, including use of different sample types for cuHPV DNA detection. Elucidating the relationship between cuHPV infection in eyebrow hairs (EBHs) and skin swabs (SSWs) is critical for advancing the design of future studies. METHODS DNA corresponding to 46 β-HPV and 52 γ-HPV types was measured in EBHs and SSWs obtained from 370 individuals undergoing routine skin cancer screening examinations. RESULTS Prevalence of β-HPV/γ-HPV was 92%/84% and 73%/43% in SSWs and EBHs, respectively, with 71%/39% of patients testing positive for β-HPV/γ-HPV in both sample types. Number of cuHPV types detected and degree of infection were correlated across SSWs and EBHs. When the EBH was positive for a given β-HPV/γ-HPV type, the SSW was positive for that same type 81%/72% of the time. CONCLUSIONS Testing SSWs captures more cuHPV infection than EBHs, with EBH infections usually representing a subset of SSW infections. The importance of optimizing sensitivity of cuHPV infection detection using SSWs vs specificity using EBHs (or a combination of the 2) will be ascertained in an ongoing cohort study investigating cuHPV associations with subsequent keratinocyte carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana E Rollison
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Tampa, Florida.,Center for Immunization and Infection Research in Cancer, Tampa, Florida
| | - Michael J Schell
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Neil A Fenske
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Basil Cherpelis
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jane L Messina
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida.,Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tampa, Florida.,Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Tampa, Florida
| | - Anna R Giuliano
- Center for Immunization and Infection Research in Cancer, Tampa, Florida
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yayi Zhao
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Tampa, Florida
| | | | - Sandrine McKay-Chopin
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Tarik Gheit
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Massimo Tommasino
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
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8
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De Carolis S, Storci G, Ceccarelli C, Savini C, Gallucci L, Sansone P, Santini D, Seracchioli R, Taffurelli M, Fabbri F, Romani F, Compagnone G, Giuliani C, Garagnani P, Bonafè M, Cricca M. HPV DNA Associates With Breast Cancer Malignancy and It Is Transferred to Breast Cancer Stromal Cells by Extracellular Vesicles. Front Oncol 2019; 9:860. [PMID: 31608222 PMCID: PMC6756191 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A causal link between Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and breast cancer (BC) remains controversial. In spite of this, the observation that HPV DNA is over-represented in the Triple Negative (TN) BC has been reported. Here we remark the high prevalence of HPV DNA (44.4%) in aggressive BC subtypes (TN and HER2+) in a population of 273 Italian women and we convey the presence of HPV DNA in the epithelial and stromal compartments by in situ hybridization. As previously reported, we also found that serum derived-extracellular vesicles (EVs) from BC affected patients contain HPV DNA. Interestingly, in one TNBC patient, the same HPV DNA type was detected in the serum-derived EVs, cervical and BC tissue samples. Then, we report that HPV DNA can be transferred by EVs to recipient BC stromal cells that show an activated phenotype (e.g., CD44, IL6 expression) and an enhanced capability to sustain mammospheres (MS) formation. These data suggest that HPV DNA vehiculated by EVs is a potential trigger for BC niche aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina De Carolis
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Center of Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianluca Storci
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Center of Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Ceccarelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Savini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lara Gallucci
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, CIID, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pasquale Sansone
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States.,Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Donatella Santini
- Operative Unit of Pathology, S. Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Renato Seracchioli
- Department of Medical & Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mario Taffurelli
- Department of Medical & Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Fabbri
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Romani
- Department of Medical Physics, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gaetano Compagnone
- Department of Medical Physics, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Giuliani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Interdepartimental Centre L. Galvani (CIG), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Garagnani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Interdepartimental Centre L. Galvani (CIG), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Bonafè
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Center of Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Cricca
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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9
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Di Bonito P, Galati L, Focà A, Brambilla M, Bisaglia C, Bonanno Ferraro G, Mancini P, Iaconelli M, Veneri C, La Rosa G. Evidence for swine and human papillomavirus in pig slurry in Italy. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:1246-1254. [PMID: 31251456 PMCID: PMC7166630 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The diversity and the geographical distribution of swine papillomaviruses (PVs) are virtually unknown. The occurrence and the diversity of swine PV were therefore investigated in pig slurry collected in Italy, to contribute towards filling this gap in knowledge. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-two slurry samples underwent analysis by nested PCR and DNA sequencing using published and newly designed specific primer pairs for Sus scrofa papillomavirus (SsPV) type 1 and 2 (SsPV1 and 2), along with degenerate PV-specific primers targeting the major coat protein L1 and the helicase protein E1. Overall, three samples (13·6%) were positive for SsPV1 by specific primers, and nucleotide (nt) sequences showed 99-100% nt identity with SsPV1 variant a (EF395818), while SsPV2 was not found in any sample. Using generic primers, eight samples (36·4%) were tested positive for human papillomavirus (HPV), and were characterized as follows: β1-HPV8, β1-HPV14, β1-HPV206, β2-HPV113, β2-HPV120 and γ1-HPV173. Moreover, one unclassified γ-type was detected. CONCLUSIONS Both swine and human PVs were detected in pig slurry in this study. The unexpected presence of HPV in pig waste could be explained as the result of an improper use of the sewage collection pits and/or with improper procedures of the operators. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study reports the first detection of SsPV1 in Italy, along with the first detection of HPVs in pig slurry samples in Italy, and expands our knowledge about PV diversity and geographic distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Di Bonito
- Viral Hepatitis, Oncoviruses and Retroviruses (EVOR) Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - L Galati
- Viral Hepatitis, Oncoviruses and Retroviruses (EVOR) Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - A Focà
- School of medicine, "Magna Graecia" University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - M Brambilla
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA), Research Centre for Engineering and Agri Food Processing, Treviglio, BG, Italy
| | - C Bisaglia
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA), Research Centre for Engineering and Agri Food Processing, Treviglio, BG, Italy
| | - G Bonanno Ferraro
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - P Mancini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M Iaconelli
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - C Veneri
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - G La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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10
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Sichero L, Rollison DE, Amorrortu RP, Tommasino M. Beta Human Papillomavirus and Associated Diseases. Acta Cytol 2019; 63:100-108. [PMID: 30673666 DOI: 10.1159/000492659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cutaneous human papillomavirus (HPV), mostly from β- and γ-HPV genus, is ubiquitously distributed throughout the human body and may be part of the commensal flora. The association of β-HPVs and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) development was initially reported in patients with the rare genetic disorder Epidermodysplasia verruciformis. Likewise, immunosuppressed organ transplant recipients have an increased susceptibility to β-HPV infections in the skin as well as to cSCC development. Although ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the main risk factor of cSCC, experimental data points toward β-HPVs as co-carcinogens, which appear to be required solely at early stages of skin carcinogenesis by facilitating the accumulation of UVR-induced DNA mutations. Several epidemiological studies relying on different biomarkers of β-HPV infections have also been conducted in immunocompetent individuals to access their association with cSCC development. Additionally, in vivo and in vitro studies are presenting cumulative evidence that E6 and E7 proteins from specific β-HPVs exhibit transforming activities and may collaborate with different environmental factors in promoting carcinogenesis. Nevertheless, further research is crucial to better understand the pathological implications of the broad distribution of these HPVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sichero
- Center for Translational Research in Oncology, Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,
| | - Dana E Rollison
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | | | - Massimo Tommasino
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
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11
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Abstract
Epidermal cancers include keratinocyte cancer, melanocyte cancer, and Merkel cell carcinoma. These cancers account for the vast majority of new cancers diagnosed in Australia, North America, and Europe. Keratinocyte cancer is the most common epidermal cancer and accounts for 7 out of 8 new cancers diagnosed in Australia. Melanoma and Merkel cell carcinoma are less common than keratinocyte carcinoma but are more important causes of mortality in Australia. Keratinocyte cancer has also been demonstrated to be a marker of cancer-prone phenotype. Risk factors for epidermal cancer include intrinsic and environmental factors, in particular exposure to ultraviolet radiation and advanced age. Actinic keratosis has an approximate prevalence of 79% of men and 68% of women between 60 and 69 years of age, and has a low risk of malignant transformation into squamous cell carcinoma. Basal cell carcinoma is the most common malignancy in Caucasians worldwide, with the incidence increasing by 2% per year in Australia. Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common epidermal cancer, with an incidence of approximately 1035 or 472 per 100,000 person-years in men and women, respectively. Primary risk factors for both basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma include light skin color, UV radiation exposure, and chronic immunosuppression. Although the rate of melanoma is increasing, the mortality in Australia is reducing and is currently 9%. The overall incidence of melanoma in Australia is approximately 50 cases per 100,000 persons (62 for men and 40 for women). Keratinocyte carcinoma and melanoma are risk factors for developing further skin cancer and primary malignancy. This contribution reviews the incidence, prevalence, and risk factors associated with the development of epidermal cancer and premalignant epidermal neoplasia.
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12
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Correa RM, Vladimirsky S, Heideman DAM, Coringrato M, Abeldaño A, Olivares L, Del Aguila R, Alonio LV, Snijders PJF, Picconi MA. Cutaneous human papillomavirus genotypes in different kinds of skin lesions in Argentina. J Med Virol 2016; 89:352-357. [PMID: 27420901 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous human papillomaviruses (HPVs) comprise a large and highly heterogeneous virus group. Some of the cutaneous HPVs of the genus Beta have been suggested as a co-factor in the development of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). The aim of this study was to determine cutaneous HPV prevalence and type-specific distribution in different kinds of skin lesions from Argentine patients visiting Dermatology Departments of three hospitals from Buenos Aires. A cross-sectional analysis was performed. HPV DNA was analyzed in (i) 3 patients with Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) harboring benign lesions (BL) (n = 1) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (n = 4); (ii) 240 non-EV patients harboring: (a) BL (n = 38), (b) Actinic Keratosis (AK) (n = 83), (c) SCC (n = 74), and (d) basal cell carcinoma (BCC) (n = 96). Detection and genotyping of 35 cutaneous HPV DNA was carried out by BGC-PCR and GP5+/6 + PCR followed by reverse line blot assay. In EV patients, Beta types were found in all lesions (5/5), including the potentially high-risk HPV types 5 and 8, mostly in multiple infections. In non-EV patients, cutaneous types were found in 50.0% of BL, 43.4% of AK, 31.1% of SCC, and 16.7% of BCC. Beta HPVs were the most frequently found in all lesions, being present in all AK and SCC cases that were positive for HPV. No type-specific correlation with lesion severity was found. In our series, a wide spectrum of cutaneous HPV types was detected in different skin lesions. A possible role for these HPVs in skin carcinogenesis deserves further study. J. Med. Virol. 89:352-357, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Mariel Correa
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sara Vladimirsky
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Alejandra Abeldaño
- Hospital General de Agudos "Dr. Cosme Argerich", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Lidia Virginia Alonio
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Peter J F Snijders
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - María Alejandra Picconi
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina
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13
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Yang JF, Zhao CZ, Lu KX. Development and application of a rapid detection system for human papillomavirus and Herpes simplex virus-2 by loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay. Microb Pathog 2016; 97:178-82. [PMID: 27287497 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is an important factor that causes cervical cancer and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), while HSV-2 plays an important role when HR-HPV triggers the cancer. Thus, a quick and convenient assay in the detection of HPV and HSV-2in the screening of HPV and HSV-2 infection is required. Two respective HPV and HSV-2 detection methods were established based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay. Specific outer primers, inner primers, and loop primers were designed according to the conserved domains of HPV and HSV-2 genomes, respectively, while degenerate primers were used for HPV assay. After optimizing the reaction conditions, the results were observed by LAMP Tubidimeter real-time LA-320. Standard plasmids HPV-L-P and HSV-2-L-P were cloned and used in sensitivity tests of HPV LAMP and HSV-2 LAMP, respectively. Fifty samples of actinic keratosis (AK), 20 samples of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 50 samples of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and 20 samples of seborrheic keratosis (SK) were detected by HPV assay. Seventy three clinical samples of vaginitis, chronic cervicitis, cervical intraepithelial neoplasias and cervical cancer level positive were detected with HPV and HSV-2 assays. The reaction conditions of two assays were the same with a reaction temperature of 63 °C and a reaction time of 45 min. The sensitivity of HPV LAMP assay was 10 copies/μL, while that of the HSV-2 LAMP assay was 100 copies/μL. No cross-reactivity was observed. The HPV positive rates of AK, SCC, BCC and SK samples were 80% (40/50), 75% (15/20), 44% (22/50) and 21% (15/72), respectively. As an economic and quick diagnostic tool, LAMP assay is conducive to the extensive screening of HPV and HSV-2 and has huge potential to be promoted in resource-limited hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Fang Yang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou 256610, China
| | - Chang-Zhen Zhao
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou 256610, China
| | - Ke-Xin Lu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou 256610, China.
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14
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Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Human Papillomavirus in Healthy Skin Specimens Collected from Rural Anyang, China, 2006-2008. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:1191-1198. [PMID: 26916390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Skin infections with cutaneous human papillomavirus (HPV) have been linked to the development of non-melanoma skin cancer, in which mucosal HPV may also play a crucial role. However, systematic investigations of the distribution and associated factors of HPV infection in healthy skin of the general population are scarce. HPV DNA from palmar exfoliated cells of 2,087 individuals was detected by FAP6085/64 and SPF1/GP6+ primers followed by sequencing. A total of 338 papillomavirus types were detected, with HPV-3, HPV-57, and HPV-49 being the most dominant types. The overall prevalence for HPV DNA on skin was 79.92% and for alpha-, beta-, and gamma-HPV were 27.07%, 38.76%, and 29.56%, respectively. Having multiple lifetime sexual partners (adjusted odds ratio 1.60), being a migrant worker (adjusted odds ratio 2.05, reference: farmers), and frequent bathing (Ptrend = 0.001) were associated with alpha-HPV DNA presence. Advancing age increased the detection risk of beta-HPV (Ptrend = 0.001). Higher education (Ptrend = 0.017) and frequent bathing (Ptrend = 0.001) were positively related to gamma-HPV positivity. This study demonstrates that alpha-HPV commonly exists on healthy skin of the general population in rural China, and alpha- and gamma-HPV infections are related to certain behaviors, different from beta-HPV infection. These findings are crucial to better understanding the biology of HPV infection and may be suggestive of the potential transmission of these viruses.
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15
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Cohen DN, Lawson SK, Shaver AC, Du L, Nguyen HP, He Q, Johnson DB, Lumbang WA, Moody BR, Prescott JL, Chandra PK, Boyd AS, Zwerner JP, Robbins JB, Tyring SK, Rady PL, Chappell JD, Shyr Y, Infante JR, Sosman JA. Contribution of Beta-HPV Infection and UV Damage to Rapid-Onset Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma during BRAF-Inhibition Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:2624-34. [PMID: 25724524 PMCID: PMC4452444 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE BRAF-inhibition (BRAFi) therapy for advanced melanoma carries a high rate of secondary cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) and risk of other cancers. UV radiation and α-genus human papillomavirus (HPV) are highly associated with SCC, but a novel role for β-genus HPV is suspected in BRAFi-cSCC. Cutaneous β-HPV may act in concert with host and environmental factors in BRAFi-cSCC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Primary BRAFi-cSCC tissue DNA isolated from patients receiving vemurafenib or dabrafenib from two cancer centers was analyzed for the presence of cutaneous oncogenic viruses and host genetic mutations. Diagnostic specimens underwent consensus dermatopathology review. Clinical parameters for UV exposure and disease course were statistically analyzed in conjunction with histopathology. RESULTS Twenty-nine patients contributed 69 BRAFi-cSCC lesions. BRAFi-cSCC had wart-like features (BRAFi-cSCC-WF) in 22% of specimens. During vemurafenib therapy, BRAFi-cSCC-WF arose 11.6 weeks more rapidly than conventional cSCC when controlled for gender and UV exposure (P value = 0.03). Among all BRAFi-cSCC, β-genus HPV-17, HPV-38, HPV-111 were most frequently isolated, and novel β-HPV genotypes were discovered (CTR, CRT-11, CRT-22). Sequencing revealed 63% of evaluated BRAFi-cSCCs harbored RAS mutations with PIK3CA, CKIT, ALK, and EGFR mutations also detected. CONCLUSIONS We examined clinical, histopathologic, viral, and genetic parameters in BRAFi-cSCC demonstrating rapid onset; wart-like histomorphology; β-HPV-17, HPV-38, and HPV-111 infection; UV damage; and novel ALK and CKIT mutations. Discovered β-HPV genotypes expand the spectrum of tumor-associated viruses. These findings enhance our understanding of factors cooperating with BRAF inhibition that accelerate keratinocyte oncogenesis as well as broaden the knowledge base of multifactorial mediators of cancer in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Cohen
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.
| | - Steven K Lawson
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Aaron C Shaver
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Liping Du
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Qin He
- University of Texas, Department of Dermatology, Houston, Texas
| | - Douglas B Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Wilfred A Lumbang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | | | | | - Alan S Boyd
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee. Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. Pathology Consultants of America, Columbia, Tennessee
| | - Jeffrey P Zwerner
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee. Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jason B Robbins
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee. Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. Pathology Associates of St. Thomas, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Peter L Rady
- University of Texas, Department of Dermatology, Houston, Texas
| | - James D Chappell
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Yu Shyr
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Jeffrey A Sosman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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16
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Roh MR, Kim JH, Lee SH, Oh SJ, Park KH, Chung KY, Rha SY. Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection and RAS mutation in sporadic keratoacanthoma. Int J Dermatol 2015; 54:e453-7. [PMID: 26016383 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RAS gene activation and its association with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection have been extensively studied in various cancers. However, the correlation between RAS mutations and HPV in keratoacanthoma (KA) has not yet been investigated. METHODS Detection of HPV DNA was performed by nested polymerase chain reaction in 28 KA specimens. Molecular analysis was also performed to identify oncogenic mutations (HRAS, KRAS, NRAS). Statistical analyses were performed using the Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS HPV DNA was detected in eight (28.6%) of the 28 samples, and RAS mutations were detected in eight (28.6%). Six samples had an HRAS mutation, and two showed the NRAS mutation. The presence of an RAS mutation was significantly correlated with a history of chronic sun damage (P = 0.005). However, no significant correlation was observed between HPV infection and RAS mutation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that mutational activation of the RAS gene is a common event in KA. However, RAS oncogene activation and HPV infection seem to represent two independent factors in the development of KA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ryung Roh
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Hung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hee Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Joon Oh
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Hyun Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kee Yang Chung
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Young Rha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Quint KD, Genders RE, de Koning MNC, Borgogna C, Gariglio M, Bouwes Bavinck JN, Doorbar J, Feltkamp MC. Human Beta-papillomavirus infection and keratinocyte carcinomas. J Pathol 2015; 235:342-54. [PMID: 25131163 DOI: 10.1002/path.4425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although the role of oncogenic human Alpha-papillomaviruses (HPVs) in the development of mucosal carcinomas at different body sites (eg cervix, anus, oropharynx) is fully recognized, a role for HPV in keratinocyte carcinomas (KCs; basal and squamous cell carcinomas) of the skin is not yet clear. KCs are the most common cancers in Caucasians, with the major risk factor being ultraviolet (UV) light exposure. A possible role for Beta-HPV types (BetaPV) in the development of KC was suggested several decades ago, supported by a number of epidemiological studies. Our current review summarizes the recent molecular and histopathological evidence in support of a causal association between BetaPV and the development of KC, and outlines the suspected synergistic effect of viral gene expression with UV radiation and immune suppression. Further insights into the molecular pathways and protein interactions used by BetaPV and the host cell is likely to extend our understanding of the role of BetaPV in KC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen D Quint
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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18
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Kallini JR, Hamed N, Khachemoune A. Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: epidemiology, classification, management, and novel trends. Int J Dermatol 2014; 54:130-40. [PMID: 25428226 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most common non-melanoma skin cancer. It originates from epidermal keratinocytes or adnexal structures (such as eccrine glands or pilosebaceous units). We describe the salient features of cutaneous SCC. We also review novel classification schemes proposed during the last decade which attempt to stratify SCC lesions based on prognosis. Biopsy leads to definitive diagnosis. Treatment includes surgical excision; Mohs micrographic surgery produces excellent cure rates and spares the maximal amount of tissue. Other modalities include electrodessication and curettage, cryosurgery, radiotherapy, topical medications, photodynamic therapy, and systemic therapy. Management and follow-up depend on the risk stratification of individual lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Kallini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eisenhower Medical Center, Rancho Mirage, CA, USA; School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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19
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Balta AZ, Berber U, Tanoglu A, Ozdemir Y, Demirel D. The potential role of human papillomavirus in colorectal carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:4375. [PMID: 24935400 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.10.4375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Ziya Balta
- Department of General Surgery, Gata Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Uskudar/Istanbul, Turkey E-mail :
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20
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Wang J, Aldabagh B, Yu J, Arron ST. Role of human papillomavirus in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 70:621-629. [PMID: 24629358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2014.01.857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cuSCC) is not well defined, with past studies showing conflicting results. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine if there is a significant association between HPV and cuSCC and whether cuSCC from immunosuppressed patients are more likely to carry HPV than cuSCC from immunocompetent patients. METHODS We performed a systematic review and abstracted data from articles that included: skin samples by biopsy, HPV detection by polymerase chain reaction, and a minimum of 10 cases and 10 controls. Pooled effect size and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using random effects meta-analysis using the inverse variance method. RESULTS cuSCC were more likely to carry HPV than normal-appearing skin (pooled effect size [ES] 3.43, 95% confidence interval 1.97-5.98, P < .0001) in all patients. An increase in HPV prevalence was found in tumors from immunosuppressed patients compared with immunocompetent patients (pooled ES 3.01, 95% confidence interval 2.00-4.52, P < .0001). LIMITATIONS The greatest limitation is the heterogeneity of the studies included. The association of higher HPV prevalence in squamous cell carcinoma compared with normal-appearing skin does not imply causality. CONCLUSION These results contribute to evidence that HPV is associated with cuSCC. Higher HPV burden in tumors from immunosuppressed patients compared with immunocompetent patients may have therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Wang
- Department of Dermatology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Bishr Aldabagh
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Justin Yu
- Department of Dermatology, St Louis University, St Louis, Missouri
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21
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Ure AE, Forslund O. Characterization of human papillomavirus type 154 and tissue tropism of gammapapillomaviruses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89342. [PMID: 24551244 PMCID: PMC3923884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel human papillomavirus type 154 (HPV154) was characterized from a wart on the crena ani of a three-year-old boy. It was previously designated as the putative HPV type FADI3 by sequencing of a subgenomic FAP amplicon. We obtained the complete genome by combined methods including rolling circle amplification (RCA), genome walking through an adapted method for detection of integrated papillomavirus sequences by ligation-mediated PCR (DIPS-PCR), long-range PCR, and finally by cloning of four overlapping amplicons. Phylogenetically, the HPV154 genome clustered together with members of the proposed species Gammapapillomavirus 11, and demonstrated the highest identity in L1 to HPV136 (68.6%). The HPV154 was detected in 3% (2/62) of forehead skin swabs from healthy children. In addition, the different detection sites of 62 gammapapillomaviruses were summarized in order to analyze their tissue tropism. Several of these HPV types have been detected from multiple sources such as skin, oral, nasal, and genital sites, suggesting that the gammapapillomaviruses are generalists with a broader tissue tropism than previously appreciated. The study expands current knowledge concerning genetic diversity and tropism among HPV types in the rapidly growing gammapapillomavirus genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Enrique Ure
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Section of Medical Microbiology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ola Forslund
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Section of Medical Microbiology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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22
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Iannacone MR, Gheit T, Pfister H, Giuliano AR, Messina JL, Fenske NA, Cherpelis BS, Sondak VK, Roetzheim RG, Silling S, Pawlita M, Tommasino M, Rollison DE. Case-control study of genus-beta human papillomaviruses in plucked eyebrow hairs and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:2231-44. [PMID: 24136717 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous human papillomaviruses (HPV) have been reported in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). We conducted a clinic-based case-control study to investigate the association between genus-beta HPV DNA in eyebrow hairs (EBH) and SCC. EBH from 168 SCC cases and 290 controls were genotyped for genus-beta HPV DNA. SCC tumors from a subset of cases (n = 142) were also genotyped. Viral load was determined in a subset of specimens positive for a single HPV type. Associations with SCC were estimated by odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusted for age and sex using logistic regression. Statistical tests were two-sided. EBH DNA prevalence was greater in cases (87%) than controls (73%) (p < 0.05), and the association with SCC increased with the number of HPV types present, (≥ 4 types vs. HPV-negative: OR = 2.02, 95% CI = 1.07-3.80; p(trend) = 0.02). Type-specific associations were observed between SCC and DNA in EBH for HPV23 (OR = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.10-3.30) and HPV38 (OR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.04-3.24). Additionally, when compared with the controls, the DNA prevalence in EBH was significantly higher among cases for 11 of the 25 genus-beta types tested, when accounting for DNA for the same HPV type in the tumor (ORs = 3.44-76.50). Compared to controls, the mean viral DNA load in EBH among the selected cases was greater for HPV5, HPV8 and HPV24, but lower for HPV38. SCC cases were more likely than controls to have HPV DNA+ EBH for single and multiple HPV types, providing additional support for the potential role of genus-beta HPV infections in SCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R Iannacone
- Infections and Cancer Biology (ICB) Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, Cedex, 08, France
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Identification and characterization of eleven novel human gamma-papillomavirus isolates from healthy skin, found at low frequency in a normal population. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77116. [PMID: 24155922 PMCID: PMC3796542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Eleven novel human papillomavirus (HPV) types were isolated and characterized from healthy individuals in China. HPV163 belongs to the γ-1 species, HPV 164 and HPV 168 fit in the γ-8 species, HPV 165 and KC5 belongs to the γ-12 species, HPV 168 is closely allied with the γ-4 species, HPV 169 is closely related to the γ-11 species, and HPV 170 is related to the γ-12 species. In addition, HPV 161, HPV 162, and HPV 166 may form a new HPV species of the γ-PV genus. The prevalence of these HPV types in the normal population is low.
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24
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Al Bdour S, Akkash L, Shehabi AA. Detection and typing of common human papillomaviruses among Jordanian patients. J Med Virol 2013; 85:1058-62. [PMID: 23588732 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The epidemiology of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) genotype distribution of cutaneous warts in Jordanian patients were studied. A total of 200 samples were collected using skin swabs from patients with warts attending the dermatology clinic at the Jordan University Hospital over the period of June 2010 to October 2010. Another 100 control samples were taken from healthy Jordanian individuals with no current or previous history of warts. DNA extraction and sequencing was carried out using PCR with the FAP primer pair to detect HPV DNA, followed by multiple-type-specific (Multiplex) PCR combined with DNA sequencing. The prevalence of HPV among Jordanian patients tested with warts diagnosed clinically was 82% (157/192); of these 45% (87/192) were detected by FAP PCR method, and 37% (70/192) were detected by multiplex PCR method. Sequencing of the FAP positive samples shows that HPV 2 was associated with the highest prevalence (36%), followed by HPV 27 (28%) and HPV 57 (21%). A total of 6% of healthy persons were positive for HPV DNA. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that alpha HPV types (HPV 2, HPV 27, and HPV 57) are associated with the most prevalent cutaneous warts in Jordanian patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Al Bdour
- Faculty of Medicine, Pathology, Microbiology, and Forensic Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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25
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Bzhalava D, Guan P, Franceschi S, Dillner J, Clifford G. A systematic review of the prevalence of mucosal and cutaneous human papillomavirus types. Virology 2013; 445:224-31. [PMID: 23928291 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Systematic reviews of the prevalence of different types of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) across a broad range of disease grades from normal to cancer are essential to gain basic knowledge of how widespread infections with the different HPV types are, and to provide information on the possible carcinogenicity of different HPV types. For HPV types that infect human mucosa, of which 12 are established causes of cervical cancer, we present the results of a systematic review and meta-analysis of 47 HPV types in cervical samples across the entire range of cervical diagnoses from normal to cervical cancer, restricted to studies using a number of well characterized PCR assays. For the cutaneous HPV types, which have been linked to the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, their presence has been measured in a variety of different sample types and by assays with variable performance. Therefore, we restricted a systematic review of their prevalence to studies that assayed for cutaneous HPV infection in a case-control format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davit Bzhalava
- International HPV Reference Center, Deptartment of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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26
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Bzhalava D, Johansson H, Ekström J, Faust H, Möller B, Eklund C, Nordin P, Stenquist B, Paoli J, Persson B, Forslund O, Dillner J. Unbiased approach for virus detection in skin lesions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65953. [PMID: 23840382 PMCID: PMC3696016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
To assess presence of virus DNA in skin lesions, swab samples from 82 squamous cell carcinomas of the skin (SCCs), 60 actinic keratoses (AKs), paraffin-embedded biopsies from 28 SCCs and 72 kerathoacanthomas (KAs) and fresh-frozen biopsies from 92 KAs, 85 SCCs and 92 AKs were analyzed by high throughput sequencing (HTS) using 454 or Ion Torrent technology. We found total of 4,284 viral reads, out of which 4,168 were Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-related, belonging to 15 known (HPV8, HPV12, HPV20, HPV36, HPV38, HPV45, HPV57, HPV59, HPV104, HPV105, HPV107, HPV109, HPV124, HPV138, HPV147), four previously described putative (HPV 915 F 06 007 FD1, FA73, FA101, SE42) and two putatively new HPV types (SE46, SE47). SE42 was cloned, sequenced, designated as HPV155 and found to have 76% similarity to the most closely related known HPV type. In conclusion, an unbiased approach for viral DNA detection in skin tumors has found that, although some new putative HPVs were found, known HPV types constituted most of the viral DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davit Bzhalava
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Departments of Clinical Microbiology and Pathology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna Johansson
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Johanna Ekström
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Departments of Clinical Microbiology and Pathology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Helena Faust
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Möller
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Departments of Clinical Microbiology and Pathology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carina Eklund
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Departments of Clinical Microbiology and Pathology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Nordin
- Dermatology Clinic, Läkarhuset, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bo Stenquist
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Sciences at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - John Paoli
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Sciences at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bengt Persson
- IFM Bioinformatics and Swedish e-Science Research Centre, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ola Forslund
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Joakim Dillner
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Departments of Clinical Microbiology and Pathology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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27
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Mattei PL, Alora-Palli MB, Kraft S, Lawrence DP, Flaherty KT, Kimball AB. Cutaneous effects of BRAF inhibitor therapy: a case series. Ann Oncol 2013; 24:530-537. [PMID: 23035153 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mds292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cutaneous effects of rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma kinase B (BRAF) inhibitors are not well understood. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), keratoacanthoma, and photosensitivity have been described in patients taking BRAF inhibitors. PATIENTS AND METHODS To characterize the timing and frequency of skin lesions in patients receiving BRAF inhibitor therapy, we utilized a retrospective case review of 53 patients undergoing treatment with BRAF inhibitors for 4-92 weeks of therapy. Patients were evaluated at baseline, and then followed at 4- to 12-week intervals. Charts were retrospectively reviewed, and the morphology and timing of cutaneous events were recorded. RESULTS Thirty-three of the 53 charts met exclusion/inclusion criteria, 15 were treated with vemurafenib, and 18 were treated with GSK 2118436/GSK 1120212. Of 33 patients treated with BRAF inhibitor, 13 developed photosensitivity (39.4%), 10 developed actinic keratoses (30.3%), 10 developed warts (30.3%), and 6 developed SCC (18.2%). CONCLUSIONS Multiple cutaneous findings were observed in the 33 patients taking BRAF inhibitors. The previously described association with SCC and photosensitivity was observed in these patients as well. Over half of the observed SCCs were invasive in nature. Photosensitivity continues to be frequent with BRAF inhibitors. Patients taking BRAF inhibitors should have regular full body skin exams. Further studies are necessary to better elucidate the rates of these adverse cutaneous effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - D P Lawrence
- Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - K T Flaherty
- Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
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28
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Franco R, Nicoletti G, Lombardi A, Di Domenico M, Botti G, Zito Marino F, Caraglia M. Current treatment of cutaneous squamous cancer and molecular strategies for its sensitization to new target-based drugs. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012; 13:51-66. [PMID: 22998482 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.725720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is considered one of the most common skin malignancy with a relatively high risk of metastasis occurrence. AREAS COVERED We discuss the pathogenetic mechanisms of cSCC and the main therapeutic strategies available for the treatment of cSCC. EXPERT OPINION Chemotherapy and biological therapy with Interferon α (IFN-α) and cis retinoic acid are active but give limited results. Recently, strategies based on the use of molecularly target-based agents (MTA) have been used with promising results. Based on the available findings, we hypothesize that SCC cells can develop survival and resistance mechanisms to MTAs. The detection of these mechanisms could be useful in designing strategies able to overcome the latter and to potentiate the anticancer activity of MTAs. We describe the example of the EGF-dependent survival pathway elicited by IFN-α and the different strategies to abrogate this survival pathway. Other strategies to potentiate the antitumor activity of cytotoxic agents such as docetaxel or cisplatin are also discussed. Illuminating examples are the inhibition of multichaperone activity or the inactivation of the proteasome. In conclusion, a new dawn based upon the rationale use of MTAs is rising up in the treatment of advanced cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Franco
- Second University of Naples, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Naples Italy
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29
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Aldabagh B, Angeles JGC, Cardones AR, Arron ST. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and human papillomavirus: is there an association? Dermatol Surg 2012; 39:1-23. [PMID: 22928516 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2012.02558.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the induction and maintenance of cervical, anogenital, and some oropharyngeal carcinomas is well recognized, but its role in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) remains to be elucidated. HPV is thought to act as a possible cocarcinogen in the development of SCC. OBJECTIVE To review the literature assessing the correlation between and possible causation of HPV and cutaneous SCC in immunocompetent and immunocompromised populations. METHODS We reviewed HPV sampling and detection methods, epidemiologic studies examining HPV carriage in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed individuals, and evidence asserting an association between HPV and cutaneous SCC. RESULTS Although an abundant body of evidence points toward a link between HPV and cutaneous SCC, many studies indicate otherwise. Recent studies have focused on viral activity in addition to DNA presence. CONCLUSION The possibility exists that HPV may play a role in the induction but not maintenance of cutaneous SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishr Aldabagh
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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30
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Iannacone MR, Gheit T, Waterboer T, Giuliano AR, Messina JL, Fenske NA, Cherpelis BS, Sondak VK, Roetzheim RG, Michael KM, Tommasino M, Pawlita M, Rollison DE. Case-control study of cutaneous human papillomaviruses in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012; 21:1303-13. [PMID: 22707711 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous human papillomavirus (HPV) infection may be a risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin. METHODS To investigate the association between cutaneous HPV and SCC, a case-control study was conducted, including 173 SCC cases from a university dermatology clinic and 300 controls that screened negative for skin cancer. Serum antibodies against cutaneous HPV types in genera alpha, beta, gamma, mu, and nu were measured. Tumor tissue from 159 SCC cases was tested for the presence of DNA for genus-beta HPV types. Using logistic regression ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated for the associations between SCC and cutaneous HPV infection, adjusting for age and sex. The Bonferroni method was used to account for multiple comparisons. RESULTS SCC was positively associated with seropositivity to any genus-beta HPV type (OR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.23-3.02), particularly with types in species-1 (OR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.22-2.85). Type-specific associations with SCC were observed for HPV 8 (OR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.14-2.84), 17 (OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.02-2.49) and HPV 10 from genus-alpha (OR, 2.24; 95% CI, 1.04-4.85). None of the type-specific associations remained statistically significant after correction for multiple comparisons. When DNA-positive SCC cases were compared with controls, strong serologic associations were observed for HPVs 5 (OR, 3.48; 95% CI, 1.27-9.59), 17 (OR, 3.36; 95% CI, 1.29-8.72), and 24 (OR, 3.79; 95% CI, 1.24-11.5). CONCLUSION Genus-beta HPV infections were associated with SCC in our study population. IMPACT Identifying the role of cutaneous HPV infection in SCC may lead to improved characterization of high-risk individuals and the development of novel prevention strategies.
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31
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Tardío JC, Bancalari E, Moreno A, Martín-Fragueiro LM. Genital seborrheic keratoses are human papillomavirus-related lesions. A linear array genotyping test study. APMIS 2012; 120:477-83. [PMID: 22583360 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2011.02853.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Controversy exists about the meaning of human papillomavirus (HPV) detection in seborrheic keratosis (SK). To clarify the pathogenic contributing role of HPV in the development of genital SK, we have studied 40 genital SKs, 20 extragenital SKs, and 20 non-SK genital lesions by polymerase chain reaction for HPV, using a Linear Array Genotyping test that detects 37 genital HPV types. Twenty-eight of the 40 genital SK specimens (70%) were positive for HPV. Twenty-seven of the 28 positive cases (96%) contained HPV6, one of them associated to HPV18 and HPV35 (4%), and the remaining lesion (4%) harbored HPV55. However, HPV was detected in only 2/20 extragenital SK samples (10%) and in 1/20 non-SK genital lesions (5%). Our results support a pathogenic relationship between HPV and genital SK by showing: 1) a high rate of virus detection in these lesions, with a strong predilection for HPV6, and 2) scarcity of genital HPV types in most of the remaining non-SK cutaneous genital lesions and in the extragenital SKs. HPV cannot be found in a minority of genital SKs using highly sensitive techniques, and therefore, other presently unknown factors may also be implied in the pathogenesis of these lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Tardío
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain.
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32
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Bottalico D, Chen Z, Dunne A, Ostoloza J, McKinney S, Sun C, Schlecht NF, Fatahzadeh M, Herrero R, Schiffman M, Burk RD. The oral cavity contains abundant known and novel human papillomaviruses from the Betapapillomavirus and Gammapapillomavirus genera. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:787-92. [PMID: 21844305 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) primarily sort into 3 genera: Alphapapillomavirus (α-HPV), predominantly isolated from mucosa, and Betapapillomavirus (β-HPV) and Gammapapillomavirus (γ-HPV), predominantly isolated from skin. HPV types might infect body sites that are different from those from which they were originally isolated. METHODS We investigated the spectrum of HPV type distribution in oral rinse samples from 2 populations: 52 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive men and women and 317 men who provided a sample for genomic DNA for a prostate cancer study. HPV types were detected with the MY09/MY11 and FAP59/64 primer systems and identified by dot blot hybridization and/or direct sequencing. RESULTS Oral rinse specimens from 35 (67%) of 52 HIV-positive individuals and 117 (37%) of 317 older male participants tested positive for HPV DNA. We found 117 type-specific HPV infections from the HIV-positive individuals, including 73 α-HPV, 33 β-HPV, and 11 γ-HPV infections; whereas, the distribution was 46 α-HPV, 108 β-HPV, and 14 γ-HPV infections from 168 type-specific infections from the 317 male participants. CONCLUSIONS The oral cavity contains a wide spectrum of HPV types predominantly from the β-HPV and γ-HPV genera, which were previously considered to be cutaneous types. These results could have significant implications for understanding the biology of HPV and the epidemiological associations of HPV with oral and skin neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Bottalico
- Department of Pediatrics, New Jersey Dental School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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33
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Molecular markers in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Surg Oncol 2011; 2011:231475. [PMID: 22312497 PMCID: PMC3265276 DOI: 10.1155/2011/231475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonmelanoma skin carcinoma (NMSC) is the most frequent cancer in the USA with over 1.3 million new diagnoses a year; however due to an underappreciation of its associated mortality and growing incidence and its ability to be highly aggressive, the molecular mechanism is not well delineated. Whereas the molecular profiles of melanoma have been well characterized, those for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) have trailed behind. This importance of the new staging paradigm is linked to the ability currently to better clinically cluster similar biologic behavior in order to risk-stratify lesions and patients. In this paper we discuss the trends in NMSC and the etiologies for the subset of NMSC with the most mortality, cutaneous SCC, as well as where the field stands in the discovery of a molecular profile. The molecular markers are highlighted to demonstrate the recent advances in cSCC.
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34
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Ekström J, Bzhalava D, Svenback D, Forslund O, Dillner J. High throughput sequencing reveals diversity of Human Papillomaviruses in cutaneous lesions. Int J Cancer 2011; 129:2643-50. [PMID: 21630257 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
There are at least 120 completely characterized human papillomavirus (HPV) types and putative new types are continuously found. Both squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (SCC) and other skin lesions commonly contain multiple cutaneous HPV types. The objective of this study was to achieve an improved resolution of the diversity of HPV types in lesions such as SCCs, actinic keratoses (AKs) and keratoacanthomas (KAs). Fresh frozen biopsies from 37 SCC lesions, 36 AK lesions and 92 KA lesions and swab samples from the top of the lesion from 86 SCCs and 92 AKs were amplified using the general HPV primers FAP and mixed to three pools followed by high throughput sequencing. We obtained 2196 reads with homology to HPV. In the pool of SCC/AK biopsies 48 different HPV types were found. Eighty-three types were found in the pool of SCC/AK swab samples and 64 types in the KA biopsies, respectively. For 9 novel putative HPV types most of the amplimer sequence was obtained, whereas for an additional 35 novel putative HPV types only partial amplimer sequences were obtained. Most of the novel putative types belonged to the genus Gamma. In conclusion, high throughput sequencing was an effective means to identify both known and previously unknown HPV types in putatively HPV-associated lesions and has revealed an extended diversity of HPV types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Ekström
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skånes Universitetssjukhus, Malmö, Sweden
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35
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Mokhtari M, Mesbah A, Rajabi P, Rajabi MA, Chehrei A, Mougouei K. Determination of the relationship between Basal cell carcinoma and human papilloma virus, based on immunohistochemistry staining method. Indian J Dermatol 2011; 54:225-8. [PMID: 20161851 PMCID: PMC2810686 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.55629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common skin cancer among Caucasians, and in most cases, occurs in the sun-exposed areas. In recent years, in addition to many other etiologies such as exposure to UV radiation, and occasionally xeroderma pigmentosa, burns, tattoos, and pox scars, human papillomavirus (HPV) is also considered to have an etiologic role. Different studies were conducted with varied results in this regard. Aims: We evaluate this plausible relationship between HPV and BCC by means of immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining method. Methods: This is an analytic cross-sectional study in which 160 samples were selected randomly consisting of 80 BCC lesions and 80 safe margins. Sampling was done among paraffin-embedded blocks in pathology ward of Kashani and Alzahra hospitals, Isfahan-Iran, from 2004-2007. A section of each block was IHC stained for HPV immunoreactivity (DAKO, Denmark). This was followed by microscopic evaluation in terms of being positive or negative. Results: Fifty seven point five percent of the samples belonged to men and the others to women. In 10%, HPV marker was positive, both in lesion and margin. In 83.8% neither the lesions nor the margins were immunoreactive for HPV. Only in 5 cases (6.3%) the lesion was positive and the margin was negative for this marker. There was no case of immunoreactivity for HPV marker in margins, while it was negative in lesions. Our study results followed by McNemar analysis did not show a significant relationship between BCC incidence and HPV existence. This was consistent in both genders (P > 0.05, power > 90%). Conclusion: In this study we did not find a significant relationship between BCC and HPV, but based on review of articles it appears that large multicentric studies are to be conducted in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mokhtari
- Department of Pathology and Surgery, Kashani Hospital, Isfahan, Iran
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36
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Arron ST, Jennings L, Nindl I, Rosl F, Bouwes Bavinck JN, Seçkin D, Trakatelli M, Murphy GM. Viral oncogenesis and its role in nonmelanoma skin cancer. Br J Dermatol 2011; 164:1201-13. [PMID: 21418174 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the contribution of viruses to cutaneous oncogenesis has steadily gained recognition. The archetype is human herpesvirus 8, which is well established as the causative agent in Kaposi sarcoma. Other viruses believed to play a role in nonmelanoma skin cancer include human papillomavirus and the recently described Merkel cell polyomavirus. We review the mechanisms by which these three viruses interact with the host cell, ultraviolet radiation and immunosuppression to result in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tuttleton Arron
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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37
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Arron ST, Ruby JG, Dybbro E, Ganem D, Derisi JL. Transcriptome sequencing demonstrates that human papillomavirus is not active in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:1745-53. [PMID: 21490616 PMCID: PMC3136639 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Beta-papillomavirus (β-HPV) DNA is present in some cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cuSCC), but no mechanism of carcinogenesis has been determined. We used ultra-high throughput sequencing of the cancer transcriptome to assess whether papillomavirus transcripts are present in these cancers. Sixty-seven cuSCC samples were assayed for β-HPV DNA by PCR, and viral loads were measured with type-specific qPCR. Thirty-one SCCs were selected for whole transcriptome sequencing. Transcriptome libraries were prepared in parallel from the HPV18 positive HeLa cervical cancer cell line and HPV16 positive primary cervical and periungual SCC. Thirty percent (20/67) of the tumors were positive for β-HPV DNA, but there was no difference in β-HPV viral load between tumor and normal tissue (p=0.310). Immunosuppression and age were significantly associated with higher viral load (p=0.016 for immunosuppression; p=0.0004 for age). Transcriptome sequencing failed to identify papillomavirus expression in any of the skin tumors. In contrast, HPV 16 and 18 mRNA transcripts were readily identified in primary cervical and periungual cancers and HeLa cells. These data demonstrate that papillomavirus mRNA expression is not a factor in the maintenance of cuSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah T Arron
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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38
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Leong CM, Doorbar J, Nindl I, Yoon HS, Hibma MH. Deregulation of E-cadherin by human papillomavirus is not confined to high-risk, cancer-causing types. Br J Dermatol 2011; 163:1253-63. [PMID: 20698848 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09968.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND E-cadherin is a tumour suppressor protein, which is normally expressed on keratinocytes and antigen-presenting Langerhans cells (LCs) in the epidermis. We have previously shown that E-cadherin is lost from tissues infected with the high-risk cancer-causing human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16. OBJECTIVES To test if E-cadherin dysregulation is associated with the cancer risk of the infecting HPV and to establish if it is conserved among HPVs in the α, β, γ and μ genera. METHODS Forty-seven lesions infected with low- or high-risk HPV types spanning four HPV genera were stained for E-cadherin, P-cadherin and CD1a to detect LCs. RESULTS Surface E-cadherin was reduced in tissues infected with members of the α4, α7 and α9 species and the γ and μ genera but was equivalent to normal epidermis in the β only-infected lesions tested and patchy in α10-infected tissues. There was a direct relationship between atypical E-cadherin expression and a significant reduction in LCs. Expression of P-cadherin, a protein that is increased in the E-cadherin constitutive knockout mouse, was increased in lesions with reduced E-cadherin. CONCLUSIONS These data show that E-cadherin dysregulation by HPV is widely conserved across the majority of HPV genera. E-cadherin expression was reduced or lost in epidermis irrespective of the cancer risk of the infecting HPV type or the ability of the virus to degrade retinoblastoma protein or p53. A correlation between dysregulated E-cadherin and reduced numbers of LCs supports viral regulation of surface E-cadherin contributing to viral evasion of the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-M Leong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Pathology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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High-risk human papillomavirus in non-melanoma skin lesions from renal allograft recipients and immunocompetent patients. Br J Cancer 2011; 104:1334-41. [PMID: 21427726 PMCID: PMC3078602 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs) can be detected in a proportion of non-melanoma skin cancers. Data on prevalence are inconclusive, but are essential to estimate the relevance of HR-HPV, particularly with regard to prophylactic HPV vaccines for skin cancer prevention. METHODS High-risk human papillomavirus DNA was investigated in 140 non-melanoma skin lesions from 54 immunocompetent patients and 33 immunosuppressed renal allograft recipients. Expression of p16(INK4a), a marker for HR-HPV oncogene expression in the uterine cervix, and of p53 and pRB was evaluated immunohistochemically. RESULTS The highest prevalence of HR-HPV was found in squamous cell cancer (SCC) (46.2% (6 out of 13) in immunosuppressed and 23.5% (4 out of 17) in immunocompetent patients). High-risk human papillomavirus positivity was accompanied by diffuse p16(INK4a) expression in most SCC (P<0.001) and basal cell cancers (P=0.02), while almost all SCC in situ were p16(INK4a) positive irrespective of HR-HPV presence (P=0.66). Diffuse p16(INK4a) expression was associated with lack of pRB expression (P=0.001). p53 was strongly expressed in 40.0% (56 out of 140) of the lesions irrespective of HR-HPV presence. CONCLUSION High-risk human papillomavirus can be detected in lesions of keratinised squamous epithelia. The association of HR-HPV with diffuse p16(INK4a) expression might indicate HR-HPV oncogene expression in a proportion of lesions. Overexpression of p53 suggests p53 pathway alterations in HR-HPV-positive and -negative lesions.
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Year-round prevalence of norovirus in the environment of catering companies without a recently reported outbreak of gastroenteritis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:2968-74. [PMID: 21378056 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02354-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Food handlers play an important role in the transmission of norovirus (NoV) in food-borne outbreaks of gastroenteritis (GE). In a year-round prevalence study, the prevalence of NoV in catering companies without recently reported outbreaks of GE was investigated and compared to the observed prevalence in catering companies with recently reported outbreaks. Swab samples were collected from surfaces in the kitchens and (staff) bathrooms in 832 randomly chosen companies and analyzed for the presence of NoV RNA. In total, 42 (1.7%) out of 2,496 environmental swabs from 35 (4.2%) catering companies tested positive. In contrast, NoV was detected in 147 (39.7%) of the 370 samples for 44 (61.1%) of the 72 establishments associated with outbreaks of gastroenteritis. NoV-positive swabs were more frequently found in winter, in specific types of companies (elderly homes and lunchrooms), and in establishments with separate bathrooms for staff. We found a borderline association with population density but no relation to the number of employees. Sequence analysis showed that environmental strains were interspersed with strains found in outbreaks of illness in humans. Thus, the presence of NoV in catering companies seemed to mirror the presence in the population but was strongly increased when associated with food-borne GE. Swabs may therefore serve as a valuable tool in outbreak investigations for the identification of the causative agent, although results should be interpreted with care, taking into account all other epidemiological data.
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Burden of malignancy after a primary skin cancer: recurrence, multiple skin cancers and second primary cancers. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2010. [PMID: 21033542 DOI: 10.1007/bf03405307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The current paper summarizes relevant recent research on the high risk of recurrence, multiple skin cancers and second primary cancers in the growing number of people with a history of skin cancer; the ultimate purpose is to better assess the burden of malignancy following skin cancer. A number of challenges exist in identifying and tracking both melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) cases. Most jurisdictions do not routinely track NMSC cases and, even if they do, it is customary to only include the first diagnosis. There are variable rules for counting multiple melanoma cancers, and recurrences are not considered for either major type of skin cancer. Applying insights from recent studies of this issue to Canadian cancer statistics would increase reported diagnoses of NMSC by about 26% and melanoma by 10% in this country. This approach to a fuller assessment of the burden of skin cancers has been called a "diagnosis-based incidence approach" as compared with a "patient-based incidence approach". A further issue that is not usually taken into account when assessing the burden of skin cancers is the 20% to 30% elevated risk of noncutaneous second primary cancers following a primary skin tumour. In summary, individuals with skin cancer are subject to a high risk of recurrence, multiple skin cancers and second primary cancers. This burden should be a special concern in the large and growing pool of individuals with a history of skin cancer, as well as among prevention planners.
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Escutia B, Ledesma E, Serra-Guillen C, Gimeno C, Vilata J, Guillén C, Nagore E. Detection of human papilloma virus in normal skin and in superficial and nodular basal cell carcinomas in immunocompetent subjects. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2010; 25:832-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03875.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Lott DG, Manz R, Koch C, Lorenz RR. Aggressive behavior of nonmelanotic skin cancers in solid organ transplant recipients. Transplantation 2010; 90:683-7. [PMID: 20808266 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181ec7228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increased incidence of skin cancers in solid organ transplant recipients (OTR) has been well established. However, our understanding of the potential aggressive behavior of these cancers has been largely based on the findings of multiple different studies analyzing isolated indicators of aggressive behavior. The purpose of this study was to determine the aggressiveness of nonmelanotic skin cancers in a large transplant population compared with an immunocompetent control population with similar cancers. METHODS Immunosuppressed transplanted patients and an immunocompetent control group matched in size with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) or basal cell carcinoma (BCC) were evaluated for the factors of aggressiveness. A retrospective chart review was performed. Data obtained included transplant type, number of cancers, local recurrence rate, lymph node involvement, lymphatic invasion, perineural invasion, deep spread, subsequent treatment with radiation or chemotherapy, and death from disease. RESULTS Three hundred seven patients had SCC (OTR: 153, control: 154), and 246 patients had BCC (OTR: 123, control: 123). SCC in OTR was significantly more likely to have an increased number of primary tumors, deep tissue spread, perineural and lymphatic invasion, recurrence, and need for radiation or chemotherapy. BCC in OTR was not associated with more aggressive disease when compared with controls with BCC. CONCLUSIONS SCC in OTR behaves significantly more aggressively than in immunocompetent patients. BCC in the OTR population does not seem to act more aggressively.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Lott
- Cleveland Clinic Head and Neck Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Köhler A, Gottschling M, Förster J, Röwert-Huber J, Stockfleth E, Nindl I. Genomic characterization of a novel human papillomavirus (HPV-117) with a high viral load in a persisting wart. Virology 2010; 399:129-133. [PMID: 20096912 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Warts from immunosuppressed organ transplant recipients (OTR) persist over years and may progress into non-melanoma skin cancer. Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are considered the causal agents for the development of such warts. We isolated the novel type HPV-117 from a persisting wart by rolling circle amplification. One hundred eighteen warts from immunocompetent patients (IC) and 49 warts from OTR were analyzed by HPV-117 E6 type-specific PCR. As inferred from a phylogenetic analysis, the new type HPV-117 belonged to alpha-PV species 2, including the most similar types HPV-10 and HPV-94. The general prevalence of HPV-117 in warts was 2% in IC (2/118), and 12% in OTR (6/49). The high viral load in dysplastic cells of a Verruca vulgaris was shown by in situ hybridization. Our results suggest an active role of the novel type in the development of cutaneous warts of OTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Köhler
- Charité, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Skin Cancer Center Charité, University Hospital of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc Gottschling
- Department of Biology, Systematic Botany and Mycology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jana Förster
- Charité, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Skin Cancer Center Charité, University Hospital of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Röwert-Huber
- Charité, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Skin Cancer Center Charité, University Hospital of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eggert Stockfleth
- Charité, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Skin Cancer Center Charité, University Hospital of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo Nindl
- Charité, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Skin Cancer Center Charité, University Hospital of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Munday JS, Witham AI. Frequent detection of papillomavirus DNA in clinically normal skin of cats infected and noninfected with feline immunodeficiency virus. Vet Dermatol 2009; 21:307-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2009.00811.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Munday JS, Dunowska M, De Grey S. Detection of two different papillomaviruses within a feline cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: case report and review of the literature. N Z Vet J 2009; 57:248-51. [PMID: 19649022 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2009.36911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
CASE HISTORY A 15-year-old, brown-and-white cat was presented to a veterinary clinic with an ulcerated, reddened 1-cm diameter lesion on the nasal planum. CLINICAL FINDINGS AND DIAGNOSIS Histology of a biopsy sample confirmed the lesion was a squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). PCR amplified DNA sequences from two different papillomaviruses. One sequence was from FdPV-2, which has previously been amplified from feline cutaneous SCC. However, the other sequence has not previously been reported, suggesting a novel feline papillomavirus. CLINICAL RELEVANCE There is evidence that papillomaviruses promote the development of SCC on sun-exposed skin in humans. This is the first report in a cat of a papillomavirus other than FdPV-2 and the first time that multiple papillomaviruses have been detected within a single neoplasm in this species. Whether the papillomaviruses influenced the development and behaviour of this SCC is currently uncertain, but this case provides additional evidence of the association between papillomaviruses and feline cutaneous SCC. If papillomaviruses are found to influence the development of SCC this may allow novel strategies to prevent these common neoplasms in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Munday
- Department of Pathobiology, Insitutite of Veterinary, Animal and Biodmedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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Zaravinos A, Kanellou P, Spandidos DA. Viral DNA detection and RAS mutations in actinic keratosis and nonmelanoma skin cancers. Br J Dermatol 2009; 162:325-31. [PMID: 19849697 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09480.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Actinic keratosis (AK) is a well-established precancerous skin lesion that has the potential to progress to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a locally aggressive slowly growing tumour that rarely metastasizes. A number of viruses have been proposed to play a role in the development of nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSC), but the most plausible evidence to date suggests that cutaneous human papillomavirus (HPV) is the key instigating factor. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the prevalence of HPV, cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and investigate their relationship with the presence of RAS gene mutations in cutaneous lesions obtained from nonimmunosuppressed patients. METHODS HPV, CMV, HSV and EBV detection was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in skin biopsies (26 AK, 12 SCC and 15 BCC samples) that were collected from immunocompetent patients. The RAS mutation incidence was also investigated in all cutaneous lesions by use of PCR/restriction fragment length polymorphism and direct DNA sequencing. RESULTS Seventeen out of 53 (32%) skin lesions were found to be positive for HPV DNA. The highest incidences of HPV infection were five of 15 (33%) in BCC and four of 12 (33%) in SCC specimens. The HPV incidence was eight of 26 (31%) in AK and eight of 53 (15%) in normal skin tissue. Twelve out of 53 (23%) skin lesions were CMV-positive. The highest incidence of CMV infection was six of 15 (40%), observed in BCC specimens. The CMV incidence was two of 26 (8%) in AK and four of 12 (33%) in SCC. No normal skin biopsy was found to be positive for CMV. All cutaneous samples were negative for HSV and EBV DNA, as assessed by our PCR-based assays. Only three samples, one AK (4%), one BCC (6%) and one SCC (8%), were found to carry a G>T transversion at the second position of HRAS codon 12. Both HRAS mutant SCC and BCC biopsies were HPV- and CMV-positive, as well. CONCLUSIONS HPV DNA is detected in NMSC, AK and normal skin biopsies. Our results also indicate that CMV is involved in NMSC at higher levels than in premalignant lesions, whereas the virus was not detected in normal skin biopsies. HSV and EBV do not appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of cutaneous lesions. Moreover, we suggest that the HRAS codon 12 mutation is not a very common event in AK or NMSC. Finally, both viral infection and HRAS activation appear to represent independent factors in the aetiology of NMSC, samples of which were obtained from immunocompetent patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zaravinos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Crete, Greece
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de Villiers EM, Gunst K. Characterization of seven novel human papillomavirus types isolated from cutaneous tissue, but also present in mucosal lesions. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:1999-2004. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.011478-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven novel human papillomavirus (HPV) types were isolated and characterized. HPV 94 is related most closely to HPV 10 and belongs to the genus Alphapapillomavirus, whereas HPV 98, HPV 99, HPV 100, HPV 104, HPV 105 and HPV 113 all belong to the genus Betapapillomavirus. These HPV types were isolated from and demonstrated in cutaneous tissue, but HPV 98, HPV 100, HPV 104 and HPV 113 were also detected in malignant oesophageal and oral lesions. The general prevalence of these HPV types in lesions is infrequent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethel-Michele de Villiers
- Division for the Characterization of Tumorviruses, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karin Gunst
- Division for the Characterization of Tumorviruses, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
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Fortina AB, Piaserico S, Alaibac M, Peserico A. Squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Treat Res 2009; 146:241-61. [PMID: 19415208 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-78574-5_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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