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Naji RM, Bashandy MA, Fathy AH. Ameliorative Effects of some Natural Antioxidants against Blood and Cardiovascular Toxicity of Oral Subchronic Exposure to Silicon Dioxide, Aluminum Oxide, or Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Wistar Rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2023; 2023:8373406. [PMID: 36942197 PMCID: PMC10024631 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8373406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study determines the possible protective role of fig fruit extract with olive oil and date palm fruit extract (FOD) in decreasing the oral subchronic blood and cardiovascular toxicity of SiO2NPs, Al2O3NPs, or ZnONPs. The present study used 80 male Wistar rats (8 groups, n = 10) distributed according to the treatment. The FOD treatments were used at their recommended antioxidant doses. All nanoparticles (NPs) were given orally and daily at doses of 100 mg/kg for 75 days. The oral administration of different NPs alone led to dramatic, oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, blood coagulation, endothelial dysfunction markers, myocardial enzymes, hematological parameters, lipid profile, and histopathological features compared with the control group. The FOD-NP-treated groups recorded significantly ameliorated blood and cardiovascular toxicity hazards compared to the groups administered with the NPs alone. In conclusion, the administration of FOD provides considerable chemopreventive and ameliorative effects against NP toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyadh Musaed Naji
- 1Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt
- 2Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science and Education, Aden University, Yemen
| | - Mohamed A. Bashandy
- 1Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt
| | - Abdallah H. Fathy
- 3Department of Animal House Facility, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
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Hajam TA, H S. Phytochemistry, biological activities, industrial and traditional uses of fig (Ficus carica): A review. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 368:110237. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Jayasinghe CD, Ratnasooriya WD, Premakumara S, Udagama PV. Platelet augmentation activity of mature leaf juice of Sri Lankan wild type cultivar of Carica papaya L: Insights into potential cellular mechanisms. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 296:115511. [PMID: 35781007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Carica papaya L., a common fruit crop of the family Caricaceae and its leaf juice/extract is a traditionally commended preparation against dengue and other thrombocytopenic diseases by many Asian countries. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study posits the potential cellular mechanisms of platelet augmentation activity of mature leaf juice of Sri Lankan wild-type Carica papaya. MATERIALS AND METHODS C. papaya leaf juice prepared from different cultivar types, maturity of the leaf, agro-climatic region, and preparation methods were orally administered to hydroxyurea-induced thrombocytopenic rats at 0.72 ml/100 g BW dosage to investigate the most potent platelet increasing preparation. The papaya juice doses; low dose (LD-0.18 ml/100 g BW), human equivalent dose (HED-0.36 ml/100 g BW), and high dose (HD-0.72 ml/100 g BW), were administered to thrombocytopenic rats (N = 6/group) daily for three consecutive days and post-treatment plasma levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), thrombopoietin (TPO), and platelet-activating factor (PAF) were quantified using specific rat ELISA kits. The mature leaf juice of C. papaya induced IL-6 secretion from bone marrow cell (BMC) cultures was quantified using ELISA. The ability of papaya juice to protect the platelet membrane, from the damage caused by the lytic agent was analyzed in vitro using the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. The effect of the mature leaf juice of C. papaya on secondary hemostasis was investigated using blood coagulation and clot hydrolyzing activity. RESULTS The comparative analysis revealed that the platelet increasing activity of C. papaya leaf did not significantly differ among different types of cultivar, maturity of the leaf, agro-climatic regions and preparation methods (p > 0.05). Both TPO and PAF levels in thrombocytopenic rats diminished when treated with all three doses of the mature leaf juice of C. papaya (p < 0.05), yet IL-6 plasma level was unaltered (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, ex vivo treatment of the mature leaf juice of C. papaya had significantly enhanced IL-6 levels of rat BMC cultures (p < 0.05). Pre-treatment of platelets with the mature leaf juice of C. papaya at different concentrations significantly inhibited LDH leakage from platelets and may have reduced the membrane damage caused by the lytic agent (p < 0.05). Treatment of mature leaf juice of C. papaya also significantly reduced blood clotting time through the extrinsic pathway of the blood coagulation cascade (p < 0.05). Further, prolonged incubation of the plasma clot with different concentrations of the papaya leaf juice revealed dose-dependent hydrolysis of the blood clot, indicating fibrinolysis activity. CONCLUSIONS The current study exceeded the traditional medicinal claims, and scientifically affirmed the platelet augmentation activity of mature leaf juice of C. papaya. The mechanistic rationale tested herein explicated that the platelet augmentation activity of the papaya leaf juice can be partially attributed to the stimulation of bone marrow megakaryocytes via modulating thrombopoietic cytokines TPO and IL-6, and by inhibiting the secretion of PAF, while reducing the peripheral platelet destruction by stabilizing the platelet membrane. Further, mature leaf juice of C. papaya imparted both pro-coagulation and fibrinolysis activity of secondary hemostasis endorsing its potential against thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanika D Jayasinghe
- Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo 3, Sri Lanka
| | - Wanigasekera D Ratnasooriya
- Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo 3, Sri Lanka
| | - Sirimal Premakumara
- Industrial Technology Institute, Colombo 7, Sri Lanka; Department of Basic Science and Social Science, Faculty of Nursing, University of Colombo, Sri Jayewardenepura, Thalapathpitiya, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Preethi V Udagama
- Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo 3, Sri Lanka.
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Yang HR, Hwang DH, Prakash RLM, Kim JH, Hong IH, Kim S, Kim E, Kang C. Exploring the Fibrin(ogen)olytic, Anticoagulant, and Antithrombotic Activities of Natural Cysteine Protease (Ficin) with the κ-Carrageenan-Induced Rat Tail Thrombosis Model. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173552. [PMID: 36079810 PMCID: PMC9460133 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although fibrinolytic enzymes and thrombolytic agents help in cardiovascular disease treatment, those currently available have several side effects. This warrants the search for safer alternatives. Several natural cysteine protease preparations are used in traditional medicine to improve platelet aggregation and thrombosis-related diseases. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effect of ficin, a natural cysteine protease, on fibrin(ogen) and blood coagulation. The optimal pH (pH 7) and temperature (37 °C) for proteolytic activity were determined using the azocasein method. Fibrinogen action and fibrinolytic activity were measured both electrophoretically and by the fibrin plate assay. The effect of ficin on blood coagulation was studied by conventional coagulation tests: prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), blood clot lysis assay, and the κ-carrageenan thrombosis model. The Aα, Bβ, and γ bands of fibrinogen are readily cleaved by ficin, and we also observed a significant increase in PT and aPTT. Further, the mean length of the infarcted regions in the tails of Sprague–Dawley rats was shorter in rats administered 10 U/mL of ficin than in control rats. These findings suggest that natural cysteine protease, ficin contains novel fibrin and fibrinogenolytic enzymes and can be used for preventing and/or treating thrombosis-associated cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Ryeon Yang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Du Hyeon Hwang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Ramachandran Loganathan Mohan Prakash
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Il-Hwa Hong
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Suk Kim
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Euikyung Kim
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Changkeun Kang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-772-2364; Fax: +82-55-772-2349
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Kusuma CG, Gubbiveeranna V, Sumachirayu CK, Bhavana S, Ravikumar H, Nagaraju S. Thrombin- and plasmin-like and platelet-aggregation-inducing activities of Plumeria alba L. latex: Action of cysteine protease. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 273:114000. [PMID: 33705919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In folk medicine, parts of Plumeria alba L. are used for the treatment of many diseases, with its latex being used for curing skin diseases and promoting wound healing. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to study the role of P. alba L. latex in hemostasis and platelet aggregation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The latex of P. alba L. was processed to remove waxes and enrich protein content, and the final extract was named Plumeria alba L. natant latex (PaNL). PaNL was analyzed for protease activity against casein. The type of protease in PaNL was identified by using protease inhibitors such as E-64, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and pepstatin A. Human fibrinogen, fibrin, and collagen types I and IV were subjected to hydrolysis with different concentrations of PaNL. The thrombin-like activity of PaNL was determined by analyzing its fibrinogen-clotting and procoagulant activities. The role of PaNL in platelet aggregation was also investigated. Its hemorrhagic and edema-inducing activities were evaluated in a mouse model. Phytochemical compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. RESULTS The findings of casein/gelatin zymography confirmed that PaNL possesses protease activity. The results of the protease inhibition study indicated the presence of a cysteine-type protease(s) in PaNL. PaNL hydrolyzed the subunits of fibrinogen, fibrin, and collagen types I and IV. Its fibrin-degradation activity indicated that PaNL possesses plasmin-like activity. PaNL induced clotting of citrated human plasma within 3 min of incubation in the absence of CaCl2, indicating the presence of thrombin-like activity, which was further confirmed by the results of the fibrinogen-clotting assay. PaNL induced platelet aggregation in the absence of agonists. There was no hemolytic activity. Mice injected with PaNL did not show edema/ hemorrhagic activity. CONCLUSION PaNL possesses procoagulant, fibrino(geno)lytic, thrombin- and plasmin-like activities and induces platelet aggregation, which could explain its usage for wound treatment in folk medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Kusuma
- Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Tumkur University, Tumkur, 572103, Karnataka, India
| | - Vinod Gubbiveeranna
- Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Tumkur University, Tumkur, 572103, Karnataka, India
| | - C K Sumachirayu
- Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Tumkur University, Tumkur, 572103, Karnataka, India
| | - S Bhavana
- Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Tumkur University, Tumkur, 572103, Karnataka, India
| | - H Ravikumar
- Department of Life Science, Jnana Bharathi Campus, Bangalore University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - S Nagaraju
- Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Tumkur University, Tumkur, 572103, Karnataka, India.
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Manjuprasanna VN, Urs AP, Rudresha GV, Milan Gowda MD, Jayachandra K, Hiremath V, Rajaiah R, Vishwanath BS. Drupin, a thrombin-like protease prompts platelet activation and aggregation through protease-activated receptors. J Cell Biochem 2021; 122:870-881. [PMID: 33748988 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Hemostasis is a proteolytically regulated process that requires activation of platelets and the blood coagulation cascade upon vascular injury. Activated platelets create a thrombogenic environment and amplify the coagulation process. Plant latex proteases (PLPs) have been used as therapeutic components to treat various ailments by folk healers. One of the main applications of plant latices is to stop bleeding from minor injuries and to enhance wound healing activity. Although many studies have reported the pro-coagulant activities of PLPs, an in-depth investigation is required to understand the mechanism of action of PLPs on platelets. Here, the effect of PLPs on platelet aggregation was studied systematically to validate the observed pharmacological effect by folk healers. Among 29 latices from the Ficus genus tested, Ficus drupacea exhibited potent pro-coagulant and thrombin-like activity. Drupin, a thrombin-like cysteine protease responsible for platelet aggregation was purified from F. drupacea latex. Drupin exhibits pro-coagulant activity and reduces the bleeding time in mice tail. It induces platelet aggregation by activating mitogen-activated protein kinases and the nuclear factor-κB and PI3K/Akt signalling cascade, which, in turn, phosphorylats, cytosolic phospholipase A2 leading to the release of thromboxane A2 from the granules to activate the nearby platelets to aggregate. Furthermore, we investigated the involvement of protease-activated receptors in drupin-induced platelet aggregation using specific protease activated receptor 1 (PAR1) and PAR4 receptor antagonists. The results confirmed that the drupin-induced platelet aggregation was mediated by both PAR1 and PAR4, synergistically. Overall, drupin reduces the bleeding time by exerting pro-coagulant activity and induces platelet aggregation by activating the intracellular signalling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amog P Urs
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Gotravalli V Rudresha
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Krishnegowda Jayachandra
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vilas Hiremath
- Vijayashree Diagnostics, Specialized Coagulation Lab, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajesh Rajaiah
- Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Bannikuppe S Vishwanath
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.,Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
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7
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Singh MK, Rajagopalan A, Tanimu H, Sukumaran BO. Purification, characterization and fibrino(geno)lytic activity of cysteine protease from Tabernaemontana divaricata latex. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:106. [PMID: 33569263 PMCID: PMC7847834 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02643-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease was isolated and purified from Tabernaemontana divaricata latex and its hemostatic potential was analyzed. Crude latex enzyme was purified through ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. Purified protease was characterized and its thrombin-like (coagulant assay, fibrinogen polymerizing, and fibrinogenolytic activity) and plasmin-like (blood and plasma clot lysis) activities were assessed accordingly. The homogeneous nature of protease was confirmed with the identification of a single band approximately at 25-kDa molecular weight position. The purified enzyme showed an enhancement of 77.32% in clot inducing ability and 89.86% improvement in blood clot lysis in comparison to that by the crude enzyme. All three subunits (Aα, Bβ and γ chains) of human fibrinogen were hydrolyzed by the purified enzyme. PAGE results of the fibrinolytic activity and blood clot lytic effect by the purified enzyme indicated the plasmin-like activity. The study lays a foundation for the development of enzyme-based approaches for pharmaceutical innovations, in which plant latex proteases can be utilized as a potential natural agent for wound healing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maheshwari Kumari Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences-Block 1, Jain (Deemed to be University), 9th Main, 18th Cross, Jayanagar 3rd Block, Bangalore, Karnataka India
- Present Address: Karnataka State Pollution Control Board, Bangalore, Karnataka India
| | - Anusha Rajagopalan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences-Block 1, Jain (Deemed to be University), 9th Main, 18th Cross, Jayanagar 3rd Block, Bangalore, Karnataka India
| | - Habibu Tanimu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences-Block 1, Jain (Deemed to be University), 9th Main, 18th Cross, Jayanagar 3rd Block, Bangalore, Karnataka India
| | - Bindhu Omana Sukumaran
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences-Block 1, Jain (Deemed to be University), 9th Main, 18th Cross, Jayanagar 3rd Block, Bangalore, Karnataka India
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Ashraf K, Haque MR, Amir M, Ahmad N, Ahmad W, Sultan S, Ali Shah SA, Mahmoud Alafeefy A, Mujeeb M, Bin Shafie MF. An Overview of Phytochemical and Biological Activities: Ficus deltoidea Jack and Other Ficus spp. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2021; 13:11-25. [PMID: 34084044 PMCID: PMC8142919 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_232_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ficus deltoidea Jack (Moraceae) is a well-known medicinal plant used in customary medication among the Malay people to reduce and mend sicknesses such as ulcers, psoriasis, cytotoxicity, cardioprotective, inflammation, jaundice, vitiligo, hemorrhage, diabetes, convulsion, hepatitis, dysentery injuries, wounds, and stiffness. Ficus deltoidea contains a wide variety of bioactive compounds from different phytochemical groups such as alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, terpenes, carbohydrates, and proteins. The genus Ficus has several hundreds of species, which shows excellent therapeutic effects and a wide variety of helpful properties for human welfare. Searching information was collected by using electronic databases including Web of Science, Science Direct, Springer, SciFinder, PubMed, Scopus, Medline, Embase, and Google Scholar. This review is, therefore, an effort to give a detailed survey of the literature on its pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, phytochemical, and pharmacological properties of Ficus and its important species. This summary could be beneficial for future research aiming to exploit the therapeutic potential of Ficus and its useful medicinal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Ashraf
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | | | - Mohd Amir
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Niyaz Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Safaa, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadia Sultan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Syed Adnan Ali Shah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Ahmed Mahmoud Alafeefy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Mujeeb
- Phytomedicine Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Muhammad Fikriey Bin Shafie
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Ficin: A protease extract with relevance in biotechnology and biocatalysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:394-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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Nandish SKM, Kengaiah J, Ramachandraiah C, Chandramma, Shivaiah A, Santhosh SM, Thirunavukkarasu, Sannaningaiah D. Flaxseed Cysteine Protease Exhibits Strong Anticoagulant, Antiplatelet, and Clot-Dissolving Properties. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:1113-1126. [PMID: 33050855 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920090102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we purified and characterized flaxseed cysteine protease (FSCP) with strong anticoagulant, antiplatelet, and clot-dissolving properties. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity by a combination of gel permeation and ion-exchange column chromatography techniques. The purity of the enzyme was evaluated by SDS-PAGE, RP-HPLC, and MALDI-TOF. FSCP was observed as a single band of approximately 160 kDa in SDS-PAGE under reducing and non-reducing conditions. The exact molecular mass of FSCP was found to be 168 kDa by MALDI-TOF spectrometry. The CD spectra of FSCP revealed the presence of 25.6% helices, 25.8% turns, and 48% random coils with no beta-sheet structures. FSCP hydrolyzed both casein and gelatin with a specific activity of 3.5 and 4.2 unit/mg min respectively. The proteolytic activity of FSCP was completely abolished by iodoacetic acid (IAA), suggesting FSCP is a cysteine protease. The pH optimum for the proteolytic activity of FSCP was pH 6.0; the temperature optimum was 30°C. FSCP exhibited strong anticoagulant effect in both platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and platelet-poor plasma (PPP) by extending the clotting time from 222 to 1100 s and from 256 to 1210 s, respectively. FSCP degraded human fibrinogen and fibrin clots. The products of fibrinogen degradation by thrombin and FSCP were different. Furthermore, FSCP inhibited aggregation of washed platelets triggered by ADP, epinephrine, thrombin, collagen, arachidonic acid, and platelet activating factor (PAF). FSCP was found to be nontoxic as it did not damage the membrane of red blood cells (RBCs) and did not induce hemorrhage and edema in experimental mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K M Nandish
- Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry and Centre for Bioscience and Innovation, Tumkur University, Tumkur, 572103, India
| | - J Kengaiah
- Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry and Centre for Bioscience and Innovation, Tumkur University, Tumkur, 572103, India
| | - Ch Ramachandraiah
- Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry and Centre for Bioscience and Innovation, Tumkur University, Tumkur, 572103, India
| | - Chandramma
- Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry and Centre for Bioscience and Innovation, Tumkur University, Tumkur, 572103, India
| | - A Shivaiah
- Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry and Centre for Bioscience and Innovation, Tumkur University, Tumkur, 572103, India
| | - S M Santhosh
- Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Microbiology (IMBM), Uppsala Biomedical Centre, Uppsala, 75237, Sweden
| | - Thirunavukkarasu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu, 605014, India
| | - D Sannaningaiah
- Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry and Centre for Bioscience and Innovation, Tumkur University, Tumkur, 572103, India.
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11
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Siritapetawee J, Khunkaewla P, Thumanu K. Roles of a protease from Euphorbia resinifera latex in human anticoagulant and antithrombotic activities. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 329:109223. [PMID: 32781033 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Thromboembolism is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Most therapeutic drugs for treating thrombosis can cause hemorrhage and have short half-lives within human blood circulation resulting in a need to discover and develop novel anticoagulants/antithrombotics. EuRP-61 has been isolated from a plant latex (Euphorbia resinifera) and characterized as a serine protease. In this study, EuRP-61 was able to hydrolyze all chains of human fibrin clots. The enzyme may have long term stability in blood circulation as its fibrinogenolytic activity was not affected by human blood circulating inhibitors such as α2-macroglobulin and antithrombin III. The enzyme may affect the extrinsic, intrinsic or common pathways of the human blood coagulation cascade as evidenced by its prolonged of both prothrombin (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin (APTT) time. Moreover, the enzyme inhibited platelet aggregation via the ADP-receptor pathway. EuRP-61 was not toxic to human red blood cells in the 4 common blood groups (A, B, O and AB) (all Rh+) or human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs). The enzyme may protect human peripheral blood cells from aggregation without destroying them. This study provides evidence that EuRP-61 may have potential as an agent for the treatment of thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaruwan Siritapetawee
- Biochemistry-Electrochemistry Research Unit, School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand.
| | - Panida Khunkaewla
- Biochemistry-Electrochemistry Research Unit, School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Kanjana Thumanu
- Synchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization), Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
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12
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Hamed MB, El-Badry MO, Kandil EI, Borai IH, Fahmy AS. A contradictory action of procoagulant ficin by a fibrinolytic serine protease from Egyptian Ficus carica latex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:e00492. [PMID: 32642455 PMCID: PMC7334393 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We purified a serine protease from Ficus carica latex. Serine protease had a high tendency to hydrolyze fibrinogin. Serine protease inhibited blood coagulation.
Ficus carica is one of the most popular and edible plants. Its trees emanate latex of high medical importance. The well-studied procoagulant effect of ficin is a hallmark of this latex which protrudes an interesting question of how can the plant control this effect? In the present work, we purified and characterized a serine protease (FPIII) with fibrinolytic activity from F. carica latex and study the anticoagulant character of the latex. FPIII was inhibited by PMSF and its molecular weight was 48 kDa. The optimum pH and temperature of FPIII were detected at 8.5 and 60 °C, respectively. The activation energy of FPIII was 7 kcal/mol and was thermal stable up to 60 °C. FPIII tended to hydrolyze different protein substrates and showed a good catalytic efficiency (Kcat/Km). The anticoagulant effects and fibrinogenolytic activities of latex crude extract and FPIII were detected, which controls the procoagulant effect of ficin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed B Hamed
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, Dokii, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed O El-Badry
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, Dokii, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman I Kandil
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim H Borai
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Afaf S Fahmy
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, Dokii, Cairo, Egypt
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13
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Urs AP, Rudresha GV, Manjuprasanna VN, Suvilesh KN, Gowda MDM, Yariswamy M, Hiremath V, Ramakrishnan C, Savitha MN, Jayachandra K, Sharanappa P, Vishwanath BS. Plant latex thrombin‐like cysteine proteases alleviates bleeding by bypassing factor VIII in murine model. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:12843-12858. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amog P. Urs
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry University of Mysore, Manasagangothri Mysuru Karnataka India
| | - G. V. Rudresha
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry University of Mysore, Manasagangothri Mysuru Karnataka India
| | - V. N. Manjuprasanna
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry University of Mysore, Manasagangothri Mysuru Karnataka India
| | - K. N. Suvilesh
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry University of Mysore, Manasagangothri Mysuru Karnataka India
| | - M. D. Milan Gowda
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry University of Mysore, Manasagangothri Mysuru Karnataka India
| | - M. Yariswamy
- Department of Surgery University of Missouri Columbia Missouri
| | - Vilas Hiremath
- Vijayashree Diagnostics, Specialized Coagulation Lab Bengaluru India
| | - Chandrasekaran Ramakrishnan
- Department of Biotechnology Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai India
| | - M. N. Savitha
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry University of Mysore, Manasagangothri Mysuru Karnataka India
| | - K. Jayachandra
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry University of Mysore, Manasagangothri Mysuru Karnataka India
| | - P. Sharanappa
- Department of Studies in Botany University of Mysore Hassan Karnataka India
| | - B. S. Vishwanath
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry University of Mysore, Manasagangothri Mysuru Karnataka India
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14
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Fibrinogenolytic activity of serine proteases(s) from Cucumis dipsaceus. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Nadeem M, Zeb A. Impact of maturity on phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of medicinally important leaves of Ficus carica L. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 24:881-887. [PMID: 30150862 PMCID: PMC6103952 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-018-0550-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ficus carica L. is one of the oldest trees belonging to the mulberry family. It has both nutritional and medicinal benefits, as it is a source of potential bioactive compounds. Fig leaves were collected at four maturation stages, to evaluate the variation in polyphenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and different pigments level. Polyphenols were identified using HPLC-DAD. Different pigments level, total phenolic contents, and radical scavenging activity were quantified. The HPLC analysis revealed the presence of fourteen polyphenolic compounds in the fig leaves. Quercetin-3-glucoside, caftaric acid, quercetin-3, 7-diglucoside, and coumaroyl-hexose were the major phenolic compounds. Kaempferol-3-O-sophorotrioside, cichoric acid and sinapic acid glucoside were identified for the first time. Significant quantitative changes were observed during maturation, particularly in polyphenolic compounds. There were significant changes in pigments level, total phenolic contents, and radical scavenging activity. It was observed that fig leaves are a rich source of polyphenolic compounds during all stages of maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nadeem
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Chakdara, KPK 18800 Pakistan
| | - Alam Zeb
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Chakdara, KPK 18800 Pakistan
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16
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Sreedhar R, Tiku PK. Cupincin: A Novel Cupin Domain Containing Protease from Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) Bran Comprising of Procoagulant and Fibrinogenolytic Activity. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2018; 34:314-321. [PMID: 29622876 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-017-0856-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was carried out to evaluate the pharmacological properties of cupincin- A novel cupin domain containing metalloprotease with limited proteolysis from rice bran on blood coagulation and hydrolysis of human fibrinogen. Cupincin preferentially hydrolyzed the Aα chain of fibrinogen and then the Bβ-chain, but not the γ-chain. Cupincin reduced the re-calcification time of citrated human plasma dose dependently. Analysis of citrated whole blood in the presence of cupincin by rotem showed a decrease in coagulation time and clot formation time. Sonoclot analysis indicated that cupincin cleaved fibrinogen of whole citrated blood. SDS-PAGE and sonoclot analysis (LI-30) indicated that cupincin lacked plasmin-like activity. Global hemostasis tests like rotem and sonoclot analysis determined cupincin as a procoagulant enzyme. Cupincin did not show any effect on prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time tests suggesting its action on the common pathway of coagulation. The involvement of proteases from rice (Oryza sativa L.) in haemostasis has never been exploited before. This study could provide the basis for the development of new procoagulant agents from a nontoxic source like rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roopesh Sreedhar
- Department of Protein Chemistry and Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, Karnataka 570020 India
| | - Purnima Kaul Tiku
- Department of Protein Chemistry and Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, Karnataka 570020 India
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17
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Balakireva AV, Kuznetsova NV, Petushkova AI, Savvateeva LV, Zamyatnin AA. Trends and Prospects of Plant Proteases in Therapeutics. Curr Med Chem 2017; 26:465-486. [PMID: 29173148 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666171123204403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The main function of proteases in any living organism is the cleavage of proteins resulting in the degradation of damaged, misfolded and potentially harmful proteins and therefore providing the cell with amino acids essential for the synthesis of new proteins. Besides this main function, proteases may play an important role as signal molecules and participate in numerous protein cascades to maintain the vital processes of an organism. Plant proteases are no exception to this rule. Moreover, in contrast to humanencoded enzymes, many plant proteases possess exceptional features such as higher stability, unique substrate specificity and a wide pH range for enzymatic activity. These valuable features make plant-derived proteolytic enzymes suitable for many biomedical applications, and furthermore, the plants can serve as factories for protein production. Plant proteases are already applied in the treatment of several pathological conditions in the human organism. Some of the enzymes possess antitumour, antibacterial and antifungal activity. The collagenolytic activity of plant proteases determines important medical applications such as the healing of wounds and burn debridement. Plant proteases may affect blood coagulation processes and can be applied in the treatment of digestive disorders. The present review summarizes recent advances and possible applications for plant proteases in biomedicine, and proposes further development of plant-derived proteolytic enzymes in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia V Balakireva
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia V Kuznetsova
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | | | - Lyudmila V Savvateeva
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow, 119992, Russian Federation
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18
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Haemostatic property of new Cystein protease(s) from Sesbania grandiflora : It's action on fibrinogens. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Matagne A, Bolle L, El Mahyaoui R, Baeyens-Volant D, Azarkan M. The proteolytic system of pineapple stems revisited: Purification and characterization of multiple catalytically active forms. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 138:29-51. [PMID: 28238440 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Crude pineapple proteases extract (aka stem bromelain; EC 3.4.22.4) is an important proteolytic mixture that contains enzymes belonging to the cysteine proteases of the papain family. Numerous studies have been reported aiming at the fractionation and characterization of the many molecular species present in the extract, but more efforts are still required to obtain sufficient quantities of the various purified protease forms for detailed physicochemical, enzymatic and structural characterization. In this work, we describe an efficient strategy towards the purification of at least eight enzymatic forms. Thus, following rapid fractionation on a SP-Sepharose FF column, two sub-populations with proteolytic activity were obtained: the unbound (termed acidic) and bound (termed basic) bromelain fractions. Following reversible modification with monomethoxypolyethylene glycol (mPEG), both fractions were further separated on Q-Sepharose FF and SP-Sepharose FF, respectively. This procedure yielded highly purified molecular species, all titrating ca. 1 mol of thiol group per mole of enzyme, with distinct biochemical properties. N-terminal sequencing allowed identifying at least eight forms with proteolytic activity. The basic fraction contained previously identified species, i.e. basic bromelain forms 1 and 2, ananain forms 1 and 2, and comosain (MEROPS identifier: C01.027). Furthermore, a new proteolytic species, showing similarities with basic bomelain forms 1 and 2, was discovered and termed bromelain form 3. The two remaining species were found in the acidic bromelain fraction and were arbitrarily named acidic bromelain forms 1 and 2. Both, acidic bromelain forms 1, 2 and basic bromelain forms 1, 2 and 3 are glycosylated, while ananain forms 1 and 2, and comosain are not. The eight protease forms display different amidase activities against the various substrates tested, namely small synthetic chromogenic compounds (DL-BAPNA and Boc-Ala-Ala-Gly-pNA), fluorogenic compounds (like Boc-Gln-Ala-Arg-AMC, Z-Arg-Arg-AMC and Z-Phe-Arg-AMC), and proteins (azocasein and azoalbumin), suggesting a specific organization of their catalytic residues. All forms are completely inhibited by specific cysteine and cysteine/serine protease inhibitors, but not by specific serine and aspartic protease inhibitors, with the sole exception of pepstatin A that significantly affects acidic bromelain forms 1 and 2. For all eight protease forms, inhibition is also observed with 1,10-phenanthrolin, a metalloprotease inhibitor. Metal ions (i.e. Mn2+, Mg2+ and Ca2+) showed various effects depending on the protease under consideration, but all of them are totally inhibited in the presence of Zn2+. Mass spectrometry analyses revealed that all forms have a molecular mass of ca. 24 kDa, which is characteristic of enzymes belonging to the papain-like proteases family. Far-UV CD spectra analysis further supported this analysis. Interestingly, secondary structure calculation proves to be highly reproducible for all cysteine proteases of the papain family tested so far (this work; see also Azarkan et al., 2011; Baeyens-Volant et al., 2015) and thus can be used as a test for rapid identification of the classical papain fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Matagne
- Université de Liège, Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Repliement des Protéines, Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laetitia Bolle
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculty of Medicine, Protein Chemistry Unit, Campus Erasme (CP 609), 808 route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rachida El Mahyaoui
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculty of Medicine, Protein Chemistry Unit, Campus Erasme (CP 609), 808 route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Danielle Baeyens-Volant
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculty of Medicine, Protein Chemistry Unit, Campus Erasme (CP 609), 808 route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Azarkan
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculty of Medicine, Protein Chemistry Unit, Campus Erasme (CP 609), 808 route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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20
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Raskovic BG, Polovic ND. Collegenase activity in fig latex could contribute to its efficacy in ethnomedicinal preparations. J Herb Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Belguith-Hadriche O, Ammar S, Contreras MDM, Turki M, Segura-Carretero A, El Feki A, Makni-Ayedi F, Bouaziz M. Antihyperlipidemic and Antioxidant Activities of Edible Tunisian Ficus carica L. Fruits in High Fat Diet-Induced Hyperlipidemic Rats. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 71:183-189. [PMID: 27086310 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-016-0541-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The phenolic constituents of the aqueous-ethanolic extract of Tunisian Ficus carica (F. carica) fruit (FE) and its antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activities in high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats (HFD) were evaluated. The obtained results demonstrated that the FE improved the lipid profile by decreasing the total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. It also reduced the content of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and increased the antioxidant enzymes in liver, heart and kidney in HFD-fed rats. These antihyperlipidemic effects and in vivo antioxidative effects correlated with the in vitro phenolic content scavenging ability. Thus, the major phenolic compounds were identified using reversed-phase ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-UHPLC) coupled with two detection systems: diode-array detection (DAD) and quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometry (MS). Therefore, in the negative ionization mode, 28 phenolic compounds, including hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavanoids and hydroxycoumarins were characterized. Dihydroxybenzoic acid di-pentoside, the flavonol quercetin 3-O-rutinoside and the flavone assigned as apigenin 8-C-glucoside were the main representative compounds in 'Tounsi' fruits. This work was complemented by the detection of seven other phenolic compounds in the positive ionization mode, including anthocyanins and furanocoumarins. Overall, these results have shown that the FE has a significant hypocholesterolemic effect and antioxidant activity in HFD-fed rats. This beneficial effect may be partly due to these phenolic constituents, especially vitexin, dihydroxybenzoic acid di-pentoside as well as rutin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olfa Belguith-Hadriche
- Unité de recherche DGRST 12-ES/17, Laboratoire de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisie.
- Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Animale Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisie.
| | - Sonda Ammar
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et Environnement, Ecole national d'ingénieur de Sfax, Université de Sfax, BP 1177, Sfax, Tunisie
- Research and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Bioregión Building, Health Science Technological Park, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Maria Del Mar Contreras
- Research and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Bioregión Building, Health Science Technological Park, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Mouna Turki
- Unité de recherche DGRST 12-ES/17, Laboratoire de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisie
| | - Antonio Segura-Carretero
- Research and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Bioregión Building, Health Science Technological Park, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Abdelfattah El Feki
- Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Animale Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisie
| | - Fatma Makni-Ayedi
- Unité de recherche DGRST 12-ES/17, Laboratoire de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisie
| | - Mohamed Bouaziz
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et Environnement, Ecole national d'ingénieur de Sfax, Université de Sfax, BP 1177, Sfax, Tunisie.
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22
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Venkatesh BK, Achar RR, Sharanappa P, Priya BS, Swamy SN. Synergistic Caseinolytic Activity and Differential Fibrinogenolytic Action of Multiple Proteases of Maclura spinosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) latex. Pharmacogn Mag 2016; 11:S457-61. [PMID: 26929581 PMCID: PMC4745217 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.168987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Kollamalayaali tribes of South India use latex of Maclura spinosa for milk curdling. This action is implicated to proteases which exhibit strong pharmacological potential in retardation of blood flow and acceleration of wound healing. Objective: To validate the presence of a proteolytic enzyme(s) in Maclura spinosa latex (MSL), and to investigate their probable role in hemostasis. Materials and Methods: Processed latex was examined for proteolytic and hemostatic activity using casein and human fibrinogen as substrates, respectively. Caseinoltyic activity was compared with two standard proteases viz., trypsin I and trypsin II. Effect of various standard protease inhibitors viz., iodoacetic acid (IAA), phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid on both caseinolytic and fibrinogenolytic activities were examined. Electrophoretogram of fibrinogenolytic assays were subjected to densitometric analysis. Results: Proteolytic action of MSL was found to be highly efficient over trypsin I and trypsin II in dose-dependent caseinolytic activity (P < 0.05; specific activity of 1,080 units/mg protein). The Aα and Bβ bands of human fibrinogen were readily cleaved by MSL (for 1 μg crude protein and 30 min of incubation time). Furthermore, MSL cleaved γ subunit in dose- and time-dependent manner. Quantitative correlation of these results was obtained by densitometric analysis. The caseinolytic activity of MSL was inhibited by IAA, PMSF. While, only PMSF inhibited fibrinogenolytic activity. Conclusions: MSL contains proteolytic enzymes belonging to two distinct superfamilies viz., serine protease and cysteine proteases. The fibrinogenolytic activity of MSL is restricted to serine proteases only. The study extrapolates the use of M. spinosa latex from milk curdling to hemostasis. SUMMARY Proteolytic enzymes present in latex of Maclura spinosa can be assigned to two different protease superfamilies viz., serine protease and cysteine protease as revealed by the inhibitory studies of caseinolytic activity. Among them, only serine protease can be considered as hemostatically significant as inhibition of fibrinogenolytic action of Maclura spinosa latex protease is shown only by PMSF, a serine protease-specific inhibitor.
Abbreviations used: MSL: Maclura spinos Latex, IAA: Iodo Acetic Acid, EDTA: Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid, EGTA: Ethylene glycol tetra acetic acid, PMSF: Phenyl methyl sulphonyl fluoride.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Venkatesh
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, JSS Research Foundation, JSS Technical Institutions Campus, Mysore, India
| | - Raghu Ram Achar
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, JSS Research Foundation, JSS Technical Institutions Campus, Mysore, India
| | - P Sharanappa
- Department of Studies in Biosciences, University of Mysore, Hemagangothri, Hassan, India
| | - B S Priya
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - S Nanjunda Swamy
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, JSS Research Foundation, JSS Technical Institutions Campus, Mysore, India
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23
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Subash S, Essa MM, Braidy N, Al-Jabri A, Vaishnav R, Al-Adawi S, Al-Asmi A, Guillemin GJ. Consumption of fig fruits grown in Oman can improve memory, anxiety, and learning skills in a transgenic mice model of Alzheimer's disease. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 19:475-483. [PMID: 24938828 DOI: 10.1179/1476830514y.0000000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of dementia in the elderly. Several reports have suggested neurotoxic effects of amyloid beta protein (Aβ) and role of oxidative stress in AD. Figs are rich in fiber, copper, iron, manganese, magnesium, potassium, calcium, vitamin K, and are a good source of proanthocyanidins and quercetin which demonstrate potent antioxidant properties. We studied the effect of dietary supplementation with 4% figs grown in Oman on the memory, anxiety, and learning skills in APPsw/Tg2576 (Tg mice) mice model for AD. We assessed spatial memory and learning ability, psychomotor coordination, and anxiety-related behavior in Tg and wild-type mice at the age of 4 months and after 15 months using the Morris water maze test, rota-rod test, elevated plus maze test, and open-field test. Tg mice that were fed a control diet without figs showed significant memory deficits, increased anxiety-related behavior, and severe impairment in spatial, position discrimination learning ability, and motor coordination compared to the wild-type control mice on the same diet, and Tg mice fed on 4% fig diet supplementation for 15 months. Our results suggest that dietary supplementation of figs may be useful for the improvement of cognitive and behavioral deficits in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraju Subash
- a Department of Food Science and Nutrition , College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University , Muscat , Oman.,b Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University , Muscat , Oman
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- a Department of Food Science and Nutrition , College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University , Muscat , Oman.,b Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University , Muscat , Oman
| | - Nady Braidy
- c Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Ahood Al-Jabri
- a Department of Food Science and Nutrition , College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University , Muscat , Oman.,b Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University , Muscat , Oman
| | - Ragini Vaishnav
- b Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University , Muscat , Oman.,d College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University , Muscat , Oman
| | - Samir Al-Adawi
- b Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University , Muscat , Oman.,d College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University , Muscat , Oman
| | - Abdullah Al-Asmi
- b Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University , Muscat , Oman.,d College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University , Muscat , Oman
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- e Neuropharmacology Group, MND and Neurodegenerative diseases Research Centre, Macquarie University , NSW , Australia
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24
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Singh MK, Usha R, Hithayshree KR, Bindhu OS. Hemostatic potential of latex proteases from Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R. Br. ex. Roem. and Schult. and Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson ex. F.A. Zorn) Forsberg. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2015; 39:43-9. [PMID: 25603786 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-013-1012-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological properties exhibited by latex of plants are due to various biologically active compounds including several proteolytic enzymes. Present study evaluates hemostatic potential of Tabernaemontana divaricata and Artocarpus altilis from Apocynaceae and Moraceae families respectively. The latex of these plants were initially subjected to dialysis and crude extracts were estimated for proteolytic activity using casein as the substrate. Mean caseinolytic activity for 100 μg of latex protein was found to be 56.16 ± 0.57 and 45 ± 0.3 U/h for T. divaricata and A. altilis respectively. Caseinolytic activity by both the plant extracts was higher than standard proteases, papain and trypsin. However the difference was significant (p < 0.05) with papain alone. Crude enzymes (CE) from both plants exhibited coagulant activity on human platelet poor plasma by recalcification time. A significant reduction in clotting time was exhibited by T. divaricata compared to A. altilis (p < 0.05). These results were further substantiated with fibrinogen agarose plate assay. Crude enzyme of both plants also hydrolyzed blood clot. Mean % of thrombolysis by T. divaricata was 80.75 ± 1.2 and that of A. altilis was 70.24 ± 1.52. Inhibition studies confirmed cysteine protease nature of CE. Comparative analysis revealed T. divaricata to be the best among the two for its hemostatic potential. This study scientifically validates the use of latex from these plants in the management of fresh cuts or wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maheshwari Kumari Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Post Graduate Studies, Jain University, 9th Main, 18th Cross, Jayanagar 3rd Block, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Baeyens-Volant D, Matagne A, El Mahyaoui R, Wattiez R, Azarkan M. A novel form of ficin from Ficus carica latex: Purification and characterization. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 117:154-167. [PMID: 26083455 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A novel ficin form, named ficin E, was purified from fig tree latex by a combination of cation-exchange chromatography on SP-Sepharose Fast Flow, Thiopropyl Sepharose 4B and fplc-gel filtration chromatography. The new ficin appeared not to be sensitive to thiol derivatization by a polyethylene glycol derivative, allowing its purification. The protease is homogeneous according to PAGE, SDS-PAGE, mass spectrometry, N-terminal micro-sequencing analyses and E-64 active site titration. N-terminal sequencing of the first ten residues has shown high identity with the other known ficin (iso)forms. The molecular weight was found to be (24,294±10)Da by mass spectrometry, a lower value than the apparent molecular weight observed on SDS-PAGE, around 27 kDa. Far-UV CD data revealed a secondary structure content of 22% α-helix and 26% β-sheet. The protein is not glycosylated as shown by carbohydrate analysis. pH and temperature measurements indicated maxima activity at pH 6.0 and 50 °C, respectively. Preliminary pH stability analyses have shown that the protease conserved its compact structure in slightly acidic, neutral and alkaline media but at acidic pH (<3), the formation of some relaxed or molten state was evidenced by 8-anilino-1-naphtalenesulfonic acid binding characteristics. Comparison with the known ficins A, B, C, D1 and D2 (iso)forms revealed that ficin E showed activity profile that looked like ficin A against two chromogenic substrates while it resembled ficins D1 and D2 against three fluorogenic substrates. Enzymatic activity of ficin E was not affected by Mg(2+), Ca(2+) and Mn(2+) at a concentration up to 10mM. However, the activity was completely suppressed by Zn(2+) at a concentration of 1mM. Inhibitory activity measurements clearly identified the enzyme as a cysteine protease, being unaffected by synthetic (Pefabloc SC, benzamidine) and by natural proteinaceous (aprotinin) serine proteases inhibitors, by aspartic proteases inhibitors (pepstatin A) and by metallo-proteases inhibitors (EDTA, EGTA). Surprisingly, it was well affected by the metallo-protease inhibitor o-phenanthroline. The enzymatic activity was however completely blocked by cysteine proteases inhibitors (E-64, iodoacetamide), by thiol-blocking compounds (HgCl2) and by cysteine/serine proteases inhibitors (TLCK and TPCK). This is a novel ficin form according to peptide mass fingerprint analysis, specific amidase activity, SDS-PAGE and PAGE electrophoretic mobility, N-terminal sequencing and unproneness to thiol pegylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Baeyens-Volant
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculty of Medicine, Protein Chemistry Unit, Campus Erasme (CP 609), 808 route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - André Matagne
- University of Liège, Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Repliement des Protéines, Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines, Liège, Belgium
| | - Rachida El Mahyaoui
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculty of Medicine, Protein Chemistry Unit, Campus Erasme (CP 609), 808 route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ruddy Wattiez
- University of Mons-Hainaut, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Proteomics and Microbiology, Interdisciplinary Center of Mass Spectrometry (CISMa), Mons, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Azarkan
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculty of Medicine, Protein Chemistry Unit, Campus Erasme (CP 609), 808 route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
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Haesaerts S, Rodriguez Buitrago JA, Loris R, Baeyens-Volant D, Azarkan M. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of four cysteine proteases from Ficus carica latex. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2015; 71:459-65. [PMID: 25849510 PMCID: PMC4388184 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x15005014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The latex of the common fig (Ficus carica) contains a mixture of at least five cysteine proteases commonly known as ficins (EC 3.4.22.3). Four of these proteases were purified to homogeneity and crystals were obtained in a variety of conditions. The four ficin (iso)forms appear in ten different crystal forms. All diffracted to better than 2.10 Å resolution and for each form at least one crystal form diffracted to 1.60 Å resolution or higher. Ficin (iso)forms B and C share a common crystal form, suggesting close sequence and structural similarity. The latter diffracted to a resolution of 1.20 Å and belonged to space group P3₁21 or P3₂21, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 88.9, c = 55.9 Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Haesaerts
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - John Alexander Rodriguez Buitrago
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Remy Loris
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Danielle Baeyens-Volant
- Protein Chemistry Unit, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Azarkan
- Protein Chemistry Unit, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
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Essa MM, Subash S, Akbar M, Al-Adawi S, Guillemin GJ. Long-term dietary supplementation of pomegranates, figs and dates alleviate neuroinflammation in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120964. [PMID: 25807081 PMCID: PMC4373715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating age-related neurodegenerative disease with no specific treatment at present. The APPsw/Tg2576 mice exhibit age-related deterioration in memory and learning as well as amyloid-beta (Aβ) accumulation, and this mouse strain is considered an effective model for studying the mechanism of accelerated brain aging and senescence. The present study was aimed to investigate the beneficial effects of dietary supplements pomegranate, figs, or the dates on suppressing inflammatory cytokines in APPsw/Tg2576 mice. Changes in the plasma cytokines and Aβ, ATP, and inflammatory cytokines were investigated in the brain of transgenic mice. Significantly enhanced levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, TNF-α and Eotaxin activity were decreased by administration of the diet supplements containing pomegranates, figs, or dates. In addition, putative delays in the formation of senile plaques, as indicated by a decreasing tendency of brain Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 contents, were observed. Thus, novel results mediated by reducing inflammatory cytokines during aging may represent one mechanism by which these supplements exert their beneficial effects against neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- Dept of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
- Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
- Neuropharmacology group, MND and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Selvaraju Subash
- Dept of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
- Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Mohammed Akbar
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Samir Al-Adawi
- Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Gilles J. Guillemin
- Neuropharmacology group, MND and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Exploring a New Serine Protease from Cucumis sativus L. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 175:2787-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1462-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Yang X, Guo JL, Ye JY, Zhang YX, Wang W. The effects of Ficus carica polysaccharide on immune response and expression of some immune-related genes in grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 42:132-137. [PMID: 25449378 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of Ficus carica polysaccharide (FCP), isolated from the fruit of F. carica L., at 0%, 0.1%, 0.5% and 1.0% doses supplementation with feed on genes Interleukin 1-β (IL-1β), Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) gene expression in blood, humoral innate immune parameters and resistant to Flavobacterium columnare of grass carp at weeks 1, 2 and 3. The results revealed that administration of FCP significantly (P<0.05) up regulated IL-1β and TNF-α gene expression. HSP70 gene expression was significantly (P<0.05) lower in FCP-fed fish at the end of trial. The serum total protein, albumin and globulin did not significantly increased in any diet on the first week whereas it was significantly enhanced in 0.5% and 1.0% supplementation diets on weeks 2 and 3 when compared to control. The serum complement C3 was significantly (P<0.05) increased on weeks 1 and 2 when compared to control, however, no significant difference was found in this activity after 3 weeks of treatment. All diets significantly enhanced the serum lysozyme activity, bactericidal activity from weeks 1-2 as compared to control. Grass carp fed with FCP showed remarkably higher resistance against F. columnare (60% survival) compared to the control group (30% survival). These results confirm that FCP can up regulate immune related genes expression, stimulates immune response that per se enhances disease resistance in grass carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development, College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313001, China
| | - Jian Lin Guo
- Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313001, China
| | - Jin Yun Ye
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development, College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313001, China.
| | - Yi Xiang Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development, College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313001, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development, College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313001, China
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Mnif IH, Siala R, Nasri R, Mhamdi S, Nasri M, Kamoun AS. A Cysteine Protease Isolated from the Latex of Ficus microcarpa: Purification and Biochemical Characterization. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 175:1732-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1376-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Badgujar SB, Patel VV, Bandivdekar AH, Mahajan RT. Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Ficus carica: a review. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2014; 52:1487-1503. [PMID: 25017517 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.892515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ficus carica Linn (Moraceae) has been used in traditional medicine for a wide range of ailments related to digestive, endocrine, reproductive, and respiratory systems. Additionally, it is also used in gastrointestinal tract and urinary tract infection. OBJECTIVE This review gathers the fragmented information available in the literature regarding morphology, ethnomedicinal applications, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of Ficus carica. It also explores the therapeutic potential of Ficus carica in the field of ethnophytopharmacology. MATERIALS AND METHODS All the available information on Ficus carica was compiled from electronic databases such as Academic Journals, Ethnobotany, Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, and library search. RESULTS Worldwide ethnomedical uses of Ficus carica have been recorded which have been used traditionally for more than 40 types of disorders. Phytochemical research has led to the isolation of primary as well as secondary metabolites, plant pigment, and enzymes (protease, oxidase, and amylase). Fresh plant materials, crude extracts, and isolated components of Ficus carica have shown a wide spectrum of biological (pharmacological) activities. CONCLUSION Ficus carica has emerged as a good source of traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments such as anemia, cancer, diabetes, leprosy, liver diseases, paralysis, skin diseases, and ulcers. It is a promising candidate in pharmaceutical biology for the development/formulation of new drugs and future clinical uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamkant B Badgujar
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR) Mumbai , Maharashtra , India and
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Three-phase partitioning as an efficient method for the purification and recovery of ficin from Mediterranean fig (Ficus carica L.) latex. Sep Purif Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2014.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Barolo MI, Ruiz Mostacero N, López SN. Ficus carica L. (Moraceae): an ancient source of food and health. Food Chem 2014; 164:119-27. [PMID: 24996314 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.04.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Since early in the man history, common fig was appreciated as food and for its medicinal properties. This review explores some aspects about the importance of Ficus carica L., an amazing and ancient source of medicines and food. Topics regarding chemistry, biological activity, ethno-pharmacological uses, and its nutritional value are discussed, as well as the potential of the species as a source of new and different chemical scaffolds. Very important in the past, appreciated in our time and extremely promising in the future, F. carica represents an interesting example of healthy foods and bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa I Barolo
- Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
| | - Nathalie Ruiz Mostacero
- Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
| | - Silvia N López
- Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina.
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de Menezes YAS, Félix-Silva J, da Silva-Júnior AA, Rebecchi IMM, de Oliveira AS, Uchoa AF, Fernandes-Pedrosa MDF. Protein-rich fraction of Cnidoscolus urens (L.) Arthur leaves: enzymatic characterization and procoagulant and fibrinogenolytic activities. Molecules 2014; 19:3552-69. [PMID: 24662073 PMCID: PMC6271896 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19033552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic enzymes are important macromolecules in the regulation of biochemical processes in living organisms. Additionally, these versatile biomolecules have numerous applications in the industrial segment. In this study we have characterized a protein-rich fraction of Cnidoscolus urens (L.) Arthur leaves, rich in proteolytic enzymes, and evaluated its effects on the coagulation cascade. Three protein-rich fractions were obtained from the crude extract of C. urens leaves by precipitation with acetone. Fraction F1.0 showed higher proteolytic activity upon azocasein, and thus, was chosen for subsequent tests. The proteolytic activity of F1.0 on fibrinogen was dose-dependent and time-dependent. The extract demonstrated procoagulant activity on citrated plasma and reduced the APTT, not exerting effects on PT. Despite the fibrin(ogen)olytic activity, F1.0 showed no defibrinogenating activity in vivo. The fraction F1.0 did not express hemorrhagic nor hemolytic activities. The proteolytic activity was inhibited by E-64, EDTA and in the presence of metal ions, and increased when pretreated with reducing agents, suggesting that the observed activity was mostly due to cysteine proteases. Several bands with proteolytic activity were detected by zymography with gelatin, albumin and fibrinogen. The optimal enzymatic activity was observed in temperature of 60 °C and pH 5.0, demonstrating the presence of acidic proteases. In conclusion, these results could provide basis for the pharmacological application of C. urens proteases as a new source of bioactive molecules to treat bleeding and thrombotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamara A S de Menezes
- Laboratório de Tecnologia e Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Rua Gal. Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, s/n-Petrópolis, Natal, RN 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Félix-Silva
- Laboratório de Tecnologia e Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Rua Gal. Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, s/n-Petrópolis, Natal, RN 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Arnóbio A da Silva-Júnior
- Laboratório de Tecnologia e Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Rua Gal. Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, s/n-Petrópolis, Natal, RN 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Ivanise M M Rebecchi
- Laboratório de Hematologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Rua Gal. Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, s/n-Petrópolis, Natal, RN 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Adeliana S de Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte: Instituto de Medicina Tropical do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, s/n-Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil.
| | - Adriana F Uchoa
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte: Instituto de Medicina Tropical do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, s/n-Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil.
| | - Matheus de F Fernandes-Pedrosa
- Laboratório de Tecnologia e Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Rua Gal. Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, s/n-Petrópolis, Natal, RN 59012-570, Brazil.
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Park S, Han J, Im K, Whang WK, Min H. Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of an ethanol extract from fig (Ficus carica) branches. Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-013-0185-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Satish A, Sairam S, Ahmed F, Urooj A. Moringa oleifera Lam.: Protease activity against blood coagulation cascade. Pharmacognosy Res 2012; 4:44-9. [PMID: 22224061 PMCID: PMC3250039 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.91034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The present study evaluated the protease activity of aqueous extracts of Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae) leaf (MOL) and root (MOR). Materials and Methods: Protease activity was assayed using casein, human plasma clot and human fibrinogen as substrates. Results: Caseinolytic activity of MOL was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) than that of MOR. Similar observations were found in case of human plasma clot hydrolyzing activity, wherein MOL caused significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) plasma clot hydrolysis than MOR. Zymographic techniques were used to detect proteolytic enzymes following electrophoretic separation in gels. Further, both the extracts exhibited significant procoagulant activity as reflected by a significant decrease (P ≤ 0.05) in recalcification time, accompanied by fibrinogenolytic and fibrinolytic activities; clotting time was decreased from 180 ± 10 sec to 119 ± 8 sec and 143 ± 10 sec by MOL and MOR, respectively, at a concentration of 2.5 mg/mL. Fibrinogenolytic (human fibrinogen) and fibrinolytic activity (human plasma clot) was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), plate method and colorimetric method. Zymographic profile indicated that both the extracts exerted their procoagulant activity by selectively hydrolyzing Aα and Bβ subunits of fibrinogen to form fibrin clot, thereby exhibiting fibrinogenolytic activity. However, prolonged incubation resulted in degradation of the formed fibrin clot, suggesting fibrinolytic like activity. Conclusions: These findings support the traditional usage of M. oleifera extracts for wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Satish
- Department of Studies in Food Science and Nutrition, University of Mysore, Mysore, Karnataka, India
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Ramos MV, Viana CA, Silva AFB, Freitas CDT, Figueiredo IST, Oliveira RSB, Alencar NMN, Lima-Filho JVM, Kumar VL. Proteins derived from latex of C. procera maintain coagulation homeostasis in septic mice and exhibit thrombin- and plasmin-like activities. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2012; 385:455-63. [PMID: 22315016 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-012-0733-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The proteins derived from the latex (LP) of Calotropis procera are well known for their anti-inflammatory property. In view of their protective effect reported in the sepsis model, they were evaluated for their efficacy in maintaining coagulation homeostasis in sepsis. Intraperitoneal injection of LP markedly reduced the procoagulation and thrombocytopenia observed in mice infected with Salmonella; while in normal mice, LP produced a procoagulant effect. In order to understand its mechanism of action, the LP was subjected to ion-exchange chromatography, and the three subfractions (LPPI, LPPII, and LPPIII) thus obtained were tested for their proteolytic effect and thrombin- and plasmin-like activities in vitro. Of the three subfractions tested, LPPII and LPPIII exhibited proteolytic effect on azocasein and exhibited procoagulant effect on human plasma in a concentration-dependent manner. Like trypsin and plasmin, these subfractions produced both fibrinogenolytic and fibrinolytic effects that were mediated through the hydrolysis of the Aα, Bβ, and γ chains of fibrinogen and α-polymer and γ-dimer of fibrin clot, respectively. This study shows that the cysteine proteases present in the latex of C. procera exhibit thrombin- and plasmin-like activities and suggests that these proteins have therapeutic potential in various conditions associated with coagulation abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio V Ramos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Campus do Pici, Bloco 907, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará CEP 60.451-970, Brazil.
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Flemmig M, Melzig MF. Serine-proteases as plasminogen activators in terms of fibrinolysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:1025-39. [PMID: 22775207 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01457.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This review should give an overview about the natural human plasminogen activators and their various modified variants as well as similar substances isolated from animals, microorganisms and plants. When a blood clot is formed in a blood vessel, it avoids the oxygen supply of the surrounding tissue. A fast fibrinolytic therapy should redissolve the blood vessel and reduce the degradation of the tissue. All proteases that are part of the human blood coagulation and fibrinolytic system belong to the serine protease family. t-PA (tissue plasminogen activator) and u-PA (urokinase plasminogen activator) are the naturally occurring fibrinolytic agents that are also used in therapy. KEY FINDINGS Despite many years of research, t-PA is still the gold standard in fibrinolytic therapy. But it has to be given as an infusion, which needs time. Modified fibrinolytic substances are, were, or perhaps will be in the market. They have different advantages over t-PA, but often the disadvantages predominate. CONCLUSION Many substances have been developed but an optimal fibrinolytic agent combined with a simple administration is not in therapeutic use to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Flemmig
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Azarkan M, Matagne A, Wattiez R, Bolle L, Vandenameele J, Baeyens-Volant D. Selective and reversible thiol-pegylation, an effective approach for purification and characterization of five fully active ficin (iso)forms from Ficus carica latex. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:1718-1731. [PMID: 21665232 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The latex of Ficus carica constitutes an important source of many proteolytic components known under the general term of ficin (EC 3.4.22.3) which belongs to the cysteine proteases of the papain family. So far, no data on the purification and characterization of individual forms of these proteases are available. An effective strategy was used to fractionate and purify to homogeneity five ficin forms, designated A, B, C, D1 and D2 according to their sequence of elution from a cation-exchange chromatographic support. Following rapid fractionation on a SP-Sepharose Fast Flow column, the different ficin forms were chemically modified by a specific and reversible monomethoxypolyethylene glycol (mPEG) reagent. In comparison with their un-derivatized counterparts, the mPEG-protein derivatives behaved differently on the ion-exchanger, allowing us for the first time to obtain five highly purified ficin molecular species titrating 1mol of thiol group per mole of enzyme. The purified ficins were characterized by de novo peptide sequencing and peptide mass fingerprinting analyzes, using mass spectrometry. Circular dichroism measurements indicated that all five ficins were highly structured, both in term of secondary and tertiary structure. Furthermore, analysis of far-UV CD spectra allowed calculation of their secondary structural content. Both these data and the molecular masses determined by MS reinforce the view that the enzymes belong to the family of papain-like proteases. The five ficin forms also displayed different specific amidase activities against small synthetic substrates like dl-BAPNA and Boc-Ala-Ala-Gly-pNA, suggesting some differences in their active site organization. Enzymatic activity of the five ficin forms was completely inhibited by specific cysteine and cysteine/serine proteases inhibitors but was unaffected by specific serine, aspartic and metallo proteases inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Azarkan
- Free University of Brussels, Faculty of Medicine, Protein Chemistry Unit, Campus Erasme (CP 609), 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
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Alvarez-Flores MP, Furlin D, Ramos OHP, Balan A, Konno K, Chudzinski-Tavassi AM. Losac, the first hemolin that exhibits procogulant activity through selective factor X proteolytic activation. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:6918-28. [PMID: 21177860 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.167718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Envenoming by the contact of human skin with Lonomia obliqua caterpillars promotes a hemorrhagic syndrome characterized by a consumptive coagulopathy. Losac (Lonomia obliqua Stuart factor activator) is a component of the bristle of L. obliqua that is probably partially responsible for the observed syndrome because it activates factor X and is recognized by an effective antilonomic serum. Here we unveil the proteolytic activity of Losac and demonstrate the feasibility of its recombinant production. On the other hand, Losac has no homology to known proteases, but it can be inhibited by PMSF, a serine protease inhibitor. Instead, it shows closer homology to members of the hemolin family of proteins, a group of cell adhesion molecules. The recombinant protein (rLosac) shortened the coagulation time of normal and deficient plasmas, whereas it was ineffective in factor X-deficient plasma unless reconstituted with this protein. rLosac was able to activate factor X in a dose- and time-dependent manner but not γ-carboxyglutamic acid domainless factor X. Moreover, phospholipids and calcium ions increased rLosac activity. Also, rLosac had no effect on fibrin or fibrinogen, indicating its specificity for blood coagulation activation. Linear double reciprocal plots indicate that rLosac follows a Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Cleavage of factor X by rLosac resulted in fragments that are compatible with those generated by RVV-X (a well known factor X activator). Together, our results validate Losac as the first protein from the hemolin family exhibiting procoagulant activity through selective proteolysis on coagulation factor X.
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Costa JDO, Fonseca KC, Garrote-Filho MS, Cunha CC, de Freitas MV, Silva HS, Araújo RB, Penha-Silva N, de Oliveira F. Structural and functional comparison of proteolytic enzymes from plant latex and snake venoms. Biochimie 2010; 92:1760-5. [PMID: 20868725 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This work describes classification, functions, location, inhibition, activation, and therapeutic applications of proteases from snake venoms and vegetables. Snake venoms and vegetables can present toxins that unchain necrosis or proteolysis due to the direct cytotoxic action of venom proteases. These proteases are potential tools in the development of drugs for the prevention and treatment of several illnesses. We report herein mainly fibrinogenolytic metallo proteases and serine proteases ("thrombin-like"). These enzymes are extensively used in the treatment and prevention of thrombotic disorders, since they serve as defibrinogenating agents. The therapeutic uses of fibrin(ogen)olytic metallo proteases hold promise for clinical application due to potential in reversing the effects of thrombosis; this has been shown to be an alternative approach to the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disorders, which are among the most prominent causes of mortality around the world. Plant proteases can be utilized for many cellular and molecular activities, in antibacterial and anticancer therapies, and in the treatment of snakebites, inhibiting snake venom activities such as blood-clotting, defibrinogenation, and fibrin(ogen)olytic and hemorrhagic actions. These toxins also display potential for clinical use in the treatment of hemostatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júnia de O Costa
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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‘Pergularain e I’ – a plant cysteine protease with thrombin-like activity from Pergularia extensa latex. Thromb Res 2010; 125:e100-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Shivaprasad HV, Rajesh R, Nanda BL, Dharmappa KK, Vishwanath BS. Thrombin like activity of Asclepias curassavica L. latex: action of cysteine proteases. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 123:106-109. [PMID: 19429347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2008] [Revised: 12/26/2008] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY To validate the scientific basis of plant latex to stop bleeding on fresh cuts. Cysteine protease(s) from Asclepias curassavica (Asclepiadaceae) plant latex was assessed for pro-coagulant and thrombin like activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS A waxy material from the latex of Asclepias curassavica latex was removed by freezing and thawing. The resulted latex enzyme fraction was assayed for proteolytic activity using denatured casein as substrate. Its coagulant activity and thrombin like activity were determined using citrated plasma and pure fibrinogen, respectively. Inhibition studies were performed using specific protease inhibitors to know the type of protease. RESULTS The latex enzyme fraction exhibited strong proteolytic activity when compared to trypsin and exerted pro-coagulant action by reducing plasma clotting time from 195 to 58 s whereas trypsin reduced clotting time marginally from 195 to 155 s. The pro-coagulant activity of this enzyme fraction was exerted by selectively hydrolyzing A alpha and B beta subunits of fibrinogen to form fibrin clot when pure fibrinogen was used as substrate as assessed by fibrinogen-agarose plate method and fibrinogen polymerization assay. Trypsin failed to induce any fibrin clot under similar conditions. The electrophoretic pattern of latex enzyme fraction-induced fibrin clot was very much similar to that of thrombin-induced fibrin clot and mimic thrombin like action. The proteolytic activity including thrombin like activity of Asclepias curassavica latex enzyme fraction was completely inhibited by iodoaceticacid (IAA). CONCLUSION Cysteine proteases from Asclepias curassavica latex exhibited strong pro-coagulant action and were found to be specific in its action (Thrombin like). This could be the basis for the use of plant latex in pharmacological applications that justify their use as folk medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- H V Shivaprasad
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore 570006, India
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Devaraj KB, Kumar PR, Prakash V. Purification, characterization, and solvent-induced thermal stabilization of ficin from Ficus carica. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:11417-11423. [PMID: 18991449 DOI: 10.1021/jf802205a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ficin (EC 3.4.22.3), a cysteine proteinase isolated from the latex of a Ficus tree, is known to occur in multiple forms. Although crude ficin is of considerable commercial importance, ficin as such has not been fully characterized. A major ficin from the commercial crude proteinase mixture preparation of Ficus carica was purified and characterized. The purified enzyme was homogeneous in both sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and gel-filtration chromatography and is a single polypeptide chain protein with a molecular mass of 23 100 +/- 300 Da as determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF). The enzyme was active in the pH range of 6.5-8.5, and maximum activity was observed at pH 7.0. The N-terminal core sequence of ficin has homology with N-terminal sequences of plant cysteine proteinases. The enzyme contains three disulfide bonds and a single free cysteine residue at the active site. The effect of co-solvents, such as sorbitol, trehalose, sucrose, and xylitol, on the thermal stability of ficin was determined by activity measurements, fluorescence, and thermal denaturation studies. The apparent thermal denaturation temperature (T(m)) of ficin was significantly increased from the control value of 72 +/- 1 degrees C in the presence of all co-solvents. However, the maximum stabilization effect was observed in terms of thermal stabilization by the co-solvent trehalose.
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Shivaprasad HV, Riyaz M, Venkatesh Kumar R, Dharmappa KK, Tarannum S, Siddesha JM, Rajesh R, Vishwanath BS. Cysteine proteases from the Asclepiadaceae plants latex exhibited thrombin and plasmin like activities. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2008; 28:304-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11239-008-0290-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Gilani AH, Mehmood MH, Janbaz KH, Khan AU, Saeed SA. Ethnopharmacological studies on antispasmodic and antiplatelet activities of Ficus carica. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 119:1-5. [PMID: 18586078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Revised: 05/17/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The ripe dried fruit of Ficus carica Linn. (Moraceae) commonly known as "Fig" has medicinal value in traditional system of medicine for its use in gastrointestinal and inflammatory disorders. AIM OF THE STUDY To rationalize the medicinal use of Fig (Ficus carica) in gastrointestinal and inflammatory disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS The aqueous-ethanolic extract of Ficus carica (Fc.Cr) was studied for antispasmodic effect on the isolated rabbit jejunum preparations and for antiplatelet effect using ex vivo model of human platelets. RESULTS Fc.Cr tested positive for alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins, saponins, sterols and terpenes. When tested in isolated rabbit jejunum, Fc.Cr (0.1-3.0mg/mL) produced relaxation of spontaneous and low K(+) (25 mM)-induced contractions with negligible effect on high K(+) (80 mM) similar to that caused by cromakalim. Pretreatment of the tissue with glibenclamide caused rightward shift in the curves of low K(+)-induced contractions. Similarly, cromakalim inhibited the contractions induced by low K(+), but not of high K(+), while verapamil equally inhibited the contractions of K(+) at both concentrations. Fc.Cr (0.6 and 0.12 mg/mL) inhibited the adenosine 5'-diphosphate and adrenaline-induced human platelet aggregation. CONCLUSION This study showed the presence of spasmolytic activity in the ripe dried fruit of Ficus carica possibly mediated through the activation of K(+)(ATP) channels along with antiplatelet activity which provides sound pharmacological basis for its medicinal use in the gut motility and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwarul Hassan Gilani
- Natural Product Research Division, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi 74800, Pakistan.
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Rajesh R, Nataraju A, Gowda CDR, Frey BM, Frey FJ, Vishwanath BS. Purification and characterization of a 34-kDa, heat stable glycoprotein from Synadenium grantii latex: action on human fibrinogen and fibrin clot. Biochimie 2006; 88:1313-22. [PMID: 16997451 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2006.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2005] [Accepted: 06/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Latex glycoprotein (LGP) from Synadenium grantii latex was purified by the combination of heat precipitation and gel permeation chromatography. LGP is a heat stable protein even at 80 degrees C showed a sharp single band both in SDS-PAGE as well as in native (acidic) PAGE. LGP is a monomeric protein appears as single band under reducing condition. It is a less hydrophobic protein showed sharp single peak in RP-HPLC with retention time of 13.3 m. The relative molecular mass of LGP is 34.4 kDa. CD spectrum of LGP explains less content of alpha-helix (7%), and high content of beta-pleated sheets (48%) and random coils (46%). The N-terminal sequence of LGP is D-F-P-S-D-W-Y-A-Y-E-G-Y-V-I-D-R-P-F-S. Purified LGP is a fibrinogen degrading protease hydrolyses all the three subunits in the order of Aalpha, Bbeta and gamma. The hydrolytic pattern is totally different from plasmin as well as thrombin. LGP reduces recalcification time from 165 to 30 s with citrated human plasma but did not show thrombin like as well as factor Xa-like activity. Although LGP induces procoagulant activity, it hydrolyses partially cross-linked fibrin clot. It hydrolyses all the subunits of partially cross-linked fibrin clot (alpha- chains, beta-chain and gamma-gamma dimer). LGP is a serine protease, inhibited by PMSF. Other serine protease inhibitors, aprotinin and leupeptin did not inhibit the caseinolytic activity as well as fibrinogenolytic activity. We report purification and characterization of a glycoprotein from Synadenium grantii latex with human fibrino(geno)lytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rajesh
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore 570006, India
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Rajesh R, Raghavendra Gowda CD, Nataraju A, Dhananjaya BL, Kemparaju K, Vishwanath BS. Procoagulant activity of Calotropis gigantea latex associated with fibrin(ogen)olytic activity. Toxicon 2005; 46:84-92. [PMID: 15922393 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2004] [Revised: 03/17/2005] [Accepted: 03/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The latex of Calotropis gigantea is a rich source of useful components that has medicinal properties and one of the main applications is in controlling bleeding. The crude latex extract contained many proteins, which are highly basic in nature and exhibited strong proteolytic activity. The crude extract hydrolyses casein, human fibrinogen and crude fibrin clot in a dose-dependent manner. The hydrolyzing activity was completely inhibited by IAA indicating they belong to the super family, cysteine proteases. Crude extract hydrolyses Aalpha, Bbeta and gamma subunits of fibrinogen. Among all the subunits the preferential subunit to get hydrolyzed was Aalpha followed by Bbeta and gamma subunit is highly resistant and hydrolyzed at higher protein concentration or over a prolonged incubation time. The crude extract hydrolysis crude fibrin clot strongly compared to trypsin and papain. Pharmacologically the crude extract is hemorrhagic and induces skin hemorrhage at >75 microg and reduces the coagulation time of citrated plasma from 150 to 47 s and promotes blood coagulation. Procoagulation and blood clot hydrolysis are important in wound healing process. This is due to unique cysteine proteases of plant latex and is responsible for the pharmacological actions observed in folk medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rajesh
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore 570 006, Karnataka, India
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