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Lizárraga D, Carver S, Timms P. Navigating to the most promising directions amid complex fields of vaccine development: a chlamydial case study. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:1323-1337. [PMID: 31773996 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1698954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: Vaccine-development research is proliferating making it difficult to determine the most promising vaccine candidates. Exemplary of this problem is vaccine development against Chlamydia, a pathogen of global public health and financial importance.Methods: We systematically extracted data from studies that included chlamydial load or host immune parameter measurements, estimating 4,453 standardized effect sizes between control and chlamydial immunization experimental groups.Results: Chlamydial immunization studies most often used (78%) laboratory mouse models. Depending on chlamydial species, single and multiple recombinant protein, viral and bacterial vectors, dendritic transfer, and dead whole pathogen were most effective at reducing chlamydial load. Immunization-driven decrease in chlamydial load was associated with increases in IFNg, IgA, IgG1, and IgG2a. Using data from individual studies, the magnitude of IgA and IgG2a increase was correlated with chlamydial load reduction. IFNg also showed this pattern for C. trachomatis, but not for C. muridarum. We also reveal the chlamydial vaccine development field to be highly bias toward studies showing these effects, limiting lessons learned from negative results.Conclusions: Most murine immunizations against Chlamydia reduced chlamydial load and increased host immune parameters. These methods are novel for vaccine development and are critical in identifying trends where large quantities of literature exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lizárraga
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.,School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
| | - Scott Carver
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Peter Timms
- School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
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2
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Duell BL, Tan CK, Carey AJ, Wu F, Cripps AW, Ulett GC. Recent insights into microbial triggers of interleukin-10 production in the host and the impact on infectious disease pathogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:295-313. [PMID: 22268692 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2012.00931.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since its initial description as a Th2-cytokine antagonistic to interferon-alpha and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, many studies have shown various anti-inflammatory actions of interleukin-10 (IL-10), and its role in infection as a key regulator of innate immunity. Studies have shown that IL-10 induced in response to microorganisms and their products plays a central role in shaping pathogenesis. IL-10 appears to function as both sword and shield in the response to varied groups of microorganisms in its capacity to mediate protective immunity against some organisms but increase susceptibility to other infections. The nature of IL-10 as a pleiotropic modulator of host responses to microorganisms is explained, in part, by its potent and varied effects on different immune effector cells which influence antimicrobial activity. A new understanding of how microorganisms trigger IL-10 responses is emerging, along with recent discoveries of how IL-10 produced during disease might be harnessed for better protective or therapeutic strategies. In this review, we summarize studies from the past 5 years that have reported the induction of IL-10 by different classes of pathogenic microorganisms, including protozoa, nematodes, fungi, viruses and bacteria and discuss the impact of this induction on the persistence and/or clearance of microorganisms in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Duell
- School of Medical Sciences, Centre for Medicine and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia
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3
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Posintro™-HBsAg, a modified ISCOM including HBsAg, induces strong cellular and humoral responses. Int J Pharm 2011; 414:312-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Bermudez-Fajardo A, Stark AK, El-Kadri R, Penichet ML, Hölzle K, Wittenbrink MM, Hölzle L, Oviedo-Orta E. The effect of Chlamydophila pneumoniae Major Outer Membrane Protein (MOMP) on macrophage and T cell-mediated immune responses. Immunobiology 2011; 216:152-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Villegas E, Camacho A, Carrillo JA, Sorlózano A, Rojas J, Gutiérrez J. Emerging strategies in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment ofChlamydophila pneumoniaeinfections. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.18.10.1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Wizel B, Nyström-Asklin J, Cortes C, Tvinnereim A. Role of CD8(+)T cells in the host response to Chlamydia. Microbes Infect 2008; 10:1420-30. [PMID: 18790073 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2008.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia infections constitute a major public health problem. Although multiple arms of the immune system participate in the control of Chlamydia in infected hosts, T lymphocytes are essential. This review focuses on the roles that CD8(+)T cells may play in immunoprotection and immunopathology following recognition of Chlamydia-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Wizel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, TX 75708, USA.
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Horvat JC, Beagley KW, Wade MA, Preston JA, Hansbro NG, Hickey DK, Kaiko GE, Gibson PG, Foster PS, Hansbro PM. Neonatal chlamydial infection induces mixed T-cell responses that drive allergic airway disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176:556-64. [PMID: 17600276 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200607-1005oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Chlamydial lung infection has been associated with asthma in children and adults. However, how chlamydial infection influences the development of immune responses that promote asthma remains unknown. OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of chlamydial infection at various ages on the development of allergic airway disease (AAD). METHODS Mouse models of chlamydial lung infection and ovalbumin-induced AAD were established in neonatal and adult BALB/c mice. Neonatal or adult mice were given a chlamydial infection and 6 weeks later were sensitized and subsequently challenged with ovalbumin. Features of AAD and inflammation were compared between uninfected or unsensitized controls. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Mild Chlamydia-induced lung disease was observed 10-15 days after infection, as evidenced by increased bacterial numbers and histopathology in the lung and a reduction in weight gain. After 6 weeks, infection and histopathology had resolved and the rate of weight gain had recovered. Neonatal but not adult infection resulted in significant decreases in interleukin-5 production from helper T cells and by the numbers of eosinophils recruited to the lung in response to ovalbumin exposure. Remarkably, the effects of early-life infection were associated with the generation of both type 1 and 2 ovalbumin-specific helper T-cell cytokine and antibody responses. Furthermore, although neonatal infection significantly attenuated eosinophilia, the generation of the mixed T-cell response exacerbated other hallmark features of asthma: mucus hypersecretion and airway hyperresponsiveness. Moreover, infection prolonged the expression of AAD and these effects were restricted to early-life infection. CONCLUSIONS Early-life chlamydial infection induces a mixed type 1 and 2 T-cell response to antigen, which differentially affects the development of key features of AAD in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay C Horvat
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
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Li Y, Gottschalk M, Esgleas M, Lacouture S, Dubreuil JD, Willson P, Harel J. Immunization with recombinant Sao protein confers protection against Streptococcus suis infection. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2007; 14:937-43. [PMID: 17567767 PMCID: PMC2044494 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00046-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sao is a Streptococcus suis surface protein recently identified as a potential vaccine candidate. In this study, recombinant Sao in combination with Quil A provided cross-protection against S. suis serotype 2 disease in mouse and pig vaccination protocols. Subcutaneous immunization of mice elicited strong immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody responses. All four IgG subclasses were induced, with the IgG2a titer being the highest, followed by those of IgG1, IgG2b, and IgG3. Challenge of the mice with S. suis strain 31533 resulted in a mortality rate of 80% for the control group, which received Quil A only. In contrast, all of the mice immunized with Sao survived. In a pig vaccination protocol, intramuscular immunization with Sao also elicited significant humoral antibody responses, and both the IgG1 and IgG2 subclasses were induced, with a predominance of IgG2 production. In vitro assay showed that Sao-induced antibodies significantly promoted the ability of porcine neutrophils in opsonophagocytic killing of S. suis. An aerosol challenge of the pigs with S. suis strain 166 resulted in clinical signs characteristic of S. suis infection in diseased pigs. The vaccine group showed significantly better survival, lower clinical scores, and less S. suis recovery from postmortem tissue samples than did the control group. Furthermore, this study also revealed that although challenge S. suis strains express Sao size variants, recombinant Sao conferred cross-protection. These data demonstrate that recombinant Sao formulated with Quil A triggers strong opsonizing antibody responses which confer efficient immunity against challenge infection with heterologous S. suis type 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyi Li
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, C.P. 5000, St.-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 7C6, Canada
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Qazi KR, Qazi MR, Julián E, Singh M, Abedi-Valugerdi M, Fernández C. Exposure to mycobacteria primes the immune system for evolutionarily diverse heat shock proteins. Infect Immun 2005; 73:7687-96. [PMID: 16239573 PMCID: PMC1273840 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.11.7687-7696.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During stress conditions, such as infection, the synthesis of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in microorganisms is upregulated. Since a high degree of homology exists within each HSP family, we postulated that exposure to microorganisms could prime the immune system for evolutionarily diverse HSPs. We tested this hypothesis by priming mice with three microorganisms, namely, Mycobacterium bovis BCG, Mycobacterium vaccae, and Chlamydia pneumoniae. After this, mice received a dose of the various HSPs. We found that BCG and M. vaccae but not C. pneumoniae primed the immune system for the induction of secondary immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses to most of the HSPs tested. Analysis of the IgG1 and IgG2a profile and gamma interferon production induced against the HSPs revealed the induction of a mixture of responses. We also observed that sera from mice treated with M. vaccae and HSP70 were cross-reactive, but no antibody complexes were observed in their kidneys, which frequently are targets for autoantibody reactions. Our findings add further support for the use of HSPs as effective vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaleda Rahman Qazi
- Department of Immunology, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden, Lionex Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mousumi Rahman Qazi
- Department of Immunology, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden, Lionex Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Esther Julián
- Department of Immunology, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden, Lionex Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mahavir Singh
- Department of Immunology, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden, Lionex Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Manuchehr Abedi-Valugerdi
- Department of Immunology, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden, Lionex Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Carmen Fernández
- Department of Immunology, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden, Lionex Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Braunschweig, Germany
- Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Immunology, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. Phone: 46 8 16 45 99. Fax: 46 8 612 95 42. E-mail:
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Loots K, Loock MV, Vanrompay D, Goddeeris BM. CpG motifs as adjuvant in DNA vaccination against Chlamydophila psittaci in turkeys. Vaccine 2005; 24:4598-601. [PMID: 16183176 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Plasmid DNA (pcDNA1::MOMP) expressing the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of an avian Chlamydophila psittaci serovar D strain and recombinant MOMP (rMOMP) with or without the immunomodulating CpG oligonucleotides (CpG ON) were tested for their ability to elicit an immune response and to induce protection in turkeys against homologous challenge. Two CpG ON were chosen for in vivo application based on their in vitro capacity to stimulate the production of nitric oxide (NO) in chicken macrophages and their in vitro capacity to induce turkey lymphocyte proliferation. Priming and boosting of turkeys with pcDNA1::MOMP was able to prevent severe clinical signs and bacterial replication in a turkey model of C. psittaci infection. rMOMP boosting induced high antibody titers, but these did not correlate with the level of protection. Although the CpG ON induced a significant in vitro response, the presence of the CpG ON as an adjuvant generated no significant effect on the immune response or on the protective capacity of the tested vaccination methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolien Loots
- Laboratory of Physiology and Immunology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Applied Bioscience and Engineering, K.U.Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Pinchuk I, Starcher BC, Livingston B, Tvninnereim A, Wu S, Appella E, Sidney J, Sette A, Wizel B. A CD8+ T cell heptaepitope minigene vaccine induces protective immunity against Chlamydia pneumoniae. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:5729-39. [PMID: 15843575 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.9.5729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An intact T cell compartment and IFN-gamma signaling are required for protective immunity against Chlamydia. In the mouse model of Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn) infection, this immunity is critically dependent on CD8(+) T cells. Recently we reported that Cpn-infected mice generate an MHC class I-restricted CD8(+) Tc1 response against various Cpn Ags, and that CD8(+) CTL to multiple epitopes inhibit Cpn growth in vitro. Here, we engineered a DNA minigene encoding seven H-2(b)-restricted Cpn CTL epitopes, the universal pan-DR epitope Th epitope, and an endoplasmic reticulum-translocating signal sequence. Immunization of C57BL/6 mice with this construct primed IFN-gamma-producing CD8(+) CTL against all seven CTL epitopes. CD8(+) T cell lines generated to minigene-encoded CTL epitopes secreted IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha and exhibited CTL activity upon recognition of Cpn-infected macrophages. Following intranasal challenge with Cpn, a 3.6 log reduction in mean lung bacterial numbers compared with control animals was obtained. Using a 20-fold increase in the Cpn challenging dose, minigene-vaccinated mice had a 60-fold reduction in lung bacterial loads, compared with controls. Immunization and challenge studies with beta(2)-microglobulin(-/-) mice indicated that the reduction of lung Cpn burdens was mediated by the MHC class I-dependent CD8(+) T cells to minigene-included Cpn CTL epitopes, rather than by pan-DR epitope-specific CD4(+) T cells. This constitutes the first demonstration of significant protection achieved by immunization with a CD8(+) T cell epitope-based DNA construct in a bacterial system and provides the basis for the optimal design of multicomponent anti-Cpn vaccines for humans.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Bacterial Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Bacterial Vaccines/genetics
- Bacterial Vaccines/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line
- Chlamydophila Infections/immunology
- Chlamydophila Infections/prevention & control
- Chlamydophila pneumoniae/genetics
- Chlamydophila pneumoniae/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Genetic Vectors
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/physiology
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Severity of Illness Index
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Transfection
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- beta 2-Microglobulin/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Pinchuk
- Center for Pulmonary and Infectious Disease Control, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Center, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
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