1
|
Martínez-Ramos S, García S. An update of murine models and their methodologies in immune-mediated joint damage and pain research. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 128:111440. [PMID: 38176343 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Murine models have played an indispensable role in the understanding of rheumatic and musculoskeletal disorders (RMD), elucidating the genetic, endocrine and biomechanical pathways involved in joint pathology and associated pain. To date, the available models in RMD can be classified as induced or spontaneous, both incorporating transgenic alternatives that improve specific insights. It is worth noting that the selection of the most appropriate model together with the evaluation of their specific characteristics and technical capabilities are crucial when designing the experiments. Furthermore, it is also imperative to consistently adhere to the ethical standards concerning animal experimentation. Recognizing the inherent limitation that any model can entirely encapsulates the complexity of the pathophysiology of these conditions, the aim of this review is to provide an updated overview on the methodology of current murine models in major arthropathies and their immune-mediated pathways, addressing to basic, translational and pharmacological research in joint damage and pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Martínez-Ramos
- Rheumatology & Immuno-mediated Diseases Research Group (IRIDIS), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain; Rheumatology Department, University Hospital Complex of Vigo, Vigo, Spain.
| | - Samuel García
- Rheumatology & Immuno-mediated Diseases Research Group (IRIDIS), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain; Rheumatology Department, University Hospital Complex of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang S, Zhou Y, Huang J, Li H, Pang H, Niu D, Li G, Wang F, Zhou Z, Liu Z. Advances in experimental models of rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2249962. [PMID: 36330559 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202249962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease characterized by persistent articular inflammation and joint damage. RA was first described over 200 years ago; however, its etiology and pathophysiology remain insufficiently understood. The current treatment of RA is mainly empirical or based on the current understanding of etiology with limited efficacy and/or substantial side effects. Thus, the development of safer and more potent therapeutics, validated and optimized in experimental models, is urgently required. To improve the transition from bench to bedside, researchers must carefully select the appropriate experimental models as well as draw the right conclusions. Here, we summarize the establishment, pathological features, potential mechanisms, advantages, and limitations of the currently available RA models. The aim of the review is to help researchers better understand available RA models; discuss future trends in RA model development, which can help highlight new translational and human-based avenues in RA research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China.,Honghu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Honghu, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yanhua Zhou
- School of Basic Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China.,Honghu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Honghu, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jiangrong Huang
- School of Basic Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
| | - Huilin Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
| | - Huidan Pang
- School of Basic Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
| | - Dandan Niu
- School of Basic Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
| | - Guangyao Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Experiment and Training, Hubei College of Chinese Medicine, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zushan Zhou
- School of Basic Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China.,Honghu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Honghu, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Biomarkers for Osteoarthritis Diseases. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12111799. [PMID: 36362955 PMCID: PMC9697481 DOI: 10.3390/life12111799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence has revealed the pivotal role of inflammatory biomarkers in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. There is significant interest in the prognostic value of select biomarkers, given the potential for early identification and treatment of patients at risk of osteoarthritis prior to the development of irreversible clinical disease. Clinical trials of novel therapeutics that disrupt the inflammatory pathways of osteoarthritis are also ongoing. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current literature on key biomarkers within the context of osteoarthritis pathogenesis, clinical symptom development, and treatment capabilities. Multiple recent studies have established biomarkers that signal the existence of osteoarthritis pathology and the development of clinical symptomology. However, prior to implementation in clinical practice, additional research is required to precisely define the prognostic value for numerous biomarkers and standardize their measurement. Biomarker-driven investigations represent a promising avenue for the early diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis.
Collapse
|
4
|
Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein, Diseases, and Therapeutic Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169253. [PMID: 36012514 PMCID: PMC9408827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) is an extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein that is critical for collagen assembly and ECM stability. Mutations of COMP cause endoplasmic reticulum stress and chondrocyte apoptosis, resulting in rare skeleton diseases. The bouquet-like structure of COMP allows it to act as a bridging molecule that regulates cellular phenotype and function. COMP is able to interact with many other ECM components and binds directly to a variety of cellular receptors and growth factors. The roles of COMP in other skeleton diseases, such as osteoarthritis, have been implied. As a well-established biochemical marker, COMP indicates cartilage turnover associated with destruction. Recent exciting achievements indicate its involvement in other diseases, such as malignancy, cardiovascular diseases, and tissue fibrosis. Here, we review the basic concepts of COMP and summarize its novel functions in the regulation of signaling events. These findings renew our understanding that COMP has a notable function in cell behavior and disease progression as a signaling regulator. Interestingly, COMP shows distinct functions in different diseases. Targeting COMP in malignancy may withdraw its beneficial effects on the vascular system and induce or aggravate cardiovascular diseases. COMP supplementation is a promising treatment for OA and aortic aneurysms while it may induce tissue fibrosis or cancer metastasis.
Collapse
|
5
|
Topping LM, Romero-Castillo L, Urbonaviciute V, Bolinsson H, Clanchy FI, Holmdahl R, Bäckström BT, Williams RO. Standardization of Antigen-Emulsion Preparations for the Induction of Autoimmune Disease Models. Front Immunol 2022; 13:892251. [PMID: 35769487 PMCID: PMC9234561 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.892251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune murine disease models are vital tools for identifying novel targets and finding better treatments for human diseases. Complete Freund's adjuvant is commonly used to induce disease in autoimmune models, and the quality of the adjuvant/autoantigen emulsion is of critical importance in determining reproducibility. We have established an emulsification method using a standard homogenizer and specially designed receptacle. Emulsions are easy to prepare, form stable and uniform water-in-oil particles, are faster to make than the traditional syringe method, use less material and are designed to fill syringes with ease. In the present study, we have validated the emulsions for induction of experimental autoimmune encephalitis, collagen II induced arthritis, antigen induced arthritis, and delayed type hypersensitivity models. These models were induced consistently and reproducibly and, in some cases, the new method outperformed the traditional method. The method described herein is simple, cost-effective and will reduce variability, thereby requiring fewer animals for in vivo research involving animal models of autoimmune disease and in vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise M. Topping
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Romero-Castillo
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vilma Urbonaviciute
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans Bolinsson
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Felix I. Clanchy
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - B. Thomas Bäckström
- The Rausing Laboratory, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Autoimmunity, BTB Emulsions AB, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Richard O. Williams
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ge C, Tong D, Lönnblom E, Liang B, Cai W, Fahlquist-Hagert C, Li T, Kastbom A, Gjertsson I, Dobritzsch D, Holmdahl R. Antibodies to cartilage oligomeric matrix protein are pathogenic in mice and may be clinically relevant in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2022; 74:961-971. [PMID: 35080151 PMCID: PMC9320966 DOI: 10.1002/art.42072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) is an autoantigen in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and experimental models of arthritis. This study was undertaken to investigate the structure, function, and relevance of anti‐COMP antibodies. Methods We investigated the pathogenicity of monoclonal anti‐COMP antibodies in mice using passive transfer experiments, and we explored the interaction of anti‐COMP antibodies with cartilage using immunohistochemical staining. The interaction of the monoclonal antibody 15A11 in complex with its specific COMP epitope P6 was determined by x‐ray crystallography. An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and a surface plasma resonance technique were used to study the modulation of calcium ion binding to 15A11. The clinical relevance and value of serum IgG specific to the COMP P6 epitope and its citrullinated variants were evaluated in a large Swedish cohort of RA patients. Results The murine monoclonal anti‐COMP antibody 15A11 induced arthritis in naive mice. The crystal structure of the 15A11–P6 complex explained how the antibody could bind to COMP, which can be modulated by calcium ions. Moreover, serum IgG specific to the COMP P6 peptide and its citrullinated variants was detectable at significantly higher levels in RA patients compared to healthy controls and correlated with a higher disease activity score. Conclusion Our findings provide the structural basis for binding a pathogenic anti‐COMP antibody to cartilage. The recognized epitope can be citrullinated, and levels of antibodies to this epitope are elevated in RA patients and correlate with higher disease activity, implicating a pathogenic role of anti‐COMP antibodies in a subset of RA patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changrong Ge
- Medical Inflammation Research, Dept of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solnavägen 9, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dongmei Tong
- Medical Inflammation Research, Dept of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solnavägen 9, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Lönnblom
- Medical Inflammation Research, Dept of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solnavägen 9, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bibo Liang
- Medical Inflammation Research, Dept of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solnavägen 9, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Medical Immunopharmacology Research, Pharmacology School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Cai
- Medical Inflammation Research, Dept of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solnavägen 9, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Fahlquist-Hagert
- Medical Inflammation Research, Dept of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solnavägen 9, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Medical Inflammation Research, MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Taotao Li
- Medical Inflammation Research, Dept of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solnavägen 9, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alf Kastbom
- Department of Rheumatology in Östergötland, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Inger Gjertsson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Doreen Dobritzsch
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, 171 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Medical Inflammation Research, Dept of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solnavägen 9, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Medical Immunopharmacology Research, Pharmacology School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Medical Inflammation Research, MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhao Y, Urbonaviciute V, Xu B, Cai W, Sener Z, Ge C, Holmdahl R. Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein Induced Arthritis-A New Model for Rheumatoid Arthritis in the C57BL/6 Mouse. Front Immunol 2021; 12:631249. [PMID: 33708221 PMCID: PMC7940517 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.631249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The most commonly used strains in experimental research, including genetically modified strains, are C57BL/6 mice. However, so far, no reliable model for rheumatoid arthritis is available, mainly due to the restriction by the MHC class II haplotype H-2b. Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is the most widely used animal model of rheumatoid arthritis, but C57BL/6 strain is resistant to CIA because there is no collagen II peptide associated with H-2b. To establish a rheumatoid arthritis model in C57BL/6 mice, we immunized C57BL/6NJ (B6N) mice with human cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), which induced severe arthritis with high incidence, accompanied by a strong auto-antibody response. Native COMP was required, as denatured COMP lost its ability to induce arthritis in B6N mice. An immunodominant COMP peptide was identified as the key T cell epitope, with a perfect fit into the Ab class II peptide binding pocket. A critical amino acid in this peptide was found to be phenylalanine at position 95. Recombinant COMP mutated at position 95 (COMP_F95S) lost its ability to induce arthritis or a strong immune response in the B6N mice. In conclusion, A new model for RA has been established using C57BL/6 mice through immunization with COMP, which is dependent on a COMP specific peptide binding Ab, thus in similarity with CIA in Aq expressing strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunjuan Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vilma Urbonaviciute
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bingze Xu
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Weiwei Cai
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zeynep Sener
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Changrong Ge
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nosrati Z, Bergamo M, Rodríguez-Rodríguez C, Saatchi K, Häfeli UO. Refinement and validation of infrared thermal imaging (IRT): a non-invasive technique to measure disease activity in a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2020; 22:281. [PMID: 33256854 PMCID: PMC7708919 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-020-02367-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The discovery and development of new medicines requires high-throughput screening of possible therapeutics in a specific model of the disease. Infrared thermal imaging (IRT) is a modern assessment method with extensive clinical and preclinical applications. Employing IRT in longitudinal preclinical setting to monitor arthritis onset, disease activity and therapeutic efficacies requires a standardized framework to provide reproducible quantitative data as a precondition for clinical studies. Methods Here, we established the accuracy and reliability of an inexpensive smartphone connected infrared (IR) camera against known temperature objects as well as certified blackbody calibration equipment. An easy to use protocol incorporating contactless image acquisition and computer-assisted data analysis was developed to detect disease-related temperature changes in a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model and validated by comparison with two conventional methods, clinical arthritis scoring and paw thickness measurement. We implemented IRT to demonstrate the beneficial therapeutic effect of nanoparticle drug delivery versus free methotrexate (MTX) in vivo. Results The calibrations revealed high accuracy and reliability of the IR camera for detecting temperature changes in the rheumatoid arthritis animal model. Significant positive correlation was found between temperature changes and paw thickness measurements as the disease progressed. IRT was found to be superior over the conventional techniques specially at early arthritis onset, when it is difficult to observe subclinical signs and measure structural changes. Conclusion IRT proved to be a valid and unbiased method to detect temperature changes and quantify the degree of inflammation in a rapid and reproducible manner in longitudinal preclinical drug efficacy studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Nosrati
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Marta Bergamo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Katayoun Saatchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Urs O Häfeli
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada. .,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Damerau A, Gaber T. Modeling Rheumatoid Arthritis In Vitro: From Experimental Feasibility to Physiological Proximity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217916. [PMID: 33113770 PMCID: PMC7663779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, inflammatory, and systemic autoimmune disease that affects the connective tissue and primarily the joints. If not treated, RA ultimately leads to progressive cartilage and bone degeneration. The etiology of the pathogenesis of RA is unknown, demonstrating heterogeneity in its clinical presentation, and is associated with autoantibodies directed against modified self-epitopes. Although many models already exist for RA for preclinical research, many current model systems of arthritis have limited predictive value because they are either based on animals of phylogenetically distant origin or suffer from overly simplified in vitro culture conditions. These limitations pose considerable challenges for preclinical research and therefore clinical translation. Thus, a sophisticated experimental human-based in vitro approach mimicking RA is essential to (i) investigate key mechanisms in the pathogenesis of human RA, (ii) identify targets for new therapeutic approaches, (iii) test these approaches, (iv) facilitate the clinical transferability of results, and (v) reduce the use of laboratory animals. Here, we summarize the most commonly used in vitro models of RA and discuss their experimental feasibility and physiological proximity to the pathophysiology of human RA to highlight new human-based avenues in RA research to increase our knowledge on human pathophysiology and develop effective targeted therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Damerau
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Timo Gaber
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
The increase in global lifespan has in turn increased the prevalence of osteoarthritis which is now the most common type of arthritis. Cartilage tissue located on articular joints erodes during osteoarthritis which causes pain and may lead to a crippling loss of function in patients. The pathophysiology of osteoarthritis has been understudied and currently no disease modifying treatments exist. The only current end-point treatment remains joint replacement surgery. The primary risk factor for osteoarthritis is age. Clinical and basic research is now focused on understanding the ageing process of cartilage and its role in osteoarthritis. This chapter will outline the physiology of cartilage tissue, the clinical presentation and treatment options for the disease and the cellular ageing processes which are involved in the pathophysiology of the disease.
Collapse
|
11
|
In search of chondrocyte-specific antigen. Cent Eur J Immunol 2018; 43:132-138. [PMID: 30135624 PMCID: PMC6102620 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2018.77382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to establish, whether rat chondrocyte associated antigen, transmembrane Tmp21 protein belonging to the p24 protein family may immunize rats and thus be included into the panel of immunogens potentially involved in cartilage pathology. For immunization of rats extract from cultured chondrocytes containing surface chondrocyte proteins suspended in incomplete Freund's adjuvant was used. Control animals were injected with incomplete Freund's adjuvant without chondrocyte extract. Morphological observations indicated that both in control and experimental animals occurred subperiosteal resorption of bone, suggesting that it arised as the response to adjuvant. In trachea, however, resorption of cartilage and inflammatory changes in the respiratory epithelium and lamina propria were present only in animals exposed to antigen. Unexpectedly, sera from immunized rats strongly reacted with other antigen, which we were able to identify by Western blot and protein sequencing as cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP). COMP is attached to chondrocyte membrane by integrins and its presence in chondrocyte extract is not surprising. Antibody response to COMP raises a question whether the observed changes in tracheal cartilage and epithelium represent anti-COMP reaction or were caused by some other, no specified factors. COMP is used as the marker of osteoarthritis progression, but its role in polychondritis, cartilage pathology involving i.a. tracheal cartilage resorption remains unknown. Thus, our observations may serve as the starting point for future studies in this direction.
Collapse
|
12
|
Hagert C, Sareila O, Kelkka T, Nandakumar KS, Collin M, Xu B, Guérard S, Bäcklund J, Jalkanen S, Holmdahl R. Chronic Active Arthritis Driven by Macrophages Without Involvement of T Cells: A Novel Experimental Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018. [PMID: 29513929 DOI: 10.1002/art.40482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a new chronic rheumatoid arthritis model that is driven by the innate immune system. METHODS Injection of a cocktail of 4 monoclonal antibodies against type II collagen, followed on days 5 and 60 by intraperitoneal injections of mannan (from Saccharomyces cerevisiae), was used to induce development of chronic arthritis in B10.Q mice. The role of the innate immune system as compared to the adaptive immune system in this arthritis model was investigated using genetically modified mouse strains. RESULTS A new model of chronic relapsing arthritis was characterized in B10.Q mice, in which a persistently active, chronic disease was found. This relapsing disease was driven by macrophages lacking the ability to mount a reactive oxygen species response against pathogens, and was associated with the classical/alternative pathway, but not the lectin pathway, of complement activation. The disease was independent of Fcγ receptor type III, and also independent of the activity of adaptive immune cells (B and T cells), indicating that the innate immune system, involving complement activation, could be the sole driver of chronicity. CONCLUSION Chronic active arthritis can be driven innately by macrophages without the involvement of T and B cells in the adaptive immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Hagert
- Medicity, University of Turku and the National Doctoral Programme in Informational and Structural Biology, Turku, Finland
| | - Outi Sareila
- Medicity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tiina Kelkka
- Medicity, University of Turku and the Turku Doctoral Programme of Biomedical Sciences, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Bingze Xu
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Medicity, University of Turku, The National Doctoral Programme in Informational and Structural Biology, and The Turku Doctoral Programme of Biomedical Sciences, Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yun X, Dong S, Hu Q, Dai Y, Xia Y. 1H NMR-based metabolomics approach to investigate the urine samples of collagen-induced arthritis rats and the intervention of tetrandrine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 154:302-311. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
14
|
Nandakumar KS. Targeting IgG in Arthritis: Disease Pathways and Therapeutic Avenues. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E677. [PMID: 29495570 PMCID: PMC5877538 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a polygenic and multifactorial syndrome. Many complex immunological and genetic interactions are involved in the final outcome of the clinical disease. Autoantibodies (rheumatoid factors, anti-citrullinated peptide/protein antibodies) are present in RA patients' sera for a long time before the onset of clinical disease. Prior to arthritis onset, in the autoantibody response, epitope spreading, avidity maturation, and changes towards a pro-inflammatory Fc glycosylation phenotype occurs. Genetic association of epitope specific autoantibody responses and the induction of inflammation dependent and independent changes in the cartilage by pathogenic autoantibodies emphasize the crucial contribution of antibody-initiated inflammation in RA development. Targeting IgG by glyco-engineering, bacterial enzymes to specifically cleave IgG/alter N-linked Fc-glycans at Asn 297 or blocking the downstream effector pathways offers new avenues to develop novel therapeutics for arthritis treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kutty Selva Nandakumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Choudhary N, Bhatt LK, Prabhavalkar KS. Experimental animal models for rheumatoid arthritis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2018; 40:193-200. [PMID: 29433367 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2018.1434793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune systemic disorder of unknown etiology and is characterized by chronic inflammation and synovial infiltration of immune cells. RA is associated with decreased life expectancy and quality of life. The research on RA is greatly simplified by animal models that help us to investigate the complex system involving inflammation, immunological tolerance and autoimmunity. The animal models of RA with a proven track record of predictability for efficacy in humans include: collagen type II induced arthritis in rats as well as mice, adjuvant induced arthritis in rats and antigen induced arthritis in several species. The development of novel treatments for RA requires the interplay between clinical observations and studies in animal models. However, each model features a different mechanism driving the disease expression; the benefits of each should be evaluated carefully in making the appropriate choice for the scientific problem to be investigated. In this review article, we focus on animal models of arthritis induced in various species along with the genetic models. The review also discussed the similarity and dissimilarities with respect to human RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narayan Choudhary
- a Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy , Vile Parle (W) , Mumbai , India
| | - Lokesh K Bhatt
- a Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy , Vile Parle (W) , Mumbai , India
| | - Kedar S Prabhavalkar
- a Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy , Vile Parle (W) , Mumbai , India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
In vivo mouse models of inflammatory arthritis are extensively used to investigate pathogenic mechanisms governing inflammation-driven joint damage. Two commonly utilized models include collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and methylated bovine serum albumin (mBSA) antigen-induced arthritis (AIA). These offer unique advantages for modeling different aspects of human disease. CIA involves breach of immunological tolerance resulting in systemic autoantibody-driven arthritis, while AIA results in local resolving inflammatory flares and articular T cell-mediated damage. Despite limitations that apply to all animal models of human disease, CIA and AIA have been instrumental in identifying pathogenic mediators, immune cell subsets and stromal cell responses that determine disease onset, progression, and severity. Moreover, these models have enabled investigation of disease phases not easily studied in patients and have served as testing beds for novel biological therapies, including cytokine blockers and small molecule inhibitors of intracellular signaling that have revolutionized rheumatoid arthritis treatment.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens/adverse effects
- Arthritis, Experimental/etiology
- Arthritis, Experimental/metabolism
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/etiology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Inflammation/etiology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Serum Albumin, Bovine/administration & dosage
- Serum Albumin, Bovine/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gareth W Jones
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
| | - David G Hill
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Katie Sime
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Anwen S Williams
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yau ACY, Holmdahl R. Rheumatoid arthritis: identifying and characterising polymorphisms using rat models. Dis Model Mech 2017; 9:1111-1123. [PMID: 27736747 PMCID: PMC5087835 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.026435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory joint disorder characterised by erosive inflammation of the articular cartilage and by destruction of the synovial joints. It is regulated by both genetic and environmental factors, and, currently, there is no preventative treatment or cure for this disease. Genome-wide association studies have identified ∼100 new loci associated with rheumatoid arthritis, in addition to the already known locus within the major histocompatibility complex II region. However, together, these loci account for only a modest fraction of the genetic variance associated with this disease and very little is known about the pathogenic roles of most of the risk loci identified. Here, we discuss how rat models of rheumatoid arthritis are being used to detect quantitative trait loci that regulate different arthritic traits by genetic linkage analysis and to positionally clone the underlying causative genes using congenic strains. By isolating specific loci on a fixed genetic background, congenic strains overcome the challenges of genetic heterogeneity and environmental interactions associated with human studies. Most importantly, congenic strains allow functional experimental studies be performed to investigate the pathological consequences of natural genetic polymorphisms, as illustrated by the discovery of several major disease genes that contribute to arthritis in rats. We discuss how these advances have provided new biological insights into arthritis in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Y Yau
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Geng H, Nandakumar KS, Xiong L, Jie R, Dong J, Holmdahl R. Incomplete B Cell Tolerance to Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein in Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:2301-9. [DOI: 10.1002/art.38046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Geng
- Central China Normal University; Wuhan China
- Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - Li Xiong
- Central China Normal University; Wuhan China
| | - Rui Jie
- Central China Normal University; Wuhan China
| | - Jiahui Dong
- Central China Normal University; Wuhan China
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ishida K, Acharya C, Christiansen BA, Yik JHN, DiCesare PE, Haudenschild DR. Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein enhances osteogenesis by directly binding and activating bone morphogenetic protein-2. Bone 2013; 55:23-35. [PMID: 23528838 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are effective for bone regeneration, and are used clinically. However, supraphysiological doses are required, which limits their use. Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein is an extracellular matrix protein, which we have previously shown can bind to growth factors of the TGFs family, suggesting that COMP may also bind to BMP-2. Rather than being a passive component of the matrix, COMP may serve as an "instructive matrix" component capable of increasing local growth factor concentration, slowing the diffusion of growth factors, and promoting their biological activity. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether COMP binds to BMP-2, and whether it promotes the biological activity of BMP-2 with respect to osteogenesis. We found that COMP binds BMP-2, and characterized the biochemical nature of the binding interaction. COMP binding enhanced BMP-2-induced intracellular signaling through Smad proteins, increased the levels of BMP receptors, and up-regulated the luciferase activity from a BMP-2-responsive reporter construct. COMP binding enhanced BMP-2-dependent osteogenesis in vitro, in the C2C12 cell line and in primary human bone mesenchymal stem cells, as measured by alkaline phosphatase activity, matrix mineralization, and gene expression. Finally, we found that COMP enhanced BMP-2-dependent ectopic bone formation in a rat model assessed histologically, by alkaline phosphatase activity, gene expression, and micro-CT. In summary, this study demonstrates that COMP enhances the osteogenic activity of BMP-2, both in-vitro and in-vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazunari Ishida
- Lawrence J. Ellison Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, 4635 Second Avenue Suite 2000, Sacramento CA 95817, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Happonen KE, Heinegård D, Saxne T, Blom AM. Interactions of the complement system with molecules of extracellular matrix: relevance for joint diseases. Immunobiology 2013; 217:1088-96. [PMID: 22964234 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a highly disabling disease affecting all structures of the joint. Understanding the pathology behind the development of RA is essential for developing targeted therapeutic strategies as well as for developing novel markers to predict disease onset. Several molecules normally hidden within the cartilage tissue are exposed to complement components in the synovial fluid upon cartilage breakdown. Some of these have been shown to activate complement and toll-like receptors, which may enhance an already existing inflammatory response, thereby worsening the course of disease. Other cartilage-resident molecules have in contrast shown to possess complement-inhibitory properties. Knowledge about mechanisms behind pathological complement activation in the joints will hopefully lead to methods which allow us to distinguish patients with pathological complement activation from those where other inflammatory pathways are predominant. This will help to elucidate which patients will benefit from complement inhibitory therapies, which are thought to aid a specific subset of patients or patients at a certain stage of disease. Future challenges are to target the complement inhibition specifically to the joints to minimize systemic complement blockade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa E Happonen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Medical Protein Chemistry, Wallenberg Laboratory, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Geng and colleagues consolidate and detail the role of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) as a (potential) autoantigen in experimental and human arthritis, a finding also supported by the detection of COMP fragments and anti-COMP antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis serum and/or synovial fluid and by synovial B-cell responses against COMP. The reactivity to COMP is yet another example of how, in addition to collagen II and the large aggregating proteoglycan, cartilage-specific proteins can induce arthritis and contribute to autoimmunity. Progression of cartilage damage and degradation in disease is believed to promote the autoimmune reaction to cartilage components. However, Geng and colleagues show that anti-COMP mAbs bind in vivo to undamaged cartilage, as previously also observed for anti-collagen II antibodies. Whether this autoimmunity also involves modifications of cartilage matrix proteins, such as citrullination, remains to be further investigated. Latent, subpathogenic (auto)immune reactions directed against cartilage matrix proteins may thus eventually contribute to the outbreak of human arthritis.
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
Geng H, Nandakumar KS, Pramhed A, Aspberg A, Mattsson R, Holmdahl R. Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein specific antibodies are pathogenic. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:R191. [PMID: 22906101 PMCID: PMC3580587 DOI: 10.1186/ar4022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) is a major non-collagenous component of cartilage. Earlier, we developed a new mouse model for rheumatoid arthritis using COMP. This study was undertaken to investigate the epitope specificity and immunopathogenicity of COMP-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Methods B cell immunodominant regions on the COMP molecule were measured with a novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using mammalian expressed full-length mouse COMP as well as a panel of recombinant mouse COMP fragments. 18 mAbs specific to COMP were generated and the pathogenicity of mAbs was investigated by passive transfer experiments. Results B cell immunodominant epitopes were localized within 4 antigenic domains of the COMP but with preferential response to the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domain. Some of our anti-COMP mAbs showed interactions with the native form of COMP, which is present in cartilage and synovium. Passive transfer of COMP-specific mAbs enhanced arthritis when co-administrated with a sub-arthritogenic dose of a mAb specific to collagen type II. Interestingly, we found that a combination of 5 COMP mAbs was capable of inducing arthritis in naive mice. Conclusions We have identified the specificities of mAbs to COMP and their contribution to the development of arthritis. These findings will further improve our understanding of the autoantibody mediated immunopathologies occurring widely in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), as well as in other autoimmune disorders.
Collapse
|
24
|
Advances in research on animal models of rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2012; 32:161-5. [PMID: 22885986 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-012-2041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
At present, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is considered a type of autoimmune disease. Its pathology is not certain, and effective drugs with less toxicity have not been established. The establishment and application of animal models are effective methods for RA research, especially using animal models similar to humans. Arthritis is more heterogeneous, and this is an important starting point when discussing animal models for arthritis. Animal models are instrumental in understanding the etiology and pathogenetic mechanisms of RA. Appropriate animal models should be selected according to experiments because they have different traits. Various methods have been applied to induce arthritis in animal experimental models, which have provided important insights into the etiopathogenetic mechanisms of human RA. This review was written to give a broad introduction of the current stage of RA model and hope to offer beneficial help for RA-related research.
Collapse
|
25
|
IL-17 producing T cells in mouse models of multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012; 90:613-24. [PMID: 22231742 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-011-0841-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) are amongst the most common autoimmune diseases in the northern hemisphere. There is mounting evidence that in both afflictions, not only environmental and genetic factors influence disease, but cellular components such as autoreactive T cells also contribute to pathology. Animal models are key in the study and subsequent therapeutic development for human autoimmune diseases. As patient material is often difficult to obtain and in some cases--as in MS, where the central nervous system (CNS) is concerned--even not accessible, animal models provide a multifaceted tool to explore disease-underlying mechanisms. The pro-inflammatory T cell cytokine IL-17 has recently moved to center stage due to its crucial role in autoimmune diseases including MS and RA. A plethora of studies in animal models has sustained the relevance of this cytokine pathway for the development of autoimmunity and shed light on its cellular sources and patho-mechanisms. This review addresses the role of IL-17 producing T lymphocytes, in particular CD4(+) and γδ T cells, in three commonly used mouse models for MS and RA, namely experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), and antigen-induced arthritis (AIA). Comparing and combining knowledge gained from different animal models will broaden our understanding of the IL-17 biology and facilitate the translation to the human diseases.
Collapse
|
26
|
Pásztói M, Misják P, György B, Aradi B, Szabó TG, Szántó B, Holub MC, Nagy G, Falus A, Buzás EI. Infection and autoimmunity: Lessons of animal models. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2011; 1:198-207. [PMID: 24516725 DOI: 10.1556/eujmi.1.2011.3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While the key initiating processes that trigger human autoimmune diseases remain enigmatic, increasing evidences support the concept that microbial stimuli are among major environmental factors eliciting autoimmune diseases in genetically susceptible individuals. Here, we present an overview of evidences obtained through various experimental models of autoimmunity for the role of microbial stimuli in disease development. Disease onset and severity have been compared in numerous models under conventional, specific-pathogen-free and germ-free conditions. The results of these experiments suggest that there is no uniform scheme that could describe the role played by infectious agents in the experimental models of autoimmunity. While some models are dependent, others prove to be completely independent of microbial stimuli. In line with the threshold hypothesis of autoimmune diseases, highly relevant genetic factors or microbial stimuli induce autoimmunity on their own, without requiring further factors. Importantly, recent evidences show that colonization of germ-free animals with certain members of the commensal flora [such as segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB)] may lead to autoimmunity. These data drive attention to the importance of the complex composition of gut flora in maintaining immune homeostasis. The intriguing observation obtained in autoimmune animal models that parasites often confer protection against autoimmune disease development may suggest new therapeutic perspectives of infectious agents in autoimmunity.
Collapse
|
27
|
Lindvall T, Nandakumar KS, Yousefi K, Holmdahl R, Andersson A. An encephalomyelitis-specific locus on chromosome 16 in mouse controls disease development and expression of immune-regulatory genes. J Neuroimmunol 2011; 235:40-7. [PMID: 21543122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A locus on mouse chromosome 16 was found to control experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in studies using congenic mice. Genes within the congenic region control encephalomyelitis but not arthritis, indicating the presence of genes in this region involved in central nervous system (CNS) specific mechanisms. Flow cytometry analyses of expression of two candidate genes within the linked locus, Cd200 and Btla, demonstrated a significantly lower expression of CD200 on CD4+ T cells and higher expression of BTLA on B cells from the congenic mice. These results suggest that genes within this mouse chromosome 16 locus specifically control EAE development possibly through immune-regulatory cell-surface molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Therese Lindvall
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Unit for Medical Inflammation Research, BMC I11, Lund University, S-22184 Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Happonen KE, Saxne T, Aspberg A, Mörgelin M, Heinegård D, Blom AM. Regulation of complement by cartilage oligomeric matrix protein allows for a novel molecular diagnostic principle in rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 62:3574-83. [PMID: 20737467 DOI: 10.1002/art.27720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) is a structural component of cartilage, where it catalyzes collagen fibrillogenesis. Elevated amounts of COMP are found in serum during increased turnover of cartilage associated with active joint disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). This study was undertaken to investigate the ability of COMP to regulate complement, a capacity that has previously been shown for some other cartilage proteins. METHODS Regulation of complement by COMP was studied using functional in vitro assays. Inter-actions between complement proteins and COMP were investigated by direct binding assay and electron microscopy. Circulating COMP and COMP-C3b complexes in serum and synovial fluid from RA and OA patients and healthy controls were measured with a novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS We found in vivo evidence of complement activation by released COMP in the general circulation of patients with RA, but not patients with OA. COMP induced activation and deposition of C3b and C9 specifically via the alternative pathway of complement, which was attributable to direct interaction between COMP and properdin. Furthermore, COMP inhibited the classical and the lectin complement pathways due to direct interaction with the stalk region of C1q and mannose-binding lectin, respectively. CONCLUSION COMP is the first extracellular matrix protein for which an active role in inflammation has been demonstrated in vivo. It can activate one complement pathway at the same time as it has the potential to inhibit another. The net outcome of these interactions is most likely determined by the type of released COMP fragments, which may be disease specific.
Collapse
|
29
|
Klareskog L, Malmström V, Lundberg K, Padyukov L, Alfredsson L. Smoking, citrullination and genetic variability in the immunopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Immunol 2011; 23:92-8. [PMID: 21376627 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2011.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This review describes how studies on interactions between genetic variants, and environmental factors, mainly smoking, contribute to the understanding of how autoimmunity to post-translationally (citrullinated) proteins/peptides may occur and potentially contribute to certain subsets of rheumatoid arthritis. A main message is that studies on specific immune mechanisms in a complex and heterogeneous disease like RA should be undertaken with the help of results from genetic epidemiology. By those means, it may be possible to identify subsets of RA in a way that in the end allows development and testing of precise and subset-specific interventions against environment as well as genetically defined molecular pathways, in particular those that regulate specific immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Klareskog
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet/Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lindvall T, Karlsson J, Holmdahl R, Andersson A. Dissection of a locus on mouse chromosome 5 reveals arthritis promoting and inhibitory genes. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 11:R10. [PMID: 20527086 PMCID: PMC2688241 DOI: 10.1186/ar2597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In a cross between two mouse strains, the susceptible B10.RIII (H-2r) and resistant RIIIS/J (H-2r) strains, a locus on mouse chromosome 5 (Eae39) was previously shown to control experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Recently, quantitative trait loci (QTL), linked to disease in different experimental arthritis models, were mapped to this region. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether genes within Eae39, in addition to EAE, control development of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Methods CIA, induced by immunisation with bovine type II collagen, was studied in Eae39 congenic and sub-interval congenic mice. Antibody titres were investigated with ELISA. Gene-typing was performed by micro-satellite mapping and statistics was calculated by standard methods. Results Experiments of CIA in Eae39 congenic- and sub-interval congenic mice, carrying RIIIS/J genes on the B10.RIII genetic background, revealed three loci within Eae39 that control disease and anti-collagen antibody titres. Two of the loci promoted disease and the third locus was protected against CIA development. By further breeding of mice with small congenic fragments, we identified a 3.2 mega base pair (Mbp) interval that regulates disease. Conclusions Disease-promoting and disease-protecting genes within the Eae39 locus on mouse chromosome 5 control susceptibility to CIA. A disease-protecting locus in the telomeric part of Eae39 results in lower anti-collagen antibody responses. The study shows the importance of breeding sub-congenic mouse strains to reveal genetic effects on complex diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Therese Lindvall
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Unit for Medical Inflammation Research, BMC l11, Lund Unviersity, S-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Pandey S. Various techniques for the evaluation of anti arthritic activity in animal models. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2010; 1:164-71. [PMID: 22247842 PMCID: PMC3255441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 05/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthritis is an auto immune disorder characterized by pain, swelling and stiffness. Its prevalence depends upon age. It occurs more frequently in women than in men. It is an inflammation of synovial joint due to immuno mediated response. All anti inflammatory drugs are not anti arthritic because it does not suppress T-cell and B-cell mediated response. Epidemiological studies overall show a female to male ratio of about 3:1. There are many class of anti-arthritic drugs are available like NSAIDS, Monoclonal anti-bodies, uricosuric agents, gold compounds, anti-cytokinine immunosuppressant like glucocorticoids, etc. But this all class of drugs is responsible for symptomatic relief. To evaluate the drug which actually prevent cause of arthritic or act during various step of arthritis there is requirement of evaluative model which produce arthritis in (vial same that produce in humans. Animal models of arthritis are used to study pathogenesis of disease and to evaluate potential anti-arthritic drugs for clinical use. Therefore morphological similarities to human disease and capacity of the model to predict efficacy in humans are important criteria in model selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shivanand Pandey
- Smt. R. B. P. M. Pharmacy College, Atkot, Rajkot, Gujarat, (India)
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bruns L, Frey O, Morawietz L, Landgraf C, Volkmer R, Kamradt T. Immunization with an immunodominant self-peptide derived from glucose-6-phosphate isomerase induces arthritis in DBA/1 mice. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:R117. [PMID: 19640302 PMCID: PMC2745800 DOI: 10.1186/ar2777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction T-helper (Th) lymphocytes are critically required for the pathogenesis of glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (G6PI)-induced arthritis, but neither the G6PI epitopes recognized by arthritogenic T cells nor their pathogenic effector functions have been fully elucidated to date. We aimed at identifying arthritogenic G6PI peptides. Methods We used a library of overlapping peptides spanning the entire G6PI sequence to identify the epitopes recognized by G6PI-specific Th cells. Immunodominant peptides were then used to immunize mice. Arthritis development was evaluated clinically and histologically. The humoral and cellular immune responses upon peptide immunization were analyzed by ELISA and multiparameter flow cytometry, respectively. Results We identified six immunodominant T-cell epitopes in DBA/1 mice, of which three are arthritogenic. One of these peptides (G6PI469–483) is identical in man and mice. Immunization with this peptide induces arthritis, which is less severe and of shorter duration than arthritis induced by immunization with full-length G6PI. Upon immunization with either G6PI or peptide, the antigen-specific Th cells produce IL-17, RANKL, IFNγ and TNFα. Conclusions We identified immunodominant and arthritogenic epitopes of G6PI. Not all immunodominant peptides are arthritogenic. This is the first description of arthritis induced by immunization with a self-peptide in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Bruns
- Universitätsklinikum Jena, Institut für Immunologie, Leutragraben 3, Jena, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Park M, Park Y, Lee S. Relationship of bone morphogenetic proteins to disease activity and radiographic damage in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Scand J Rheumatol 2009; 37:200-4. [DOI: 10.1080/03009740701774941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
34
|
Ahlqvist E, Hultqvist M, Holmdahl R. The value of animal models in predicting genetic susceptibility to complex diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:226. [PMID: 19490601 PMCID: PMC2714094 DOI: 10.1186/ar2600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
For a long time, genetic studies of complex diseases were most successfully conducted in animal models. However, the field of genetics is now rapidly evolving, and human genetics has also started to produce strong candidate genes for complex diseases. This raises the question of how to continue gene-finding attempts in animals and how to use animal models to enhance our understanding of gene function. In this review we summarize the uses and advantages of animal studies in identification of disease susceptibility genes, focusing on rheumatoid arthritis. We are convinced that animal genetics will remain a valuable tool for the identification and investigation of pathways that lead to disease, well into the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Ahlqvist
- Medical Inflammation Research, Lund University, C12 BMC, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Geng H, Carlsen S, Nandakumar KS, Holmdahl R, Aspberg A, Oldberg A, Mattsson R. Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein deficiency promotes early onset and the chronic development of collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 10:R134. [PMID: 19014566 PMCID: PMC2656236 DOI: 10.1186/ar2551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Revised: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) is a homopentameric protein in cartilage. The development of arthritis, like collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), involves cartilage as a target tissue. We have investigated the development of CIA in COMP-deficient mice. Methods COMP-deficient mice in the 129/Sv background were backcrossed for 10 generations against B10.Q mice, which are susceptible to chronic CIA. COMP-deficient and wild-type mice were tested for onset, incidence, and severity of arthritis in both the collagen and collagen antibody-induced arthritis models. Serum anti-collagen II and anti-COMP antibodies as well as serum COMP levels in arthritic and wild-type mice were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results COMP-deficient mice showed a significant early onset and increase in the severity of CIA in the chronic phase, whereas collagen II-antibody titers were similar in COMP-deficient and wild-type controls. COMP antibodies were not found in wild-type mice. Finally, COMP-deficient and wild-type mice responded similarly to collagen antibody-induced arthritis, indicating no difference in how collagen II antibodies interact with COMP-deficient cartilage during the initial stages of arthritis. Conclusions COMP deficiency enhances the early onset and development of chronic arthritis but does not affect collagen II autoimmunity. These findings accentuate the importance of COMP in cartilage stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Geng
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, BMC, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Salge AKM, Evangelista TB, Canno RC, Bernardino P, Franco NA, Santos RPP, e Silva RCR, Côrrea RRM, Guimarães JV, Peres LC, Castro ECDC. Morphological and morphometrical alterations of the osteochondral junction in perinatal necropsies. Ann Diagn Pathol 2008; 12:397-400. [PMID: 18995202 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2008.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Infants who die during the perinatal period could present the following upon examination of the ribs: alterations of the osteochondral junction (OCJ) that could be related to intrauterine growth restriction, placental alterations, maternal disorders, and congenital abnormalities. The aim of this study was to identify the morphological alterations of the OCJ in the autopsied infants and the factors associated with its pathogenesis. The OCJ from 254 infants were sequentially autopsied and analyzed. Hematoxylin-eosin and blue Masson's trichrome stains were used for examination. The expression in the chondrocytes of the cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) was measured using a polyclonal antibody. There were 199 (78.3%) cases with normal OCJ and 55 (22%) cases with alterations; among these, 38 (14.9%) cases have an increased cartilage matrix at the free bone marrow zone of the OCJ (ICM), 10 (3.9%) cases have a bizarre pattern (BZ), 5 (2%) cases have a bone tissue formation closing de growth channels (MCO) of the OCJ, and 2 (0.8%) cases have bone marrow cells encroaching the free bone marrow zone. The length of the proliferative zone was different in the groups with alterations of the OCJ (P < .001), being higher in the group of patients with MCO and ICM (P < .05). In the group with BZ, the length was smaller (P < .05). The analysis of the OCJ is important in the autopsies performed at the perinatal period, and this study contributes for a better understanding of the mechanisms related to the etiology of these alterations.
Collapse
|
37
|
Earp JC, Dubois DC, Almon RR, Jusko WJ. Quantitative dynamic models of arthritis progression in the rat. Pharm Res 2008; 26:196-203. [PMID: 18758921 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9711-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This comparison employs mathematical disease progression models to identify a rat model of arthritis with the least inter-animal variability and features lending to better study designs. METHODS Arthritis was induced with either collagen (CIA) or mycobacterium (AIA) in either Lewis or Dark Agouti (DA) rats. Disease progression was monitored by paw edema and body weight. Models with production, loss, and feedback components were constructed and population analysis using NONMEM software was employed to identify inter-animal variability in the various disease progression parameters. RESULTS Onset time was the only parameter different within all four groups (DA-AIA 11.5 days, DA-CIA 16.5 days, Lewis-AIA 11.9 days, Lewis-CIA 13.9 days). The loss-of-edema rate constant was 20% slower in DA (0.362 h(-1)) than Lewis (0.466 h(-1)) rats. Most models exhibited peak paw edema 20 days post-induction. Edema in CIA returned to 150% of the initial value after the disease peaked. DA rats displayed more severe overall responses. CONCLUSIONS No statistical differences between groups were observed for inter-animal variation in disease onset, progression and severity parameters. Onset time varies and should be noted in the design of future studies. DA rats may offer a more dynamic range of edema response than Lewis rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Earp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, SUNY, 565 Hochstetter Hall, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Di Paola R, Cuzzocrea S. Predictivity and sensitivity of animal models of arthritis. Autoimmun Rev 2008; 8:73-5. [PMID: 18708167 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2008.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Arthritis literally means joint inflammation. Arthritis is not a single disease. Arthritis refers to a group of rheumatic diseases and other conditions that can cause pain, stiffness and swelling in the joints. The forms range from those related to wear and tear of cartilage (such as osteoarthritis) to those associated with inflammation resulting from an overactive immune system (such as rheumatoid arthritis). Arthritis is more heterogeneous and this is an important starting point when discussing animal models for arthritis. Animal models are instrumental in understanding the etiology and pathogenetic mechanisms of rheumatoid arthritis. Several new mouse models have either been produced. Various methods have been applied to induce in animals experimental models of arthritis which would provide important insights into the aetiopathogenetic mechanisms of human RA.
Collapse
|
39
|
Carlsen S, Nandakumar KS, Bäcklund J, Holmberg J, Hultqvist M, Vestberg M, Holmdahl R. Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein induction of chronic arthritis in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:2000-11. [DOI: 10.1002/art.23554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
40
|
Morozzi G, Fabbroni M, Bellisai F, Pucci G, Galeazzi M. Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein Level in Rheumatic Diseases: Potential Use as a Marker for Measuring Articular Cartilage Damage and/or the Therapeutic Efficacy of Treatments. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1108:398-407. [PMID: 17894003 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1422.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) is a tissue-specific noncollagenous protein that was first detected in the serum and the synovial fluid of patients suffering from rheumatic disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, reactive arthritis, juvenile chronic arthritis, and osteoarthritis. In this review, the authors consider serum COMP levels in different diseases and discuss their study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with anti-TNF-alpha, to evaluate whether COMP is able to predict a rapid and sustained clinical response to these drugs. They observe that patients with high COMP levels have a lower ACR 70 response independently of the state of systemic inflammation, and conclude that COMP seems to have a pathogenetic role that is independent of the mechanisms regulating inflammatory processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Morozzi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Immunology, Rheumatology Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Carlsen S, Lu S, Holmdahl R. Arthritis Induced with Minor Cartilage Proteins. ARTHRITIS RESEARCH 2007; 136:225-42. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-402-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
42
|
Abstract
A chronic relapsing arthritis develops after a single subcutaneous injection of small amounts of pristane; the pristane induced arthritis (PIA) model in the rat. PIA is characterized by a sudden onset of disease 2 wk after induction. The main pathological features of PIA include edema accompanied by an acute phase response, infiltration into the joint of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells, pannus formation, and erosion of cartilage and bone. PIA is a disease that is largely T-cell dependent that can be adoptively transferred by activated CD4+ T-cells. PIA in rats is followed clinically by macroscopic scoring and is characterized by an early acute phase of severe inflammation after onset that eventually gradually disappears to be followed by less severe relapsing phases of new inflamed joints and increasing cartilage erosion and joint deformity. PIA can be diagnosed by biochemical analyzes in plasma that reflects systemic inflammation (alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) and IL-6) and cartilage erosion (COMP).
Collapse
|
43
|
Holmdahl R. The Use of Animal Models for Rheumatoid Arthritis. ARTHRITIS RESEARCH 2007; 136:185-9. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-402-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
44
|
Westman E, Lundberg K, Erlandsson Harris H. Arthritogenicity of collagen type II is increased by chlorination. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 145:339-45. [PMID: 16879255 PMCID: PMC1809685 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During inflammation, activated neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages produce and release myeloperoxidase (MPO). MPO converts hydrogen peroxide to hypochlorous acid, a highly reactive and oxidizing agent. Proteins subjected to hypochlorous acid become chlorinated. We analysed how chlorination of the cartilage antigen collagen type II (CII) affects its immunogenic and arthritogenic properties by studying immune responses to chlorinated CII in comparison to immune responses to CII and by studying the development of arthritis in rats immunized with CII-Cl. CII-Cl immunization of LEW.1AV1 rats caused a 100% incidence of arthritis with a mean maximum score of 9.2 (maximal score possible 16). The same dose of non-chlorinated CII did not induce arthritis at all. Rats immunized with CII-Cl developed high anti-CII-Cl IgG titres and also developed IgG antibodies recognizing the non-chlorinated form of CII. Analysis of cytokine mRNA expression in lymph nodes 10 days after immunzation revealed an increased expression of interferon (IFN)-gamma mRNA and interleukin (IL)-1beta mRNA in CII-Cl-immunized rats compared to CII-immunized rats. Thus, chlorination of CII increased its immunogenicity as well as its arthritogenicity. As neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages are abundant cells in arthritic joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, chlorination might be a mechanism by which immunoreactivity to CII is induced and by which chronic joint inflammation is supported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Westman
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology unit, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Affiliation(s)
- R O Williams
- Faculty of Medicine Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kamradt T, Schubert D. The role and clinical implications of G6PI in experimental models of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2004; 7:20-8. [PMID: 15642150 PMCID: PMC1064898 DOI: 10.1186/ar1476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The antigens that trigger the pathogenic immune response in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remain unknown. Until recently it was assumed that either viral or microbial antigens, or joint-specific antigens were the target of arthritogenic T and B lymphocytes in RA. Consequently, murine models of arthritis are induced by immunization with either joint-specific antigens such as type II collagen or microbial products such as streptococcal cell wall. In the K/B×N T-cell receptor transgenic mouse model arthritis is caused by a systemic autoimmune response to the ubiquitously expressed glycolytic enzyme glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (G6PI). The autoreactive transgenic T cells recognize G6PI and provide help for the production of arthritogenic IgG antibodies against G6PI. More recently it was shown that G6PI immunization induces severe symmetrical peripheral polyarthritis in genetically unaltered DBA/I mice. In that model CD4+ T cells are necessary not only for the induction but also for the effector phase of arthritis. Here we review the pathomechanisms that lead from systemic autoreactivity to arthritis in these models, consider the relevance of anti-G6PI immune reactivity for RA, and discuss the insights into the pathogenesis of RA and possibly other autoimmune conditions that can be gained from these models.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibody Specificity
- Arthritis, Experimental/enzymology
- Arthritis, Experimental/etiology
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/enzymology
- Autoimmune Diseases/etiology
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Wall/chemistry
- Cell Wall/immunology
- Collagen Type II/immunology
- Collagen Type II/toxicity
- Complement System Proteins/immunology
- Crosses, Genetic
- Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Humans
- Immunization
- Immunization, Passive
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Interleukin-1/physiology
- Mast Cells/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nervous System Autoimmune Disease, Experimental/etiology
- Nervous System Autoimmune Disease, Experimental/immunology
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kamradt
- Institut für Immunologie, Klinikum der Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Jena, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Neidhart M, Zaucke F, von Knoch R, Jüngel A, Michel BA, Gay RE, Gay S. Galectin-3 is induced in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts after adhesion to cartilage oligomeric matrix protein. Ann Rheum Dis 2004; 64:419-24. [PMID: 15345499 PMCID: PMC1755412 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2004.023135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galectin-3 is expressed in the synovial tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), particularly at sites of joint destruction. OBJECTIVE To explore the possibilities that galectin-3 is induced either by proinflammatory cytokines or by adhesion to cartilage components. METHODS Cell culture plates were coated with fibronectin, collagens I-VI, or cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), and the suspended cells were then added. The medium was changed after 1 hour at 37 degrees C. Adherent cells were further incubated for 18 hours in the presence or absence of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) or interleukin 1 beta. Cells were pretreated with murine IgG1, anti-CD29, -CD51, -CD61 (integrins), or -CD3 monoclonal antibodies and transferred to culture plates coated with COMP. Adherent cells were counted by light microscopy. The expression of intracellular galectin-3, or cell surface CD29, CD51, and CD61 was determined by flow cytometry before and after adhesion. RESULTS Four times more RA synovial fibroblasts (SF) than osteoarthritis SF adhered to COMP. RA SF presented more cell surface integrins, and monoclonal antibodies against CD51 inhibited the adhesion to COMP by 80%. TNF alpha reduced the expression of CD61 and the adhesion to COMP, but did not reverse the adhesion once it had taken place. The adhesion of RA SF to COMP was found to increase the intracellular level of galectin-3. In contrast, intracellular galectin-3 decreased after exposure to TNF alpha. CONCLUSION The increase of galectin-3 occurs after adhesion to COMP, and the alpha V beta 3 receptor (CD51/CD61) has a pivotal role in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Neidhart
- Centre for Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital, Gloriastrasse 25, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Hansson AS, Johansson ÅCM, Holmdahl R. Critical role of the major histocompatibility complex and IL-10 in matrilin-1-induced relapsing polychondritis in mice. Arthritis Res Ther 2004; 6:R484-91. [PMID: 15380048 PMCID: PMC546288 DOI: 10.1186/ar1218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2003] [Revised: 06/03/2004] [Accepted: 06/30/2004] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Relapsing polychondritis (RP) is an autoimmune disease that affects extra-articular cartilage. Matrilin-1-induced relapsing polychondritis (MIRP) is a model for RP and is useful for studies of the pathogenic mechanisms in this disease. There are indications that the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II plays a major role in RP, since DR4+ patients are more commonly affected than controls. We have now addressed the role of the MHC region, as well as the non-MHC contribution, using congenic mouse strains. Of the MHC congenic strains, B10.Q (H2q) was the most susceptible, the B10.P (H2p) and B10.R (H2r) strains developed mild disease, while B10 strains carrying the v, b, f, or u H2 haplotypes were resistant. A slight variation of susceptibility of H2q strains (B10.Q> C3H.Q> DBA/1) was observed and the (B10.Q × DBA/1)F1 was the most susceptible of all strains. Furthermore, macrophages and CD4+ T cells were the most prominent cell types in inflammatory infiltrates of the tracheal cartilage. Macrophages are the major source of many cytokines, such as interleukin-10 (IL-10), which is currently being tested as a therapeutic agent in several autoimmune diseases. We therefore investigated B10.Q mice devoid of IL-10 through gene deletion and found that they developed a significantly more severe disease, with an earlier onset, than their heterozygous littermates. In conclusion, MHC genes, as well as non-MHC genes, are important for MIRP induction, and IL-10 plays a major suppressive role in cartilage inflammation of the respiratory tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Sofie Hansson
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Åsa CM Johansson
- Medical Inflammation Research, BMC, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Medical Inflammation Research, BMC, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Positional cloning of susceptibility genes in complex diseases like rheumatoid arthritis in humans is hampered by aspects like genetic heterogeneity and environmental variations, while genetic studies in animal models contain several advantages. With animal models, the environment can be controlled, the genetic complexity of the disease is minimized and the disease onset can be predicted, which simplify diagnosis and characterization. We use pristane-induced arthritis in rats to investigate the inheritance of arthritis. Until now, we have identified 15 loci that significantly predispose rats to the development of arthritis. One of these arthritis loci has been isolated and confirmed to be caused by a polymorphism in the Ncf1 gene. In this review, we outline the methods used to identify Ncf1 as one single susceptibility gene in a complex puzzle of inherited factors that render susceptibility to a complex autoimmune disorder like arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Olofsson
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, S-22184 Lund, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Many cartilage matrix proteins or domains such as collagen types II, IX, and XI, GP39, AG1, VG1, and LP are potential antigens that might induce polyarthritis in susceptible animals (Table 1). Ordinarily, spondylitis is not a feature of polyarthritis induced with collagen types II, IX, and XI, GP39, cartilage matrix protein (matrilin-1) and cartilage LP. It seems that only the proteoglycans aggrecan and versican are capable of inducing sacroiliitis and spondylitis. Both molecules are structural proteins in intervertebral discs. Moreover, the arthritogenic or spondylitogenic epitopes of both molecules have been localized to the homologous N-terminal G1 globular domains. This region of versican and aggrecan is highly conserved, with 52% identity of amino acids. The homology is seen exclusively in the G1 domain and is concentrated between residues 115 and 332 (AG1 numbering) near the natural cleavage DIPEN site of aggrecan [84, 85]. Extra-articular pathology is often seen in rheumatic diseases, especially in AS. Other tissues, such as the sclera of the eye [86] and the media of the arteries [86, 87], also contain type II collagen, AG1, VG1, and LP, and versican is present in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Thus, there is the potential for an immune response against cartilage G1 and LP to be directed against related structures in extra-articular tissues. The presence of versican in the tendon and trochlea of the human superior oblique muscle might account for the occurrence of transient attacks of acquired Brown syndrome in patients with juvenile and adult forms of chronic RA [88]. Thus, it will be interesting to determine whether or not extra-articular expression of these cartilage proteins is closely related to extra-articular pathogenic expression in rheumatic diseases. Uveitis develops in VG1-immunized BALB/c mice, which is not seen in AG1-, and LP-treated animals. There is evidence that aggrecan and LP are also localized at these sites in the eye, but only immunity to versican can induce uveitis. In sacroiliitis and enthesitis of AS patients, the inflammation is associated with chondrometaplasia. In versican-induced sacroiliitis, replacement of cartilage by bone is seen with relatively little inflammation, somewhat resembling the situation in AS (Fig. 2). Versican can also stimulate chondrocyte proliferation [43]. Three conserved domains of human cartilage matrix molecules, namely VG1, AG1, and LP, show considerable homology [77, 79, 80, 89], and each is capable of inducing a unique inflammatory arthritis in BALB/c mice, with VG1 inducing only spondylitis [65], LP inducing peripheral arthritis with no spondylitis [90], and AG1 inducing axial and peripheral arthritis [66, 91]. It remains a mystery why such similar molecules cause different pathology in different target tissues. The exact immunopathogenic mechanisms deserve further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, University of California-Irvine, 100 Irvine Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-4275, USA.
| |
Collapse
|