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Liu C, Wang M, Sun W, Cai F, Geng S, Su X, Shi Y. PU.1 serves a critical role in the innate defense against Aspergillus fumigatus via dendritic cell-associated C-type lectin receptor-1 and toll-like receptors-2 and 4 in THP-1-derived macrophages. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:4084-4092. [PMID: 28440496 PMCID: PMC5436209 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) is one of the most common fungal pathogens of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), which may be life threatening in immunocompromised individuals. The dendritic cell-associated C-type lectin receptor (Dectin-1), toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR-4 are major pattern recognition receptors in alveolar macrophages that recognize A. fumigatus components. The PU.1 transcription factor is known to be important for the transcriptional control of these three receptors in mature macrophages. The present study investigated whether alterations of PU.1 expression may affect the innate defense against A. fumigatus in the human monocyte THP-1 cell line. THP-1-derived macrophages were transduced with PU.1 adenoviral vectors and transfected with PU.1 small interfering RNA, and the mRNA and protein expression levels of Dectin-1, TLR-2 and TLR-4 were measured. In addition, the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β were ascertained, and fungal phagocytosis and killing were assessed. The results demonstrated that overexpression of PU.1 by recombinant adenoviral vectors resulted in a significant upregulation of Dectin-1, TLR-2 and TLR-4 at the transcriptional and translational levels. In response to A. fumigatus stimulation, PU.1 overexpression increased TNF-α and IL-1β production. In addition, Dectin-1, TLR-2 and TLR-4 upregulation may have enhanced the phagocytosis and killing ability of THP-1-derived macrophages. As expected, silencing of PU.1 led to downregulation of Dectin-1, TLR-2, TLR-4 and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as decreased phagocytosis and the killing ability of THP1-derived macrophages. In conclusion, the results indicate that PU.1 may be a critical factor for the innate defense against A. fumigatus, and may therefore be a potential target for the prophylaxis and treatment of IPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Liu
- Graduate School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Wenkui Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Feng Cai
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, P.R. China
| | - Shen Geng
- Graduate School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Xin Su
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Yi Shi
- Graduate School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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Hadizadeh S, Forootanfar H, Shahidi Bonjar GH, Falahati Nejad M, Karamy Robati A, Ayatollahi Mousavi SA, Amirporrostami S. Antifungal activity of terrestrial Streptomyces rochei strain HF391 against clinical azole -resistant Aspergillus fumigatus. Curr Med Mycol 2015; 1:19-24. [PMID: 28680984 PMCID: PMC5490309 DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.cmm.1.2.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Actinomycetes have been discovered as source of antifungal compounds that are currently in clinical use. Invasive aspergillosis (IA) due to Aspergillus fumigatus has been identified as individual drug-resistant Aspergillus spp. to be an emerging pathogen opportunities a global scale. This paper described the antifungal activity of one terrestrial actinomycete against the clinically isolated azole-resistant A. fumigatus. MATERIALS AND METHODS Soil samples were collected from various locations of Kerman, Iran. Thereafter, the actinomycetes were isolated using starch-casein-nitrate-agar medium and the most efficient actinomycetes (capable of inhibiting A. fumigatus) were screened using agar block method. In the next step, the selected actinomycete was cultivated in starch-casein- broth medium and the inhibitory activity of the obtained culture broth was evaluated using agar well diffusion method. RESULTS The selected actinomycete, identified as Streptomyces rochei strain HF391, could suppress the growth of A. fumigatus isolates which was isolated from the clinical samples of patients treated with azoles. This strain showed higher inhibition zones on agar diffusion assay which was more than 15 mm. CONCLUSION The obtained results of the present study introduced Streptomyces rochei strain HF391 as terrestrial actinomycete that can inhibit the growth of clinically isolated A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hadizadeh
- Department of Medical Mycology & Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - H Forootanfar
- Herbal and Traditional Medicines Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - G H Shahidi Bonjar
- Department of Plant Pathology & Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran
| | - M Falahati Nejad
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - A Karamy Robati
- Department of Medical Mycology & Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - S A Ayatollahi Mousavi
- Department of Medical Mycology & Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - S Amirporrostami
- Department of Medical Mycology & Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Kudoh A, Okawa Y, Shibata N. Significant structural change in both O- and N-linked carbohydrate moieties of the antigenic galactomannan from Aspergillus fumigatus grown under different culture conditions. Glycobiology 2014; 25:74-87. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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Chotirmall SH, McElvaney NG. Fungi in the cystic fibrosis lung: bystanders or pathogens? Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 52:161-73. [PMID: 24625547 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Improvement to the life expectancy of people with cystic fibrosis (PWCF) brings about novel challenges including the need for evaluation of the role of fungi in the cystic fibrosis (CF) lung. To determine if such organisms represent bystanders or pathogens affecting clinical outcomes we review the existing knowledge from a clinical, biochemical, inflammatory and immunological perspective. The prevalence and importance of fungi in the CF airway has likely been underestimated with the most frequently isolated filamentous fungi being Aspergillus fumigatus and Scedosporium apiospermum and the major yeast Candida albicans. Developing non-culture based microbiological methods for fungal detection has improved both our classification and understanding of their clinical consequences including localized, allergic and systemic infections. Cross-kingdom interaction between bacteria and fungi are discussed as is the role of biofilms further affecting clinical outcome. A combination of host and pathogen-derived factors determines if a particular fungus represents a commensal, colonizer or pathogen in the setting of CF. The underlying immune state, disease severity and treatment burden represent key host variables whilst fungal type, form, chronicity and virulence including the ability to evade immune recognition determines the pathogenic potential of a specific fungus at a particular point in time. Further research in this emerging field is warranted to fully elucidate the spectrum of disease conferred by the presence of fungi in the CF airway and the indications for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay H Chotirmall
- Respiratory Research Division, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Beaumont Road, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Noel G McElvaney
- Respiratory Research Division, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Beaumont Road, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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5
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Chotirmall SH, Al-Alawi M, Mirkovic B, Lavelle G, Logan PM, Greene CM, McElvaney NG. Aspergillus-associated airway disease, inflammation, and the innate immune response. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:723129. [PMID: 23971044 PMCID: PMC3736487 DOI: 10.1155/2013/723129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus moulds exist ubiquitously as spores that are inhaled in large numbers daily. Whilst most are removed by anatomical barriers, disease may occur in certain circumstances. Depending on the underlying state of the human immune system, clinical consequences can ensue ranging from an excessive immune response during allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis to the formation of an aspergilloma in the immunocompetent state. The severest infections occur in those who are immunocompromised where invasive pulmonary aspergillosis results in high mortality rates. The diagnosis of Aspergillus-associated pulmonary disease is based on clinical, radiological, and immunological testing. An understanding of the innate and inflammatory consequences of exposure to Aspergillus species is critical in accounting for disease manifestations and preventing sequelae. The major components of the innate immune system involved in recognition and removal of the fungus include phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptide production, and recognition by pattern recognition receptors. The cytokine response is also critical facilitating cell-to-cell communication and promoting the initiation, maintenance, and resolution of the host response. In the following review, we discuss the above areas with a focus on the innate and inflammatory response to airway Aspergillus exposure and how these responses may be modulated for therapeutic benefit.
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Kyrmizi I, Gresnigt MS, Akoumianaki T, Samonis G, Sidiropoulos P, Boumpas D, Netea MG, van de Veerdonk FL, Kontoyiannis DP, Chamilos G. Corticosteroids block autophagy protein recruitment in Aspergillus fumigatus phagosomes via targeting dectin-1/Syk kinase signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1287-99. [PMID: 23817424 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is the predominant airborne fungal pathogen in immunocompromised patients. Genetic defects in NADPH oxidase (chronic granulomatous disease [CGD]) and corticosteroid-induced immunosupression lead to impaired killing of A. fumigatus and unique susceptibility to invasive aspergillosis via incompletely characterized mechanisms. Recent studies link TLR activation with phagosome maturation via the engagement of autophagy proteins. In this study, we found that infection of human monocytes with A. fumigatus spores triggered selective recruitment of the autophagy protein LC3 II in phagosomes upon fungal cell wall swelling. This response was induced by surface exposure of immunostimulatory β-glucans and was mediated by activation of the Dectin-1 receptor. LC3 II recruitment in A. fumigatus phagosomes required spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) kinase-dependent production of reactive oxygen species and was nearly absent in monocytes of patients with CGD. This pathway was important for control of intracellular fungal growth, as silencing of Atg5 resulted in impaired phagosome maturation and killing of A. fumigatus. In vivo and ex vivo administration of corticosteroids blocked LC3 II recruitment in A. fumigatus phagosomes via rapid inhibition of phosphorylation of Src and Syk kinases and downstream production of reactive oxygen species. Our studies link Dectin-1/Syk kinase signaling with autophagy-dependent maturation of A. fumigatus phagosomes and uncover a potential mechanism for development of invasive aspergillosis in the setting of CGD and corticosteroid-induced immunosupression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Kyrmizi
- Department of Medicine, University of Crete, 71300 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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7
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Koizumi SI, Masuko K, Wakita D, Tanaka S, Mitamura R, Kato Y, Tabata H, Nakahara M, Kitamura H, Nishimura T. Extracts of Larix Leptolepis effectively augments the generation of tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes via activation of dendritic cells in TLR-2 and TLR-4-dependent manner. Cell Immunol 2012; 276:153-61. [PMID: 22677561 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Type-1 immunity plays a crucial role in host defense against various tumors and infectious diseases. Here, we first demonstrated that extract of Larix Leptolepis (ELL), one of the most popular timbers at Hokkaido area in Japan, strongly activated Type-1 immunity. ELL induced production of Type-1 cytokines such as IL-12 and TNF-α from bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) in TLR2- and TLR4-dependent manner and remarkably up-regulated the expression of MHC and co-stimulatory molecules. In addition, antigen-specific CTLs were significantly augmented by the combined administration of ELL, antigen and BMDCs. Finally, we revealed that combination therapy using ELL, antigen and BMDCs significantly inhibited the growth of established tumor in mouse model. Thus, these findings suggested that ELL would be a novel adjuvant for inducing an activation of Type-1-dependent immunity including activation of BMDCs and induction of tumor-specific CTLs, which is applicable to the therapy of cancer and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Koizumi
- Division of Immunoregulation, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
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Hyphal growth in human fungal pathogens and its role in virulence. Int J Microbiol 2011; 2012:517529. [PMID: 22121367 PMCID: PMC3216317 DOI: 10.1155/2012/517529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of the fungal species that infect humans can grow in more than one morphological form but only a subset of pathogens produce filamentous hyphae during the infection process. This subset is phylogenetically unrelated and includes the commonly carried yeasts, Candida albicans, C. dubliniensis, and Malassezia spp., and the acquired pathogens, Aspergillus fumigatus and dermatophytes such as Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes. The primary function of hypha formation in these opportunistic pathogens is to invade the substrate they are adhered to, whether biotic or abiotic, but other functions include the directional translocation between host environments, consolidation of the colony, nutrient acquisition and the formation of 3-dimensional matrices. To support these functions, polarised hyphal growth is co-regulated with other factors that are essential for normal hypha function in vivo.
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9
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Santander S, Aoki M, Hernandez J, Pombo M, Moins-Teisserenc H, Mooney N, Fiorentino S. Galactomannan from Caesalpinia spinosa induces phenotypic and functional maturation of human dendritic cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:652-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Heesemann L, Kotz A, Echtenacher B, Broniszewska M, Routier F, Hoffmann P, Ebel F. Studies on galactofuranose-containing glycostructures of the pathogenic mold Aspergillus fumigatus. Int J Med Microbiol 2011; 301:523-30. [PMID: 21601522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Galactofuranose is a hexose that is exclusively found in microbes and in particular in certain pathogenic species. In the mold Aspergillus fumigatus, it is the characteristic constituent of the cell wall component galactomannan. Detection of this carbohydrate is currently a widespread method used for diagnosis of systemic A. fumigatus infections. In this study, we raised and characterized 2 monoclonal antibodies that specifically react with galactofuranose-containing glycostructures. We investigated the distribution of surface-accessible galactomannan on different A. fumigatus morphotypes. We provide evidence that the antibodies recognize distinct antigens and are suitable to detect A. fumigatus hyphae in immunohistology. A mutant that is impaired in synthesis of galactofuranose stimulated a normal cytokine response in murine macrophages, which argues against galactomannan being a relevant PAMP, at least in mice. Purified galactomannan-specific monoclonal IgM L10-1 failed to inhibit the hyphal growth under in vitro conditions, but L10-1 binding to hyphae led to an enhanced deposition of the complement protein C1q. However, administration of purified L10-1 antibodies prior to infection was not able to protect mice. In conclusion, we have found no evidence for galactomannan being a relevant A. fumigatus PAMP and describe 2 novel galactomannan antibodies that might be valuable tools for the diagnosis of A. fumigatus infections and further analysis of the biological significance of galactomannan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Heesemann
- Max-von-Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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11
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Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis is one of the most important infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, with an incidence rate of 5-15% and an associated mortality of 30-60%. It remains unclear why certain patients develop invasive aspergillosis while others, undergoing identical transplant regimen and similar post transplant immunosuppression, do not. Over the last decade, pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) have emerged as critical components of the innate immune system. By detecting specific molecular patterns from invading microbes and initiating inflammatory and subsequent adaptive immune responses, pattern recognition receptors are strategically located at the molecular interface of hosts and pathogens. Polymorphisms in pattern recognition receptors and downstream signaling molecules have been associated with increased or decreased susceptibility to infections, suggesting that their detection may have an increasing impact on the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases in the coming years. Infectious risk stratification may be particularly relevant for patients with hematologic malignancies, because of the high prevalence and severity of infections in this population. This review summarizes the innate immune mechanisms involved in Aspergillus fumigatus detection and the role of host genetic polymorphisms in susceptibility to invasive aspergillosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Lamoth
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 48, Lausanne, Switzerland
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12
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Ben-Ami R, Lewis RE, Kontoyiannis DP. Enemy of the (immunosuppressed) state: an update on the pathogenesis of Aspergillus fumigatus infection. Br J Haematol 2010; 150:406-17. [PMID: 20618330 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08283.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic filamentous fungus that is currently the most frequent cause of invasive fungal disease in immunosuppressed individuals. Recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of invasive aspergillosis have highlighted the multifactorial nature of A. fumigatus virulence and the complex interplay between host and microbial factors. In this review, we outline current concepts of immune recognition and evasion, angioinvasion and angiogenesis, secondary metabolism and the fungal stress response, and their respective roles in this often lethal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronen Ben-Ami
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
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13
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The innate immune response to Aspergillus fumigatus. Microbes Infect 2009; 11:919-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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14
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Sousa MG, Ghosn EEB, Nascimento RC, Bomfim GF, Noal V, Santiago K, de Maria Pedrozo E Silva Azevedo C, Marques SG, Gonçalves AG, de Castro Lima Santos DW, Criado PR, Costa Martins JE, Almeida SR. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells from patients with severe forms of chromoblastomycosis induce CD4+ T cell activation in vitro. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 156:117-25. [PMID: 19210522 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03870.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) have been described as initiators and modulators of the immune response. Recently we have shown a predominant production of interleukin-10 cytokine, low levels of interferon-gamma and inefficient T cell proliferation in patients with severe forms of chromoblastomycosis. Chromoblastomycosis starts with subcutaneous inoculation of Fonsecaea pedrosoi into tissue where DCs are the first line of defence against this microorganism. In the present study, the interaction of F. pedrosoi and DCs obtained from patients with chromoblastomycosis was investigated. Our results showed that DCs from patients exhibited an increased expression of human leucocyte antigen D-related (HLA-DR) and co-stimulatory molecules. In the presence of conidia, the expression of HLA-DR and CD86 was up-regulated by DCs from patients and controls. Finally, we demonstrate the reversal of antigen-specific anergy and a T helper type 1 response mediated by DCs incubated with F. pedrosoi conidea.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Glória Sousa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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15
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Arana DM, Prieto D, Román E, Nombela C, Alonso-Monge R, Pla J. The role of the cell wall in fungal pathogenesis. Microb Biotechnol 2008; 2:308-20. [PMID: 21261926 PMCID: PMC3815752 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2008.00070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are a serious health problem. In recent years, basic research is focusing on the identification of fungal virulence factors as promising targets for the development of novel antifungals. The wall, as the most external cellular component, plays a crucial role in the interaction with host cells mediating processes such as adhesion or phagocytosis that are essential during infection. Specific components of the cell wall (called PAMPs) interact with specific receptors in the immune cell (called PRRs), triggering responses whose molecular mechanisms are being elucidated. We review here the main structural carbohydrate components of the fungal wall (glucan, mannan and chitin), how their biogenesis takes place in fungi and the specific receptors that they interact with. Different model fungal pathogens are chosen to illustrate the functional consequences of this interaction. Finally, the identification of the key components will have important consequences in the future and will allow better approaches to treat fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Arana
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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16
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Rapaka RR, Kolls JK. Pathogenesis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in cystic fibrosis: current understanding and future directions. Med Mycol 2008; 47 Suppl 1:S331-7. [PMID: 18668399 DOI: 10.1080/13693780802266777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is an allergic disease characterized clinically by wheezing, pulmonary infiltrates, bronchiectasis, and fibrosis that affects patients with asthma and cystic fibrosis (CF). Although this disease has been characterized by a Th2 immune response to Aspergillus, the disease has some features such as central bronchiectasis which is not seen in other Th2 driven lung diseases such as atopic asthma. Here we will review the current pathophysiology of ABPA in CF and highlight new molecules that may affect immune responses against Aspergillus and ABPA disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha R Rapaka
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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17
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Hohl TM, Feldmesser M. Aspergillus fumigatus: principles of pathogenesis and host defense. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2007; 6:1953-63. [PMID: 17890370 PMCID: PMC2168400 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00274-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias M Hohl
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave., New York, NY 10021, USA.
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18
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da Silva JP, da Silva MB, Salgado UI, Diniz JAP, Rozental S, Salgado CG. Phagocytosis ofFonsecaea pedrosoiconidia, but not sclerotic cells caused by Langerhans cells, inhibits CD40 and B7-2 expression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 50:104-11. [PMID: 17451443 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2007.00239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fonsecaea pedrosoi is the major etiological agent of chromoblastomycosis, a chronic, suppurative, granulomatous mycosis usually confined to skin and subcutaneous tissues, presenting a worldwide distribution. The host defense mechanisms in chromoblastomycosis have not been extensively investigated. Langerhans cells (LC) are bone-marrow-derived, dendritic antigen-presenting cells of the epidermis, which constitutively express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, and comprise 1-3% of total epidermal cells. LC are localized in suprabasal layers of the epidermis and in mucosa, where they play important roles in skin immune responses. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the interaction of F. pedrosoi conidia or sclerotic cells with LC purified from BALB/c mice skin. We demonstrate here that LC phagocytose F. pedrosoi conidia but not sclerotic cells in the first 3 h of interaction, inhibiting hyphae formation during 12-hour coculture from both forms, internalized or not. Also, LC maturation, analyzed using CD40 and B7-2 expression, was inhibited by conidia, but not by sclerotic cells, indicating an important innate immunity function of LC against F. pedrosoi infection in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Pereira da Silva
- Laboratório de Dermato-Imunologia Universidade do Estado do Pará (UEPA), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) and Unidade de Referência em Dermatologia Sanitária do Estado do Pará Dr Marcello Candia (MC), Marituba, Pará, Brazil
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Luther K, Torosantucci A, Brakhage AA, Heesemann J, Ebel F. Phagocytosis of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia by murine macrophages involves recognition by the dectin-1 beta-glucan receptor and Toll-like receptor 2. Cell Microbiol 2006; 9:368-81. [PMID: 16953804 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00796.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a fungal pathogen causing severe infections in immunocompromised patients. For clearance of inhaled conidia, an efficient response of the innate immune system is required. Macrophages represent the first line of defence and ingest and kill conidia. C-type lectins represent a family of receptors, which recognize pathogen-specific carbohydrates. One of them is beta1-3 glucan, a major component of the fungal cell wall. Here we provide evidence that beta1-3 glucan plays an important role for the elimination of A. fumigatus conidia. Laminarin, a soluble beta1-3 glucan and antibodies to dectin-1, a well known beta1-3 glucan receptor, significantly inhibited conidial phagocytosis. On resting conidia low amounts of surface accessible beta1-3 glucan were detected, whereas high amounts were found on small spores that appear early during germination and infection as well as on resting conidia of a pksP mutant strain. Swollen conidia also display larger quantities of beta1-3 glucan, although in an irregular spotted pattern. Resting pksP mutant conidia and swollen wild-type conidia are phagocytosed with high efficiency thereby confirming the relevance of beta1-3 glucans for conidial phagocytosis. Additionally we found that TLR2 and the adaptor protein MyD88 are required for efficient conidial phagocytosis, suggesting a link between the TLR2-mediated recognition of A. fumigatus and the phagocytic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Luther
- Max-von-Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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20
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Zhang Z, Liu R, Noordhoek JA, Kauffman HF. Interaction of airway epithelial cells (A549) with spores and mycelium of Aspergillus fumigatus. J Infect 2006; 51:375-82. [PMID: 16321648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2004.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2004] [Accepted: 12/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the interaction of airway epithelial cell line A549 with fragments of mycelium, spores of Aspergillus fumigatus in vitro and to determine if toll-like receptors (TLRs) are involved in the process. METHODS A549 cells were exposed to fragments of A. fumigatus mycelium, zymosan and inactivated A. fumigatus spores. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-8 released by A549 cells to the culture supernatant were measured by ELISA. Presence of TLR2 and TLR4 on A549 cells were studied by immuno-histochemistry. RESULTS Mycelium fragments of A. fumigatus showed strong binding to epithelial cells but had limited effects on the release of IL-6 and IL-8 by A549 cells. Irradiated A. fumigatus spores were partly internalised by A549 cells and inhibited A549 cells to produce IL-6. TNF-alpha pre-incubated A549 cells produced increased IL-6 after exposure to zymosan and WIAF. Immuno-histochemistry showed a negative staining for TLR2 and TLR4. CONCLUSIONS The low levels of cytokines produced by A549 cells after the firm binding of either mycelium or spores of A. fumigatus may lead to insufficient recruitment of inflammatory cells to the infected site, which may result in the escape of detection by the immune defence system. TLR2 and TLR4 are probably not or only in part involved in the above process, although very low expression cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Zhang
- Department of Pulmonology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
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Dionne SO, Podany AB, Ruiz YW, Ampel NM, Galgiani JN, Lake DF. Spherules derived from Coccidioides posadasii promote human dendritic cell maturation and activation. Infect Immun 2006; 74:2415-22. [PMID: 16552071 PMCID: PMC1418939 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.4.2415-2422.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that dendritic cells (DC) pulsed with T27K, an antigenic preparation derived from spherules (of Coccidioides posadasii), activate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from nonimmune subjects as well as from patients with disseminated coccidioidomycosis. In this study, we have assessed the interaction between human DC and C. posadasii spherules in order to better understand the initial response between Coccidioides and the human host. Whole autoclaved spherules induced lymphocyte transformation in PBMC obtained from immune but not from nonimmune donors. Immature DC (iDC) bound fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled spherules in a time- and temperature-dependent manner. This binding was blocked by the addition of mannan, suggesting mannose receptor involvement in the DC-Coccidioides interaction. Binding was subsequently associated with ingestion and intracellular processing of spherules. Coculturing of spherules with iDC was associated with the development of mature DC that were morphologically, phenotypically, and functionally similar to those induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha and prostaglandin E2. Finally, spherules incubated with iDC induced activation of PBMC from nonimmune donors. These data indicate that human DC are capable of binding, internalizing, and presenting antigens from Coccidioides spherules and suggest that DC may play a critical early role in the formation of a cellular immune response in human coccidioidomycosis.
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Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis is a disease of immunocompromised hosts and the pathogenesis of this disorder is heavily dependent upon the defect within a given host. Consequently, vaccine development is limited by our understanding of effective host responses and by limitations in our knowledge of fungal molecules that elicit protective immunity. Nonetheless, the past few years have witnessed advances in our understanding both of the immune response to this organism and in the relationship between antigenicity and the ability to confer protection. Manipulations that promote the development of T(H)1-associated responses correlate with increased resistance to disease, at least partly because of consequent enhancement of innate cellular effector function. Two areas of investigation most actively being pursued include the search for adjuvants that will allow products of Aspergillus fumigatus to become effective vaccine candidates, regardless of the form of immunity they ordinarily induce, and the identification of the specific antigens that will most effectively elicit beneficial responses. Strategies using antigen-exposed dendritic cells as adjuvants appear to be particularly promising. Though we currently are far away from a candidate that is applicable for human trials, recent progress is encouraging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Feldmesser
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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Steele C, Rapaka RR, Metz A, Pop SM, Williams DL, Gordon S, Kolls JK, Brown GD. The beta-glucan receptor dectin-1 recognizes specific morphologies of Aspergillus fumigatus. PLoS Pathog 2005; 1:e42. [PMID: 16344862 PMCID: PMC1311140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages represent a first-line innate host defense mechanism for clearing inhaled Aspergillus fumigatus from the lungs, yet contradictory data exist as to which alveolar macrophage recognition receptor is critical for innate immunity to A. fumigatus. Acknowledging that the A. fumigatus cell wall contains a high beta-1,3–glucan content, we questioned whether the beta-glucan receptor dectin-1 played a role in this recognition process. Monoclonal antibody, soluble receptor, and competitive carbohydrate blockage indicated that the alveolar macrophage inflammatory response, specifically the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-1β, IL-6, CXCL2/macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), CCL3/macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), and granulocyte monocyte–CSF (GM-CSF), to live A. fumigatus was dependent on recognition via the beta-glucan receptor dectin-1. The inflammatory response was triggered at the highest level by A. fumigatus swollen conidia and early germlings and correlated to the levels of surface-exposed beta glucans, indicating that dectin-1 preferentially recognizes specific morphological forms of A. fumigatus. Intratracheal administration of A. fumigatus conidia to mice in the presence of a soluble dectin-Fc fusion protein reduced both lung proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine levels and cellular recruitment while modestly increasing the A. fumigatus fungal burden, illustrating the importance of beta-glucan–initiated dectin-1 signaling in defense against this pathogen. Collectively, these data show that dectin-1 is centrally required for the generation of alveolar macrophage proinflammatory responses to A. fumigatus and to our knowledge provides the first in vivo evidence for the role of dectin-1 in fungal innate defense. Individuals with defective immune systems are highly susceptible to infection by parasites, bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Infection by the opportunistic fungal organism Aspergillus fumigatus can be particularly severe in this population. Because many pathogenic microorganisms, including A. fumigatus, enter the body through the lung, it is important to understand the function of its immune system. The alveolar macrophage is one of the first cell types to come in contact with inhaled pathogens. An intense area of research is how lung immune cells—i.e., alveolar macrophages—recognize inhaled pathogens and respond to them. Steele et al. recently discovered that alveolar macrophages express a receptor on their surface, dectin-1, that is essential in recognizing and responding to inhaled fungal pathogens. They now have investigated the interaction between dectin-1 and A. fumigatus to determine how the dectin-1 receptor orchestrates the alveolar macrophage response. They found that alveolar macrophages respond poorly to A. fumigatus when the dectin-1 receptor is blocked. Also, in animal experiments, blocking dectin-1 renders the animals more susceptible to infection with A. fumigatus. This study may lay the foundation for developing new and novel strategies to combat infections caused by A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Steele
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA.
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24
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Hohl TM, Van Epps HL, Rivera A, Morgan LA, Chen PL, Feldmesser M, Pamer EG. Aspergillus fumigatus triggers inflammatory responses by stage-specific beta-glucan display. PLoS Pathog 2005; 1:e30. [PMID: 16304610 PMCID: PMC1287910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2005] [Accepted: 10/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhalation of fungal spores (conidia) occurs commonly and, in specific circumstances, can result in invasive disease. We investigated the murine inflammatory response to conidia of Aspergillus fumigatus, the most common invasive mold in immunocompromised hosts. In contrast to dormant spores, germinating conidia induce neutrophil recruitment to the airways and TNF-alpha/MIP-2 secretion by alveolar macrophages. Fungal beta-glucans act as a trigger for the induction of these inflammatory responses through their time-dependent exposure on the surface of germinating conidia. Dectin-1, an innate immune receptor that recognizes fungal beta-glucans, is recruited in vivo to alveolar macrophage phagosomes that have internalized conidia with exposed beta-glucans. Antibody-mediated blockade of Dectin-1 partially inhibits TNF-alpha/MIP-2 induction by metabolically active conidia. TLR-2- and MyD88-mediated signals provide an additive contribution to macrophage activation by germinating conidia. Selective responsiveness to germinating conidia provides the innate immune system with a mechanism to restrict inflammatory responses to metabolically active, potentially invasive fungal spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias M Hohl
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Heather L. Van Epps
- Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Amariliz Rivera
- Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Laura A Morgan
- Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Patrick L Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Marta Feldmesser
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Eric G Pamer
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
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Schwab CJ, Straus DC. The roles of Penicillium and Aspergillus in sick building syndrome. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2004; 55:215-38. [PMID: 15350796 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(04)55008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Schwab
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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26
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Serrano-Gómez D, Domínguez-Soto A, Ancochea J, Jimenez-Heffernan JA, Leal JA, Corbí AL. Dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing nonintegrin mediates binding and internalization of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia by dendritic cells and macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:5635-43. [PMID: 15494514 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.9.5635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is responsible for a large percentage of nosocomial opportunistic fungal infections in immunocompromised hosts, especially during cytotoxic chemotherapy and after bone marrow transplantation, and is currently a major direct cause of death in leukemia patients. Dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) is a type II C-type lectin that functions as an adhesion receptor and is used by viral and bacterial pathogens to gain access to human DC. We report that DC-SIGN specifically interacts with clinical isolates of A. fumigatus. DC-SIGN-dependent binding of A. fumigatus conidia can be demonstrated with stable transfectants and monocyte-derived DC and is inhibited by anti-DC-SIGN Abs. Binding and internalization of A. fumigatus conidia correlates with DC-SIGN cell surface expression levels and is abolished in the presence of A. fumigatus-derived cell wall galactomannans. The clinical relevance of this interaction is emphasized by the presence of DC-SIGN in lung DC and alveolar macrophages, and further illustrated by the DC-SIGN-dependent attachment of A. fumigatus conidia to the cell membrane of IL-4-treated monocyte-derived macrophages. Our results suggest the involvement of DC-SIGN in the initial stages of pulmonary infection as well as in fungal spreading during invasive aspergillosis.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Aspergillus fumigatus/immunology
- Aspergillus fumigatus/metabolism
- Aspergillus fumigatus/pathogenicity
- Binding Sites/immunology
- Binding, Competitive/immunology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/biosynthesis
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/physiology
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/microbiology
- Galactose/analogs & derivatives
- Humans
- K562 Cells
- Lectins, C-Type/antagonists & inhibitors
- Lectins, C-Type/biosynthesis
- Lectins, C-Type/physiology
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/microbiology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/immunology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/metabolism
- Macrophages, Alveolar/microbiology
- Mannans/metabolism
- Monocytes/cytology
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/microbiology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cell Surface/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Spores, Fungal/immunology
- Spores, Fungal/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Serrano-Gómez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid, Spain
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