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Louvard C, Yong RQY, Cutmore SC, Cribb TH. The oceanic pleuston community as a potentially crucial life-cycle pathway for pelagic fish-infecting parasitic worms. Int J Parasitol 2024; 54:267-278. [PMID: 37977247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Pleustonic organisms form an important part of pelagic ecosystems by contributing to pelagic trophic chains and supporting connectivity between oceanic habitats. This study systematically analysed the trematode community harboured by pleustonic molluscs and cnidarians from offshore Queensland, Australia. Four mollusc and three cnidarian species were collected from beaches of North Stradbroke Island, Queensland. Two mollusc species and all three cnidarians harboured large numbers of hemiuroid metacercariae (Trematoda: Hemiuroidea). Eight taxa from four hemiuroid families (Accacoeliidae, Didymozoidae, Hemiuridae and Sclerodistomidae) were distinguished via molecular sequencing. Four of those taxa were identified to species. All trematode taxa except one didymozoid were shared by two or more host species; five species occurred in both gastropods and cnidarians. It is hypothesised that the life-cycles of these hemiuroids are highly plastic, involving multiple opportunistic pathways of metacercarial transmission to the definitive hosts. Transmission and the use of pleuston by hemiuroids likely varies with sea surface use and ontogenetic trophic shifts of apex predators. The small number of trematode species found in pleuston is consistent with significant ecological specificity, and the inference that other pelagic trematodes use alternative pathways of transmission that do not involve pleustonic organisms. Such pathways may involve i) pelagic hosts exclusively; ii) benthic or demersal hosts exclusively, consumed by apex predators during their dives; or iii) both benthic and pelagic hosts in transmission chains dependent on vertical migrations of prey. The influence of the connectivity of open-ocean ecosystems on parasite transmission is identified as an area in critical need of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse Louvard
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Marine Parasitology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Russell Q-Y Yong
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Scott C Cutmore
- Queensland Museum, Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia
| | - Thomas H Cribb
- Marine Parasitology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; Queensland Museum, Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia
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2
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Sharks are the preferred scraping surface for large pelagic fishes: Possible implications for parasite removal and fitness in a changing ocean. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275458. [PMID: 36260545 PMCID: PMC9581428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutualistic and commensal interactions can have significant positive impacts on animal fitness and survival. However, behavioural interactions between pelagic animals living in offshore oceanic environments are little studied. Parasites can negatively effect the fitness of their hosts by draining resources and diverting energy from growth, reproduction, and other bodily functions. Pelagic fishes are hosts to a diverse array of parasites, however their environment provides few options for removal. Here we provide records of scraping behaviour of several pelagic teleost species, a behaviour that is likely used for parasite removal. These records span three ocean basins and, to the best of our knowledge, include the first records of scraping interactions involving tunas, blue sharks, and mako sharks as well as the first records of intraspecific scraping. We found that scrapers preferred scraping their head, eyes, gill cover, and lateral surfaces, areas where parasites are commonly found and where damage would likely have a substantial impact on fitness. Scraper species varied in their scraping preferences with tunas scraping mostly on the posterior caudal margins of sharks and occasionally conspecifics, while rainbow runner scraped in more varied locations on both sharks and conspecifics. Lengths of scrapers and scrapees were positively correlated and fish scraping on sharks were larger than those scraping on conspecifics, suggesting that risk of predation may be a limiting factor. We show that pelagic teleosts prefer to scrape on sharks rather than conspecifics or other teleosts and suggest that this behaviour may have a positive impact on teleost fitness by reducing parasite loads. The decline of shark populations in the global ocean and the reduction in mean size of many species may limit these interactions, eroding possible fitness benefits associated with this behaviour, and consequently placing more pressure on already highly targeted and vulnerable species.
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Mele S, De Benedetto G, Giannetto A, Riolo K, Oliva S, Reñones O, Garippa G, Merella P, Gaglio G. Morphological and molecular study of Didymodiclinus marginati n. sp. (Trematoda: Didymozoidae) gill parasite of Epinephelus marginatus from the central and western Mediterranean Sea. Parasitology 2022; 149:1219-1228. [PMID: 35621071 PMCID: PMC11010496 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022000762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The current study provides a morphological and molecular characterization of a new species of Didymodiclinus (Trematoda: Didymozoidae) infecting the dusky grouper, Epinephelus marginatus (Teleostei: Serranidae) from the Mediterranean Sea. A total of 279 dusky grouper specimens were examined for didymozoid gill parasites from the Mediterranean Sea between 1998 and 2020. New species differs from the most similar congeneric species by the rudiments of female reproductive organs in functional male specimens, and the seminal receptacle, Mehlis gland and accessory gland cells in functional female specimens, not observed in Didymodiclinus branchialis (Yamaguti, 1970), Didymodiclinus epinepheli (Abdul-Salam, Sreelatha and Farah, 1990) and Didymodiclinus pacificus (Yamaguti, 1938), respectively. These species are also characterized by their different hosts and location within the host tissues, being from other geographical localities. Moreover, this is the first species reported in E. marginatus from the central and western Mediterranean Sea. Genetic analyses were performed on partial 28S and partial internal transcribed spacer-2 ribosomal RNA regions and the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (cox1) gene by polymerase chain reaction. Comparison of genetic sequences of Didymodiclinus marginati n. sp. with the available deposited sequences of 28S revealed that the new isolates cluster with several unidentified didymozoids and groups as a sister clade of the Nematobothrinae subfamily. Moreover, 28S and cox1 phylogenetic trees evidenced that Didymodiclinae is well separated from Didymozoinae and other gonochoric didymozoids. Following both morphological and genetic results, a key of identification for the genus Didymodiclinus is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Mele
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Alessia Giannetto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Kristian Riolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Sabrina Oliva
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Olga Reñones
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO, CSIC), Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, Ecosystem Oceanography Group (GRECO), Palma 07015, Spain
| | - Giovanni Garippa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Paolo Merella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Gaglio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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López-Verdejo A, Montero FE, de la Gándara F, Gallego MA, Ortega A, Raga JA, Palacios-Abella JF. A severe microsporidian disease in cultured Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus thynnus). IMA Fungus 2022; 13:5. [PMID: 35272715 PMCID: PMC8915461 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-022-00090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most promising aquaculture species is the Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) with high market value; disease control is crucial to prevent and reduce mortality and monetary losses. Microsporidia (Fungi) are a potential source of damage to bluefin tuna aquaculture. A new microsporidian species is described from farmed bluefin tunas from the Spanish Mediterranean. This new pathogen is described in a juvenile associated with a highly severe pathology of the visceral cavity. Whitish xenomas from this microsporidian species were mostly located at the caecal mass and ranged from 0.2 to 7.5 mm. Light and transmission electron microscopy of the spores revealed mature spores with an average size of 2.2 × 3.9 μm in size and a polar filament with 13-14 coils arranged in one single layer. Phylogenetic analysis clustered this species with the Glugea spp. clade. The morphological characteristics and molecular comparison confirm that this is a novel microsporidian species, Glugea thunni. The direct life-cycle and the severe pathologies observed makes this parasite a hard risk for bluefin tuna cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro López-Verdejo
- Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, C/ Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain.
| | - Francisco E Montero
- Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, C/ Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Fernando de la Gándara
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, 30860, Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain
| | - Miguel A Gallego
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, 30860, Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain
| | - Aurelio Ortega
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, 30860, Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Raga
- Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, C/ Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - José F Palacios-Abella
- Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, C/ Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
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Yemmen C, Gargouri M. Potential hazards associated with the consumption of Scombridae fish: Infection and toxicity from raw material and processing. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:4077-4096. [PMID: 35179276 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Scombridae fish (tuna, bonito, and mackerel) have significant ecological and economic values. They are very appreciated by consumers worldwide for their high-quality flesh and for their high nutritional value. However, consumption of Scombridae fish is potentially hazardous. Indeed, several cases of infections and toxicity linked to the consumption of Scombridae fish as raw, or processed food products have been reported worldwide. In this review, we presented the most common health risks associated with Scombridae fish consumption. Diseases associated with the consumption of these fish are generally infectious or toxic and are caused by biological hazards such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, or chemicals hazards that enter the body through contaminated fish (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, histamine) or by physical contaminants such as heavy metals. The risks of contamination exist throughout the food chain, from primary production to the preparation of products for consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiraz Yemmen
- Biocatalysis and Industrial Enzymes Group, Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology, Carthage University, National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, BP, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Gargouri
- Biocatalysis and Industrial Enzymes Group, Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology, Carthage University, National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, BP, Tunis, Tunisia
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6
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Weston M, Nunkoo I, Reed C, van der Lingen CD. Ectoparasites infecting the heads and gills of commercially valuable marine fishes in South Africa. AFRICAN ZOOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15627020.2021.1984988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Weston
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Current address: CLS Southern Africa (Pty) Ltd, Plumstead, South Africa
| | - Irfan Nunkoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Current address: BiobiN (Mauritius) Ltd, Coromandel, Mauritius
| | - Cecile Reed
- Department of Biological Sciences and Marine Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Carl D van der Lingen
- Department of Biological Sciences and Marine Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Fisheries Management, Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment, Cape Town, South Africa
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7
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Caligus coryphaenae infection from the Osumi strait, Southern Japan: A new record on wild yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata). Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2021; 24:100576. [PMID: 34024392 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The caligid parasite Caligus coryphaenae has been reported in several marine fishes from Japan. In this study, a total of 223 wild yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) were collected from Kagoshima fish market, separated into three groups according to total length (TL < 50 cm, TL: 50-70 cm, and TL > 70 cm), and examined for C. coryphaenae infection. A total of 518 specimens of C. coryphaenae were isolated giving an overall prevalence of infection and mean intensity of 24.2% and 4.7 ± 3.5, respectively. Body surface, fins and operculum of hosts TL > 50 cm were recorded as preferred sites for the attachment of C. coryphaenae. Of female specimens, 56.7% bore egg strings with various egg string lengths (7.1 ± 1.2 mm), carrying from 98 to 140 eggs (0.06 ± 0.005 mm in length) per each string. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. coryphaenae infection from wild yellowtail in Japanese waters and globally. This parasite has not been reported in yellowtail culture to date, but the finding on wild specimens of yellowtail means that it poses a risk to their culture.
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8
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Widdicombe M, Power C, Van Gelderen R, Nowak BF, Bott NJ. Relationship between Southern Bluefin Tuna, Thunnus maccoyii, melanomacrophage centres and Cardicola spp. (Trematoda: Aporocotylidae) infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:859-865. [PMID: 32898655 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Southern Bluefin Tuna (SBT), Thunnus maccoyii, is ranched off Port Lincoln, South Australia and is Australia's second largest economic finfish aquaculture industry. The biggest threats to SBT health identified by the industry are the blood flukes Cardicola forsteri and C. orientalis (Trematoda: Aporocotylidae). Melanomacrophage centres (MMCs) are aggregations of pigmented macrophage like cells present in spleen, kidney and liver of teleost fish. The aim of this study was to quantify MMCs in SBT anterior kidney, liver and spleen to investigate changes in relation to Cardicola spp. Infection. Samples were collected at the end of ranching from pontoons where SBT were treated with PZQ and pontoons with untreated SBT. SBT MMC percentage of surface area cover was highest in SBT spleen and lowest in the liver. Significant positive correlations were identified between SBT MMC area and SBT size in all three organs (p < 0.05). MMC area and parasite infection showed significant positive correlations in the kidney and spleen for Cardicola spp. gill egg counts, and in the kidney for C. forsteri DNA from SBT hearts and gills (p < 0.05). MMCs area increased with increased intensity of Cardicola spp. Infection and MMCs have the potential to be used as an indicator to assess health effects that Cardicola spp. have on SBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maree Widdicombe
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, 3083, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cecilia Power
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, 3083, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca Van Gelderen
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, 3083, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barbara F Nowak
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, 3083, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nathan J Bott
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, 3083, Victoria, Australia.
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9
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Warshafsky ZT, Bullard SA, Vogelbein WK, Chandler EA, Lutcavage ME. Prevalence, intensity and pathology of the nasal parasite Nasicola hogansi in Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:327-335. [PMID: 31984516 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ectoparasitic flatworms of Nasicola (Monogenoidea: Capsalidae), which infect nasal epithelium of true tunas (Thunnus spp.), are not well studied, nor have their impacts on the host's olfactory organ been evaluated. Infections of Nasicola hogansi on Atlantic bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, were investigated with emphasis on the relationship between infection prevalence, abundance and mean intensity with bluefin tuna size, sex, body condition and capture month, as well as histopathological effects. Commercially caught Atlantic bluefin tuna (n = 161, 185-305 cm curved fork length) from the Gulf of Maine were sampled during June through August 2009 for infections by N. hogansi. A total of 247 specimens of N. hogansi were collected, with a prevalence of 45.3%, mean abundance of 1.57 (CI: 1.21-2.03) and mean intensity of 3.45 (CI: 2.91-4.22). Neither fish sex nor landing month had a significant effect on parasite parameters. Larger and better-conditioned Atlantic bluefin tuna had a higher mean intensity of infection. Pathology associated with infection by N. hogansi included extensive necrosis, sloughing of the nasal epithelium and associated inflammation of underlying connective tissues. Further epidemiological and pathological study of this host-parasite system is warranted since impaired olfaction, if present, could adversely affect spawning and migration of this top ocean predator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoemma T Warshafsky
- Large Pelagics Research Center, School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts Boston, Gloucester, MA, USA
- College of William and Mary, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA, USA
| | - Stephen A Bullard
- Auburn University, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Wolfgang K Vogelbein
- College of William and Mary, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA, USA
| | - Emily A Chandler
- Large Pelagics Research Center, School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts Boston, Gloucester, MA, USA
| | - Molly E Lutcavage
- Large Pelagics Research Center, School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts Boston, Gloucester, MA, USA
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Shirakashi S, Tani K, Ishimaru K, Shin SP, Honryo T, Uchida H, Ogawa K. Discovery of intermediate hosts for two species of blood flukes Cardicola orientalis and Cardicola forsteri (Trematoda: Aporocotylidae) infecting Pacific bluefin tuna in Japan. Parasitol Int 2016; 65:128-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Euryphorus brachypterus (Copepoda: Caligidae) on wild pacific bluefin tuna from the Tsugaru Strait, northern Japan. Parasitol Int 2016; 65:268-70. [PMID: 26861209 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic copepods infecting large scombrid fishes have been known for a long time because their hosts are economically important. Most studies, however, have focused on their morphology or their infection status in aquaculture from pathological viewpoints, and very few quantitative surveys have been conducted under conditions in the wild. This study therefore investigated the prevalence of Euryphorus brachypterus (Caligidae) in wild Pacific bluefin tuna (PBF). Results of sampling from August to September 2014 at the western area of the Tsugaru Strait, Japan showed that 13.2% of the PBF individuals (n = 1978) were infected with this copepod. The prevalence of infections was highest in larger fish but varied among landing dates, which were classified into three clusters and in all smaller fish, the prevalence of infections was zero. This suggests that E. brachypterus mainly uses the larger PBF, which becomes sources of further infections in other seas, and that at least two host populations with different infection statuses at the strait.
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12
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Yasuike M, Fujiwara A, Nakamura Y, Iwasaki Y, Nishiki I, Sugaya T, Shimizu A, Sano M, Kobayashi T, Ototake M. A functional genomics tool for the Pacific bluefin tuna: Development of a 44K oligonucleotide microarray from whole-genome sequencing data for global transcriptome analysis. Gene 2015; 576:603-9. [PMID: 26477480 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bluefin tunas are one of the most important fishery resources worldwide. Because of high market values, bluefin tuna farming has been rapidly growing during recent years. At present, the most common form of the tuna farming is based on the stocking of wild-caught fish. Therefore, concerns have been raised about the negative impact of the tuna farming on wild stocks. Recently, the Pacific bluefin tuna (PBT), Thunnus orientalis, has succeeded in completing the reproduction cycle under aquaculture conditions, but production bottlenecks remain to be solved because of very little biological information on bluefin tunas. Functional genomics approaches promise to rapidly increase our knowledge on biological processes in the bluefin tuna. Here, we describe the development of the first 44K PBT oligonucleotide microarray (oligo-array), based on whole-genome shotgun (WGS) sequencing and large-scale expressed sequence tags (ESTs) data. In addition, we also introduce an initial 44K PBT oligo-array experiment using in vitro grown peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) stimulated with immunostimulants such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS: a cell wall component of Gram-negative bacteria) or polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C: a synthetic mimic of viral infection). This pilot 44K PBT oligo-array analysis successfully addressed distinct immune processes between LPS- and poly I:C- stimulated PBLs. Thus, we expect that this oligo-array will provide an excellent opportunity to analyze global gene expression profiles for a better understanding of diseases and stress, as well as for reproduction, development and influence of nutrition on tuna aquaculture production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoshige Yasuike
- Research Center for Aquatic Genomics, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Atushi Fujiwara
- Research Center for Aquatic Genomics, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan
| | - Yoji Nakamura
- Research Center for Aquatic Genomics, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan
| | - Yuki Iwasaki
- Research Center for Aquatic Genomics, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan
| | - Issei Nishiki
- Research Center for Aquatic Genomics, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan
| | - Takuma Sugaya
- Research Center for Aquatic Genomics, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan
| | - Akio Shimizu
- Research Center for Aquatic Genomics, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan
| | - Motohiko Sano
- Research Center for Aquatic Genomics, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan
| | - Takanori Kobayashi
- Research Center for Aquatic Genomics, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Ototake
- Research Center for Aquatic Genomics, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan
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Bullard SA, Womble MR, Maynard MK, Orélis-Ribeiro R, Arias CR. Skin lesions on yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares from Gulf of Mexico outer continental shelf: Morphological, molecular, and histological diagnosis of infection by a capsalid monogenoid. Parasitol Int 2015; 64:609-21. [PMID: 26277272 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We characterize lesion-associated capsaline infections on yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, in the Gulf of Mexico by comparing our specimens with published descriptions and museum specimens ascribed to Capsala biparasiticum and its synonyms: vouchers of C. biparasiticum from parasitic copepods; the holotype of Capsala neothunni; and vouchers of Capsala abidjani. Those from parasitic copepods differed by having a small, rounded body, large anterior attachment organs, closely spaced dorsomarginal body sclerites, small testes, and a short and wide testicular field. No morphometric feature in the holotype of C. neothunni ranged outside of that reported for the newly-collected specimens, indicating conspecificity of our specimens. The specimens of C. abidjani differed by having a large anterior attachment organ, few and dendritic testes, and a short, wide testicular field. Large subunit ribosomal DNA (28S) sequences grouped our specimens and Capsala sp. as sister taxa and indicated a phylogenetic affinity of Nasicola klawei. The haptoral attachment site comprised a crater-like depression surrounded by a blackish-colored halo of extensively rugose skin, with abundant pockmarked-like, irregularly-shaped oblong or semi-circular epidermal pits surrounding these attachment sites. Histology confirmed extensive folding of epidermis and underlying stratum laxum, likely epidermal hyperplasia, foci of weak cell-to-cell adhesions among apical malpighian cells as well as that between stratum germinativum and stratum laxum, myriad goblet cells in epidermis, rodlet cells in apical layer of epidermis, and lymphocytic infiltrates and melanin in dermis. The present study comprises (i) the first published report of this parasite from yellowfin tuna captured in the Gulf of Mexico-NW Atlantic Ocean Basin, (ii) confirmation of its infection on the skin (rather than on a parasitic copepod), (iii) the first molecular data for this capsaline, and (iv) the first observations of histopathological changes associated with a capsalid infection on a wild-caught epipelagic fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Bullard
- Aquatic Parasitology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences (SFAAS), Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; Auburn University Center for Aquatic Surveillance and Health, SFAAS, CASIC 559 Devall Drive, Auburn AL 36832, USA.
| | - Matthew R Womble
- Aquatic Parasitology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences (SFAAS), Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Margaret K Maynard
- Aquatic Parasitology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences (SFAAS), Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Raphael Orélis-Ribeiro
- Aquatic Parasitology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences (SFAAS), Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Cova R Arias
- Aquatic Microbiology Laboratory, SFAAS, Auburn University, CASIC 559 Devall Drive, Auburn AL 36832, USA
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14
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Abstract
SUMMARYParasites have a major impact on global finfish and shellfish aquaculture, having significant effects on farm production, sustainability and economic viability. Parasite infections and impacts can, according to pathogen and context, be considered to be either unpredictable/sporadic or predictable/regular. Although both types of infection may result in the loss of stock and incur costs associated with the control and management of infection, predictable infections can also lead to costs associated with prophylaxis and related activities. The estimation of the economic cost of a parasite event is frequently complicated by the complex interplay of numerous factors associated with a specific incident, which may range from direct production losses to downstream socio-economic impacts on livelihoods and satellite industries associated with the primary producer. In this study, we examine the world's major marine and brackish water aquaculture production industries and provide estimates of the potential economic costs attributable to a range of key parasite pathogens using 498 specific events for the purposes of illustration and estimation of costs. This study provides a baseline resource for risk assessment and the development of more robust biosecurity practices, which can in turn help mitigate against and/or minimise the potential impacts of parasite-mediated disease in aquaculture.
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Griffin M, Quiniou S, Ware C, Bogdanovic L, Soto E. Kudoa thunni from blackfin tuna (Thunnus atlanticus) harvested off the island of St. Kitts, West Indies. J Parasitol 2013; 100:110-6. [PMID: 23984875 DOI: 10.1645/12-142.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous myxozoan cysts (∼ 1 mm) were found in the musculature of blackfin tuna (Thunnus atlanticus) harvested off the Caribbean island of St. Kitts. Myxospores were consistent with quadrate members of the Kudoidae, measuring 8.8 (8.2-9.4) μm wide, 7.3 (6.6-8.3) μm thick, and 6.2 (5.8-6.9) μm long with 4 uniform drop-like polar capsules measuring 2.7 (2.2-3.2) μm long and 2.0 (1.7-2.2) μm wide. The 18S small-subunit (SSU) and 28S large-subunit (LSU) ribosomal DNA sequences did not result in direct matches to any published sequences. However, the SSU sequences (1,786 base pairs [bp]) obtained from 6 individual cysts were identical and demonstrated high homology to Kudoa thunni (99.0%) from albacore (Thunnus alalunga). Alternatively, 33 unique sequences were obtained for the LSU (∼ 800 bp), demonstrating 0.1 to 5.0% variability between them, although a majority of these sequences (60%) demonstrated high homology (>99%) to K. thunni. Morphologically, the case isolate was smaller than published descriptions of K. thunni; however, rDNA sequence homology, and phylogenetic placement based on concatenated SSU and LSU rDNA sequences suggests this case isolate and K. thunni are conspecific. To our knowledge this is the first report of K. thunni infection in blackfin tuna from the Caribbean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Griffin
- Department of Pathology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi 38776
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16
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Valdenegro-Vega V, Naeem S, Carson J, Bowman JP, Tejedor del Real JL, Nowak B. Culturable microbiota of ranched southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii Castelnau). J Appl Microbiol 2013; 115:923-32. [PMID: 23789748 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The Australian tuna industry is based on the ranching of wild southern bluefin tuna (SBT, Thunnus maccoyii). Within this industry, only opportunistic pathogens have been reported infecting external wounds of fish. This study aimed to identify different culturable bacteria present in three cohorts of SBT and to determine normal bacteria and potential pathogens in isolates from harvest fish and moribund/dead fish. Post-mortem changes in the microbiota were also studied. METHODS AND RESULTS Moribund/dead showed a greater proportion of members from the family Vibrionaceae than harvested fish; the latter presented mainly non-Vibrio species. In harvested fish spleens, Vibrio splendidus I complex was the most commonly identified group among Vibrio isolates, while most groups from the family Vibrionaceae were isolated from gills. For moribund/dead, Vibrio chagasii and Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae were common in gill, spleen and kidney samples. Non-Vibrio isolates from gills were characterized using 16S rRNA sequencing as Flavobacteriaceae and classes Gammaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria, mainly from the genera Winogradskyella and Tenacibaculum. Post-mortem changes showed dynamic shifts in bacterial dominance in gills, with Vibrionaceae and non-Vibrio spp. found in similar proportions initially and types related to Pseudoalteromonas ruthenica prevailing after 27 h. Spleen samples showed little bacterial growth until 5 h post-mortem, while various Vibrio-associated species were isolated 27 h post-mortem. CONCLUSIONS Bacterial isolates found include a range of potentially pathogenic bacteria that should be monitored though most of them have yet to be associated with disease in tuna. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study forms a foundation for future research into the bacterial population dynamics under different culture conditions of SBT. An understanding of the bacterial compositions in SBT is necessary to evaluate the effects of some bacterial species on their health.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Valdenegro-Vega
- National Centre for Marine Conservation and Resource Sustainability, AMC Institute, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
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17
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Seo JK, Lee MJ, Go HJ, Park TH, Park NG. Purification and characterization of YFGAP, a GAPDH-related novel antimicrobial peptide, from the skin of yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:743-752. [PMID: 22771964 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A 3.4 kDa of antimicrobial peptide was purified from an acidified skin extract of the yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, by preparative acid-urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and C(18) reversed-phase HPLC. A comparison of the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified peptide with that of other known polypeptides revealed high homology with the N-terminus of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH); thus, this peptide was designated as the yellowfin tuna GAPDH-related antimicrobial peptide (YFGAP). YFGAP showed potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, and Streptococcus iniae (minimal effective concentrations [MECs], 1.2-17.0 μg/mL), and Gram-negative bacteria, such as Aeromonas hydrophila, Escherichia coli D31, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (MECs, 3.1-12.0 μg/mL) without significant hemolytic activity. According to the secondary structural prediction and the homology modeling, this peptide forms an amphipathic structure and consists of three secondary structural motifs including one α-helix and two parallel β-strands. This peptide did not show membrane permeabilization ability and its activity was bacteriostatic rather than bactericidal. This is the first report of the isolation of an antimicrobial peptide from a tuna species and the first description of the antimicrobial function of the N-terminus of GAPDH of an animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Kil Seo
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Daeyeon Campus, Yongso-ro, Nam-Gu, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
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18
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Kirchhoff NT, Leef MJ, Valdenegro V, Hayward CJ, Nowak BF. Correlation of humoral immune response in southern bluefin tuna, T. maccoyii, with infection stage of the blood fluke, Cardicola forsteri. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45742. [PMID: 23029217 PMCID: PMC3459975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood fluke, Cardicola forsteri, is a prevalent infection in ranched southern bluefin tuna. This project aimed to define the timing and intensity of the various developmental stages of C. forsteri within southern bluefin tuna as well as to relate infection to host pathology and immune response. Archival samples from several cohorts of T. maccoyii sampled from 2008 to 2010 were used in this study. The prevalence and intensity of C. forsteri infection was described using heart flushes and histological examination. Humoral immune response, i.e. C. forsteri specific antibody, lysozyme activity, and alternative complement activity, was also described. Based on the validated and detailed C. forsteri infection timeline, relationships between infection events, physiological response, and diagnosis were proposed. Immune response developed concurrently with C. forsteri infection, with the majority of physiological response coinciding with commencing egg production. Further research is needed to confirm the origin of C. forsteri antigen which is responsible for immune response development and how T. maccoyii immune response works against infection. To aide this research, further diagnostic methods for confirmation of infection need to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole T. Kirchhoff
- National Centre for Marine Conservation and Resource Sustainability, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Melanie J. Leef
- National Centre for Marine Conservation and Resource Sustainability, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Victoria Valdenegro
- National Centre for Marine Conservation and Resource Sustainability, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Craig J. Hayward
- National Centre for Marine Conservation and Resource Sustainability, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
- SARDI Aquatic Sciences, Lincoln Marine Science Center, Port Lincoln, South Australia, Australia
| | - Barbara F. Nowak
- National Centre for Marine Conservation and Resource Sustainability, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
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19
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Molecular characterisation of Anisakidae larvae from fish in Adriatic Sea. Parasitol Res 2012; 111:2385-91. [PMID: 22983167 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3094-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, anisakids from: tuna (Thunnus thynnus) fattened in the Croatian farm in middle Adriatic Sea, three different feral fish species caught near tuna farm (Trachurus trachurus, Scomber japonicus and Oblada melanura) and fish marketed in Croatia (T. trachurus) were analysed by morphology and molecular methods. Larvae were identified to the species level by PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism and characterised by sequencing of nuclear (internal transcribed spacer) and mitochondrial (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2) markers. The results revealed diverse Anisakidae community consisting of: Anisakis pegreffi, Anisakis simplex (s.s.), Anisakis typica and Hysterothylacium aduncum. This is the first report of A. typica in Adriatic Sea, and also the first record of this species in T. thynnus as host in Mediterranean Sea. Molecular identification of H. aduncum found in co-infection with Anisakis larvae type I expands our knowledge of the occurrence of these taxa in the Adriatic Sea. Zoonotic Anisakidae worms found in fish from the Adriatic Sea could represent a risk to acquire parasitic infection/allergies in Croatia.
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20
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Shirakashi S, Kishimoto Y, Kinami R, Katano H, Ishimaru K, Murata O, Itoh N, Ogawa K. Morphology and distribution of blood fluke eggs and associated pathology in the gills of cultured Pacific bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis. Parasitol Int 2011; 61:242-9. [PMID: 22041101 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Infestations of blood flukes of the genus Cardicola have been observed in juvenile Pacific bluefin tuna (PBT) cultured in Japan. Infected fish harbor large numbers of parasite eggs in their gills. Although the link between blood fluke infection and juvenile mortality is not clear, accumulation of parasite eggs appears to be pathogenic to the fish. We investigated the origins, general morphology/distribution, and histopathology of these eggs in artificially produced 0 yr old PBT. Dead and live fish were sampled on several occasions from two culture facilities in Wakayama prefecture, Japan. The number of eggs in each gill filament was enumerated under a microscope. In addition, we estimated the total number of eggs by dissolving the gills in a weak NaOH solution. We observed two morphologically distinct egg types in the gill filaments, smaller, oval shaped eggs in the gill lamellae and larger, crescent shaped eggs that occurred primarily in the filamentary arteries. Based on the ITS2 sequence, the ovoid and crescent shaped eggs were identified as C. orientalis and C. opisthorchis, respectively. Eggs of the former species were more abundant (maximum: 6400 per filament) than the latter (maximum: 1400), but the number was highly variable among filaments. The eggs of the latter species were relatively evenly distributed among the filaments. In a heavily infected individual, we estimated a total of >4.5 million eggs were present in the gills on one side of the fish. The number of eggs from the two species was positively correlated to each other and the dead fish tended to harbor more eggs than the live fish. Histological observation revealed host responses around the eggs, including encapsulation by fibroblasts and nodule formation, as seen in response to other aporocotylid eggs. In addition, we observed widespread fusion of gill lamellae and blockage of the filamentary arteries in some instances. Our results provide information that can be used for routine diagnosis of Cardicola blood flukes in cultured tuna and suggest they represent a risk to juvenile PBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Shirakashi
- Fisheries Laboratory, Kinki University, Nishimuro, Wakayama 649-2211, Japan
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21
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Marino F, Chiofalo B, Mazzullo G, Panebianco A. Multicentric infiltrative lipoma in a farmed Mediterranean seabass Dicentrarchus labrax: a pathological and biochemical case study. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2011; 96:259-264. [PMID: 22132504 DOI: 10.3354/dao02378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A tumour diagnosed as multicentric infiltrative lipoma affecting a single farmed seabass is described. The fish had 3 masses on the lateral side of its back, deforming the skin surface. The masses showed a tendency to invade the underlying musculature. Histologically, the neoplasm consisted of differentiated adipocytes. Biochemically, the neoplastic tissue showed lower values of monounsaturated fatty acids and higher values of polyunsaturated fatty acids compared with adjacent normal muscular tissue, particularly of the n3 series, such as eicosapentanoic (C20:5n3) and docosahexanoic (C22:6n3) acids. Data obtained suggest a metabolic disturbance in the lipid component of the muscular tissue metabolic pathway, which could be the starting point to promote lipoma formation. This is the first report of lipoma in Mediterranean seabass.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Marino
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.
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22
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Kik MJL, Janse M, Benz GW. The sea louse Lepeophtheirus acutus (Caligidae, Siphonostomatoida, Copepoda) as a pathogen of aquarium-held elasmobranchs. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2011; 34:793-799. [PMID: 21916904 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01295.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lepeophtheirus acutus Heegaard, 1943 (Caligidae, Siphonostomatoida, Copepoda), was collected from or observed on four of six elasmobranch species held at Burgers' Zoo (Arnhem, The Netherlands). Circumstantial evidence suggested that a zebra shark, Stegostoma fasciatum (Hermann), from the wild carried the infection into the facility, where copepods reproduced and colonized additional hosts. Copepods typically attached on and about the eyes, in the mouth and occasionally about the cloaca and on the claspers. Severe ocular lesions were associated with infections on zebra sharks, a grey reef shark, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos (Bleeker), whitetip reef sharks, Triaenodon obesus (Rüppell), and giant shovelnose ray, Rhinobatos typus Bennett, while blacktip reef sharks, Carcharhinus melanopterus (Quoy & Gaimard), and blacktip sharks, Carcharhinus limbatus (Valenciennes), living in infested aquaria showed no sign of infection. Water treatments using trichlorfon were considered primarily responsible for the eradication of copepods from hosts and infested aquaria. This case is the first report of a copepod infection being closely associated with disease and death of an aquarium-held elasmobranch. Given its ability to infect a wide variety of elasmobranchs and promote life-threatening lesions on some hosts, L. acutus should be considered a dangerous pathogen of captive elasmobranchs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Zoo/parasitology
- Copepoda/physiology
- Disease Eradication
- Elasmobranchii/parasitology
- Female
- Fish Diseases/mortality
- Fish Diseases/parasitology
- Fish Diseases/pathology
- Fish Diseases/transmission
- Male
- Netherlands
- Parasitic Diseases, Animal/mortality
- Parasitic Diseases, Animal/parasitology
- Parasitic Diseases, Animal/pathology
- Parasitic Diseases, Animal/transmission
- Skin Diseases, Parasitic/mortality
- Skin Diseases, Parasitic/parasitology
- Skin Diseases, Parasitic/pathology
- Skin Diseases, Parasitic/transmission
- Skin Diseases, Parasitic/veterinary
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Affiliation(s)
- M J L Kik
- Department of Pathobiology, Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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23
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Kirchhoff NT, D'Antignana T, Leef MJ, Hayward CJ, Wilkinson RJ, Nowak BF. Effects of immunostimulants on ranched southern bluefin tuna Thunnus maccoyii: immune response, health and performance. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2011; 79:331-355. [PMID: 21781096 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ranched southern bluefin tuna Thunnus maccoyii were fed baitfishes supplemented with vitamins (predominantly E and C) or vitamins and immunostimulants, nucleotides and β-glucans, over 12 weeks after transfer and monitored for enhancement in immune response, health and performance through their 19 week grow-out period. Fish from two different tows were sampled separately at three different sampling points: at transfer to grow-out pontoons, at 8 weeks post-transfer and at harvest, 19 weeks post-transfer. Lysozyme activity was enhanced during vitamin supplementation compared to control fish. Performance (i.e. survival, condition index and crude fat), health (i.e. blood plasma variables including pH, osmolality, cortisol, lactate and glucose) and alternative complement activity were not commonly improved through diet supplementation. There were some tow-specific improvements in performance through vitamin supplementation including survival, selected parasite prevalence and intensity, and alternative complement activity. Immunostimulant supplementation also showed a tow-specific improvement in plasma cortisol level. Tow-specific responses may suggest that life history, previous health condition and husbandry can affect the success of vitamin and immunostimulant enhancement of immune response, health and performance of ranched T. maccoyii.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Kirchhoff
- National Center for Marine Conservation and Resource Sustainability, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia.
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24
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Dennis MM, Landos M, D'Antignana T. Case-control study of epidemic mortality and Cardicola forsteri-associated disease in farmed southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) of South Australia. Vet Pathol 2010; 48:846-55. [PMID: 21084722 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810388524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardicola forsteri is a blood fluke that is highly prevalent among cultured southern bluefin tuna (SBT), Thunnus maccoyii, in South Australia. The role of C forsteri in annual SBT mortality outbreaks, which peak 6 to 12 weeks poststocking, is unknown. The objective of this study was to identify lesions unique to cultured SBT that died during a mortality event in 2009 and to determine the significance of C forsteri-associated lesions. Cultured SBT were sampled from 4 pontoons of a single site in Spencer Gulf that experienced a mortality epidemic that spanned 5 to 14 weeks poststocking. Study SBT comprised 7 that died during peak mortality, 27 that did not die, and 10 wild-caught (noncultured) SBT. All cultured SBT had branchitis and myocarditis due to C forsteri, whereas no life stages of C forsteri were histologically identified in any wild-caught SBT. Mortality was associated with the presence of severe branchitis (P<.005), and the odds of severe branchitis were 90 times greater for SBT that died than for SBT that were live caught during peak mortality (95% confidence interval, 5 to 1,684). In SBT that had died, no lesions other than those associated with C forsteri were of sufficient severity or physiologic significance to account for death. Other lesions common among cultured SBT included systemic granulocytic perivascular infiltrate, granulocytic gastric infiltrate, hepatic lipidosis, visceral granulomas, and branchial parasitic infestation. This study shows for the first time that a substantial proportion of poststocking mortality in cultured SBT is strongly associated with severe branchitis caused by C forsteri.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Dennis
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
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25
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Matsukane Y, Sato H, Tanaka S, Kamata Y, Sugita-Konishi Y. Kudoa iwatai and two novel Kudoa spp., K. trachuri n. sp. and K. thunni n. sp. (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida), from daily consumed marine fish in western Japan. Parasitol Res 2010; 108:913-26. [PMID: 21053015 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-2133-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Infection of marine fish by certain myxosporean species of the genus Kudoa results in unsightly cyst formation in the trunk muscle or post-mortem myoliquefaction, causing a great economic loss to aquaculture industries, capture fisheries, and fish dealers. In addition, consumers encountering unsightly Kudoa cysts in fish fillets believe them to be unknown foreign materials acquired during processing. To identify prevalent Kudoa spp. encountered in daily life by the Japanese population, fresh fish slices (sashimi) or fish fillets with whitish spots were collected during a 7-month period (May to December 2008) at local markets in the city of Yamaguchi, western Japan. Kudoa cysts were found in three Japanese seaperches (Lateolabrax japonicus), two black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii), two Japanese jack mackerel (Trachurus japonicus), and one albacore (Thunnus alalunga). Kudoa iwatai was identified in all the examined Japanese seaperch and black sea bream from Japan's Inland Sea, as assessed by morphology and genetic analysis of the 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA). Kudoa trachuri n. sp. from two Japanese jack mackerel fished in the Japanese Sea off Nagasaki and Kudoa thunni n. sp. from one albacore fished in the Pacific Ocean had a spore, which was semiquadrate in shape in apical views and ovoid in lateral views, with four equal shell valves and drop-like polar capsules. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that these three Kudoa species had different types of small projections at the apex of each valve. The 18S and 28S rDNA sequences of K. trachuri n. sp. and K. thunni n. sp. were found to be closely related to those of Kudoa crumena; however, these sequences were distinct in each of the species, which additionally exhibited different morphological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Matsukane
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
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26
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Hayward CJ, Ellis D, Foote D, Wilkinson RJ, Crosbie PB, Bott NJ, Nowak BF. Concurrent epizootic hyperinfections of sea lice (predominantly Caligus chiastos) and blood flukes (Cardicola forsteri) in ranched Southern Bluefin tuna. Vet Parasitol 2010; 173:107-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Do captive conditions favor shedding of parasites in the reared Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus)? Parasitol Int 2010; 60:25-33. [PMID: 20887802 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tuna (Thunnus spp.) has been characterized by long distance migrations, highly predatory behavior and longevity, all of which in turn, enable infections with a wide spectrum of different parasitic groups, reflecting in a remarkable diversity of tuna parasite communities. Since 2003, we have been monitoring parasite communities of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) that are caught from the wild and transferred into cages during spring-summer months, as well as assemblages in fish that exit rearing cycle during the winter harvest period after 1.5 years. Interestingly in reared tuna, parasitic populations exhibit a significant decreasing trend at the end of the rearing cycle, rarely observed in other intensive productions that represent a suitable environment for the emergence, establishment and transmission of pathogens. In order to assess epizootiological behavior of tuna parasites assemblages at the beginning (B group) and at the end (A group) of 1.5 year rearing cycle, we examined data on parasite prevalence and abundance over 4 years. The aim was to evaluate parasite diversity indices and emerging differences between newly caught and harvested fish, as well as community compositions and their nestedness in respect to the event in the rearing cycle (capture or harvest time). In order to be able to predict classification of tuna in two categories (newly caught or heavily infected and harvested or less infected fish), based on empirical didymozoids abundances and year of sampling, we built a decision tree model. Results suggest that specificities of parasite assemblages and their dynamics in tuna before and after farming have no similar precedents in aquaculture. A trend of parasitic pauperization repeating in each rearing cycle over four-years time, in once diverse and species rich parasite communities is observed, however, structures of both B and A group rearing assemblages remain nested, with the same species being core parasites (Didymosulcus katsuwonicola and Koellikerioides intestinalis). The B group exhibited significantly higher total parasite richness and mean parasites abundance, as well as the heteroxenous species richness and abundance in comparison to A group, where monoxenous species were not recorded at all. Eleven parasite species out of 26 taxa were selected as important in discriminating between B and A groups' parasites assemblages, while significantly the most abundant in B group were D. katsuwonicola, Platocystis alalongae, K. intestinalis, Koellikerioides internogastricus, Didymocystis abdominalis and Anisakis sp. It is hard to postulate the combination of factors affecting these parasite populations, but environmental, anthropogenic or host intrinsic influence has to be taken into account for further investigation.
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Mylonas CC, De La Gándara F, Corriero A, Ríos AB. Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus Thynnus) Farming and Fattening in the Mediterranean Sea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10641262.2010.509520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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29
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A new blood fluke of the genus Cardicola (Trematoda: Sanguinicolidae) from Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1844) cultured in Japan. Parasitol Int 2010; 59:44-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Multilocus phylogenetic analyses reveal that habitat selection drives the speciation of Didymozoidae (Digenea) parasitizing Pacific and Atlantic bluefin tunas. Parasitology 2009; 137:1013-25. [PMID: 20028607 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182009991703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Parasite communities of wild and reared bluefin tuna display remarkable diversity. Among these, the most prevalent and abundant are the Didymozoidae (Monticelli, 1888) (Trematoda, Digenea), considered one of the most taxonomically complex digenean families. The aim of this study was to evaluate phylogenetic structure of Didymozoidae occurring in Pacific (Thunnus orientalis) and Atlantic bluefin tuna (T. thynnus) in order to increase our knowledge of didymozoid zoogeography and identify species that could successfully be employed as biological tags for stock assessment studies. For the present analyses we used 2 nuclear ribosomal DNA loci, part of the 28S gene and the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2) as well as a portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1). In most parasitic groups, morphology is the primary factor in the structuring of phylogenetic relationships. In rare examples, however, habitat has been suggested as a primary factor affecting parasite evolution. During their evolution, didymozoids have spread and inhabited a remarkable number of different sites in their hosts, colonizing exterior as well as strictly interior niches. Our data suggest that habitat selection has been the leading force in shaping didymozoid phylogenetic relationships. For 2 didymozoid species (D. wedli and D. palati), cox1 sequences indicate intraspecific differences between Mexican and Adriatic populations.
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31
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Powell A, Parry GS, Houghton JDR, Herdson DM. Rare occurrence of a bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus in British waters, with notes on other occurrences of sub-tropical tunas. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2009; 75:917-923. [PMID: 20738588 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02330.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A freshly dead bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus was washed ashore near Burry Port, Wales (51 degrees 40' N; 4 degrees 15' W) in August, 2006. This is only the third occasion that the species has been observed in British waters, and is the largest and most northerly recorded specimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Powell
- Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture Research and Behavioural, Physiological and Molecular Ecology Research Group, Department of Environmental and Molecular Biosciences, School of the Environment and Society, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA28PP, UK.
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32
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Aiken HM, Hayward CJ, Crosbie P, Watts M, Nowak BF. Serological evidence of an antibody response in farmed southern bluefin tuna naturally infected with the blood fluke Cardicola forsteri. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 25:66-75. [PMID: 18502150 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2007.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 12/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, adaptive immune response was investigated in farmed southern bluefin tuna, Thunnus maccoyii, infected with a sanguinicolid Cardicola forsteri. A cohort (Cohort(2005)) of southern bluefin tuna was sampled between March 2005 and August 2006. Samples were taken at the transfer of wild caught tuna to sea cages and then at regular intervals. Parasite intensity, abundance and prevalence data were recorded. An ELISA was developed to detect and quantify an antibody response against the blood fluke in southern bluefin tuna serum. Intensity and prevalence of the blood fluke were shown to peak in May 2005 at 10.9 flukes per infected fish (SE=1.72) and 97.5% prevalence and then decreased to low prevalence (10%) and intensity (1.0). There were no significant changes in prevalence or intensity in 2006. Antibody titres and seroprevalence increased from 1.37 U microl(-1) and 10% at transfer in March 2005 to reach a peak in December 2005 of 25.86 U microl(-1) (SE=6.26 U microl(-1)) and 66.66%. No significant changes were observed in antibody titres for the same cohort of fish during 2006. Parasitological and serological values from Cohort(2005) were compared to a 2006 cohort (Cohort(2006)) in March 2006 and August 2006 to determine if prior infection in Cohort(2005) elicited any protection against infection in 2006. Although significant differences were not observed in intensities between cohorts it was shown that Cohort(2005) had significantly lower abundances and prevalences of blood fluke infection than Cohort(2006). Although there was no significant difference in mean antibody titres between cohorts in March 2006, the mean antibody titre of Cohort(2006) was significantly greater than that of Cohort(2005) in August 2006. No significant differences were observed in seroprevalence. This is one of the few studies to demonstrate the development of acquired resistance in fish against a parasite in an aquaculture environment under natural infection conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish M Aiken
- School of Aquaculture, University of Tasmania and Aquafin CRC, Locked Bag 1-370, Launceston 7250, Tasmania, Australia.
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33
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Di Maio A, Mladineo I. Ultrastructure of Didymocystis semiglobularis (Didymozoidae, Digenea) cysts in the gills of Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis). Parasitol Res 2008; 103:641-7. [PMID: 18493794 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-1025-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Tuna are active pelagic fish with an extraordinary migratory activity, well known for their unique physiology reflected in high metabolic rates. However, knowledge of microbial and environmental diseases is still limited. We have analyzed the ultrastructure of the digenean trematode Didymocystis semiglobularis isolated from the gill arch of Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The parasite is demarcated from the rest of host tissue in a sac of host origin, composed of active fibroblast and scattered bundles of collagen tissue, with no macrophage accumulations. TEM micrographs reported in this study reveal a wide multilayered tissue isolating the host from the parasite capsule and more internally complex and compact layers dividing the parasite capsule from the body itself, which encapsulates eggs at different developmental stages. Since the size and shape of the parasite would imply host tissue activation at the site of infection, no histopathological changes were observed in the architecture of the tuna superficial layer. No degeneration or necrosis was observed in the upper layer of the host tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Di Maio
- Department of Physiological Sciences, National Institute of Fitness and Sports Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan.
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34
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Padula DJ, Daughtry BJ, Nowak BF. Dioxins, PCBs, metals, metalloids, pesticides and antimicrobial residues in wild and farmed Australian southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii). CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 72:34-44. [PMID: 18395242 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Revised: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Data concerning the concentration of dioxins (PCDD/PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), metals, metalloids, pesticides and antimicrobials residues are reported for the edible portion of Australian wild and farmed southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii). In 2004 wild caught (n=5) and farmed (n=26) southern bluefin tuna (SBT) were collected. The mean concentration of total mercury on a fresh weight (fw) basis was 0.34 mg/kg in wild SBT and 0.31 mg/kg in farmed SBT. Concentrations of dioxins (PCDD/PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) found in wild SBT were extremely low. The mean concentration (fw) of the sum of PCDD/PCDFs and the dioxin-like PCBs was 0.27 pg TEQ/g in wild SBT and 0.61 pg TEQ/g in farmed SBT. Mean PCB total concentration (fw basis) was 0.47 ng/g in wild SBT and 6.60 ng/g in farmed SBT. No detectable residues of any pesticide or antimicrobial compounds were found. All residues detected were within regulatory limits set by the Japanese Competent Authority, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) and the Australian Competent Authority, Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ). The need for harmonisation of international product integrity procedures for bluefin tunas in international trade is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Padula
- Food Innovation and Safety, South Australian Research and Development Institute and Aquafin CRC, GPO Box 397 Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia.
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35
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Johnston CJ, Deveney MR, Bayly T, Nowak BF. Gross and histopathological characteristics of two lipomas and a neurofibrosarcoma detected in aquacultured southern bluefin tuna, Thunnus maccoyii (Castelnau), in South Australia. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2008; 31:241-247. [PMID: 18353015 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2007.00863.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Three visible lesions were examined from two specimens of southern bluefin tuna. The lesions were examined grossly and two were identified as lipomas, the third bore similarities to a schwannoma. Histopathology confirmed that two consisted of mature adipocytes consistent with a diagnosis of lipoma. The third lesion consisted of spindle cells in Antoni A and B patterns and was tentatively diagnosed as a malignant schwannoma. Immunohistochemistry identified both S100 and glial fibrillary acid protein expression within the lesion, which, together with the histopathological appearance, is consistent with a diagnosis of neurofibrosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Johnston
- Primary Industries and Resources South Australia, Aquaculture, Aquatic Animal Health Unit, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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36
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Roberts RJ, Agius C. Pan-steatitis in farmed northern bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus (L.), in the eastern Adriatic. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2008; 31:83-88. [PMID: 18234015 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2007.00901.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Clinical, gross and histopathological investigations were carried out into large-scale mortalities on eastern Mediterranean bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus (L.), farms. Fish showed only nervous signs and darkened colour. At post-mortem the liver was bronze coloured and the pyloric area waxy in consistency. There was no evidence of any other gross pathology. Histopathology showed severe hepatic necrosis and lipidosis. Peri-pancreatic lipoid tissue was heavily infiltrated with an inflammatory round cell infiltrate. Fish on all three farms had been fed on a North African pilchard diet rather than traditional local or Baltic species. Once the diet was modified, losses ceased. A diagnosis of pan-steatitis as seen in other farmed fish species, as well as in terrestrial animals, on particular fish-based diets was made, although the actual factor within the diet which induced the inflammatory effect is not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Roberts
- Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station, University of Idaho, Hagerman, ID 83332, USA.
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37
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Nowak BF. Parasitic diseases in marine cage culture--an example of experimental evolution of parasites? Int J Parasitol 2007; 37:581-8. [PMID: 17316650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Revised: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rapid development of fish culture in marine cages has been associated with an emergence of parasitic diseases. There is a general trend to an increase in infections with ectoparasites with direct life cycles and a reduced diversity of parasites in aquaculture. Some mariculture creates conditions that are similar to serial passage experiments, which are used to study adaptation during experimental evolution of pathogens. In particular, increased density of fish, repeated introduction of naive hosts, homogenous host populations, fast growth and a potential decrease in genetic diversity are attributes of both aquaculture and serial passage experiments. Some free-living organisms, for example Neoparamoeba spp. and Uronema spp. parasitise fish in culture, but have not been reported from wild populations. Farming fish in marine cages can increase the risk of outbreaks of parasitic diseases, including those caused by opportunistic parasites. However, aquaculture has the potential to control parasitic diseases through selective breeding, vaccination and general fish health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara F Nowak
- School of Aquaculture, Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, 7250 Tasmania, Australia.
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38
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Marino F, Monaco S, Salvaggio A, Macrì B. Lipoma in a farmed northern bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus (L.). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2006; 29:697-9. [PMID: 17169117 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2006.00764.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Marino
- Dept. Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Section of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
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39
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Mladineo I. Histopathology of five species of Didymocystis spp. (Digenea: Didymozoidae) in cage-reared Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus thynnus). Vet Res Commun 2006; 30:475-84. [PMID: 16755359 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-006-3207-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The first parasitological examinations of Atlantic bluefin tuna Thunnus thynnus thynnus reared in the Adriatic Sea revealed high numbers of different digenean trematodes, belonging to family Didymozoidae. Five species were the most frequently isolated: Coeliodidymocystis, abdominalis, Didymocystis wedli, Koellikerioides internogastricus, K. intestinalis and K. apicalis. Parasites were isolated from gills, gill rakers, intestine, serosa of pyloric caeca, and inner layers of the fundic region of stomach, encysted in pairs in connective tissue capsules originating from host tissue. Gross pathology revealed no pathological changes. Histological alterations comprised tissue reaction resulting in lymphocyte infiltration and formation of a collagenous envelope around the parasite cysts; the intensity of observed reaction depended on the size of the cyst and on the tissue infected. The most notable changes were observed in the intestine under provocation by K. intestinalis, while the most potentially pathogenic didymozoid under fish rearing conditions is D. wedli, which if present in high abundance can induce secondary bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mladineo
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Split, Croatia.
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40
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Deveney MR, Bayly TJ, Johnston CJ, Nowak BF. A parasite survey of farmed Southern bluefin tuna, Thunnus maccoyii (Castelnau). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2005; 28:279-84. [PMID: 15892753 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2005.00629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Farmed Southern bluefin tuna (SBT) were examined for parasites. Samples of harvest fish, mortalities and some fish showing clinical signs of disease were investigated. Targeted screening was conducted for a scuticociliate, Uronema nigricans, the myxosporean Kudoa sp. and a sanguinicolid digenean, Cardicola forsteri. General parasitological investigation revealed a diverse parasite community of didymozoid digeneans, two species of copepods, a polyopisthocotylean monogenean and larval cestodes. Targeted screening for U. nigricans exposed a low prevalence, most probably due to a lack of sensitivity in the test method. Few of the parasites examined pose a risk to the health of farmed SBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Deveney
- PIRSA Aquaculture, Primary Industries and Resources South Australia and Aquafin CRC, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
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