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Serna-Duque JA, Esteban MÁ. Effects of inflammation and/or infection on the neuroendocrine control of fish intestinal motility: A review. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:342-356. [PMID: 32454211 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Food is the largest expense in fish farms. On the other hand, the fish health and wellbeing are determining factors in aquaculture production where nutrition is a vital process for growing animals. In fact, it is important to remember that digestion and nutrition are crucial for animals' physiology. However, digestion is a very complex process in which food is processed to obtain necessary nutrients and central mechanisms of this process require both endocrine and neuronal regulation. In this context, intestinal motility is essential for the absorption of the nutrients (digestive process determining nutrition). An imbalance in the intestinal motility due to an inadequate diet or an infectious process could result in a lower use of the food and inefficiency in obtaining nutrients from food. Very frequently, farmed fish are infected with different pathogenic microorganism and this situation could alter gastrointestinal physiology and, indirectly reduce fish growth. For these reasons, the present review focuses on analysing how different inflammatory molecules or infections can alter conventional modulators of fish intestinal motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhon A Serna-Duque
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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Dafalla AI, Mhalhal TR, Hiscocks K, Heath J, Sayegh AI. The Vagus Nerve and the Celiaco-mesenteric Ganglia Participate in the Feeding Responses Evoked by Non-sulfated Cholecystokinin-8 in Male Sprague Dawley Rats. Endocr Res 2020; 45:73-83. [PMID: 31573821 DOI: 10.1080/07435800.2019.1670673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that non-sulfated cholecystokinin-8 (NS CCK-8) reduces food intake in adult male Sprague Dawley rats by activating cholecystokinin-B receptor (CCK-BR). Here, we tested the hypothesis that the vagus nerve and the celiaco-mesenteric ganglia may play a role in this reduction. The hypothesis stems from the following facts. The vagus and the celiaco-mesenteric ganglia contain NS CCK-8, they express and have binding sites for CCK-BR, NS CCK-8 activates CCK-BR on afferent vagal and sympathetic fibers and the two structures link the gastrointestinal tract to central feeding nuclei in the brain, which also contain the peptide and CCK-BR. To test this hypothesis, three groups of free-feeding rats, vagotomy (VGX), celiaco-mesenteric ganglionectomy (CMGX) and sham-operated, received NS CCK-8 (0, 0.5 and 1 nmol/kg) intraperitoneally prior to the onset of the dark cycle and various feeding behaviors were recorded. We found that in sham-operated rats both doses of NS CCK-8 reduced meal size (MS), prolonged the intermeal interval (IMI, time between first and second meal), increased satiety ratio (SR = IMI/MS), reduced 24-h food intake and reduced the number of meals relative to saline control. In the VGX and the CMGX groups, all of the previous responses were attenuated. Consistent with our hypothesis, the findings of the current work suggest a role for the vagus nerve and the celiaco-mesenteric ganglia in the feeding responses evoked by NS CCK-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amged I Dafalla
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, USA
| | - Thaer R Mhalhal
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Basra University, Basra, Iraq
| | - Kenneth Hiscocks
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, USA
| | - John Heath
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, USA
| | - Ayman I Sayegh
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, USA
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Barbara G, Grover M, Bercik P, Corsetti M, Ghoshal UC, Ohman L, Rajilić-Stojanović M. Rome Foundation Working Team Report on Post-Infection Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:46-58.e7. [PMID: 30009817 PMCID: PMC6309514 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The existence of postinfection irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS) has been substantiated by epidemiology studies conducted in diverse geographic and clinical settings. However, the available evidence has not been well summarized, and there is little guidance for diagnosis and treatment of PI-IBS. The ROME Foundation has produced a working team report to summarize the available evidence on the pathophysiology of PI-IBS and provide guidance for diagnosis and treatment, based on findings reported in the literature and clinical experience. METHODS The working team conducted an evidence-based review of publication databases for articles describing the clinical features (diagnosis), pathophysiology (intestinal sensorimotor function, microbiota, immune dysregulation, barrier dysfunction, enteroendocrine pathways, and genetics), and animal models of PI-IBS. We used a Delphi-based consensus system to create guidelines for management of PI-IBS and a developed treatment algorithm based on published findings and experiences of team members. RESULTS PI-IBS develops in about 10% of patients with infectious enteritis. Risk factors include female sex, younger age, psychological distress during or before acute gastroenteritis, and severity of the acute episode. The pathogenesis of PI-PBS appears to involve changes in the intestinal microbiome as well as epithelial, serotonergic, and immune system factors. However, these mechanisms are incompletely understood. There are no evidence-based, effective pharmacologic strategies for treatment of PI-IBS. We provide a consensus-based treatment algorithm, based on clinical presentation and potential disease mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS Based on a systematic review of the literature and team experience, we summarize the clinical features, pathophysiology (from animal models and human studies), and progression of PI-IBS. Based on these findings, we present an algorithm for diagnosis and treatment of PI-IBS based on team consensus. We also propose areas for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Barbara
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Madhusudan Grover
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Premysl Bercik
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maura Corsetti
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Uday C Ghoshal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Lena Ohman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mirjana Rajilić-Stojanović
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Villalobos-Hernández EC, Barajas-López C, Martínez-Salazar EA, Salgado-Delgado RC, Miranda-Morales M. Cholinergic signaling plasticity maintains viscerosensory responses during Aspiculuris tetraptera infection in mice small intestine. Auton Neurosci 2017. [PMID: 28641950 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal parasites alter gastrointestinal (GI) functions like the cholinergic function. Aspiculuris tetraptera is a pinworm frequently observed in laboratory facilities, which infests the mice cecum and proximal colon. However, little is known about the impact of this infection on the GI sensitivity. Here, we investigated possible changes in spontaneous mesenteric nerve activity and on the mechanosensitivity function of worm-free regions of naturally infected mice with A. tetraptera. Infection increased the basal firing of mesenteric afferent nerves in jejunum. Our findings indicate that nicotinic but not muscarinic receptors, similarly affect spontaneous nerve firing in control and infected animals; these axons are mainly vagal. No difference between groups was observed on spontaneous activity after nicotinic receptor inhibition. However, and contrary to the control group, during infection, the muscarinic signaling was shown to be elevated during mechanosensory experiments. In conclusion, we showed for the first time that alterations induced by infection of the basal afferent activity were independent of the cholinergic function but changes in mechanosensitivity were mediated by muscarinic, but not nicotinic, receptors and specifically by high threshold nerve fibers (activated above 20mmHg), known to play a role in nociception. These plastic changes within the muscarinic signaling would function as a compensatory mechanism to maintain a full mechanosensory response and the excitability of nociceptors during infection. These changes indicate that pinworm colonic infection can target other tissues away from the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egina C Villalobos-Hernández
- División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, San Luís Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Carlos Barajas-López
- División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, San Luís Potosí, SLP, Mexico.
| | - Elizabeth A Martínez-Salazar
- Laboratorio de Colecciones Biológicas y Sistemática Molecular, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Mexico
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Halliez MCM, Buret AG. Gastrointestinal Parasites and the Neural Control of Gut Functions. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:452. [PMID: 26635531 PMCID: PMC4658430 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal motility and transport of water and electrolytes play key roles in the pathophysiology of diarrhea upon exposure to enteric parasites. These processes are actively modulated by the enteric nervous system (ENS), which includes efferent, and afferent neurons, as well as interneurons. ENS integrity is essential to the maintenance of homeostatic gut responses. A number of gastrointestinal parasites are known to cause disease by altering the ENS. The mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia duodenalis (syn. Giardia intestinalis, Giardia lamblia), Trypanosoma cruzi, Schistosoma species and others alter gastrointestinal motility, absorption, or secretion at least in part via effects on the ENS. Recent findings also implicate enteric parasites such as C. parvum and G. duodenalis in the development of post-infectious complications such as irritable bowel syndrome, which further underscores their effects on the gut-brain axis. This article critically reviews recent advances and the current state of knowledge on the impact of enteric parasitism on the neural control of gut functions, and provides insights into mechanisms underlying these abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie C M Halliez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inflammation Research Network, Host-Parasite Interaction NSERC-CREATE, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada ; Protozooses transmises par l'alimentation, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen and Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Reims Champagne-Ardennes Rouen and Reims, France
| | - André G Buret
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inflammation Research Network, Host-Parasite Interaction NSERC-CREATE, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
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Li E, Zhao A, Shea-Donohue T, Singer SM. Mast cell-mediated changes in smooth muscle contractility during mouse giardiasis. Infect Immun 2007; 75:4514-8. [PMID: 17620354 PMCID: PMC1951189 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00596-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia intestinalis is a significant cause of diarrheal disease worldwide. Infections in animal models have been shown to cause changes in gastrointestinal transit that depend on adaptive immune responses and are mediated, in part, through neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, and we therefore investigated potential excitatory pathways that might be involved in the response to Giardia infection. Infected mice exhibited increased spontaneous and cholecystokinin (CCK)-induced contractions of longitudinal smooth muscle. In contrast, enhanced contractile responses were not observed in response to acetylcholine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, or the protease-activated receptor-1 agonist peptide TFFLR. Giardia-induced changes in smooth muscle function appear to be mediated primarily by mast cells, as both spontaneous and CCK-induced contractions were blocked by pretreatment with either ketotifen or compound 48/80. Together, these data support a model in which CCK release triggers mast cell degranulation, leading to increases in smooth muscle contractility. These contractions, coupled with nitric oxide-mediated muscle relaxation, promote intestinal transit and parasite elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erqiu Li
- Department of Biology, Reiss Building, Room 406, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Aerssens J, Hillsley K, Peeters PJ, de Hoogt R, Stanisz A, Lin JH, Van den Wyngaert I, Göhlmann HW, Grundy D, Stead RH, Coulie B. Alterations in the brain-gut axis underlying visceral chemosensitivity in Nippostrongylus brasiliensis-infected mice. Gastroenterology 2007; 132:1375-87. [PMID: 17408648 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Visceral hypersensitivity, a hallmark of irritable bowel syndrome, is generally considered to be mechanosensitive in nature and mediated via spinal afferents. Both stress and inflammation are implicated in visceral hypersensitivity, but the underlying molecular mechanisms of visceral hypersensitivity are unknown. METHODS Mice were infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb) larvae, exposed to environmental stress and the following separate studies performed 3-4 weeks later. Mesenteric afferent nerve activity was recorded in response to either ramp balloon distention (60 mm Hg), or to an intraluminal perfusion of hydrochloric acid (50 mmol/L), or to octreotide administration (2 micromol/L). Intraperitoneal injection of cholera toxin B-488 identified neurons projecting to the abdominal viscera. Fluorescent neurons in dorsal root and nodose ganglia were isolated using laser-capture microdissection. RNA was hybridized to Affymetrix Mouse whole genome arrays for analysis to evaluate the effects of stress and infection. RESULTS In mice previously infected with Nb, there was no change in intestinal afferent mechanosensitivity, but there was an increase in chemosensitive responses to intraluminal hydrochloric acid when compared with control animals. Gene expression profiles in vagal but not spinal visceral sensory neurons were significantly altered in stressed Nb-infected mice. Decreased afferent responses to somatostatin receptor 2 stimulation correlated with lower expression of vagal somatostatin receptor 2 in stressed Nb-infected mice, confirming a link between molecular data and functional sequelae. CONCLUSIONS Alterations in the intestinal brain-gut axis, in chemosensitivity but not mechanosensitivity, and through vagal rather than spinal pathways, are implicated in stress-induced postinflammatory visceral hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Aerssens
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
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Serna H, Porras M, Vergara P. Mast cell stabilizer ketotifen [4-(1-methyl-4-piperidylidene)-4h-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10(9H)-one fumarate] prevents mucosal mast cell hyperplasia and intestinal dysmotility in experimental Trichinella spiralis inflammation in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 319:1104-11. [PMID: 16988056 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.104620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis infection in rats induces hypermotility and an abnormal response to cholecystokinin (CCK) similar to motor disturbances observed in irritable bowel syndrome. Mast cell hyperplasia is also characteristic of this experimental model. The aim of our study was to correlate mast cell activity with the development of dysmotility and to demonstrate whether the mast cell stabilizer ketotifen [4-(1-methyl-4-piperidylidene)-4H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10(9H)-one fumarate] could prevent the development of intestine hypermotility. Sprague-Dawley rats were infected with T. spiralis and, 5 days after infection, treated with the mast-cell stabilizer ketotifen (10 mg/kg/day). Twelve days after infection, intestinal spontaneous motor activity and response to CCK were evaluated by means of strain-gauge transducers. Immunohistochemistry for rat mast cell protease II (RMCPII), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) was performed in intestinal specimens. In addition, RMCPII and myeloperoxidase were determined in serum. Infected control rats showed hypermotility, mast cell hyperplasia, increased RMCPII levels, increased myeloperoxidase, and overexpression of COX-2 and iNOS. In contrast, ketotifen-treated rats showed spontaneous intestinal motility and CCK response similar to the noninfected control rats. Mast cell hyperplasia and RMCPII were reduced in ketotifen-treated rats. Inflammatory parameters were less modified by ketotifen, but those animals that received the longest ketotifen treatment showed a slight amelioration in these parameters. These results indicate that mast cells are implicated in the development of hypermotility. The treatment with ketotifen prevented hypermotility and mast cell hyperplasia and diminished mucosal mast cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Serna
- Unidad de Fisiologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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Bikopoulos GJ, Hoque T, Webb RA. Infection with the cestode Hymenolepis diminuta induces changes in acetylcholine metabolism and muscarinic receptor mRNA expression in the rat jejunum. Parasitol Res 2006; 99:231-7. [PMID: 16541262 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-006-0128-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2005] [Accepted: 12/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Total and neuron-specific uptake of [3H] choline into smooth muscle/myenteric plexus (SM/MP) preparations from the jejunum of rats infected with five Hymenolepis diminuta for 30 days compared to uninfected rats was significantly increased, as was choline acetyltransferase activity and acetylcholine biosynthesis. Although acetylcholinesterase and total cholinesterase activity levels in SM/MP preparations from infected rats were not significantly different from uninfected animals, pseudocholinesterase activity was significantly elevated in infected rats. Infection resulted in a significant elevation in the relative expression of muscarinic 2 (M2) receptor mRNA in jejunum compared to uninfected rats. Conversely, in rats infected with 50 worms for 30 days, the relative expression of muscarinic 1 (M1) receptor mRNA in the jejunum was significantly depressed, while the expression of M2 receptor mRNA was not significantly different from that in five worm infections. The relative expression of muscarinic 3 receptor mRNA was unaffected by infection. The present study shows that infection of rats with low numbers of an enteric cestode leads to a significant modulation of the cholinergic components of the myenteric plexus and M2 receptor mRNA, and that large number of worms result in suppression in the relative expression of M1 receptor mRNA.
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Venkova K, Greenwood-van Meerveld B. Long-lasting changes in small intestinal transport following the recovery from Trichinella spiralis infection. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2006; 18:234-42. [PMID: 16487415 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2005.00753.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Changes in intestinal motility and visceral sensitivity are found after resolution of acute enteric inflammation. The study investigates whether a transient nematode-induced intestinal inflammation may result in long-lasting remodelling of epithelial transport. Ferrets infected with Trichinella spiralis or sham-infected animals were euthanized on day 10, 30 or 60 postinfection (PI) and the jejunum was isolated. The net transport of electrolytes was measured electrophysiologically as transmucosal short-circuit current (I(sc)) and responses to electrical field stimulation (EFS: 1-32 Hz) or secretagogues were investigated. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, a marker of mucosal inflammation, was maximal during the enteric stage of T. spiralis infection (day 10 PI) and returned to normal on days 30 and 60 PI. Mucosal inflammation caused a reduction in basal I(sc), increased electrical conductance (G) and decreased the maximal responses to EFS, carbachol or histamine. On days 30 and 60 PI the inflammation resolved and basal electrogenic transport appeared normal; however, the secretion induced by EFS, carbachol or histamine remained suppressed. Moreover, EFS-induced responses were shifted from predominantly cholinergic in controls to non-cholinergic in the infected animals. The results suggest that a transient small intestinal inflammation causes a long-term remodelling of epithelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Venkova
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, VA Medical Center, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Bischoff SC, Schwengberg S, Lorentz A, Manns MP, Bektas H, Sann H, Levi-Schaffer F, Shanahan F, Schemann M. Substance P and other neuropeptides do not induce mediator release in isolated human intestinal mast cells. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2004; 16:185-93. [PMID: 15086872 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2004.00502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptides such as substance P (SP) and related peptides are supposed to act as mast cell agonists, and thus as mediators of neuroimmune interactions. The data supporting this hypothesis were obtained mostly from rodent experiments. Here, we studied for the first time the effect of SP and other peptides on mediator release in human intestinal mast cells, either unpurified or enriched to 85-99% purity. We found that SP at 0.1-100 micromol L(-1), or other peptides including neurokinin A and B, calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide and serotonin at 1 micromol L(-1) do not induce release of mediators such as histamine, sulphidoleukotrienes, and tumour necrosis factor alpha. The peptides also failed to cause mediator release in mast cells isolated from inflamed tissue derived from Crohn's disease. Using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry, we could show that human intestinal mast cells do not express the tachykinin receptors NK-1, NK-2, or NK-3 under basal conditions. However, upon stimulation by immunoglobulin E (IgE) receptor-crosslinking, which induces an extensive mediator release reaction, a subpopulation of mast cells clearly expressed NK-1, the SP receptor. In conclusion, our data show that SP and other neuropeptides do not act as secretagogues in human intestinal mast cells that have not been pre-activated by IgE receptor-crosslinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Bischoff
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School of Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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Adelson DW, Million M, Kanamoto K, Palanca T, Taché Y. Coordinated gastric and sphincter motility evoked by intravenous CCK-8 as monitored by ultrasonomicrometry in rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2004; 286:G321-32. [PMID: 14715522 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00057.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Gastric and sphincter motility evoked by intravenous injection of CCK-8 were investigated in urethane-anesthetized rats. Digital ultrasonomicrometry was used to monitor pyloric (PYL), antral (ANT), corpus (COR), and lower esophageal sphincter (LES) movements while simultaneously measuring intragastric pressure (IGP) and, in some experiments, subdiaphragmatic intraesophageal pressure (sIEP). Intracrystal distances (ICD) were measured continuously between pairs of piezoelectric crystals affixed to the serosa of PYL, ANT, COR (circular and longitudinal), and LES. Consecutive intravenous injections of CCK-8 (0.3, 1, and 3 microg/kg) at 30-min intervals caused dose-dependent simultaneous tonic contractions of PYL and ANT, LES opening, and drops in IGP with peak changes at 3 microg/kg of -17.9 +/- 2.1, -7.7 +/- 2.5, 6.5 +/- 1.4, and -29.2 +/- 3.8%, respectively, whereas intravenous saline had no effect. Rhythmic contractile activity was inhibited by CCK-8. COR responses were not significantly different from vehicle controls for most metrics, and the direction of response for circular COR varied between preparations, although not for repeated trials in a single preparation. During the LES response to CCK-8, sIEP rose in parallel with drops in IGP, indicating formation of a common cavity. Recovery of LES ICD after intravenous CCK occurred more rapidly than recovery of PYL ICD, suggesting the importance of preventing simultaneous patency of gastroesophageal and gastroduodenal passages. The CCK(A) receptor antagonist devazepide (500 microg/kg intravenous) inhibited motion responses evoked by intravenous CCK-8. These data revealed CCK-8-induced gastric and sphincter activity consistent with retropulsion of gastric content.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Adelson
- Digestive Diseases Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA.
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Gay J, Moré J, Bueno L, Fioramonti J. CCK-induced Fos expression in brain stem is enhanced after intestinal nematode infection in rats. Brain Res 2002; 942:124-7. [PMID: 12031861 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)02652-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal infections often trigger functional bowel disorders. The nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis induces post-infective alterations mainly consisting in an intestinal mast cell hyperplasia. Mast cells contact vagal afferent nerve fibres. Therefore, it is possible that the anatomical sequels of intestinal nematode infection induce long term alterations in the mediation of afferent signals from the gut to the brain. To test this hypothesis, we examined hindbrain expression of Fos immunoreactivity following systemic cholecystokinin (CCK) administration in control rats and 35 days after N. brasiliensis infection. In controls, Fos was expressed in the area postrema and the nucleus of solitary tract. After infection, this expression was increased by 262 and 157%, respectively. We conclude that an intestinal infection, at least in this model, is followed by an enhancement of the activation of hindbrain sites by CCK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Gay
- Neurogastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, INRA, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 3, F-31931 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
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Abstract
The aim of this prospective study was to determine the role of remote inflammation of the gut on duodenojejunal motor status by comparing patients with acute cholecystitis (AC) to those with biliary colic (BC). Thirty-six gallstone patients (11 AC and 25 BC) were explored. Manometric recordings were performed during fasting and after a 750-kcal meal and ended by an intravenous injection of 100 mg trimebutine. Patient data were compared to those of 20 healthy controls. Phases III were more frequently absent in AC patients than in BC patients (P < 0.01) and controls (P < 0.05). When phase III characteristics were similar between the AC and BC group, the phase III amplitude was lower in both groups than in controls (P < 0.0001). After the meal, the mean motor index in the jejunum expressed by the area under the curve (AUC) per 30-min period was higher in the AC group than in BC group and controls (P < 0.05). Specific motor phenomena were observed after the meal. In particular, propagating clusters of contractions (PCCs) were more frequent in AC patients than in BC (P < 0.05) and controls (P < 0.01). A lack of the expected decrease in the AUC during recording occurred with the same frequency in the AC and BC groups but was more frequent in patients than in controls (P < 0.05). In 8/11 patients in the AC group with duodenojejunal tracings before and 3 months after surgery, preoperative motor disturbances disappeared in 5/8 patients and improved in 3/8 patients. The higher frequency of duodenojejunal motor disturbances especially after a meal in patients with AC and their disappearance in most of the patients after removal of the infected gallbladder suggest that remote inflammation of the gut affects duodenojejunal motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Le Blanc-Louvry
- Digestive Tract Research Group EA 3234/IFRMP 23, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France.
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