1
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de Roode KE, Joosten L, Behe M. Towards the Magic Radioactive Bullet: Improving Targeted Radionuclide Therapy by Reducing the Renal Retention of Radioligands. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:256. [PMID: 38399470 PMCID: PMC10892921 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) is an emerging field and has the potential to become a major pillar in effective cancer treatment. Several pharmaceuticals are already in routine use for treating cancer, and there is still a high potential for new compounds for this application. But, a major issue for many radiolabeled low-to-moderate-molecular-weight molecules is their clearance via the kidneys and their subsequent reuptake. High renal accumulation of radioactive compounds may lead to nephrotoxicity, and therefore, the kidneys are often the dose-limiting organs in TRT with these radioligands. Over the years, different strategies have been developed aiming for reduced kidney retention and enhanced therapeutic efficacy of radioligands. In this review, we will give an overview of the efforts and achievements of the used strategies, with focus on the therapeutic potential of low-to-moderate-molecular-weight molecules. Among the strategies discussed here is coadministration of compounds that compete for binding to the endocytic receptors in the proximal tubuli. In addition, the influence of altering the molecular design of radiolabeled ligands on pharmacokinetics is discussed, which includes changes in their physicochemical properties and implementation of cleavable linkers or albumin-binding moieties. Furthermore, we discuss the influence of chelator and radionuclide choice on reabsorption of radioligands by the kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim E. de Roode
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Tagworks Pharmaceuticals, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lieke Joosten
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Martin Behe
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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2
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Liu C, Chen K, Wang H, Zhang Y, Duan X, Xue Y, He H, Huang Y, Chen Z, Ren H, Wang H, Zeng C. Gastrin Attenuates Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by a PI3K/Akt/Bad-Mediated Anti-apoptosis Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:540479. [PMID: 33343341 PMCID: PMC7740972 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.540479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury is the primary cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). Gastrin, a gastrointestinal hormone, is involved in the regulation of kidney function of sodium excretion. However, whether gastrin has an effect on kidney I/R injury is unknown. Here we show that cholecystokinin B receptor (CCKBR), the gastrin receptor, was significantly up-regulated in I/R-injured mouse kidneys. While pre-administration of gastrin ameliorated I/R-induced renal pathological damage, as reflected by the levels of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, hematoxylin and eosin staining and periodic acid-Schiff staining. The protective effect could be ascribed to the reduced apoptosis for gastrin reduced tubular cell apoptosis both in vivo and in vitro. In vitro studies also showed gastrin preserved the viability of hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-treated human kidney 2 (HK-2) cells and reduced the lactate dehydrogenase release, which were blocked by CI-988, a specific CCKBR antagonist. Mechanistically, the PI3K/Akt/Bad pathway participates in the pathological process, because gastrin treatment increased phosphorylation of PI3K, Akt and Bad. While in the presence of wortmannin (1 μM), a PI3K inhibitor, the gastrin-induced phosphorylation of Akt after H/R treatment was blocked. Additionally, wortmannin and Akt inhibitor VIII blocked the protective effect of gastrin on viability of HK-2 cells subjected to H/R treatment. These studies reveals that gastrin attenuates kidney I/R injury via a PI3K/Akt/Bad-mediated anti-apoptosis signaling. Thus, gastrin can be considered as a promising drug candidate to prevent AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Chongqing, China
| | - Ken Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Chongqing, China
| | - Huaixiang Wang
- Department of Lishilu Outpatient, General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Chongqing, China
| | - Xudong Duan
- Cardiovascular Research Center of Chongqing College, Department of Cardiology of Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanzheng Xue
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongye He
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongmei Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongyong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunyu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Chongqing, China.,Cardiovascular Research Center of Chongqing College, Department of Cardiology of Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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3
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Abstract
Gastric acid secretion (i) facilitates digestion of protein as well as absorption of micronutrients and certain medications, (ii) kills ingested microorganisms, including Helicobacter pylori, and (iii) prevents bacterial overgrowth and enteric infection. The principal regulators of acid secretion are the gastric peptides gastrin and somatostatin. Gastrin, the major hormonal stimulant for acid secretion, is synthesized in pyloric mucosal G cells as a 101-amino acid precursor (preprogastrin) that is processed to yield biologically active amidated gastrin-17 and gastrin-34. The C-terminal active site of gastrin (Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2 ) binds to gastrin/CCK2 receptors on parietal and, more importantly, histamine-containing enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells, located in oxyntic mucosa, to induce acid secretion. Histamine diffuses to the neighboring parietal cells where it binds to histamine H2 -receptors coupled to hydrochloric acid secretion. Gastrin is also a trophic hormone that maintains the integrity of gastric mucosa, induces proliferation of parietal and ECL cells, and is thought to play a role in carcinogenesis. Somatostatin, present in D cells of the gastric pyloric and oxyntic mucosa, is the main inhibitor of acid secretion, particularly during the interdigestive period. Somatostatin exerts a tonic paracrine restraint on gastrin secretion from G cells, histamine secretion from ECL cells, and acid secretion from parietal cells. Removal of this restraint, for example by activation of cholinergic neurons during ingestion of food, initiates and maximizes acid secretion. Knowledge regarding the structure and function of gastrin, somatostatin, and their respective receptors is providing novel avenues to better diagnose and manage acid-peptic disorders and certain cancers. Published 2020. Compr Physiol 10:197-228, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell L Schubert
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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4
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Takahashi-Iwanaga H, Kimura S, Konno K, Watanabe M, Iwanaga T. Intrarenal signaling mediated by CCK plays a role in salt intake-induced natriuresis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 313:F20-F29. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00539.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The natriuretic hormone CCK exhibits its gene transcripts in total kidney extracts. To test the possibility of CCK acting as an intrarenal mediator of sodium excretion, we examined mouse kidneys by 1) an in situ hybridization technique for CCK mRNA in animals fed a normal- or a high-sodium diet; 2) immuno-electron microscopy for the CCK peptide, 3) an in situ hybridization method and immunohistochemistry for the CCK-specific receptor CCKAR; 4) confocal image analysis of receptor-mediated Ca2+ responses in isolated renal tubules; and 5) metabolic cage experiments for the measurement of urinary sodium excretion in high-salt-fed mice either treated or untreated with the CCKAR antagonist lorglumide. Results showed the CCK gene to be expressed intensely in the inner medulla and moderately in the inner stripe of the outer medulla, with the expression in the latter being enhanced by high sodium intake. Immunoreactivity for the CCK peptide was localized to the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the medullary interstitial cells in corresponding renal regions, confirming it to be a secretory protein. Gene transcripts, protein products, and the functional activity for CCKAR were consistently localized to the late proximal tubule segments (S2 and S3) in the medullary rays, and the outer stripe of the outer medulla. Lorglumide significantly diminished natriuretic responses of mice to a dietary sodium load without altering the glomerular filtration rate. These findings suggest that the medullary interstitial cells respond to body fluid expansion by CCK release for feedback regulation of the late proximal tubular reabsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shunsuke Kimura
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kohtarou Konno
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Iwanaga
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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The Effect of Salt Intake and Potassium Supplementation on Serum Gastrin Levels in Chinese Adults: A Randomized Trial. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9040389. [PMID: 28420122 PMCID: PMC5409728 DOI: 10.3390/nu9040389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Excess dietary salt is strongly correlated with cardiovascular disease, morbidity, and mortality. Conversely, potassium likely elicits favorable effects against cardiovascular disorders. Gastrin, which is produced by the G-cells of the stomach and duodenum, can increase renal sodium excretion and regulate blood pressure by acting on the cholecystokinin B receptor. The aim of our study was to assess the effects of altered salt and potassium supplementation on serum gastrin levels in humans. A total of 44 subjects (38–65 years old) were selected from a rural community in northern China. All subjects were sequentially maintained on a relatively low-salt diet for 7 days (3.0 g/day of NaCl), a high-salt diet for 7 days (18.0 g/day of NaCl), and then a high-salt diet supplemented with potassium for another 7 days (18.0 g/day of NaCl + 4.5 g/day of KCl). The high-salt intake significantly increased serum gastrin levels (15.3 ± 0.3 vs. 17.6 ± 0.3 pmol/L). This phenomenon was alleviated through potassium supplementation (17.6 ± 0.3 vs. 16.5 ± 0.4 pmol/L). Further analyses revealed that serum gastrin was positively correlated with 24 h urinary sodium excretion (r = 0.476, p < 0.001). By contrast, gastrin level was negatively correlated with blood pressure in all dietary interventions (r = −0.188, p = 0.031). The present study indicated that variations in dietary salt and potassium supplementation affected the serum gastrin concentrations in the Chinese subjects.
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Department of Nutrition, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Division of Renal Disease & Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Chunyu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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7
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Rehfeld JF. Cholecystokinin-From Local Gut Hormone to Ubiquitous Messenger. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:47. [PMID: 28450850 PMCID: PMC5389988 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) was discovered in 1928 in jejunal extracts as a gallbladder contraction factor. It was later shown to be member of a peptide family, which are all ligands for the CCK1 and CCK2 receptors. CCK peptides are known to be synthetized in small intestinal endocrine I-cells and cerebral neurons. But in addition, CCK is expressed in several endocrine glands (pituitary cells, thyroid C-cells, pancreatic islets, the adrenals, and the testes); in peripheral nerves; in cortical and medullary kidney cells; in cardial myocytes; and in cells of the immune system. CCK peptides stimulate pancreatic enzyme secretion and growth, gallbladder contraction, and gut motility, satiety and inhibit acid secretion from the stomach. Moreover, they are major neurotransmitters in the brain and the periphery. CCK peptides also stimulate calcitonin, insulin, and glucagon secretion, and they may act as natriuretic peptides in the kidneys. CCK peptides are derived from proCCK with a C-terminal bioactive YMGWMDFamide sequence, in which the Y-residue is partly O-sulfated. The plasma forms are CCK-58, -33, -22, and -8, whereas the small CCK-8 and -5 are potent neurotransmitters. Over the last decades, CCK expression has also been encountered in tumors (neuroendocrine tumors, cerebral astrocytomas, gliomas, acoustic neuromas, and specific pediatric tumors). Recently, a metastastic islet cell tumor was found to cause a specific CCKoma syndrome, suggesting that circulating CCK may be a useful tumor marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens F. Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Jens F. Rehfeld,
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8
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Jiang X, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Yang J, Asico LD, Chen W, Felder RA, Armando I, Jose PA, Yang Z. Gastrin stimulates renal dopamine production by increasing the renal tubular uptake of l-DOPA. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 312:E1-E10. [PMID: 27780818 PMCID: PMC5283882 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00116.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Gastrin is a peptide hormone that is involved in the regulation of sodium balance and blood pressure. Dopamine, which is also involved in the regulation of sodium balance and blood pressure, directly or indirectly interacts with other blood pressure-regulating hormones, including gastrin. This study aimed to determine the mechanisms of the interaction between gastrin and dopamine and tested the hypothesis that gastrin produced in the kidney increases renal dopamine production to keep blood pressure within the normal range. We show that in human and mouse renal proximal tubule cells (hRPTCs and mRPTCs, respectively), gastrin stimulates renal dopamine production by increasing the cellular uptake of l-DOPA via the l-type amino acid transporter (LAT) at the plasma membrane. The uptake of l-DOPA in RPTCs from C57Bl/6J mice is lower than in RPTCs from normotensive humans. l-DOPA uptake in renal cortical slices is also lower in salt-sensitive C57Bl/6J than in salt-resistant BALB/c mice. The deficient renal cortical uptake of l-DOPA in C57Bl/6J mice may be due to decreased LAT-1 activity that is related to its decreased expression at the plasma membrane, relative to BALB/c mice. We also show that renal-selective silencing of Gast by the renal subcapsular injection of Gast siRNA in BALB/c mice decreases renal dopamine production and increases blood pressure. These results highlight the importance of renal gastrin in stimulating renal dopamine production, which may give a new perspective in the prevention and treatment of hypertension.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Transport System y+L/drug effects
- Amino Acid Transport System y+L/metabolism
- Animals
- Blood Pressure/drug effects
- Blood Pressure/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Dopamine/biosynthesis
- Dopamine/urine
- Down-Regulation
- Gastrins/genetics
- Gastrins/metabolism
- Gastrins/pharmacology
- Gene Silencing
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Kidney/drug effects
- Kidney/metabolism
- Kidney Cortex/drug effects
- Kidney Cortex/metabolism
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/cytology
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/drug effects
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/metabolism
- Levodopa/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptor, Cholecystokinin B/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Jiang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical, Beijing, China
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yanrong Zhang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Jian Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University and Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Laureano D Asico
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Wei Chen
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical, Beijing, China
| | - Robin A Felder
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Ines Armando
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Medicine, Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; and
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Zhiwei Yang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical, Beijing, China;
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9
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Liu T, Konkalmatt PR, Yang Y, Jose PA. Gastrin decreases Na+,K+-ATPase activity via a PI 3-kinase- and PKC-dependent pathway in human renal proximal tubule cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 310:E565-71. [PMID: 26786777 PMCID: PMC4824137 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00360.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The natriuretic effect of gastrin suggests a role in the coordinated regulation of sodium balance by the gastrointestinal tract and the kidney. The renal molecular targets and signal transduction pathways for such an effect of gastrin are largely unknown. Recently, we reported that gastrin induces NHE3 phosphorylation and internalization via phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase and PKCα. In this study, we show that gastrin induced the phosphorylation of human Na(+),K(+)-ATPase at serine 16, resulting in its endocytosis via Rab5 and Rab7 endosomes. The gastrin-stimulated phosphorylation of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase was dependent on PI 3-kinase because the phosphorylation was blocked by the PI 3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin. The phosphorylation of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase was also blocked by chelerythrine, a pan-PKC inhibitor, Gö-6976, a conventional PKC (cPKC) inhibitor, and BAPTA-AM, an intracellular calcium chelator, suggesting the importance of cPKC and intracellular calcium in the gastrin signaling pathway. The gastrin-mediated phosphorylation of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase was also inhibited by U-73122, a phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor. These results suggest that gastrin regulates sodium hydrogen exchanger and pump in renal proximal tubule cells at the apical and basolateral membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianbing Liu
- Center for Molecular Physiology Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Prasad R Konkalmatt
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; and
| | - Yu Yang
- Center for Molecular Physiology Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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10
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Jiang X, Chen W, Liu X, Wang Z, Liu Y, Felder RA, Gildea JJ, Jose PA, Qin C, Yang Z. The Synergistic Roles of Cholecystokinin B and Dopamine D5 Receptors on the Regulation of Renal Sodium Excretion. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146641. [PMID: 26751218 PMCID: PMC4709046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal dopamine D1-like receptors (D1R and D5R) and the gastrin receptor (CCKBR) are involved in the maintenance of sodium homeostasis. The D1R has been found to interact synergistically with CCKBR in renal proximal tubule (RPT) cells to promote natriuresis and diuresis. D5R, which has a higher affinity for dopamine than D1R, has some constitutive activity. Hence, we sought to investigate the interaction between D5R and CCKBR in the regulation of renal sodium excretion. In present study, we found D5R and CCKBR increase each other’s expression in a concentration- and time-dependent manner in the HK-2 cell, the specificity of which was verified in HEK293 cells heterologously expressing both human D5R and CCKBR and in RPT cells from a male normotensive human. The specificity of D5R in the D5R and CCKBR interaction was verified further using a selective D5R antagonist, LE-PM436. Also, D5R and CCKBR colocalize and co-immunoprecipitate in BALB/c mouse RPTs and human RPT cells. CCKBR protein expression in plasma membrane-enriched fractions of renal cortex (PMFs) is greater in D5R-/- mice than D5R+/+ littermates and D5R protein expression in PMFs is also greater in CCKBR-/- mice than CCKBR+/+ littermates. High salt diet, relative to normal salt diet, increased the expression of CCKBR and D5R proteins in PMFs. Disruption of CCKBR in mice caused hypertension and decreased sodium excretion. The natriuresis in salt-loaded BALB/c mice was decreased by YF476, a CCKBR antagonist and Sch23390, a D1R/D5R antagonist. Furthermore, the natriuresis caused by gastrin was blocked by Sch23390 while the natriuresis caused by fenoldopam, a D1R/D5R agonist, was blocked by YF476. Taken together, our findings indicate that CCKBR and D5R synergistically interact in the kidney, which may contribute to the maintenance of normal sodium balance following an increase in sodium intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Jiang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xing Liu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zihao Wang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Robin A. Felder
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - John J. Gildea
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Pedro A. Jose
- Division of Nephrology, Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PAJ); (CQ); (ZWY)
| | - Chuan Qin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), Beijing, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (PAJ); (CQ); (ZWY)
| | - Zhiwei Yang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), Beijing, P. R. China
- CollaborativeInnovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders, Beijing, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (PAJ); (CQ); (ZWY)
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11
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Chen Y, Asico LD, Zheng S, Villar VAM, He D, Zhou L, Zeng C, Jose PA. Gastrin and D1 dopamine receptor interact to induce natriuresis and diuresis. Hypertension 2013; 62:927-33. [PMID: 24019399 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.01094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Oral NaCl produces a greater natriuresis and diuresis than the intravenous infusion of the same amount of NaCl. Gastrin is the major gastrointestinal hormone taken up by renal proximal tubule (RPT) cells. We hypothesized that renal gastrin and dopamine receptors interact to synergistically increase sodium excretion, an impaired interaction of which may be involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. In Wistar-Kyoto rats, infusion of gastrin induced natriuresis and diuresis, which was abrogated in the presence of a gastrin (cholecystokinin B receptor [CCKBR]; CI-988) or a D1-like receptor antagonist (SCH23390). Similarly, the natriuretic and diuretic effects of fenoldopam, a D1-like receptor agonist, were blocked by SCH23390, as well as by CI-988. However, the natriuretic effects of gastrin and fenoldopam were not observed in spontaneously hypertensive rats. The gastrin/D1-like receptor interaction was also confirmed in RPT cells. In RPT cells from Wistar-Kyoto but not spontaneously hypertensive rats, stimulation of either D1-like receptor or gastrin receptor inhibited Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity, an effect that was blocked in the presence of SCH23390 or CI-988. In RPT cells from Wistar-Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rats, CCKBR and D1 receptor coimmunoprecipitated, which was increased after stimulation of either D1 receptor or CCKBR in RPT cells from Wistar-Kyoto rats; stimulation of one receptor increased the RPT cell membrane expression of the other receptor, effects that were not observed in spontaneously hypertensive rats. These data suggest that there is a synergism between CCKBR and D1-like receptors to increase sodium excretion. An aberrant interaction between the renal CCK BR and D1-like receptors (eg, D1 receptor) may play a role in the pathogenesis of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China.
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12
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Liu T, Jose PA. Gastrin induces sodium-hydrogen exchanger 3 phosphorylation and mTOR activation via a phosphoinositide 3-kinase-/protein kinase C-dependent but AKT-independent pathway in renal proximal tubule cells derived from a normotensive male human. Endocrinology 2013; 154:865-75. [PMID: 23275470 PMCID: PMC3548178 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gastrin is natriuretic, but its renal molecular targets and signal transduction pathways are not fully known. In this study, we confirmed the existence of CCKBR (a gastrin receptor) in male human renal proximal tubule cells and discovered that gastrin induced S6 phosphorylation, a downstream component of the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3 kinase)-mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. Gastrin also increased the phosphorylation of sodium-hydrogen exchanger 3 (NHE3) at serine 552, caused its internalization, and decreased its expression at the cell surface and NHE activity. The phosphorylation of NHE3 and S6 was dependent on PI3 kinases because it was blocked by 2 different PI3-kinase inhibitors, wortmannin and LY294,002. The phosphorylation of NHE3 and S6 was not affected by the protein kinase A inhibitor H-89 but was blocked by a pan-PKC (chelerythrine) and a conventional PKC (cPKC) inhibitor (Gö6976) (10 μM) and an intracellular calcium chelator, 1,2-bis-(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, tetra(acetoxymethyl)-ester, suggesting the importance of cPKC and intracellular calcium in the gastrin signaling pathway. The cPKC involved was probably PKCα because it was phosphorylated by gastrin. The gastrin-mediated phosphorylation of NHE3, S6, and PKCα was via phospholipase C because it was blocked by a phospholipase C inhibitor, U73122 (10 μM). The phosphorylation (activation) of AKT, which is usually upstream of mammalian target of rapamycin in the classic PI3 kinase-AKT-p70S6K signaling pathway, was not affected, suggesting that the gastrin-induced phosphorylation of NHE3 and S6 is dependent on both PI3 kinase and PKCα but not AKT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianbing Liu
- Center for Molecular Physiology Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
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The Role of Cholecystokinin Receptors in the Short-Term Control of Food Intake. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 114:277-316. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386933-3.00008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Wang M, Xie R, Liu R, Jia X, Bao Y, Liu X. Expression of cholecystokinin-1 receptor is correlated with proteinuria in human diabetic nephropathy. Endocrine 2012; 42:329-34. [PMID: 22396142 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-012-9630-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the expression of cholecystokinin-1 receptor (CCK-1R) in the kidneys of type 2 diabetic nephropathy (DN) and the correlation of CCK-1R mRNA and proteinuria. Localization of CCK-1R in kidney of diabetic patient with nephropathy was examined by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. The glomeruli did not express CCK-1R in either control or diabetic nephropathic kidneys. However, the expressions of CCK-1R protein and mRNA in tubules were significantly increased in DN, which had no relationship with the severity of DN. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between the percentage of cells positive for CCK-1R mRNA and the degree of proteinuria. Increased CCK-1R expression could be demonstrated in the tubules and the CCK-1R might be implicated in the development of proteinuria in human DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingao Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
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15
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Drabkin HA, Gemmill RM. Cholesterol and the development of clear-cell renal carcinoma. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2012; 12:742-50. [PMID: 22939900 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The majority of kidney cancers are clear-cell carcinomas (ccRCC), characterized by the accumulation of cholesterol, cholesterol esters, other neutral lipids and glycogen. Rather than being a passive bystander, the clear-cell phenotype is suggested to be a biomarker of deregulated cholesterol and lipid biosynthesis, which plays an important role in development of the disease. One clue to this relationship has come from the elucidation of the hereditary kidney cancer gene, TRC8, which functions partly to degrade key regulators of endogenous cholesterol and lipid biosynthesis. In addition, deregulation of the mevalonate pathway has been shown to play a key role in cellular transformation and invasion. These findings are supported by considerable epidemiologic data linking obesity and the deregulation of lipid biosynthesis to ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry A Drabkin
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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Jiang X, Wang W, Ning B, Liu X, Gong J, Gan F, Gao X, Zhang L, Jose PA, Qin C, Yang Z. Basal and postprandial serum levels of gastrin in normotensive and hypertensive adults. Clin Exp Hypertens 2012; 35:74-8. [PMID: 22680232 DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2012.690474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Gastrin is a peptide hormone, which acts not only to regulate gastric acid secretion, but also to exert physiological actions such as the regulation of sodium balance. From a case (n = 95)-control (n = 82) study in Fuyang People's Hospital, Anhui Province, China, we found that the fasting serum gastrin levels are similar in normotensive and hypertensive adults but increased to higher levels in the latter group than in the former group after a mixed meal. We suggest that gastrin is involved in the regulation of blood pressure, possibly via the regulation of sodium and water metabolism and/or renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. However, the mechanism remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
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17
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Miyamoto S, Shikata K, Miyasaka K, Okada S, Sasaki M, Kodera R, Hirota D, Kajitani N, Takatsuka T, Kataoka HU, Nishishita S, Sato C, Funakoshi A, Nishimori H, Uchida HA, Ogawa D, Makino H. Cholecystokinin plays a novel protective role in diabetic kidney through anti-inflammatory actions on macrophage: anti-inflammatory effect of cholecystokinin. Diabetes 2012; 61:897-907. [PMID: 22357963 PMCID: PMC3314350 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory process is involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. In this article, we show that cholecystokinin (CCK) is expressed in the kidney and exerts renoprotective effects through its anti-inflammatory actions. DNA microarray showed that CCK was upregulated in the kidney of diabetic wild-type (WT) mice but not in diabetic intracellular adhesion molecule-1 knockout mice. We induced diabetes in CCK-1 receptor (CCK-1R) and CCK-2R double-knockout (CCK-1R(-/-),-2R(-/-)) mice, and furthermore, we performed a bone marrow transplantation study using CCK-1R(-/-) mice to determine the role of CCK-1R on macrophages in the diabetic kidney. Diabetic CCK-1R(-/-),-2R(-/-) mice revealed enhanced albuminuria and inflammation in the kidney compared with diabetic WT mice. In addition, diabetic WT mice with CCK-1R(-/-) bone marrow-derived cells developed more albuminuria than diabetic CCK-1R(-/-) mice with WT bone marrow-derived cells. Administration of sulfated cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8S) ameliorated albuminuria, podocyte loss, expression of proinflammatory genes, and infiltration of macrophages in the kidneys of diabetic rats. Furthermore, CCK-8S inhibited both expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and chemotaxis in cultured THP-1 cells. These results suggest that CCK suppresses the activation of macrophage and expression of proinflammatory genes in diabetic kidney. Our findings may provide a novel strategy of therapy for the early stage of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Miyamoto
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
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18
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Vegt E, Melis M, Eek A, de Visser M, Brom M, Oyen WJG, Gotthardt M, de Jong M, Boerman OC. Renal uptake of different radiolabelled peptides is mediated by megalin: SPECT and biodistribution studies in megalin-deficient mice. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2010; 38:623-32. [PMID: 21170526 PMCID: PMC3053449 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-010-1685-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiolabelled peptides used for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy are excreted mainly via the kidneys and are partly reabsorbed and retained in the proximal tubular cells. The resulting high renal radiation dose can cause nephrotoxicity, limiting the maximum activity dose and the effectiveness of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy. The mechanisms of kidney reabsorption of these peptides are incompletely understood, but the scavenger receptor megalin has been shown to play a role in the reabsorption of (111)In-octreotide. In this study, the role of megalin in the renal reabsorption of various relevant radiolabelled peptides was investigated. METHODS Groups of kidney-specific megalin-deficient mice and wild-type mice were injected with (111)In-labelled somatostatin, exendin, neurotensin or minigastrin analogues. Single photon emission computed tomographic (SPECT) images of the kidneys were acquired and analysed quantitatively, or the animals were killed 3 h after injection and the activity concentration in the kidneys was measured. RESULTS Megalin-deficient mice showed significantly lower uptake of all studied radiolabelled peptides in the kidneys, ranging from 22% ((111)In-octreotide) to 65% ((111)In-exendin) of uptake in wild-type kidneys. Quantitative analysis of renal uptake by SPECT and ex vivo measurements showed a very good correlation. CONCLUSION Megalin is involved in the renal reabsorption of radiolabelled octreotide, octreotate, exendin, neurotensin and minigastrin. This knowledge may help in the design of strategies to reduce this reabsorption and the resulting nephrotoxicity in peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, enabling more effective therapy. Small-animal SPECT is an accurate tool, allowing in vivo quantification of renal uptake and serial measurements in individual mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Vegt
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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19
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Vegt E, de Jong M, Wetzels JF, Masereeuw R, Melis M, Oyen WJ, Gotthardt M, Boerman OC. Renal Toxicity of Radiolabeled Peptides and Antibody Fragments: Mechanisms, Impact on Radionuclide Therapy, and Strategies for Prevention. J Nucl Med 2010; 51:1049-58. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.110.075101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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20
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Jin G, Ramanathan V, Quante M, Baik GH, Yang X, Wang SSW, Tu S, Gordon SAK, Pritchard DM, Varro A, Shulkes A, Wang TC. Inactivating cholecystokinin-2 receptor inhibits progastrin-dependent colonic crypt fission, proliferation, and colorectal cancer in mice. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:2691-701. [PMID: 19652364 DOI: 10.1172/jci38918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperproliferation of the colonic epithelium, leading to expansion of colonic crypt progenitors, is a recognized risk factor for colorectal cancer. Overexpression of progastrin, a nonamidated and incompletely processed product of the gastrin gene, has been shown to induce colonic hyperproliferation and promote colorectal cancer in mice, but the mechanism of pathogenesis has not been defined. Cholecystokinin-2 receptor (CCK2R) is the primary receptor for cholecystokinin (CCK) and amidated gastrin. Here, we show that Cck2r was expressed in murine colonic crypts and upregulated in the transgenic mice that overexpress human progastrin. Murine deletion of Cck2r abrogated progastrin-dependent increases in colonic proliferation, mucosal thickness, and beta-catenin and CD44 expression in the colon tumor. In addition, either deletion or antagonism of Cck2r resulted in the inhibition of progastrin-dependent increases in progenitors expressing doublecortin and CaM kinase-like-1 (DCAMKL1), stem cells expressing leucine rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LgR5), and colonic crypt fission. Furthermore, in the azoxymethane mouse model of colorectal carcinogenesis, Cck2r deletion in human progastrin-overexpressing mice resulted in markedly decreased aberrant crypt foci formation and substantially reduced tumor size and multiplicity. Taken together, these observations indicate that progastrin induces proliferative effects, primarily in colonic progenitor cells, through a CCK2R-dependent pathway. Moreover, our data suggest that CCK2R may be a potential target in the treatment or prevention of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangchun Jin
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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21
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Aunapuu M, Roosaar P, Järveots T, Kurrikoff K, Kõks S, Vasar E, Arend A. Altered renal morphology in transgenic mice with cholecystokinin overexpression. Transgenic Res 2008; 17:1079-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s11248-008-9204-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Karplus G, Ruiz R, Thomas DG, Ehrlich PF. Cholecystokinin receptor positivity in children with chronic acalculous gallbladder dysfunction: a pilot study to investigate the etiology of chronic acalculous gallbladder dysfunction. J Pediatr Surg 2008; 43:850-3. [PMID: 18485951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2007.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The etiology of chronic acalculous gallbladder dysfunction (CAGD) is unknown. However, cholecystectomy is being performed as treatment, based on gallbladder (GB) ejection fraction studies. The aim of this study was to examine the pathology and immunohistology of GBs from children with CAGD. METHODS Children with a diagnosis of CAGD were identified. Control patients had their GB removed for nonbiliary indications. Immunoperoxidase staining was performed using rabbit antihuman cholecystokinin receptor (CCK-R) antibody. The pathologist was blinded to the study and controls. RESULTS Fifteen children were evaluated: 6 children with CAGD and 9 controls. All children with CAGD had abnormal cholecystokinin-stimulated nuclear imaging. Ejection fractions ranged from 8% to 30%. All patients reported resolution of symptoms on follow-up at 6 months. Histopathology of the GB was normal for both the controls and children with CAGD. Both control and CAGD GBs demonstrated positive staining for CCK-R in the vascular endothelium and smooth muscle. Mucosal epithelial staining was only observed in 5 of 6 of GBs of children with CAGD. In the sixth GB, the epithelium was too necrotic to assess. CONCLUSIONS In this pilot study, expression of CCK-Rs in the epithelial cells is noted in children with CAGD compared with controls. The significance of this finding requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Karplus
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan, MI 48109, USA
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Michell A, Debnam E, Unwin R. Regulation of Renal Function by the Gastrointestinal Tract: Potential Role of Gut-Derived Peptides and Hormones. Annu Rev Physiol 2008; 70:379-403. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physiol.69.040705.141330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.R. Michell
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical School, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom;
| | - E.S. Debnam
- Department of Physiology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom;
| | - R.J. Unwin
- Department of Physiology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom;
- Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom;
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Abstract
Cholecystokinin and gastrin receptors (CCK1R and CCK2R) are G protein-coupled receptors that have been the subject of intensive research in the last 10 years with corresponding advances in the understanding of their functioning and physiology. In this review, we first describe general properties of the receptors, such as the different signaling pathways used to exert short- and long-term effects and the structural data that explain their binding properties, activation, and regulation. We then focus on peripheral cholecystokinin receptors by describing their tissue distribution and physiological actions. Finally, pathophysiological peripheral actions of cholecystokinin receptors and their relevance in clinical disorders are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlène Dufresne
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U. 531, Institut Louis Bugnard, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil, France
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van den Buuse M, van Driel IR, Samuelson LC, Pijnappel M, Martin S. Reduced effects of amphetamine on prepulse inhibition of startle in gastrin-deficient mice. Neurosci Lett 2005; 373:237-42. [PMID: 15619550 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2004] [Revised: 09/27/2004] [Accepted: 10/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed at investigating the role of gastrin in startle, startle habituation and prepulse inhibition (PPI). There were no significant differences between gastrin knockout mice and their wildtype controls in any of these baseline parameters. The disruption of PPI by treatment with 5 mg/kg of amphetamine was absent in gastrin knockout mice. However, a higher dose of amphetamine disrupted PPI in both genotypes. Similarly, treatment with the dopamine receptor agonist, apomorphine, the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, MK-801, and the serotonin-1A receptor agonist, 8-hydroxy-di-propylaminotetralin (8-OH-DPAT) modulated PPI similarly in gastrin knockout mice and wildtype controls. These data suggest a role of gastrin in the brain in modulating dopamine release in areas involved in PPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten van den Buuse
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, 155 Oak Street, Parkville, Vic. 3052, Australia.
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Bläker M, Arrenberg P, Stange I, Schulz M, Burghardt S, Michaelis H, Pace A, Greten H, von Schrenck T, de Weerth A. The cholecystokinin2-receptor mediates calcitonin secretion, gene expression, and proliferation in the human medullary thyroid carcinoma cell line, TT. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 118:111-7. [PMID: 14759564 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2003.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2003] [Revised: 11/26/2003] [Accepted: 11/28/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Gastrin-induced release of calcitonin from medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTC) is based on the expression of the cholecystokinin(2)-receptor (CCK(2)R) in these tumors. Recently, we have shown that the CCK(2)R is expressed not only in MTC but also in C-cells within the normal thyroid gland. The functions of the CCK(2)R in MTC and C-cells are largely unknown. We therefore explored the effects of gastrin-induced CCK(2)R stimulation in the highly differentiated MTC cell line, TT. CCK(2)R expression in TT-cells is detectable by RT-PCR as well as immunocytochemistry. Stimulation of the CCK(2)R by gastrin induces immediate release of calcitonin from TT-cells. Moreover, quantitative (LightCycler) RT-PCR demonstrates that gastrin stimulates transcription of the calcitonin and chromogranin A genes in TT-cells. TT-cell proliferation, assessed by counting of viable cells and (3)H-thymidine uptake, is markedly increased by gastrin. This effect is inhibited by the CCK(2)R-specific antagonist L-365,260. Our findings suggest physiological functions for the CCK(2)R in calcitonin-secretion and gene expression as well as a pathophysiological role in MTC proliferation. CCK(2)R antagonists might have therapeutic potential in these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bläker
- Medizinische Klinik I, Zentrum für Innere Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrabetae 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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Abstract
Gastrin is a peptide hormone that regulates both acid secretion and growth of the gastric oxyntic mucosa. Recent studies suggest that gastrin, in both its amidated, and less processed forms (glycine-extended gastrin and progastrin) may also exert biological activity in other organs in the gastrointestinal tract. This article will review the studies performed to date addressing the physiological role of gastrin outside of the gastric mucosa, with particular emphasis on the information gleaned from gastrin-deficient mice. Most of these studies address the potential role for the less processed forms of gastrin in regulating the proliferation of the colonic mucosa and colon cancers. There is also some data to support a potential role for gastrin in the regulation of the pancreas and the kidney, although the effects of gastrin deficiency on the function of these organs in mice have not yet been rigorously studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore J Koh
- University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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von Schrenck T, Ahrens M, de Weerth A, Bobrowski C, Wolf G, Jonas L, Jocks T, Schulz M, Bläker M, Neumaier M, Stahl RA. CCKB/gastrin receptors mediate changes in sodium and potassium absorption in the isolated perfused rat kidney. Kidney Int 2000; 58:995-1003. [PMID: 10972664 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00257.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the function of cholecystokinin B (CCKB)/gastrin receptors in the rat kidney, we identified the receptors by Northern blot and localized the receptors by immunohistochemistry. The functional effects of gastrin were studied under standardized in vitro conditions using the isolated perfused kidney. METHODS Rat kidneys were mounted in an organ bath by attaching the renal artery to a perfusion system. A catheter was inserted into the renal vein and the ureter to collect samples that were analyzed for the concentrations of electrolytes. After a preperfusion period, gastrin-17-I was given via the renal artery (10-8 to 10-6 mol/L). Subsequently, hemodynamic parameters (for example, perfusate flow) and changes in sodium and potassium absorption were determined. All data were subjected to a nonparametric analysis of variance and, in case of significant results, to subsequent paired comparisons by the a posteriori Wilcoxon test. RESULTS Northern blot analysis detected CCKB receptor transcripts in total RNA isolated from kidneys. Immunohistochemistry localized CCKB receptors on tubules and collecting duct cells. Compared with controls, gastrin (10-6 mol/L) caused a decrease in the fractional sodium reabsorption (basal 80%, 10 minutes after application of gastrin 71%, after 20 minutes 62%, P < 0.05). This effect was inhibited by the CCKB receptor antagonist L-365,260. Gastrin decreased urinary potassium excretion at 10-8 and 10-6 mol/L [maximal decrease at 10-6 mol/L from baseline values (100%) to 49% after 10 minutes and to 69% after 20 minutes, P < 0.05, N = 6]. This effect was also abolished by the CCKB receptor antagonist L-365,260. Gastrin (10-6 mol/L) reduced perfusate flow by 31% (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS CCKB receptors are expressed in the rat kidney on tubules and collecting ducts. These receptors mediate changes in renal potassium and sodium absorption. In addition, gastrin causes a decrease in perfusate flow, indicating that CCKB receptors might also modulate vascular resistance in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- T von Schrenck
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, and Institute of Pathology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
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Pansky A, DE Weerth A, Fasler-Kan E, Boulay JL, Schulz M, Ketterer S, Selck C, Beglinger C, VON Schrenck T, Hildebrand P. Gastrin releasing peptide-preferring bombesin receptors mediate growth of human renal cell carcinoma. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000; 11:1409-1418. [PMID: 10906154 DOI: 10.1681/asn.v1181409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bombesin-like peptides typically act as neurotransmitters along the brain-gut axis and as growth factors in various human tissues. The present study demonstrates the expression of gastrin releasing peptide (GRP)-preferring bombesin receptors in human renal cell carcinoma but not in normal kidney tissue. The expression of GRP receptors was characterized at the mRNA level by reverse transcription-PCR, as well as at the protein level by binding of (125)I-[Tyr(4)] bombesin to membranes prepared from tumor tissue (K(d) 0.3 nM) and healthy kidney tissue from the same four patients. GRP receptors were also demonstrated in four human kidney carcinoma cell lines (A-498, CAKI-1, CAKI-2, and ACHN). The effects of bombesin/GRP agonists and/or antagonists on growth were investigated in vitro on CAKI-2 cells, which expressed large amounts of GRP receptors. Cell numbers stimulated by 10% fetal calf serum were significantly stimulated by interleukin-1beta (control) and GRP-7 (10(-7) M), both in the range of 136 to 148%; addition of the GRP receptor antagonist acetyl-GRP(20-27) (10(-6) M) completely reversed this effect. Bombesin alone (10(-6) M) significantly stimulated CAKI-2 cells (129%) cultured with 0.5% fetal calf serum, whereas another antagonist, D-Phe6,Leu13,(CH2NH)Leu14 bombesin(6-14) (1 microM), alone did not inhibit growth, thus excluding an autocrine mechanism. These results indicate for the first time that malignant transformation of human kidney tissue into renal cell carcinoma is accompanied by novel expression of GRP receptors. Bombesin-like peptides might act as mitogens in these carcinomas, and they might be useful as diagnostic or therapeutic tools such as tumor imaging or internal radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Pansky
- Department of Research and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas DE Weerth
- Medizinische Kernklinik und Poliklinik, Universitäts-Krankenhaus Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elizaveta Fasler-Kan
- Department of Research and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Louis Boulay
- Department of Research and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martina Schulz
- Medizinische Kernklinik und Poliklinik, Universitäts-Krankenhaus Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sylvia Ketterer
- Department of Research and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cristin Selck
- Medizinische Kernklinik und Poliklinik, Universitäts-Krankenhaus Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Beglinger
- Department of Research and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tammo VON Schrenck
- Medizinische Kernklinik und Poliklinik, Universitäts-Krankenhaus Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pius Hildebrand
- Department of Research and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
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Schade R, Henklein P, Harms C, Jonas L, Lautenschlager M, Schöneberg T, de Weerth A, Hlinak A, Hörtnagl H. New aspects of cholecystokinin processing and visualisation in the rat brain by using antibodies raised in chickens and rabbits. Altern Lab Anim 2000; 28:575-601. [PMID: 25144929 DOI: 10.1177/026119290002800406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Schade
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
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31
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Abstract
Many peptides influence renal function and structure in physiological and pathophysiological situations. Bioactive peptides that regulate renal function and structure encompass various substances including vasopeptides, growth factors, cytokines and peptide hormones. We highlight some novel concepts indicating that the vasoactive peptides angiotensin II and endothelin-1 play a major role in the progression of renal disease. These effects may be amplified by reduced concentration of counteracting natriuretic peptides. In addition, recent evidence suggests that peptides such as leptin, previously not considered to exert any renal effects, may be involved in renal pathophysiology under certain conditions. One of the most imperative tasks in nephrology is to develop innovative strategies to slow the progression of chronic renal disease. Interference with the renal action of bioactive peptides will certainly be part of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wolf
- Department of Medicine, University of Hamburg, Germany
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Stepan VM, Krametter DF, Matsushima M, Todisco A, Delvalle J, Dickinson CJ. Glycine-extended gastrin regulates HEK cell growth. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 277:R572-81. [PMID: 10444566 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.1999.277.2.r572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational processing of progastrin to a carboxy terminally amidated form (G-NH(2)) is essential for its effect on gastric acid secretion and other biological effects mediated by gastrin/CCK-B receptors. The immediate biosynthetic precursor of G-NH(2), glycine-extended gastrin (G-Gly), does not stimulate gastric acid secretion at physiological concentrations but is found in high concentrations during development. G-NH(2) and G-Gly have potent growth stimulatory effects on gastrointestinal tissues, and G-NH(2) can stimulate proliferation of human kidney cells. Thus we sought to explore the actions of G-NH(2) and G-Gly on the human embryonic kidney cell line HEK 293. HEK 293 cells showed specific binding sites for (125)I-labeled Leu(15)-G17-NH(2) and (125)I-Leu(15)-G(2-17)-Gly. Both G-NH(2) and G-Gly induced a dose-dependent increase in [(3)H]thymidine incorporation, and both peptides together significantly increased [(3)H]thymidine incorporation above the level of either peptide alone. G-NH(2) and G-Gly were detected by radioimmunoassay in serum-free conditioned media. Antibodies directed against G-NH(2) and G-Gly lead to a significant reduction in [(3)H]thymidine incorporation. G-NH(2) but not G-Gly increased intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. We conclude that G-NH(2) and G-Gly act cooperatively via distinct receptors to stimulate the growth of a nongastrointestinal cell line (HEK 293) in an autocrine fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Stepan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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