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Wu X, Ge J, Song G, Liu Y, Gao P, Tian T, Li X, Xu J, Chu Y, Zheng F. The GE296_RS03820 and GE296_RS03830 genes are involved in capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis in Riemerella anatipestifer. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23763. [PMID: 38954404 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302694rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Riemerella anatipestifer is a pathogenic bacterium that causes duck serositis and meningitis, leading to significant harm to the duck industry. To escape from the host immune system, the meningitis-causing bacteria must survive and multiply in the bloodstream, relying on specific virulence factors such as capsules. Therefore, it is essential to study the genes involved in capsule biosynthesis in R. anatipestifer. In this study, we successfully constructed gene deletion mutants Δ3820 and Δ3830, targeting the GE296_RS03820 and GE296_RS03830 genes, respectively, using the RA-LZ01 strain as the parental strain. The growth kinetics analysis revealed that these two genes contribute to bacterial growth. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) and silver staining showed that Δ3820 and Δ3830 produced the altered capsules and compounds of capsular polysaccharides (CPSs). Serum resistance test showed the mutants also exhibited reduced C3b deposition and decreased resistance serum killing. In vivo, Δ3820 and Δ3830 exhibited markedly declining capacity to cross the blood-brain barrier, compared to RA-LZ01. These findings indicate that the GE296_RS03820 and GE296_RS03830 genes are involved in CPSs biosynthesis and play a key role in the pathogenicity of R. anatipestifer. Furthermore, Δ3820 and Δ3830 mutants presented a tendency toward higher survival rates from RA-LZ01 challenge in vivo. Additionally, sera from ducklings immunized with the mutants showed cross-immunoreactivity with different serotypes of R. anatipestifer, including 1, 2, 7 and 10. Western blot and SDS-PAGE assays revealed that the altered CPSs of Δ3820 and Δ3830 resulted in the exposure of some conserved proteins playing the key role in the cross-immunoreactivity. Our study clearly demonstrated that the GE296_RS03820 and GE296_RS03830 genes are involved in CPS biosynthesis in R. anatipestifer and the capsule is a target for attenuation in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoni Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiazhen Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guodong Song
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yijian Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pengcheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tongtong Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuerui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuefeng Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fuying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Zeng Y, Li P, Liu S, Shen M, Liu Y, Zhou X. Salmonella enteritidis acquires phage resistance through a point mutation in rfbD but loses some of its environmental adaptability. Vet Res 2024; 55:85. [PMID: 38970094 PMCID: PMC11227202 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01341-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Phage therapy holds promise as an alternative to antibiotics for combating multidrug-resistant bacteria. However, host bacteria can quickly produce progeny that are resistant to phage infection. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of bacterial resistance to phage infection. We found that Rsm1, a mutant strain of Salmonella enteritidis (S. enteritidis) sm140, exhibited resistance to phage Psm140, which was originally capable of lysing its host at sm140. Whole genome sequencing analysis revealed a single nucleotide mutation at position 520 (C → T) in the rfbD gene of Rsm1, resulting in broken lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which is caused by the replacement of CAG coding glutamine with a stop codon TAG. The knockout of rfbD in the sm140ΔrfbD strain caused a subsequent loss of sensitivity toward phages. Furthermore, the reintroduction of rfbD in Rsm1 restored phage sensitivity. Moreover, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of rfbD in 25 resistant strains revealed a high percentage mutation rate of 64% within the rfbD locus. We assessed the fitness of four bacteria strains and found that the acquisition of phage resistance resulted in slower bacterial growth, faster sedimentation velocity, and increased environmental sensitivity (pH, temperature, and antibiotic sensitivity). In short, bacteria mutants lose some of their abilities while gaining resistance to phage infection, which may be a general survival strategy of bacteria against phages. This study is the first to report phage resistance caused by rfbD mutation, providing a new perspective for the research on phage therapy and drug-resistant mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Shenglong Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Mangmang Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yuqing Liu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Xin Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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3
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Debnath S, Muthuraj M, Bandyopadhyay TK, Bobby MN, Vanitha K, Tiwari ON, Bhunia B. Engineering strategies and applications of cyanobacterial exopolysaccharides: A review on past achievements and recent perspectives. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 328:121686. [PMID: 38220318 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are ideally suited for developing sustainable biological products but are underdeveloped due to a lack of genetic tools. Exopolysaccharide (EPS) is one of the essential bioproducts with widespread industrial applications. Despite their unique structural characteristics associated with distinct biological and physicochemical aspects, EPS from cyanobacteria has been underexplored. However, it is expected to accelerate in the near future due to the utilization of low-cost cyanobacterial platforms and readily available information on the structural data and specific features of these biopolymers. In recent years, cyanobacterial EPSs have attracted growing scientific attention due to their simple renewability, rheological characteristics, massive production, and potential uses in several biotechnology domains. This review focuses on the most recent research on potential new EPS producers and their distinct compositions responsible for novel biological activities. Additionally, nutritional and process parameters discovered recently for enhancing EPS production and engineering strategies applied currently to control the biosynthetic pathway for enhanced EPS production are critically highlighted. The process intensification of previously developed EPS extraction and purification processes from cyanobacterial biomass is also extensively explained. Furthermore, the newly reported biotechnological applications of cyanobacterial exopolysaccharides are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhankar Debnath
- Bioproducts Processing Research Laboratory (BPRL), Department of Bio Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala 799046, India
| | - Muthusivaramapandian Muthuraj
- Bioproducts Processing Research Laboratory (BPRL), Department of Bio Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala 799046, India.
| | | | - Md Nazneen Bobby
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science Technology and Research, Guntur 522213, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Kondi Vanitha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vishnu Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Narsapur, Medak, Telangana, India
| | - Onkar Nath Tiwari
- Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Blue Green Algae, Division of Microbiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR), New Delhi 110012, India.
| | - Biswanath Bhunia
- Bioproducts Processing Research Laboratory (BPRL), Department of Bio Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala 799046, India.
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4
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Prinčič L, Orsi RH, Martin NH, Wiedmann M, Trmčić A. Phenotypic and genomic characterizations of Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp. pneumoniae and Rahnella inusitata strains reveal no clear association between genetic content and ropy phenotype. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:1370-1385. [PMID: 37944807 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Ropy defect of pasteurized fluid milk is a type of spoilage which manifests itself by an increased viscosity, slimy body, and string-like flow during pouring. This defect has, among other causes, been attributed to the growth, proliferation and exopolysaccharide production by coliform bacteria, which are most commonly introduced in milk as post-pasteurization contaminants. As we identified both Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp. pneumoniae and Rahnella inusitata that were linked to a ropy defect, the goal of this study was to characterize 3 K. pneumoniae ssp. pneumoniae strains and 2 R. inusitata for (1) their ability to grow and cause ropy defect in milk at 6°C and 21°C and to (2) probe the genetic basis for observed ropy phenotype. Although all K. pneumoniae ssp. pneumoniae and R. inusitata strains showed net growth of >4 log10 over 48 h in UHT milk at 21°C, only R. inusitata strains displayed growth during 28-d incubation period at 6°C (>6 log10). Two out of 3 K. pneumoniae ssp. pneumoniae strains were capable of causing the ropy defect in milk at 21°C, as supported by an increase in the viscosity of milk and string-like flow during pouring; these 2 strains were originally isolated from raw milk. Only one R. inusitata strains was able to cause the ropy defect in milk; this strain was able to cause the defect at both 6°C and 21°C, and was originally isolated from a pasteurized milk. These findings suggest that the potential of K. pneumoniae ssp. pneumoniae and R. inusitata to cause ropy defect in milk is a strain-dependent characteristic. Comparative genomics provided no definitive answer on genetic basis for the ropy phenotype. However, for K. pneumoniae ssp. pneumoniae, genes rffG, rffH, rfbD, and rfbC involved in biosynthesis and secretion of enterobacterial common antigen (ECA) could only be found in the 2 strains that produced ropy defect, and for R. inusitata a set of 2 glycosyltransferase- and flippase genes involved in nucleotide sugar biosynthesis and export could only be identified in the ropy strain. Although these results provide some initial information for potential markers for strains that can cause ropy milk, the relationship between genetic content and ropiness in milk remains poorly understood and merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucija Prinčič
- Institute of Food Science, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria 1190
| | - Renato H Orsi
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Nicole H Martin
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Aljoša Trmčić
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
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White RT, Bull MJ, Barker CR, Arnott JM, Wootton M, Jones LS, Howe RA, Morgan M, Ashcroft MM, Forde BM, Connor TR, Beatson SA. Genomic epidemiology reveals geographical clustering of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli ST131 associated with bacteraemia in Wales. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1371. [PMID: 38355632 PMCID: PMC10866875 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45608-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a significant global public health concern. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli sequence type (ST)131, a widely prevalent multidrug-resistant clone, is frequently associated with bacteraemia. This study investigates third-generation cephalosporin resistance in bloodstream infections caused by E. coli ST131. From 2013-2014 blood culture surveillance in Wales, 142 E. coli ST131 genomes were studied alongside global data. All three major ST131 clades were represented across Wales, with clade C/H30 predominant (n = 102/142, 71.8%). Consistent with global findings, Welsh strains of clade C/H30 contain β-lactamase genes from the blaCTX-M-1 group (n = 65/102, 63.7%), which confer resistance to third-generation cephalosporins. Most Welsh clade C/H30 genomes belonged to sub-clade C2/H30Rx (58.3%). A Wales-specific sub-lineage, named GB-WLS.C2, diverged around 1996-2000. An introduction to North Wales around 2002 led to a localised cluster by 2009, depicting limited genomic diversity within North Wales. This investigation emphasises the value of genomic epidemiology, allowing the detection of genetically similar strains in local areas, enabling targeted and timely public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys T White
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Health Group, Institute of Environmental Science and Research, 5022, Porirua, New Zealand
| | - Matthew J Bull
- Microbiomes, Microbes and Informatics Group, Organisms and Environment Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
- Public Health Wales Microbiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, Wales, CF14 4XW, United Kingdom
| | - Clare R Barker
- Microbiomes, Microbes and Informatics Group, Organisms and Environment Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Julie M Arnott
- Healthcare Associated Infection, Antimicrobial Resistance & Prescribing Programme (HARP), Public Health Wales, 2 Capital Quarter, Tyndall Street, Cardiff, Wales, CF10 4BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Mandy Wootton
- Public Health Wales Microbiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, Wales, CF14 4XW, United Kingdom
| | - Lim S Jones
- Public Health Wales Microbiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, Wales, CF14 4XW, United Kingdom
| | - Robin A Howe
- Public Health Wales Microbiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, Wales, CF14 4XW, United Kingdom
| | - Mari Morgan
- Healthcare Associated Infection, Antimicrobial Resistance & Prescribing Programme (HARP), Public Health Wales, 2 Capital Quarter, Tyndall Street, Cardiff, Wales, CF10 4BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Melinda M Ashcroft
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Brian M Forde
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital Campus, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Thomas R Connor
- Microbiomes, Microbes and Informatics Group, Organisms and Environment Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, United Kingdom.
- Public Health Genomics Programme, Public Health Wales, 2 Capital Quarter, Tyndall Street, Cardiff, Wales, CF10 4BZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Scott A Beatson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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6
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AL-Busaidi B, AL-Muzahmi M, AL-Shabibi Z, Rizvi M, AL-Rashdi A, AL-Jardani A, Farzand R, AL-Jabri Z. Hypervirulent Capsular Serotypes K1 and K2 Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains Demonstrate Resistance to Serum Bactericidal Activity and Galleria mellonella Lethality. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1944. [PMID: 38339222 PMCID: PMC10855873 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKp) is a variant that has been increasingly linked to severe, life-threatening infections including pyogenic liver abscess and bloodstream infections. HvKps belonging to the capsular serotypes K1 and K2 have been reported worldwide, however, very scarce studies are available on their genomics and virulence. In the current study, we report four hypermucoviscous extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing hvKp clinical strains of capsular serotype K1 and K2 isolated from pus and urine of critically ill patients in tertiary care hospitals in Oman. These strains belong to diverse sequence types (STs), namely ST-23(K1), ST-231(K2), ST-881(K2), and ST-14(K2). To study their virulence, a Galleria mellonella model and resistance to human serum killing were used. The G. mellonella model revealed that the K1/ST-23 isolate was the most virulent, as 50% of the larvae died in the first day, followed by isolate K2/ST-231 and K2/ST-14, for which 75% and 50% of the larvae died in the second day, respectively. Resistance to human serum killing showed there was complete inhibition of bacterial growth of all four isolates by the end of the first hour and up to the third hour. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) revealed that hvKp strains display a unique genetic arrangement of k-loci. Whole-genome single-nucleotide polymorphism-based phylogenetic analysis revealed that these hvKp isolates were phylogenetically distinct, belonging to diverse clades, and belonged to different STs in comparison to global isolates. For ST-23(K1), ST-231(K2), ST-881(K2), and ST-14(K2), there was a gradual decrease in the number of colonies up to the second to third hour, which indicates neutralization of bacterial cells by the serum components. However, this was followed by a sudden increase of bacterial growth, indicating possible resistance of bacteria against human serum bactericidal activity. This is the first report from Oman detailing the WGS of hvKp clinical isolates and assessing their resistance and virulence genomics, which reinforce our understanding of their epidemiology and dissemination in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basaier AL-Busaidi
- Microbiology and Immunology Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat 123, Oman;
| | | | - Zahra AL-Shabibi
- Department of Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat 123, Oman;
| | - Meher Rizvi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Azza AL-Rashdi
- Central Public Health Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Muscat 100, Oman; (A.A.-R.); (A.A.-J.)
| | - Amina AL-Jardani
- Central Public Health Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Muscat 100, Oman; (A.A.-R.); (A.A.-J.)
| | - Robeena Farzand
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK;
| | - Zaaima AL-Jabri
- Department of Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat 123, Oman;
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7
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To H, Tsutsumi N, Ito S, Gottschalk M, Nagai S. Characterization of nonencapsulated Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovar K12:O3 isolates. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:766-771. [PMID: 37542385 PMCID: PMC10621555 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231190875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Three Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates from clinical cases of porcine pleuropneumonia were positive by capsular serovar 12-specific PCR assay, but not reactive to antiserum prepared against serovar 12 using the rapid slide agglutination (RSA) test. The isolates were positive for apxIICA, apxIIICA, apxIBD, apxIIIBD, and apxIVA in the PCR toxin gene assay, which is the profile seen in serovars 2, 4, 6, 8, and 15, and reacted with antisera against serovars 3, 6, 8, 15, and 17. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that genes involved in the biosynthesis of capsular polysaccharide of the 3 isolates were identical or nearly identical to those of serovar 12. However, genes involved in the biosynthesis of O-polysaccharide of the 3 isolates were highly similar to those of reference strains of serovars 3, 6, 8, 15, 17, and 19. In agreement with results from the RSA test, transmission electron microscopic analysis confirmed the absence of detectable capsular material in the 3 isolates. The existence of nonencapsulated A. pleuropneumoniae serovar K12:O3 would hamper precise serodetection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho To
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture and Aquaculture, University of Cuu Long, Vinh Long, Vietnam
| | | | - Soma Ito
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shinya Nagai
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo, Japan
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Hockenberry A, Slack E, Stadtmueller BM. License to Clump: Secretory IgA Structure-Function Relationships Across Scales. Annu Rev Microbiol 2023; 77:645-668. [PMID: 37713459 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-032521-041803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Secretory antibodies are the only component of our adaptive immune system capable of attacking mucosal pathogens topologically outside of our bodies. All secretory antibody classes are (a) relatively resistant to harsh proteolytic environments and (b) polymeric. Recent elucidation of the structure of secretory IgA (SIgA) has begun to shed light on SIgA functions at the nanoscale. We can now begin to unravel the structure-function relationships of these molecules, for example, by understanding how the bent conformation of SIgA enables robust cross-linking between adjacent growing bacteria. Many mysteries remain, such as the structural basis of protease resistance and the role of noncanonical bacteria-IgA interactions. In this review, we explore the structure-function relationships of IgA from the nano- to the metascale, with a strong focus on how the seemingly banal "license to clump" can have potent effects on bacterial physiology and colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson Hockenberry
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG), Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science (D-USYS), ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Emma Slack
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland;
- Botnar Research Centre for Child Health, Basel, Switzerland
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Beth M Stadtmueller
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA;
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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9
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Hong Y, Qin J, Forga XB, Totsika M. Extensive Diversity in Escherichia coli Group 3 Capsules Is Driven by Recombination and Plasmid Transfer from Multiple Species. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0143223. [PMID: 37358457 PMCID: PMC10433991 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01432-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial capsules provide protection against environmental challenges and host immunity. Historically, Escherichia coli K serotyping scheme, which relies on the hypervariable capsules, has identified around 80 K forms that fall into four distinct groups. Based on recent work by us and others, we predicted that E. coli capsular diversity is grossly underestimated. We exploited group 3 capsule gene clusters, the best genetically defined capsule group in E. coli, to analyze publicly available E. coli sequences for overlooked capsular diversity within the species. We report the discovery of seven novel group 3 clusters that fall into two distinct subgroups (3A and 3B). The majority of the 3B capsule clusters were found on plasmids, contrary to the defining feature of group 3 capsule genes localizing at the serA locus on the E. coli chromosome. Other new group 3 capsule clusters were derived from ancestral sequences through recombination events between shared genes found within the serotype variable central region 2. Intriguingly, flanking regions 1 and 3, known to be conserved areas among capsule clusters, showed considerable intra-subgroup variation in clusters from the 3B subgroup, containing genes of shared ancestry with other Enterobacteriaceae species. Variation of group 3 kps clusters within dominant E. coli lineages, including multidrug-resistant pathogenic lineages, further supports that E. coli capsules are undergoing rigorous change. Given the pivotal role of capsular polysaccharides in phage predation, our findings raise attention to the need of monitoring kps evolutionary dynamics in pathogenic E. coli in supporting phage therapy. IMPORTANCE Capsular polysaccharides protect pathogenic bacteria against environmental challenges, host immunity, and phage predations. The historical Escherichia coli K typing scheme, which relies on the hypervariable capsular polysaccharide, has identified around 80 different K forms that fall into four distinct groups. Taking advantage of the supposedly compact and genetically well-defined group 3 gene clusters, we analyzed published E. coli sequences to identify seven new gene clusters and revealed an unexpected capsular diversity. Genetic analysis revealed that group 3 gene clusters shared closely related serotype-specific region 2 and were diversified through recombination events and plasmid transfer between multiple Enterobacteriaceae species. Overall, capsular polysaccharides in E. coli are undergoing rigorous change. Given the pivotal role capsules play in phage interactions, this work highlighted the need to monitor the evolutionary dynamics of capsules in pathogenic E. coli for effective phage therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoqin Hong
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
- Max Planck Queensland Centre, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jilong Qin
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - Xavier Bertran Forga
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - Makrina Totsika
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
- Max Planck Queensland Centre, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
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10
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Arredondo-Alonso S, Blundell-Hunter G, Fu Z, Gladstone RA, Fillol-Salom A, Loraine J, Cloutman-Green E, Johnsen PJ, Samuelsen Ø, Pöntinen AK, Cléon F, Chavez-Bueno S, De la Cruz MA, Ares MA, Vongsouvath M, Chmielarczyk A, Horner C, Klein N, McNally A, Reis JN, Penadés JR, Thomson NR, Corander J, Taylor PW, McCarthy AJ. Evolutionary and functional history of the Escherichia coli K1 capsule. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3294. [PMID: 37322051 PMCID: PMC10272209 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39052-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is a leading cause of invasive bacterial infections in humans. Capsule polysaccharide has an important role in bacterial pathogenesis, and the K1 capsule has been firmly established as one of the most potent capsule types in E. coli through its association with severe infections. However, little is known about its distribution, evolution and functions across the E. coli phylogeny, which is fundamental to elucidating its role in the expansion of successful lineages. Using systematic surveys of invasive E. coli isolates, we show that the K1-cps locus is present in a quarter of bloodstream infection isolates and has emerged in at least four different extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) phylogroups independently in the last 500 years. Phenotypic assessment demonstrates that K1 capsule synthesis enhances E. coli survival in human serum independent of genetic background, and that therapeutic targeting of the K1 capsule re-sensitizes E. coli from distinct genetic backgrounds to human serum. Our study highlights that assessing the evolutionary and functional properties of bacterial virulence factors at population levels is important to better monitor and predict the emergence of virulent clones, and to also inform therapies and preventive medicine to effectively control bacterial infections whilst significantly lowering antibiotic usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Arredondo-Alonso
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Oslo, 0317, Oslo, Norway
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Zuyi Fu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca A Gladstone
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Oslo, 0317, Oslo, Norway
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alfred Fillol-Salom
- Department of Infectious Disease, Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Elaine Cloutman-Green
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Pål J Johnsen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ørjan Samuelsen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anna K Pöntinen
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Oslo, 0317, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - François Cléon
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Susana Chavez-Bueno
- University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Mercy Hospital Kansas City, UMKC School of Medicine, Kansas City, USA
| | - Miguel A De la Cruz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Miguel A Ares
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Manivanh Vongsouvath
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Agnieszka Chmielarczyk
- Faculty of Medicine, Chair of Microbiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta str. 18, 31-121, Kraków, Poland
| | - Carolyne Horner
- British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nigel Klein
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alan McNally
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Joice N Reis
- Laboratory of Pathology and Molecular Biology (LPBM), Gonçalo Moniz Research Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - José R Penadés
- Department of Infectious Disease, Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas R Thomson
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jukka Corander
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Oslo, 0317, Oslo, Norway.
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.
- Helsinki Institute of Information Technology, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Peter W Taylor
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Alex J McCarthy
- Department of Infectious Disease, Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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11
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Reid A, Erickson KM, Hazel JM, Lukose V, Troutman JM. Chemoenzymatic Preparation of a Campylobacter jejuni Lipid-Linked Heptasaccharide on an Azide-Linked Polyisoprenoid. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:15790-15798. [PMID: 37151508 PMCID: PMC10157688 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Complex poly- and oligosaccharides on the surface of bacteria provide a unique fingerprint to different strains of pathogenic and symbiotic microbes that could be exploited for therapeutics or sensors selective for specific glycans. To discover reagents that can selectively interact with specific bacterial glycans, a system for both the chemoenzymatic preparation and immobilization of these materials would be ideal. Bacterial glycans are typically synthesized in nature on the C55 polyisoprenoid bactoprenyl (or undecaprenyl) phosphate. However, this long-chain isoprenoid can be difficult to work with in vitro. Here, we describe the addition of a chemically functional benzylazide tag to polyisoprenoids. We have found that both the organic-soluble and water-soluble benzylazide isoprenoid can serve as a substrate for the well-characterized system responsible for Campylobacter jejuni N-linked heptasaccharide assembly. Using the organic-soluble analogue, we demonstrate the use of an N-acetyl-glucosamine epimerase that can be used to lower the cost of glycan assembly, and using the water-soluble analogue, we demonstrate the immobilization of the C. jejuni heptasaccharide on magnetic beads. These conjugated beads are then shown to interact with soybean agglutinin, a lectin known to interact with N-acetyl-galactosamine in the C. jejuni heptasaccharide. The methods provided could be used for a wide variety of applications including the discovery of new glycan-interacting partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda
J. Reid
- Nanoscale
Science Program, University of North Carolina
at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Katelyn M. Erickson
- Nanoscale
Science Program, University of North Carolina
at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Joseph M. Hazel
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina
at Charlotte, 9201 University
City Blvd., Charlotte, North
Carolina 28223, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 281 W Lane Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Vinita Lukose
- Departments
of Chemistry and Biology, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jerry M. Troutman
- Nanoscale
Science Program, University of North Carolina
at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina
at Charlotte, 9201 University
City Blvd., Charlotte, North
Carolina 28223, United States
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12
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Wang W, Tian D, Hu D, Chen W, Zhou Y, Jiang X. Different regulatory mechanisms of the capsule in hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumonia: "direct" wcaJ variation vs. "indirect" rmpA regulation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1108818. [PMID: 37180440 PMCID: PMC10168181 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1108818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae produce an increased amount of capsular substance and are associated with a hypermucoviscous phenotype. Capsule production is regulated by capsular regulatory genes and capsular gene cluster variations. In the present study, we focus on the effect of rmpA and wcaJon capsule biosynthesis. Methods Phylogenetic trees were constructed to analyze wcaJ and rmpA sequence diversity in different serotypes hypervirulent strains. Then mutant strains (K2044ΔwcaJ, K2044K1wcaJ, K2044K2wcaJand K2044K64wcaJ) were used to verify the effects of wcaJ and its diversity on capsule synthesis and strain virulence. Furthmore, the role of rmpA in capsular synthesis and its mechanisms were detected in K2044ΔrmpA strain. Results RmpA sequences are conversed in different serotypes. And rmpA promoted the production of hypercapsules by simultaneously acting on three promoters in cps cluster. Whereas wcaJ, its sequences are different in different serotypes, and its loss result in the termination of capsular synthesis. Moreover, the results verified that K2 wcaJ could form hypercapsule in K2044 strains (K1 serotype), but K64 wcaJ could not. Discussion The interaction of multiple factors is involved in capsule synthesis, including wcaJ and rmpA. RmpA, an known conserved capsular regulator gene, acts on cps cluster promoters to promote the production of the hypercapsule. WcaJ as initiating enzyme of CPS biosynthesis, its presence determines the synthesis of capsule. Besides, different from rmpA, wcaJ sequence consistency is limited to the same serotype, which cause wcaJ functioning in different serotype strains with sequence recognition specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwen Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxing Tian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Dakang Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taizhou Municipal Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Wenjie Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofei Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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13
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Yu Y, Gong B, Wang H, Yang G, Zhou X. Chromosome evolution of Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 for high-level production of heparosan. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:1081-1096. [PMID: 36539926 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Heparosan is a crucial-polysaccharide precursor for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of heparin, a widely used anticoagulant drug. Presently, heparosan is mainly extracted with the potential risk of contamination from Escherichia coli strain K5, a pathogenic bacterium causing urinary tract infection. Here, a nonpathogenic probiotic, E. coli strain Nissle 1917 (EcN), was metabolically engineered to carry multiple copies of the 19-kb kps locus and produce heparosan to 9.1 g/L in fed-batch fermentation. Chromosome evolution driven by antibiotics was employed to amplify the kps locus, which governed the synthesis and export of heparosan from EcN at 21 mg L-1 OD-1 . The average copy number of kps locus increased from 1 to 24 copies per cell, which produced up to 104 mg L-1 OD-1 of heparosan in the shaking flask cultures of engineered strains. The following in-frame deletion of recA stabilized the recombinant duplicates of chromosomal kps locus and the productivity of heparosan in continuous culture for at least 56 generations. Fed-batch fermentation of the engineered strain EcN8 was carried out to bring the yield of heparosan up to 9.1 g/L. Heparosan from the fermentation culture was further purified at a 75% overall recovery. The structure of purified heparosan was characterized and further modified by N-sulfotransferase with 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate as the sulfo-donor. The analysis of element composition showed that heparosan was N-sulfated by over 80%. These results indicated that duplicating large DNA cassettes up to 19-kb, followed by high-cell-density fermentation, was promising in the large-scale preparation of chemicals and could be adapted to engineer other industrial-interest bacteria metabolically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanying Yu
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Bingxue Gong
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Huili Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Guixia Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Xianxuan Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
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14
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Suzuki K, Kaseyama-Takemoto H. Simultaneous production of N-acetylheparosan and recombinant chondroitin using gene-engineered Escherichia coli K5. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14815. [PMID: 37095938 PMCID: PMC10121815 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Acetylheparosan and chondroitin are increasingly needed as alternative sources of animal-derived sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and as inert substances in medical devices and pharmaceuticals. The N-acetylheparosan productivity of E. coli K5 has achieved levels of industrial applications, whereas E.coli K4 produces a relatively lower amount of fructosylated chondroitin. In this study, the K5 strain was gene-engineered to co-express K4-derived, chondroitin-synthetic genes, namely kfoA and kfoC. The productivities of total GAG and chondroitin in batch culture were 1.2 g/L and 1.0 g/L respectively, which were comparable to the productivity of N-acetylheparosan in the wild K5 strain (0.6-1.2 g/L). The total GAG of the recombinant K5 was partially purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and was subjected to degradation tests with specific GAG-degrading enzymes combined with HPLC and 1H NMR analyses. The results indicated that the recombinant K5 simultaneously produced both 100-kDa chondroitin and 45-kDa N-acetylheparosan at a weight ratio of approximately 4:1. The content of chondroitin in total GAG partially purified was 73.2%. The molecular weight of recombinant chondroitin (100 kDa) was 5-10 times higher than that of commercially available chondroitin sulfate. These results indicated that the recombinant K5 strain acquired the chondroitin-producing ability without altering the total GAG productivity of the host.
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15
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Huang M, He P, He P, Wu Y, Munir S, He Y. Novel Virulence Factors Deciphering Klebsiella pneumoniae KpC4 Infect Maize as a Crossing-Kingdom Pathogen: An Emerging Environmental Threat. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416005. [PMID: 36555647 PMCID: PMC9785288 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is not only a human and animal opportunistic pathogen, but a food-borne pathogen. Cross-kingdom infection has been focused on since K. pneumoniae was identified as the pathogen of maize, banana, and pomegranate. Although the pathogenicity of K. pneumoniae strains (from ditch water, maize, and human) on plant and mice has been confirmed, there are no reports to explain the molecular mechanisms of the pathogen. This study uncovered the K. pneumoniae KpC4 isolated from maize top rot for the determination of various virulence genes and resistance genes. At least thirteen plant disease-causing genes are found to be involved in the disruption of plant defense. Among them, rcsB is responsible for causing disease in both plants and animals. The novel sequence types provide solid evidence that the pathogen invades plant and has robust ecological adaptability. It is imperative to perform further studies on the verification of these KpC4 genes’ functions to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in plant−pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- College of Agronomy and Life Sciences and Engineering Research Center for Urban Modern Agriculture of Higher Education in Yunnan Province, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Pengfei He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Pengbo He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yixin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Shahzad Munir
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yueqiu He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (Y.H.)
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16
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Geurtsen J, de Been M, Weerdenburg E, Zomer A, McNally A, Poolman J. Genomics and pathotypes of the many faces of Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2022; 46:6617594. [PMID: 35749579 PMCID: PMC9629502 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuac031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is the most researched microbial organism in the world. Its varied impact on human health, consisting of commensalism, gastrointestinal disease, or extraintestinal pathologies, has generated a separation of the species into at least eleven pathotypes (also known as pathovars). These are broadly split into two groups, intestinal pathogenic E. coli (InPEC) and extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). However, components of E. coli's infinite open accessory genome are horizontally transferred with substantial frequency, creating pathogenic hybrid strains that defy a clear pathotype designation. Here, we take a birds-eye view of the E. coli species, characterizing it from historical, clinical, and genetic perspectives. We examine the wide spectrum of human disease caused by E. coli, the genome content of the bacterium, and its propensity to acquire, exchange, and maintain antibiotic resistance genes and virulence traits. Our portrayal of the species also discusses elements that have shaped its overall population structure and summarizes the current state of vaccine development targeted at the most frequent E. coli pathovars. In our conclusions, we advocate streamlining efforts for clinical reporting of ExPEC, and emphasize the pathogenic potential that exists throughout the entire species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Geurtsen
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., 2333 Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mark de Been
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., 2333 Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Aldert Zomer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Alan McNally
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Poolman
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., 2333 Leiden, the Netherlands
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17
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Abstract
Escherichia coli is likely the most studied organism and was instrumental in developing many fundamental concepts in biology. But why E. coli? In the 1940s, E. coli was well suited for the biochemical and genetic research that blended to become the seminal field of biochemical genetics and led to the realization that processes already known to occur in complex organisms were conserved in bacteria. This now-obvious concept, combined with the advantages offered by its easy cultivation, ultimately drove many researchers to shift from the complexity of eukaryotic models to the simpler bacterial system, which eventually led to the development of molecular biology. As knowledge and experimental tools amassed, a positive-feedback loop fixed the central role of E. coli in research. However, given the vast diversity among bacteria and even among E. coli strains, it was by many fortuitous events that E. coli rose to the top as an experimental model. Here, we share how serendipity and its own biology selected E. coli as the flagship bacterium of molecular biology.
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18
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Singh S, Wilksch JJ, Dunstan RA, Mularski A, Wang N, Hocking D, Jebeli L, Cao H, Clements A, Jenney AWJ, Lithgow T, Strugnell RA. LPS O Antigen Plays a Key Role in Klebsiella pneumoniae Capsule Retention. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0151721. [PMID: 35913154 PMCID: PMC9431683 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01517-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of encapsulation in bacterial pathogenesis, the biochemical mechanisms and forces that underpin retention of capsule by encapsulated bacteria are poorly understood. In Gram-negative bacteria, there may be interactions between lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core and capsule polymers, between capsule polymers with retained acyl carriers and the outer membrane, and in some bacteria, between the capsule polymers and Wzi, an outer membrane protein lectin. Our transposon studies in Klebsiella pneumoniae B5055 identified additional genes that, when insertionally inactivated, resulted in reduced encapsulation. Inactivation of the gene waaL, which encodes the ligase responsible for attaching the repeated O antigen of LPS to the LPS core, resulted in a significant reduction in capsule retention, measured by atomic force microscopy. This reduction in encapsulation was associated with increased sensitivity to human serum and decreased virulence in a murine model of respiratory infection and, paradoxically, with increased biofilm formation. The capsule in the WaaL mutant was physically smaller than that of the Wzi mutant of K. pneumoniae B5055. These results suggest that interactions between surface carbohydrate polymers may enhance encapsulation, a key phenotype in bacterial virulence, and provide another target for the development of antimicrobials that may avoid resistance issues associated with growth inhibition. IMPORTANCE Bacterial capsules, typically comprised of complex sugars, enable pathogens to avoid key host responses to infection, including phagocytosis. These capsules are synthesized within the bacteria, exported through the outer envelope, and then secured to the external surface of the organism by a force or forces that are incompletely described. This study shows that in the important hospital pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae, the polysaccharide capsule is retained by interactions with other surface sugars, especially the repeated sugar molecule of the LPS molecule in Gram-negative bacteria known as "O antigen." This O antigen is joined to the LPS molecule by ligation, and loss of the enzyme responsible for ligation, a protein called WaaL, results in reduced encapsulation. Since capsules are essential to the virulence of many pathogens, WaaL might provide a target for new antimicrobial development, critical to the control of pathogens like K. pneumoniae that have become highly drug resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan J. Wilksch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rhys A. Dunstan
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna Mularski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nancy Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dianna Hocking
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leila Jebeli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hanwei Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Abigail Clements
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam W. J. Jenney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Trevor Lithgow
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard A. Strugnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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19
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González-Santamarina B, Weber M, Menge C, Berens C. Comparative Genomic Analysis of Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli from South American Camelids in Central Germany. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091697. [PMID: 36144308 PMCID: PMC9501560 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
South American camelids (SAC) are increasingly kept in Europe in close contact with humans and other livestock species and can potentially contribute to transmission chains of epizootic, zoonotic and antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) agents from and to livestock and humans. Consequently, SAC were included as livestock species in the new European Animal Health Law. However, the knowledge on bacteria exhibiting AMR in SAC is too scarce to draft appropriate monitoring and preventive programs. During a survey of SAC holdings in central Germany, 39 Escherichia coli strains were isolated from composite fecal samples by selecting for cephalosporin or fluoroquinolone resistance and were here subjected to whole-genome sequencing. The data were bioinformatically analyzed for strain phylogeny, detection of pathovars, AMR genes and plasmids. Most (33/39) strains belonged to phylogroups A and B1. Still, the isolates were highly diverse, as evidenced by 28 multi-locus sequence types. More than half of the isolates (23/39) were genotypically classified as multidrug resistant. Genes mediating resistance to trimethoprim/sulfonamides (22/39), aminoglycosides (20/39) and tetracyclines (18/39) were frequent. The most common extended-spectrum-β-lactamase gene was blaCTX-M-1 (16/39). One strain was classified as enteropathogenic E. coli. The positive results indicate the need to include AMR bacteria in yet-to-be-established animal disease surveillance protocols for SAC.
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20
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Combinatorial Metabolic Engineering and Enzymatic Catalysis Enable Efficient Production of Colanic Acid. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050877. [PMID: 35630322 PMCID: PMC9143390 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Colanic acid can promote the lifespan of humans by regulating mitochondrial homeostasis, and it has widespread applications in the field of health. However, colanic acid is produced at a low temperature (20 °C) with low titer. Using Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655, we constructed the SRP-4 strain with high colanic acid production at 30 °C by enhancing the precursor supply and relieving the regulation of transcription for colanic acid synthesis genes by the RCS system. After media optimization, the colanic acid titer increased by 579.9-fold and reached 12.2 g/L. Subsequently, we successfully purified the colanic acid hydrolase and reduced the molecular weight of colanic acid (106.854 kDa), thereby eliminating the inhibition of high-molecular-weight colanic acid on strain growth. Finally, after adding the colanic acid hydrolase (4000 U/L), the colanic acid with low molecular weight reached 24.99 g/L in 3-L bioreactor, the highest titer reported so far. This high-producing strain of colanic acid will promote the application of low-molecular-weight colanic acid in the field of health.
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21
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Harimoto T, Hahn J, Chen YY, Im J, Zhang J, Hou N, Li F, Coker C, Gray K, Harr N, Chowdhury S, Pu K, Nimura C, Arpaia N, Leong KW, Danino T. A programmable encapsulation system improves delivery of therapeutic bacteria in mice. Nat Biotechnol 2022; 40:1259-1269. [PMID: 35301496 PMCID: PMC9371971 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-022-01244-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Living bacteria therapies have been proposed as an alternative approach to treating a broad array of cancers. In this study, we developed a genetically encoded microbial encapsulation system with tunable and dynamic expression of surface capsular polysaccharides that enhances systemic delivery. Based on a small RNA screen of capsular biosynthesis pathways, we constructed inducible synthetic gene circuits that regulate bacterial encapsulation in Escherichia coli Nissle 1917. These bacteria are capable of temporarily evading immune attack, whereas subsequent loss of encapsulation results in effective clearance in vivo. This dynamic delivery strategy enabled a ten-fold increase in maximum tolerated dose of bacteria and improved anti-tumor efficacy in murine models of cancer. Furthermore, in situ encapsulation increased the fraction of microbial translocation among mouse tumors, leading to efficacy in distal tumors. The programmable encapsulation system promises to enhance the therapeutic utility of living engineered bacteria for cancer. Transient capsule induction allows engineered bacteria to evade initial immune surveillance in a colorectal cancer model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuhiro Harimoto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jaeseung Hahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yu-Yu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jongwon Im
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joanna Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas Hou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fangda Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Courtney Coker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kelsey Gray
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicole Harr
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sreyan Chowdhury
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kelly Pu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Clare Nimura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas Arpaia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kam W Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Tal Danino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. .,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. .,Data Science Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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22
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Aldawood E, Roberts IS. Regulation of Escherichia coli Group 2 Capsule Gene Expression: A Mini Review and Update. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:858767. [PMID: 35359738 PMCID: PMC8960920 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.858767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of a group 2 capsule (K antigen), such as the K1 or K5 antigen, is a key virulence factor of Escherichia coli responsible for extra-intestinal infections. Capsule expression confers resistance to innate host defenses and plays a critical role in invasive disease. Capsule expression is temperature-dependent being expressed at 37°C but not at 20°C when outside the host. Group 2 capsule gene expression involves two convergent promoters PR1 and PR3, the regulation of which is critical to capsule expression. Temperature-dependent expression is controlled at transcriptional level directly by the binding of H-NS to PR1 and PR3 and indirectly through BipA with additional input from IHF and SlyA. More recently, other regulatory proteins, FNR, Fur, IHF, MprA, and LrhA, have been implicated in regulating capsule gene expression in response to other environmental stimuli and there is merging data for the growth phase-dependent regulation of the PR1 and PR3 promoters. The aim of the present Mini Review is to provide a unified update on the latest data on how the expression of group 2 capsules is regulated in response to a number of stimuli and the growth phase something that has not to date been addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esraa Aldawood
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Clinical Laboratory Science, Collage of Applied Medical Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ian S. Roberts
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Ian S. Roberts,
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23
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Lytic Phages against ST11 K47 Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and the Corresponding Phage Resistance Mechanisms. mSphere 2022; 7:e0008022. [PMID: 35255715 PMCID: PMC9044933 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00080-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We isolated and characterized a novel phage from hospital sewage, P13, able to lyse ST11 K47 carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP), a major CRKP lineage. P13 formed a large lytic plaque (3.0 to 6.0 mm in diameter) in double-layer LB agar after overnight coculture with its host bacterial strain. A translucent halo formed when the culture was prolonged to 48 h. P13 showed a narrow host range only lysing ST11 K47 CRKP with a burst size of around 167 PFU/cell and exhibited broad pH and thermal stability. Genome sequencing showed that P13 contains no virulence, lysogenic or antimicrobial resistance genes, making this lytic phage a potential agent for phage therapy. Transmission electron microscopy showed that P13 exhibited typical morphology of the family Podoviridae with an isometric head and a short noncontracted tail. Genomic analysis showed that P13 belongs to a novel species of the genus Przondovirus, subfamily Studiervirinae, family Autographiviridae. P13-resistant mutants of bacteria emerged after 4 h exposure to the phage. Interruptions of wbaP (encoding capsule polysaccharide synthesis) by insertion sequence IS903B mediated P13 resistance. The rapid emergence of resistant mutants represents a disadvantage for P13 as a therapeutic phage and highlights the need for recovery of a range of phages binding to different surface receptors of host bacteria to further extend their utility as a potential tool against CRKP. IMPORTANCE Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) is a major challenge for infection control and clinical management. Alternative therapies to antimicrobial agents are urgently needed and bacteriophages (phages) are an attractive option. However, more novel lytic phages and more studies to reveal phage-resistant mechanisms are needed to overcome phage resistance. In this study, we isolated and characterized a novel species of lytic phage active against CRKP. We found this phage exhibited delayed formation of halo, which is atypical compared to other characterized similar phages, and we provide an explanation for this phenotype based on genomic analysis. We also identified mechanisms mediating resistance to the phage.
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24
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Sarshar M, Scribano D, Limongi D, Zagaglia C, Palamara AT, Ambrosi C. Adaptive strategies of uropathogenic Escherichia coli CFT073: from growth in lab media to virulence during host cell adhesion. Int Microbiol 2022; 25:481-494. [PMID: 35106679 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-022-00235-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a major concern in public health. The prevalent uropathogenic bacterium in healthcare settings is Escherichia coli. The increasing rate of antibiotic-resistant strains demands studies to understand E. coli pathogenesis to drive the development of new therapeutic approaches. This study compared the gene expression profile of selected target genes in the prototype uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) strain CFT073 grown in Luria Bertani (LB), artificial urine (AU), and during adhesion to host bladder cells by semi-quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) assays. AU effectively supported the growth of strain CFT073 as well as other E. coli strains with different lifestyles, thereby confirming the appropriateness of this medium for in vitro models. Unexpectedly, gene expression of strain CFT073 in LB and AU was quite similar; conversely, during the adhesion assay, adhesins and porins were upregulated, while key global regulators were downregulated with respect to lab media. Interestingly, fimH and papGII genes were significantly expressed in all tested conditions. Taken together, these results provide for the first time insights of the metabolic and pathogenic profile of strain CFT073 during the essential phase of host cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Sarshar
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Scribano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy.,Dani Di Giò Foundation-Onlus, 00193, Rome, Italy
| | - Dolores Limongi
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University, IRCCS San Raffaele Rome, 00166, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Zagaglia
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy.,Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Institute Pasteur Italia- Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Ambrosi
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University, IRCCS San Raffaele Rome, 00166, Rome, Italy.
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25
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Surface Glucan Structures in Aeromonas spp. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19110649. [PMID: 34822520 PMCID: PMC8625153 DOI: 10.3390/md19110649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas spp. are generally found in aquatic environments, although they have also been isolated from both fresh and processed food. These Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria are mostly infective to poikilothermic animals, although they are also considered opportunistic pathogens of both aquatic and terrestrial homeotherms, and some species have been associated with gastrointestinal and extraintestinal septicemic infections in humans. Among the different pathogenic factors associated with virulence, several cell-surface glucans have been shown to contribute to colonization and survival of Aeromonas pathogenic strains, in different hosts. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), capsule and α-glucan structures, for instance, have been shown to play important roles in bacterial–host interactions related to pathogenesis, such as adherence, biofilm formation, or immune evasion. In addition, glycosylation of both polar and lateral flagella has been shown to be mandatory for flagella production and motility in different Aeromonas strains, and has also been associated with increased bacterial adhesion, biofilm formation, and induction of the host proinflammatory response. The main aspects of these structures are covered in this review.
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26
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Larson MR, Biddle K, Gorman A, Boutom S, Rosenshine I, Saper MA. Escherichia coli O127 group 4 capsule proteins assemble at the outer membrane. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259900. [PMID: 34780538 PMCID: PMC8592465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli O127 is encapsulated by a protective layer of polysaccharide made of the same strain specific O-antigen as the serotype lipopolysaccharide. Seven genes encoding capsule export functions comprise the group 4 capsule (gfc) operon. Genes gfcE, etk and etp encode homologs of the group 1 capsule secretion system but the upstream gfcABCD genes encode unknown functions specific to group 4 capsule export. We have developed an expression system for the large-scale production of the outer membrane protein GfcD. Contrary to annotations, we find that GfcD is a non-acylated integral membrane protein. Circular dichroism spectroscopy, light-scattering data, and the HHomp server suggested that GfcD is a monomeric β-barrel with 26 β-strands and an internal globular domain. We identified a set of novel protein-protein interactions between GfcB, GfcC, and GfcD, both in vivo and in vitro, and quantified the binding properties with isothermal calorimetry and biolayer interferometry. GfcC and GfcB form a high-affinity heterodimer with a KD near 100 nM. This heterodimer binds to GfcD (KD = 28 μM) significantly better than either GfcB or GfcC alone. These gfc proteins may form a complex at the outer membrane for group 4 capsule secretion or for a yet unknown function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Larson
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kassia Biddle
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Adam Gorman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sarah Boutom
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Program in Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ilan Rosenshine
- Dept of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mark A. Saper
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Program in Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Abstract
Polysaccharides are often the most abundant antigens found on the extracellular surfaces of bacterial cells. These polysaccharides play key roles in interactions with the outside world, and for many bacterial pathogens, they represent what is presented to the human immune system. As a result, many vaccines have been or currently are being developed against carbohydrate antigens. In this review, we explore the diversity of capsular polysaccharides (CPS) in Salmonella and other selected bacterial species and explain the classification and function of CPS as vaccine antigens. Despite many vaccines being developed using carbohydrate antigens, the low immunogenicity and the diversity of infecting strains and serovars present an antigen formulation challenge to manufacturers. Vaccines tend to focus on common serovars or have changing formulations over time, reflecting the trends in human infection, which can be costly and time-consuming. We summarize the approaches to generate carbohydrate-based vaccines for Salmonella, describe vaccines that are in development and emphasize the need for an effective vaccine against non-typhoidal Salmonella strains.
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28
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Novel Host Recognition Mechanism of the K1 Capsule-Specific Phage of Escherichia coli: Capsular Polysaccharide as the First Receptor and Lipopolysaccharide as the Secondary Receptor. J Virol 2021; 95:e0092021. [PMID: 34191582 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00920-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
K1 capsule-specific phages of Escherichia coli have been reported in recent years, but the molecular mechanism involved in host recognition of these phages remains unknown. In this study, the interactions between PNJ1809-36, a new K1-specific phage, and its host bacterium, E. coli DE058, were investigated. A transposon mutation library was used to screen for receptor-related genes. Gene deletion, lysis curve determination, plaque formation test, adsorption assay, and inhibition assay of phage by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) showed that capsular polysaccharide (CPS) was the first receptor for the initial adsorption of PNJ1809-36 to E. coli DE058 and that LPS was a secondary receptor for the irreversible binding of the phage. The penultimate galactose in the outer core was identified as the specific binding region on LPS. Through antibody blocking assay, fluorescence labeling and high-performance gel permeation chromatography, the tail protein ORF261 of phage PNJ1809-36 was identified as the receptor-binding protein on CPS. Given these findings, we propose a model for the recognition process of phage PNJ1809-36 on E. coli DE058: the phage PNJ1809-36 tail protein ORF261 recognizes and adsorbs to the K1 capsule, and then the K1 capsule is partially degraded, exposing the active site of LPS which is recognized by phage PNJ1809-36. This model provides insight into the molecular mechanisms between K1-specific phages and their host bacteria. IMPORTANCE It has been speculated that CPS is the main receptor of K1-specific phages belonging to Siphoviridae. In recent years, a new type of K1-specific phage belonging to Myoviridae has been reported, but its host recognition mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we studied the interactions between PNJ1809-36, a new type of K1 phage, and its host bacterium, E. coli DE058. Our research showed that the phage initially adsorbed to the K1 capsule mediated by ORF261 and then bound to the penultimate galactose of LPS to begin the infection process.
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29
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Reid AJ, Eade CR, Jones KJ, Jorgenson MA, Troutman JM. Tracking Colanic Acid Repeat Unit Formation from Stepwise Biosynthesis Inactivation in Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 2021; 60:2221-2230. [PMID: 34159784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Colanic acid is a glycopolymer loosely associated with the outer membrane of Escherichia coli that plays a role in pathogen survival. For nearly six decades since its discovery, the functional identities of the enzymes necessary to synthesize colanic acid have yet to be assessed in full. Herein, we developed a method for detecting the lipid-linked intermediates from each step of colanic acid biosynthesis in E. coli. The accumulation of each enzyme product was made possible by inactivating sequential genes involved in colanic acid biosynthesis and upregulating the colanic acid operon by inducing rcsA transcription. LC-MS analysis revealed that these accumulated materials were consistent with the well-documented composition analysis. Recapitulating the native bioassembly of colanic acid enabled us to identify the functional roles of the last two enzymes, WcaL and WcaK, associated with the formation of the lipid-linked oligosaccharide repeating unit of colanic acid. Importantly, biochemical evidence is provided for the formation of the final glycosylation hexasaccharide product formed by WcaL and the addition of a pyruvate moiety to form a pyruvylated hexasaccharide by WcaK. These findings provide insight into the development of methods for the identification of enzyme functions during cell envelope synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Matthew A Jorgenson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
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30
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Hsieh YC, Wang SH, Chen YY, Lin TL, Shie SS, Huang CT, Lee CH, Chen YC, Quyen TLT, Pan YJ. Association of capsular types with carbapenem resistance, disease severity, and mortality in Acinetobacter baumannii. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 9:2094-2104. [PMID: 32912064 PMCID: PMC7534287 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1822757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii emerged as one of the most
important pathogens that causes nosocomial infections due to its increased multidrug
resistance. Identifying capsular epidemiology in A.
baumannii can aid in the development of effective treatments and preventive
measures against this emerging pathogen. Here we established a wzc-based method, and combined it with wzy-PCR
to determine capsular types of A. baumannii causing
nosocomial bacteraemia collected at two medical centres in Taiwan from 2015 to 2017. Among
the 237 patients with A. baumannii bacteraemia, 98 (41.4%)
isolates were resistant to carbapenems. Four prevalent capsular types (KL2, KL10, KL22,
and KL52) accounted for 84.7% of carbapenem-resistant A.
baumannii (CRAB) and 12.2% of non-CRAB. The rate of pneumonia, intensive care
unit admission, APACHE II score, and Pitt bacteraemia score were higher in patients with
KL2/10/22/52 infection than in those with non-KL2/10/22/52 infection. Patients with
KL2/10/22/52 infection and patients with CRAB infection have a higher cumulative incidence
of attributable and all-cause in-hospital 30-day mortality. On multivariate analysis,
appropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy within 24 h was associated with a lower risk
of 30-day attributable mortality in the KL2/10/22/52 isolates (odds ratio = 0.19, 95% CI:
0.06–0.66, p = 0.008) but not in non-KL2/10/22/52 isolates.
Early recognition of carbapenem resistance-associated capsular types may help clinicians
to promptly implement appropriate antimicrobial therapy for improving the outcomes in
patients with CRAB bacteraemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chia Hsieh
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Heng Wang
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health and Public Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yin Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Lung Lin
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shian-Sen Shie
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Tai Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsiang Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital - Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tran Lam Tu Quyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jiun Pan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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31
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The surprising structural and mechanistic dichotomy of membrane-associated phosphoglycosyl transferases. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1189-1203. [PMID: 34100892 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoglycosyl transferases (PGTs) play a pivotal role at the inception of complex glycoconjugate biosynthesis pathways across all domains of life. PGTs promote the first membrane-committed step in the en bloc biosynthetic strategy by catalyzing the transfer of a phospho-sugar from a nucleoside diphospho-sugar to a membrane-resident polyprenol phosphate. Studies on the PGTs have been hampered because they are integral membrane proteins, and often prove to be recalcitrant to expression, purification and analysis. However, in recent years exciting new information has been derived on the structures and the mechanisms of PGTs, revealing the existence of two unique superfamilies of PGT enzymes that enact catalysis at the membrane interface. Genome neighborhood analysis shows that these superfamilies, the polytopic PGT (polyPGT) and monotopic PGT (monoPGT), may initiate different pathways within the same organism. Moreover, the same fundamental two-substrate reaction is enacted through two different chemical mechanisms with distinct modes of catalysis. This review highlights the structural and mechanistic divergence between the PGT enzyme superfamilies and how this is reflected in differences in regulation in their varied glycoconjugate biosynthesis pathways.
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32
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Semeraro EF, Marx L, Mandl J, Frewein MPK, Scott HL, Prévost S, Bergler H, Lohner K, Pabst G. Evolution of the analytical scattering model of live Escherichia coli. J Appl Crystallogr 2021; 54:473-485. [PMID: 33953653 PMCID: PMC8056759 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576721000169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A previously reported multi-scale model for (ultra-)small-angle X-ray (USAXS/SAXS) and (very) small-angle neutron scattering (VSANS/SANS) of live Escherichia coli was revised on the basis of compositional/metabolomic and ultrastructural constraints. The cellular body is modeled, as previously described, by an ellipsoid with multiple shells. However, scattering originating from flagella was replaced by a term accounting for the oligosaccharide cores of the lipopolysaccharide leaflet of the outer membrane including its cross-term with the cellular body. This was mainly motivated by (U)SAXS experiments showing indistinguishable scattering for bacteria in the presence and absence of flagella or fimbrae. The revised model succeeded in fitting USAXS/SAXS and differently contrasted VSANS/SANS data of E. coli ATCC 25922 over four orders of magnitude in length scale. Specifically, this approach provides detailed insight into structural features of the cellular envelope, including the distance of the inner and outer membranes, as well as the scattering length densities of all bacterial compartments. The model was also successfully applied to E. coli K12, used for the authors' original modeling, as well as for two other E. coli strains. Significant differences were detected between the different strains in terms of bacterial size, intermembrane distance and its positional fluctuations. These findings corroborate the general applicability of the approach outlined here to quantitatively study the effect of bactericidal compounds on ultrastructural features of Gram-negative bacteria without the need to resort to any invasive staining or labeling agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico F Semeraro
- University of Graz, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Field of Excellence BioHealth - University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Lisa Marx
- University of Graz, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Field of Excellence BioHealth - University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes Mandl
- University of Graz, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Field of Excellence BioHealth - University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Moritz P K Frewein
- University of Graz, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Field of Excellence BioHealth - University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Institut Laue-Langevin, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Haden L Scott
- University of Tennessee, Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Helmut Bergler
- University of Graz, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Field of Excellence BioHealth - University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Karl Lohner
- University of Graz, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Field of Excellence BioHealth - University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Georg Pabst
- University of Graz, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Field of Excellence BioHealth - University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Ageorges V, Monteiro R, Leroy S, Burgess CM, Pizza M, Chaucheyras-Durand F, Desvaux M. Molecular determinants of surface colonisation in diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC): from bacterial adhesion to biofilm formation. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 44:314-350. [PMID: 32239203 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is primarily known as a commensal colonising the gastrointestinal tract of infants very early in life but some strains being responsible for diarrhoea, which can be especially severe in young children. Intestinal pathogenic E. coli include six pathotypes of diarrhoeagenic E. coli (DEC), namely, the (i) enterotoxigenic E. coli, (ii) enteroaggregative E. coli, (iii) enteropathogenic E. coli, (iv) enterohemorragic E. coli, (v) enteroinvasive E. coli and (vi) diffusely adherent E. coli. Prior to human infection, DEC can be found in natural environments, animal reservoirs, food processing environments and contaminated food matrices. From an ecophysiological point of view, DEC thus deal with very different biotopes and biocoenoses all along the food chain. In this context, this review focuses on the wide range of surface molecular determinants acting as surface colonisation factors (SCFs) in DEC. In the first instance, SCFs can be broadly discriminated into (i) extracellular polysaccharides, (ii) extracellular DNA and (iii) surface proteins. Surface proteins constitute the most diverse group of SCFs broadly discriminated into (i) monomeric SCFs, such as autotransporter (AT) adhesins, inverted ATs, heat-resistant agglutinins or some moonlighting proteins, (ii) oligomeric SCFs, namely, the trimeric ATs and (iii) supramolecular SCFs, including flagella and numerous pili, e.g. the injectisome, type 4 pili, curli chaperone-usher pili or conjugative pili. This review also details the gene regulatory network of these numerous SCFs at the various stages as it occurs from pre-transcriptional to post-translocational levels, which remains to be fully elucidated in many cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Ageorges
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ricardo Monteiro
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,GSK, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Sabine Leroy
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Catherine M Burgess
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | | | - Frédérique Chaucheyras-Durand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Lallemand Animal Nutrition SAS, F-31702 Blagnac Cedex, France
| | - Mickaël Desvaux
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Ranjan M, Khokhani D, Nayaka S, Srivastava S, Keyser ZP, Ranjan A. Genomic diversity and organization of complex polysaccharide biosynthesis clusters in the genus Dickeya. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245727. [PMID: 33571209 PMCID: PMC7877592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The pectinolytic genus Dickeya (formerly Erwinia chrysanthemi) comprises numerous pathogenic species which cause diseases in various crops and ornamental plants across the globe. Their pathogenicity is governed by complex multi-factorial processes of adaptive virulence gene regulation. Extracellular polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides present on bacterial envelope surface play a significant role in the virulence of phytopathogenic bacteria. However, very little is known about the genomic location, diversity, and organization of the polysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide biosynthetic gene clusters in Dickeya. In the present study, we report the diversity and structural organization of the group 4 capsule (G4C)/O-antigen capsule, putative O-antigen lipopolysaccharide, enterobacterial common antigen, and core lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis clusters from 54 Dickeya strains. The presence of these clusters suggests that Dickeya has both capsule and lipopolysaccharide carrying O-antigen to their external surface. These gene clusters are key regulatory components in the composition and structure of the outer surface of Dickeya. The O-antigen capsule/group 4 capsule (G4C) coding region shows a variation in gene content and organization. Based on nucleotide sequence homology in these Dickeya strains, two distinct groups, G4C group I and G4C group II, exist. However, comparatively less variation is observed in the putative O-antigen lipopolysaccharide cluster in Dickeya spp. except for in Dickeya zeae. Also, enterobacterial common antigen and core lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis clusters are present mostly as conserved genomic regions. The variation in the O-antigen capsule and putative O-antigen lipopolysaccharide coding region in relation to their phylogeny suggests a role of multiple horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events. These multiple HGT processes might have been manifested into the current heterogeneity of O-antigen capsules and O-antigen lipopolysaccharides in Dickeya strains during its evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Ranjan
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Devanshi Khokhani
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Sanjeeva Nayaka
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Suchi Srivastava
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Zachary P. Keyser
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ashish Ranjan
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Plant Sciences (SLS), University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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35
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Bartling B, Brüchle NC, Rehfeld JS, Boßmann D, Fiebig T, Litschko C, Fohrer J, Gerardy-Schahn R, Scheper T, Beutel S. Accelerated production of α2,8- and α2,9-linked polysialic acid in recombinant Escherichia coli using high cell density cultivation. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 28:e00562. [PMID: 33304838 PMCID: PMC7711218 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polysialic acid (polySia) are α2,8- and/or α2,9-linked homopolymers with interesting properties for meningococcal vaccine development or the cure of human neurodegenerative disorders. With the goal to avoid large scale production of pathogenic bacteria, we compare in the current study the efficacy of conventional polySia production to recombinant approaches using the engineered laboratory safety strain E. coli BL21. High cell density cultivation (HCDC) experiments were performed in two different bioreactor systems. Increased cell densities of up to 11.3 (±0.4) g/L and polySia concentrations of up to 774 (±18) mg/L were reached in E. coli K1. However, cultivation of engineered E. coli BL21 strains delivered comparable cell densities but a maximum of only 133 mg/L polySia. Using established downstream procedures, host cell DNA and proteins were removed. All recombinant polySia products showed an identical degree of polymerization >90. Polymers with different glycosidic linkages could be successfully differentiated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Bartling
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nora C. Brüchle
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Johanna S. Rehfeld
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Daniel Boßmann
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Timm Fiebig
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christa Litschko
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jörg Fohrer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Rita Gerardy-Schahn
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sascha Beutel
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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36
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Gregorchuk BSJ, Reimer SL, Beniac DR, Hiebert SL, Booth TF, Wuzinski M, Funk BE, Milner KA, Cartwright NH, Doucet AN, Mulvey MR, Khajehpour M, Zhanel GG, Bay DC. Antiseptic quaternary ammonium compound tolerance by gram-negative bacteria can be rapidly detected using an impermeant fluorescent dye-based assay. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20543. [PMID: 33239659 PMCID: PMC7689532 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77446-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocides such as quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are potentially important contributors towards bacterial antimicrobial resistance development, however, their contributions are unclear due to a lack of internationally recognized biocide testing standards. Methods to detect QAC tolerance are limited to laborious traditional antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) methods. Here, we developed a rapid fluorescent dye-based membrane impermeant assay (RFDMIA) to discriminate QAC susceptibility among Gram-negative Enterobacterales and Pseudomonadales species. RFDMIA uses a membrane impermeant fluorescent dye, propidium iodide, in a 30-min 96-well fluorescent microplate-based assay where cell suspensions are exposed to increasing QAC concentrations. Our results demonstrate that RFDMIA can discriminate between QAC-susceptible and QAC-adapted Escherichia coli tolerant phenotypes and predict benzalkonium and cetrimide tolerance in all species tested except for intrinsically fluorescent Pseudomonas aeruginosa. RFDMIA identified a close association to minimum inhibitory concentration values determined by broth microdilution AST and increasing fluorescent dye emission values. RFDMIA emission values and scanning electron microscopy results also suggest that CET-adapted E. coli isolates have a CET dependence, where cells require sub-inhibitory CET concentrations to maintain bacilliform cell integrity. Overall, this study generates a new, rapid, sensitive fluorescent assay capable of detecting QAC-susceptible Gram-negative bacteria phenotypes and cell membrane perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branden S J Gregorchuk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Rm 514C Basic Medical Sciences Bldg., 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Shelby L Reimer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Rm 514C Basic Medical Sciences Bldg., 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Daniel R Beniac
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Shannon L Hiebert
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Timothy F Booth
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Michelle Wuzinski
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Rm 514C Basic Medical Sciences Bldg., 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Brielle E Funk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Rm 514C Basic Medical Sciences Bldg., 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Kieran A Milner
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Rm 514C Basic Medical Sciences Bldg., 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Nicola H Cartwright
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Rm 514C Basic Medical Sciences Bldg., 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Ali N Doucet
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Rm 514C Basic Medical Sciences Bldg., 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Michael R Mulvey
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Mazdak Khajehpour
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - George G Zhanel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Rm 514C Basic Medical Sciences Bldg., 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Denice C Bay
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Rm 514C Basic Medical Sciences Bldg., 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada.
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Díaz-Zúñiga J, More J, Melgar-Rodríguez S, Jiménez-Unión M, Villalobos-Orchard F, Muñoz-Manríquez C, Monasterio G, Valdés JL, Vernal R, Paula-Lima A. Alzheimer's Disease-Like Pathology Triggered by Porphyromonas gingivalis in Wild Type Rats Is Serotype Dependent. Front Immunol 2020; 11:588036. [PMID: 33240277 PMCID: PMC7680957 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.588036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is a disease of tooth-supporting tissues. It is a chronic disease with inflammatory nature and infectious etiology produced by a dysbiotic subgingival microbiota that colonizes the gingivodental sulcus. Among several periodontal bacteria, Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) highlights as a keystone pathogen. Previous reports have implied that chronic inflammatory response and measurable bone resorption are observed in young mice, even after a short period of periodontal infection with P. gingivalis, which has been considered as a suitable model of experimental periodontitis. Also, encapsulated P. gingivalis strains are more virulent than capsular-defective mutants, causing an increased immune response, augmented osteoclastic activity, and accrued alveolar bone resorption in these rodent experimental models of periodontitis. Recently, P. gingivalis has been associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis, either by worsening brain pathology in AD-transgenic mice or by inducing memory impairment and age-dependent neuroinflammation middle-aged wild type animals. We hypothesized here that the more virulent encapsulated P. gingivalis strains could trigger the appearance of brain AD-markers, neuroinflammation, and cognitive decline even in young rats subjected to a short periodontal infection exposure, due to their higher capacity of activating brain inflammatory responses. To test this hypothesis, we periodontally inoculated 4-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats with K1, K2, or K4 P. gingivalis serotypes and the K1-isogenic non-encapsulated mutant (GPA), used as a control. 45-days after periodontal inoculations with P. gingivalis serotypes, rat´s spatial memory was evaluated for six consecutive days in the Oasis maze task. Following functional testing, the animals were sacrificed, and various tissues were removed to analyze alveolar bone resorption, cytokine production, and detect AD-specific biomarkers. Strikingly, only K1 or K2 P. gingivalis-infected rats displayed memory deficits, increased alveolar bone resorption, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, changes in astrocytic morphology, increased Aβ1-42 levels, and Tau hyperphosphorylation in the hippocampus. None of these effects were observed in rats infected with the non-encapsulated bacterial strains. Based on these results, we propose that the bacterial virulence factors constituted by capsular polysaccharides play a central role in activating innate immunity and inflammation in the AD-like pathology triggered by P. gingivalis in young rats subjected to an acute experimental infection episode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Díaz-Zúñiga
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jamileth More
- Centro de Investigación Clínica Avanzada (CICA), Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Matías Jiménez-Unión
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Gustavo Monasterio
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Luis Valdés
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rolando Vernal
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Paula-Lima
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Dentistry, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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38
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Abstract
The outer membrane (OM) of Gram-negative bacteria poses a barrier to antibiotic entry due to its high impermeability. Thus, there is an urgent need to study the function and biogenesis of the OM. In Enterobacterales, an order of bacteria with many pathogenic members, one of the components of the OM is enterobacterial common antigen (ECA). We have known of the presence of ECA on the cell surface of Enterobacterales for many years, but its properties have only more recently begun to be unraveled. ECA is a carbohydrate antigen built of repeating units of three amino sugars, the structure of which is conserved throughout Enterobacterales. There are three forms of ECA, two of which (ECAPG and ECALPS) are located on the cell surface, while one (ECACYC) is located in the periplasm. Awareness of the importance of ECA has increased due to studies of its function that show it plays a vital role in bacterial physiology and interaction with the environment. Here, we review the discovery of ECA, the pathways for the biosynthesis of ECA, and the interactions of its various forms. In addition, we consider the role of ECA in the host immune response, as well as its potential roles in host-pathogen interaction. Furthermore, we explore recent work that offers insights into the cellular function of ECA. This review provides a glimpse of the biological significance of this enigmatic molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh K Rai
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Angela M Mitchell
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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39
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Shum RL, Liu SR, Caschera A, Foucher DA. UV-Curable Surface-Attached Antimicrobial Polymeric Onium Coatings: Designing Effective, Solvent-Resistant Coatings for Plastic Surfaces. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:4302-4315. [PMID: 35025430 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Contact-active ammonium and phosphonium antimicrobial polymeric coatings grafted to plastic surfaces by UV treatment are described. Robust, antimicrobial styrenic polymeric scaffolds copolymerized with a low loading of UV-curable benzophenone were prepared by nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP). Similar reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT)-controlled radical polymerizations were attempted for comparison. These random styrenics were further functionalized into partially quaternarized water-soluble cationic polymers. UV-cured polymeric thin film coatings possessing cationic groups with n-alkyl substituents of n ≤ 2 demonstrate antimicrobial properties against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, while species containing bulkier or longer substituents were biologically inactive. The UV-cured cationic antimicrobial polymeric onium thin films also demonstrate enhanced abrasion and chemical resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Shum
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 2K3
| | - Siobhan R Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 2K3
| | - Alexander Caschera
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 2K3
| | - Daniel A Foucher
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 2K3
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40
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To H, Teshima K, Kon M, Yasuda S, Akaike Y, Shibuya K, Nagai S, Sasakawa C. Characterization of nontypeable Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:581-584. [PMID: 32517629 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720931469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Two Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates from clinical cases of porcine pleuropneumonia in Japan were positive in the capsular serovar 15-specific PCR assay, but nontypeable (NT) in the agar gel precipitation (AGP) test. Nucleotide sequence analysis of gene clusters involved in the biosynthesis of capsular polysaccharide (CPS) and lipopolysaccharide O-polysaccharide (O-PS) revealed that both clusters contained transposable element ISApl1 of A. pleuropneumoniae belonging to the IS30 family. Immunoblot analysis revealed that these 2 isolates could not produce O-PS. We conclude that the ISApl1 of A. pleuropneumoniae can interfere in the biosynthesis of both CPS and O-PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho To
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Ome, Tokyo, Japan (To, Teshima, Kon, Yasuda, Akaike, Shibuya, Nagai, Sasakawa).,Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (Sasakawa)
| | - Kaho Teshima
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Ome, Tokyo, Japan (To, Teshima, Kon, Yasuda, Akaike, Shibuya, Nagai, Sasakawa).,Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (Sasakawa)
| | - Michiha Kon
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Ome, Tokyo, Japan (To, Teshima, Kon, Yasuda, Akaike, Shibuya, Nagai, Sasakawa).,Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (Sasakawa)
| | - Saori Yasuda
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Ome, Tokyo, Japan (To, Teshima, Kon, Yasuda, Akaike, Shibuya, Nagai, Sasakawa).,Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (Sasakawa)
| | - Yuta Akaike
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Ome, Tokyo, Japan (To, Teshima, Kon, Yasuda, Akaike, Shibuya, Nagai, Sasakawa).,Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (Sasakawa)
| | - Kazumoto Shibuya
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Ome, Tokyo, Japan (To, Teshima, Kon, Yasuda, Akaike, Shibuya, Nagai, Sasakawa).,Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (Sasakawa)
| | - Shinya Nagai
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Ome, Tokyo, Japan (To, Teshima, Kon, Yasuda, Akaike, Shibuya, Nagai, Sasakawa).,Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (Sasakawa)
| | - Chihiro Sasakawa
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Ome, Tokyo, Japan (To, Teshima, Kon, Yasuda, Akaike, Shibuya, Nagai, Sasakawa).,Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (Sasakawa)
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Novel Insights and Features of the NDM-5-Producing Escherichia coli Sequence Type 167 High-Risk Clone. mSphere 2020; 5:5/2/e00269-20. [PMID: 32350092 PMCID: PMC7193042 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00269-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli sequence type 167 (ST167), producing the metallo beta-lactamase NDM-5, has been isolated as a colonizer of patients recovered at the University Hospital Policlinico Umberto I of Rome. Phylogenesis and comparative analysis of the genomes of these strains were performed against 343 ST167 genomes available from the EnteroBase database. These analyses revealed that resistance plasmids, integrative conjugative elements (ICEs), carrying the yersiniabactin virulence trait and capsular synthesis gene clusters had variable compositions and distributions within different strains of the ST167 clone. A novel capsular synthesis gene cluster, highly similar to the K48 cluster previously described only for Klebsiella pneumoniae, was identified in phylogenetically related strains of the ST167 clone.IMPORTANCE Global dissemination of some E. coli high-risk clones has been described in the last decades. The most widespread was the ST131 clone, associated with extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL) production. Genomics of ST131 demonstrated that one clade within the ST emerged in the early 2000s, followed by a rapid, global expansion. The E. coli ST167 clone is emerging throughout the world, being frequently reported for its association with carbapenem resistance. Our study shows that virulence features are differently represented within the ST167 population. One clade shows the K48 capsular synthesis gene cluster of K. pneumoniae, not previously described for E. coli, and is populated by NDM-5-producing strains. The combination of resistance and virulence may sustain the global expansion of this specific ST167 clade.
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Velichko NS, Grinev VS, Fedonenko YP. Characterization of biopolymers produced by planktonic and biofilm cells of Herbaspirillum lusitanum P6-12. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:1349-1363. [PMID: 32216024 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The goal of this study was to characterize biopolymers from two modes of the Herbaspirillum lusitanum P6-12 growth: planktonic, in which cells are free swimming, and biofilm life style, in which the cells are sessile. METHODS AND RESULTS Differences in biopolymers composition from planktonic and biofilm cells of H. lusitanum strain P6-12 were analysed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, gas-liquid chromatography and spectrophotometry. A high degree of polymer separation and purification was achieved by ultracentrifugation, and column chromatography allowed us to identify the chemical differences between biopolymers from biofilm and planktonic H. lusitanum. It was shown that planktonic cells of H. lusitanum P6-12 when cultivated in a liquid medium to the end of the exponential phase of growth, produced two high-molecular-weight glycoconjugates (were arbitrarily called CPS-I and CPS-II) of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) nature and a lipid-polysacharide complex (were arbitrarily called EPS). The EPS, CPS-I, CPS-II had different monosaccharide and lipid compositions. The extracellular polymeric matrix (EPM) produced by the biofilm cells was mostly proteinaceous, with a small amount of carbohydrates (up to 3%). From the biofilm culture medium, a free extracellular polymeric substance (was arbitrarily called fEPS) was obtained that contained proteins and carbohydrates (up to 7%). The cells outside the biofilm had capsules containing high-molecular-weight glycoconjugate (was arbitrarily called CPSFBC ) that consisted of carbohydrates (up to 10%), proteins (up to 16%) and lipids (up to 70%). CONCLUSIONS During biofilm formation, the bacteria secreted surface biopolymers that differed from those of the planktonic cells. The heterogeneity of the polysaccharide containing biopolymers of the H. lusitanum P6-12 surface is probably conditioned by their different functions in plant colonization and formation of an efficient symbiosis, as well as in cell adaptation to existence in plant tissues. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results of the study permit a better understanding of the physiological properties of the biopolymers, for example, in plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Velichko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov, Russia
| | - V S Grinev
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov, Russia
| | - Y P Fedonenko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov, Russia
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43
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Escherichia coli O-antigen capsule (group 4) is essential for serum resistance. Res Microbiol 2020; 171:99-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Mechanism-of-Action Classification of Antibiotics by Global Transcriptome Profiling. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.01207-19. [PMID: 31907190 PMCID: PMC7038283 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01207-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an ever-growing public health problem worldwide. The low rate of antibiotic discovery coupled with the rapid spread of drug-resistant bacterial pathogens is causing a global health crisis. To facilitate the drug discovery processes, we present a large-scale study of reference antibiotic challenge bacterial transcriptome profiles, which included 37 antibiotics across 6 mechanisms of actions (MOAs) and provide an economical approach to aid in antimicrobial dereplication in the discovery process. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an ever-growing public health problem worldwide. The low rate of antibiotic discovery coupled with the rapid spread of drug-resistant bacterial pathogens is causing a global health crisis. To facilitate the drug discovery processes, we present a large-scale study of reference antibiotic challenge bacterial transcriptome profiles, which included 37 antibiotics across 6 mechanisms of actions (MOAs) and provide an economical approach to aid in antimicrobial dereplication in the discovery process. We demonstrate that classical MOAs can be sorted based upon the magnitude of gene expression profiles despite some overlap in the secondary effects of antibiotic exposures across MOAs. Additionally, using gene subsets, we were able to subdivide broad MOA classes into subMOAs. Furthermore, we provide a biomarker gene set that can be used to classify most antimicrobial challenges according to their canonical MOA. We also demonstrate the ability of this rapid MOA diagnostic tool to predict and classify the expression profiles of pure compounds and crude extracts to their expression profile-associated MOA class.
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Felz S, Neu TR, van Loosdrecht MCM, Lin Y. Aerobic granular sludge contains Hyaluronic acid-like and sulfated glycosaminoglycans-like polymers. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 169:115291. [PMID: 31734393 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear heteropolysaccharides containing a derivative of an amino sugar. The possibility of the presence of GAGs in aerobic granular sludge was studied by combining SDS-PAGE with Alcian Blue staining (at pH 2.5 and 1), FTIR, mammalian Hyaluronic acid and sulfated GAG analysis kits, enzymatic digestion and specific in situ visualization by Heparin Red and lectin staining. GAGs, including Hyaluronic acid-like and sulfated GAGs-like polymers were found in aerobic granular sludge. The sulfated GAGs-like polymers contained Chondroitin sulfate and Heparan sulfate/Heparin based on their sensitivity to the digestion by Chondroitinase ABC and Heparinase I & III. Heparin Red and lectin staining demonstrated that, the sulfated GAGs-like polymers were not only present in the extracellular matrix, but also filled in the space between the cells inside the microcolonies. The GAGs-like polymers in aerobic granules were different from those produced by pathogenic bacteria but resemble those produced by vertebrates. Findings reported here and in previous studies on granular sludge described in literature indicate that GAGs-like polymers might be widespread in granular sludge/biofilm and contribute to the stability of these systems. The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in granular sludge/biofilm are far more complicated than they are currently appreciated. Integrated and multidisciplinary analyses are significantly required to study the EPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Felz
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas R Neu
- Microbiology of Interfaces, Department River Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Brueckstrasse 3A, 39114, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mark C M van Loosdrecht
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Yuemei Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, the Netherlands.
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Abstract
Temperature is an important parameter in bioprocesses, influencing the structure and functionality of almost every biomolecule, as well as affecting metabolic reaction rates. In industrial biotechnology, the temperature is usually tightly controlled at an optimum value. Smart variation of the temperature to optimize the performance of a bioprocess brings about multiple complex and interconnected metabolic changes and is so far only rarely applied. Mathematical descriptions and models facilitate a reduction in complexity, as well as an understanding, of these interconnections. Starting in the 19th century with the “primal” temperature model of Svante Arrhenius, a variety of models have evolved over time to describe growth and enzymatic reaction rates as functions of temperature. Data-driven empirical approaches, as well as complex mechanistic models based on thermodynamic knowledge of biomolecular behavior at different temperatures, have been developed. Even though underlying biological mechanisms and mathematical models have been well-described, temperature as a control variable is only scarcely applied in bioprocess engineering, and as a conclusion, an exploitation strategy merging both in context has not yet been established. In this review, the most important models for physiological, biochemical, and physical properties governed by temperature are presented and discussed, along with application perspectives. As such, this review provides a toolset for future exploitation perspectives of temperature in bioprocess engineering.
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Nanayakkara BS, O'Brien CL, Gordon DM. Phenotypic characteristics contributing to the enhanced growth of Escherichia coli bloom strains. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2019; 11:817-824. [PMID: 31642169 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
During bloom events, Escherichia coli cell counts increase to between 10,000 and 100,000 cfu/100 ml of water. The strains responsible for bloom events belong to E. coli phylogenetic groups A and B1, and all have acquired a capsule from Klebsiella. A pan-genome comparison of phylogroup A E. coli revealed that the ferric citrate uptake system (fecIRABCDE) was overrepresented in phylogroup A bloom strains compared with non-bloom E. coli. A series of experiments were carried out to investigate if the capsule together with ferric citrate uptake system could confer a growth rate advantage on E. coli. Capsulated strains had a growth rate advantage regardless of the media composition and the presence/absence of the fec operon, and they had a shorter lag phase compared with capsule-negative strains. The results suggest that the Klebsiella capsule may facilitate nutrient uptake or utilization by a strain. This, together with the protective roles played by the capsule and the shorter lag phase of capsule-positive strains, may explain why it is only capsule-positive strains that produce elevated counts in response to nutrient influx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buddhie S Nanayakkara
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, RN Robertson Building, 46 Sullivans Creek Road, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Claire L O'Brien
- Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - David M Gordon
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, RN Robertson Building, 46 Sullivans Creek Road, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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48
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Velichko NS, Fedonenko YP. Phage antibodies for the immunochemical characterization of Herbaspirillum seropedicae Z78 glycopolymers. ANN MICROBIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-019-01490-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Richter P, Krüger M, Prasad B, Gastiger S, Bodenschatz M, Wieder F, Burkovski A, Geißdörfer W, Lebert M, Strauch SM. Using Colistin as a Trojan Horse: Inactivation of Gram-Negative Bacteria with Chlorophyllin. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:E158. [PMID: 31547053 PMCID: PMC6963628 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Colistin (polymyxin E) is a membrane-destabilizing antibiotic used against Gram-negative bacteria. We have recently reported that the outer membrane prevents the uptake of antibacterial chlorophyllin into Gram-negative cells. In this study, we used sub-toxic concentrations of colistin to weaken this barrier for a combination treatment of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium with chlorophyllin. In the presence of 0.25 µg/mL colistin, chlorophyllin was able to inactivate both bacteria strains at concentrations of 5-10 mg/L for E. coli and 0.5-1 mg/L for S. Typhimurium, which showed a higher overall susceptibility to chlorophyllin treatment. In accordance with a previous study, chlorophyllin has proven antibacterial activity both as a photosensitizer, illuminated with 12 mW/cm2, and in darkness. Our data clearly confirmed the relevance of the outer membrane in protection against xenobiotics. Combination treatment with colistin broadens chlorophyllin's application spectrum against Gram-negatives and gives rise to the assumption that chlorophyllin together with cell membrane-destabilizing substances may become a promising approach in bacteria control. Furthermore, we demonstrated that colistin acts as a door opener even for the photodynamic inactivation of colistin-resistant (mcr-1-positive) E. coli cells by chlorophyllin, which could help us to overcome this antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Richter
- Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Binod Prasad
- Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Susanne Gastiger
- Microbiology Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Mona Bodenschatz
- Microbiology Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Florian Wieder
- Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Burkovski
- Microbiology Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Walter Geißdörfer
- Microbiological Diagnostics, Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Michael Lebert
- Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Sebastian M Strauch
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, University of Joinville Region, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10, Joinville 89219-710, Brazil.
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Phanphak S, Georgiades P, Li R, King J, Roberts IS, Waigh TA. Super-Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy Study of the Production of K1 Capsules by Escherichia coli: Evidence for the Differential Distribution of the Capsule at the Poles and the Equator of the Cell. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:5635-5646. [PMID: 30916568 PMCID: PMC6492954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b04122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The production of Escherichia coli K1 serotype capsule was investigated using direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy with live bacteria and graphene oxide-coated coverslips, overcoming many morphological artifacts found in other high-resolution imaging techniques. Super-resolution fluorescence images showed that the K1 capsular polysaccharide is not uniformly distributed on the cell surface, as previously thought. These studies demonstrated that on the cell surfaces the K1 capsule at the poles had bimodal thicknesses of 238 ± 41 and 323 ± 62 nm, whereas at the equator, there was a monomodal thickness of 217 ± 29 nm. This bimodal variation was also observed in high-pressure light-scattering chromatography measurements of purified K1 capsular polysaccharide. Particle tracking demonstrated that the formation of the capsule was dominated by the expansion of lyso-phosphatidylglycerol (lyso-PG) rafts that anchor the capsular polysaccharide in the outer membrane, and the expansion of these rafts across the cell surface was driven by new material transported through the capsular biosynthesis channels. The discovery of thicker capsules at the poles of the cell will have implications in mediating interactions between the bacterium and its immediate environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jane King
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Michael Smith Building , The University of Manchester , Dover Street , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
| | - Ian S Roberts
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Michael Smith Building , The University of Manchester , Dover Street , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
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