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Alotiby AA. The role of breastfeeding as a protective factor against the development of the immune-mediated diseases: A systematic review. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1086999. [PMID: 36873649 PMCID: PMC9981158 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1086999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast milk is rich in nutrients and immunological factors capable of protecting infants against various immunological diseases and disorders. The current systematic review has been framed with the objective of studying the role of breastfeeding as a protective factor against the development of immune-mediated diseases. METHODS The database and website searches were performed using PubMed, PubMed Central, Nature, Springer, Nature, Web of Science, and Elsevier. The studies were scrutinized based on the nature of participants and the nature of disease considered. The search was restricted to infants with immune-mediated diseases such as diabetes mellitus, allergic conditions, diarrhoea, and rheumatoid arthritis. RESULTS We have included 28 studies, out of which seven deal with diabetes mellitus, two rheumatoid arthritis, five studies about Celiac Disease, twelve studies about allergic/ asthma/wheezing conditions and one study on each of the following diseases: neonatal lupus erythematosus and colitis. DISCUSSION Based on our analysis, breastfeeding in association with the considered diseases was found to be positive. Breastfeeding is involved as protective factor against various diseases. The role of breastfeeding in the prevention of diabetes mellitus has been found to be significantly higher than for other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna A Alotiby
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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2
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van Veelen HPJ, Salles JF, Matson KD, van Doorn GS, van der Velde M, Tieleman BI. The microbial environment modulates non-genetic maternal effects on egg immunity. Anim Microbiome 2022; 4:44. [PMID: 35902980 PMCID: PMC9331593 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-022-00195-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In a diverse microbial world immune function of animals is essential. Diverse microbial environments may contribute to extensive variation in immunological phenotypes of vertebrates, among and within species and individuals. As maternal effects benefit offspring development and survival, whether females use cues about their microbial environment to prime offspring immune function is unclear. To provide microbial environmental context to maternal effects, we asked if the bacterial diversity of the living environment of female zebra finches Taeniopygia guttata shapes maternal effects on egg immune function. We manipulated environmental bacterial diversity of birds and tested if females increased immunological investment in eggs in an environment with high bacterial diversity (untreated soil) versus low (gamma-sterilized soil). We quantified lysozyme and ovotransferrin in egg albumen and IgY in egg yolk and in female blood, and we used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to profile maternal cloacal and eggshell microbiotas. Results We found a maternal effect on egg IgY concentration that reflected environmental microbial diversity: females who experienced high diversity deposited more IgY in their eggs, but only if maternal plasma IgY levels were relatively high. We found no effects on lysozyme and ovotransferrin concentrations in albumen. Moreover, we uncovered that variation in egg immune traits could be significantly attributed to differences among females: for IgY concentration in yolk repeatability R = 0.80; for lysozyme concentration in albumen R = 0.27. Furthermore, a partial least squares path model (PLS-PM) linking immune parameters of females and eggs, which included maternal and eggshell microbiota structures and female body condition, recapitulated the treatment-dependent yolk IgY response. The PLS-PM additionally suggested that the microbiota and physical condition of females contributed to shaping maternal effects on egg immune function, and that (non-specific) innate egg immunity was prioritized in the environment with low bacterial diversity. Conclusions The microbial environment of birds can shape maternal effects on egg immune function. Since immunological priming of eggs benefits offspring, we highlight that non-genetic maternal effects on yolk IgY levels based on cues from the parental microbial environment may prove important for offspring to thrive in the microbial environment that they are expected to face. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42523-022-00195-8.
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Sparks AM, Hayward AD, Watt K, Pilkington JG, Pemberton JM, Johnston SE, McNeilly TN, Nussey DH. Maternally derived anti-helminth antibodies predict offspring survival in a wild mammal. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201931. [PMID: 33234082 PMCID: PMC7739501 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The transfer of antibodies from mother to offspring provides crucial protection against infection to offspring during early life in humans and domestic and laboratory animals. However, few studies have tested the consequences of variation in maternal antibody transfer for offspring fitness in the wild. Further, separating the immunoprotective effects of antibodies from their association with nutritional resources provided by mothers is difficult. Here, we measured plasma levels of total and parasite-specific antibodies in neonatal (less than 10 days old) wild Soay sheep over 25 years to quantify variation in maternal antibody transfer and test its association with offspring survival. Maternal antibody transfer was predicted by maternal age and previous antibody responses, and was consistent within mothers across years. Neonatal total IgG antibody levels were positively related to early growth, suggesting they reflected nutritional transfer. Neonatal parasite-specific IgG levels positively predicted first-year survival, independent of lamb weight, total IgG levels and subsequent lamb parasite-specific antibody levels. This relationship was partly mediated via an indirect negative association with parasite burden. We show that among-female variation in maternal antibody transfer can have long-term effects on offspring growth, parasite burden and fitness in the wild, and is likely to impact naturally occurring host–parasite dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Sparks
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.,Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Adam D Hayward
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Kathryn Watt
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Jill G Pilkington
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Josephine M Pemberton
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Susan E Johnston
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Tom N McNeilly
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Daniel H Nussey
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.,Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
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The Ecology of Breastfeeding and Mother-Infant Immune Functions. THE MOTHER-INFANT NEXUS IN ANTHROPOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-27393-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Martyka R, Śliwińska EB, Martyka M, Cichoń M, Tryjanowski P. The effect of pre-laying maternal immunization on offspring growth and immunity differs across experimentally altered postnatal rearing conditions in a wild songbird. Front Zool 2018; 15:25. [PMID: 29946341 PMCID: PMC6006776 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-018-0272-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prenatal antibody transfer is an immune-mediated maternal effect by which females can shape postnatal offspring resistance to pathogens and parasites. Maternal antibodies passed on to offspring provide primary protection to neonates against diverse pathogenic antigens, but they may also affect offspring growth and influence the development of an offspring’s own immune response. The effects of maternal antibodies on offspring performance commonly require that the disease environment experienced by a mother prior to breeding matches the environment encountered by her offspring after hatching/birth. However, other circumstances, like postnatal rearing conditions that affect offspring food availability, may also determine the effects of maternal antibodies on offspring growth and immunity. To date, knowledge about how prenatal immune-mediated maternal effects interact with various postnatal rearing conditions to affect offspring development and phenotype in wild bird population remains elusive. Here we experimentally studied the interactive effects of pre-laying maternal immunization with a bacterial antigen (lipopolysaccharide) and post-hatching rearing conditions, altered by brood size manipulation, on offspring growth and humoral immunity of wild great tits (Parus major). Results We found that maternal immunization and brood size manipulation interactively affected the growth and specific humoral immune response of avian offspring. Among nestlings reared in enlarged broods, only those that originated from immunized mothers grew better and were heavier at fledging stage compared to those that originated from non-immunized mothers. In contrast, no such effects were observed among nestlings reared in non-manipulated (control) broods. Moreover, offspring of immunized females had a stronger humoral immune response to lipopolysaccharide during postnatal development than offspring of non-immunized females, but only when the nestling was reared in control broods. Conclusions This study demonstrates that offspring development and their ability to cope with pathogens after hatching are driven by mutual influences of pathogen-induced prenatal maternal effects and post-hatching rearing conditions. Our findings suggest that immune-mediated maternal effects may have context-dependent influences on offspring growth and immune function, related to the postnatal environmental conditions experienced by the progeny. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12983-018-0272-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Martyka
- 1Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Mickiewicza 33, 31-120 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa B Śliwińska
- 1Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Mickiewicza 33, 31-120 Kraków, Poland
| | - Mirosław Martyka
- 1Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Mickiewicza 33, 31-120 Kraków, Poland
| | - Mariusz Cichoń
- 2Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Tryjanowski
- 3Institute of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71C, 60-625 Poznań, Poland
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Kindgren E, Fredrikson M, Ludvigsson J. Early feeding and risk of Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a case control study in a prospective birth cohort. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2017; 15:46. [PMID: 28549465 PMCID: PMC5446703 DOI: 10.1186/s12969-017-0175-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is considered to be an autoimmune disease, but the etiology is unknown. We decided to study the influence of early nutrition on later development of JIA. METHODS All parents with children born between October 1, 1997 and October 1, 1999 in Southeast Sweden were asked to participate in the ABIS prospective cohort study (All Babies in Southeast Sweden), At 1 year, questionnaires with information on breastfeeding and introduction of foods were completed by 10,565 families. We identified 32 children with JIA and 111 children with non-chronic arthritis with completed questionnaires after delivery and after 1 year. A multivariable logistic regression model, adjusted for relevant factors, was performed to calculate the association between JIA and feeding during the first year of life. RESULTS An increased risk for JIA was found in children who had breast fed for less than 4 months, as opposed to those who were continued on breast milk beyond 4 months of age (aOR 3.5, 95% CI 1.4-8,5; p = 0.006). A short duration of exclusive as well as total breastfeeding was associated with an increased risk of JIA (aOR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1-1.6; p = 0.008 and aOR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1-1.3; p < 0.001). All associations between breastfeeding and JIA persisted after adjustment. There was no relationship between early nutrition and non-chronic arthritis. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that there are different disease mechanisms for different types of arthritis in childhood. Longer duration of breastfeeding (both total and exclusive) may protect against development of JIA. Mothers should be encouraged to breast-feed their babies exclusively, if at all possible, for 4 months and continue partial breastfeeding for an extended time when foreign proteins are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Kindgren
- Department of Pediatrics, Västervik Hospital, Västervik, Sweden. .,Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Mats Fredrikson
- 0000 0001 2162 9922grid.5640.7Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden ,0000 0001 2162 9922grid.5640.7Forum Östergötland, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johnny Ludvigsson
- 0000 0001 2162 9922grid.5640.7Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Ismail A, Jacquin L, Haussy C, Perret S, Gasparini J. Transfer of humoural immunity over two generations in urban pigeons. Biol Lett 2016; 11:rsbl.2015.0780. [PMID: 26559513 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal antibodies (MatAb) are known to provide passive protection early in life for young vertebrates but their effects on the development of offspring immune response across generations are still unknown. Here, we investigated the effects of antigen exposure (keyhole limpet haemocyanin, KLH) experienced by urban pigeon (Columba livia) females on the amount of antigen-specific antibodies (Abs) transferred into the egg yolk of their daughters and on the humoural immune response towards this same antigen in their grandchildren. We found that chicks from KLH-injected maternal grandmothers had a higher humoural response than chicks from sham-injected grandmothers. However, we did not detect a significant effect of female KLH exposure on the ability of their daughters to transmit anti-KLH Abs into their eggs. These results suggest that antigen exposure at one generation may shape the immune profile of offspring over two next generations, although the underlying mechanisms remain to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ismail
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UPEC, Paris 7, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de, Paris, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - L Jacquin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UPEC, Paris 7, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de, Paris, F-75005, Paris, France CNRS, ENFA, UMR 5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique), Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31062, France
| | - C Haussy
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UPEC, Paris 7, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de, Paris, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - S Perret
- Centre d'Ecologie Expérimentale et Prédictive CEREEP-Ecotron Ile-De-France CNRS ENS, UMS 3194, Ecole Normale Supérieure, St-Pierre-lès-Nemours, France
| | - J Gasparini
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UPEC, Paris 7, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de, Paris, F-75005, Paris, France
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Lighten J, Incarnato D, Ward BJ, van Oosterhout C, Bradbury I, Hanson M, Bentzen P. Adaptive phenotypic response to climate enabled by epigenetics in a K-strategy species, the fish Leucoraja ocellata (Rajidae). ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:160299. [PMID: 27853546 PMCID: PMC5098971 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The relative importance of genetic versus epigenetic changes in adaptive evolution is a hotly debated topic, with studies showing that some species appear to be able to adapt rapidly without significant genetic change. Epigenetic mechanisms may be particularly important for the evolutionary potential of species with long maturation times and low reproductive potential ('K-strategists'), particularly when faced with rapidly changing environmental conditions. Here we study the transcriptome of two populations of the winter skate (Leucoraja ocellata), a typical 'K-strategist', in Atlantic Canada; an endemic population in the southern Gulf of St Lawrence and a large population on the Scotian Shelf. The endemic population has been able to adapt to a 10°C higher water temperature over short evolutionary time (7000 years), dramatically reducing its body size (by 45%) significantly below the minimum maturation size of Scotian Shelf and other populations of winter skate, as well as exhibiting other adaptations in life history and physiology. We demonstrate that the adaptive response to selection has an epigenetic basis, cataloguing 3653 changes in gene expression that may have enabled this species to rapidly respond to the novel environment. We argue that the epigenetic augmentation of species evolutionary potential (its regulation though gene expression) can enable K-strategists to survive and adapt to different environments, and this mechanism may be particularly important for the persistence of sharks, skates and rays in the light of future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Lighten
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Danny Incarnato
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università di Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy
- Human Genetics Foundation (HuGeF), via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Ben J. Ward
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UG, UK
| | - Cock van Oosterhout
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Ian Bradbury
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 80 White Hills Road, St John's, Newfoundland, CanadaA1C 5X1
| | - Mark Hanson
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Gulf Region, 343 Université Avenue, Moncton, New Brunswick, CanadaE1C 9B6
| | - Paul Bentzen
- Marine Gene Probe Laboratory, Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, CanadaB3H 4R2
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French SS, Chester EM, Demas GE. Timing of Maternal Immunization Affects Immunological and Behavioral Outcomes of Adult Offspring in Siberian Hamsters (Phodopus sungorus). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 325:377-89. [PMID: 27320639 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Maternal influences are an important contributing factor to offspring survival, development, and behavior. Common environmental pathogens can induce maternal immune responses and affect subsequent development of offspring. There are likely sensitive periods during pregnancy when animals are particularly vulnerable to environmental disruption. Here we characterize the effects of maternal immunization across pregnancy and postpartum on offspring physiology and behavior in Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus). Hamsters were injected with the antigen keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) (1) prior to pairing with a male (premating), (2) at separation (postmating), (3) at midpregnancy, or (4) after birth (lactation). Maternal food intake, body mass, and immunity were monitored throughout gestation, and litters were measured weekly for growth until adulthood when social behavior, hormone concentrations, and immune responses were determined. We found that immunizations altered maternal immunity throughout pregnancy and lactation. The effects of maternal treatment differed between male and female offspring. Aggressive behavior was enhanced in offspring of both sexes born to mothers treated postmating and thus early in pregnancy relative to other stages. In contrast, maternal treatment and maternal stage differentially affected innate immunity in males and females. Offspring cortisol, however, was unaffected by maternal treatment. Collectively, these data demonstrate that maternal immunization affects offspring physiology and behavior in a time-dependent and sex-specific manner. More broadly, these findings contribute to our understanding of the effects of maternal immune activation, whether it be from environmental exposure or immunization, on immunological and behavioral responses of offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah S French
- Department of Biology and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah
| | - Emily M Chester
- Department of Biology, Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Gregory E Demas
- Department of Biology, Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
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Grönwall C, Clancy RM, Getu L, Lloyd KA, Siegel DL, Reed JH, Buyon JP, Silverman GJ. Modulation of natural IgM autoantibodies to oxidative stress-related neo-epitopes on apoptotic cells in newborns of mothers with anti-Ro autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2016; 73:30-41. [PMID: 27289167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
At birth, the human immune system already contains substantial levels of polymeric IgM, that include autoantibodies to neo-epitopes on apoptotic cells (ACs) that are proposed to play homeostatic and anti-inflammatory roles. Yet the biologic origins and developmental regulation of these naturally arising antibodies remain poorly understood. Herein, we report that levels of IgM-antibodies to malondialdehyde (MDA) protein adducts, a common type of in vivo generated oxidative stress-related neoepitope, directly correlate with the relative binding of neonatal-IgM to ACs. Levels of IgM to phosphorylcholine (PC), a natural antibody prevalent in adults, were relatively scant in cord blood, while there was significantly greater relative representation of IgM anti-MDA antibodies in newborns compared to adults. To investigate the potential interrelationships between neonatal IgM with pathogenic IgG-autoantibodies, we studied 103 newborns born to autoimmune mothers with IgG anti-Ro (i.e., 70 with neonatal lupus and 33 without neonatal lupus). In these subjects the mean levels of IgM anti-Ro60 were significantly higher than in the newborns from non-autoimmune mothers. In contrast, levels of IgM anti-MDA in IgG anti-Ro exposed neonates were significantly lower than in neonates from non-autoimmune mothers. The presence or absence of neonatal lupus did not appear to influence the total levels of IgM in the anti-Ro exposed newborns. Taken together, our studies provide evidence that the immune development of the natural IgM-repertoire may be affected, and become imprinted by, the transfer of maternal IgG into the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Grönwall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Medicine, Unit of Rheumatology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert M Clancy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lelise Getu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Katy A Lloyd
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Rheumatology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Don L Siegel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Transfusion Medicine & Therapeutic Pathology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joanne H Reed
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jill P Buyon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Gregg J Silverman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Merrill L, Naylor MF, Grindstaff JL. Imperfect past and present progressive: beak color reflects early-life and adult exposure to antigen. Behav Ecol 2016; 27:1320-1330. [PMID: 27656084 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arw029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary sexual traits may convey information about individual condition. We assessed the capacity for immune challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) during the prenatal and early postnatal stages to impact beak color development and expression in captive zebra finches. In addition, we tested whether adult immune challenge impacted beak color, and if early-life experience was influential. Immune challenge with KLH early in life slowed development of red beak coloration, and males challenged with KLH as nestlings had reduced red coloration as adults. Following adult KLH challenge, males exhibited a decline in beak redness. Birds challenged with KLH during development produced more anti-KLH antibodies after adult challenge. There was a significant interaction between young treatment and anti-KLH antibody production; for males not challenged with KLH early in life, individuals that mounted a weaker antibody response lost more red coloration after challenge than males mounting a stronger antibody response. Based on models of avian vision, these differences in beak coloration should be detectable to the finches. In contrast to previous studies, we found no effect of early-life or adult challenge with LPS on any aspects of beak coloration. These results provide evidence that beak color reflects developmental and current conditions, and that the signal is linked to critical physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren Merrill
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Science West, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA and; Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois, 1816 S. Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Madeleine F Naylor
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University , 501 Life Science West, Stillwater, OK 74078 , USA and
| | - Jennifer L Grindstaff
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University , 501 Life Science West, Stillwater, OK 74078 , USA and
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Counihan KL, Maniscalco JM, Bozza M, Hendon JM, Hollmén TE. The influence of year, laying date, egg fertility and incubation, individual hen, hen age and mass and clutch size on maternal immunoglobulin Y concentration in captive Steller's and spectacled eider egg yolk. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 52:10-16. [PMID: 25892022 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Steller's eiders and spectacled eiders are sea duck species whose populations have declined significantly and infectious diseases could influence offspring survival. Therefore, the maternal transfer of immunoglobulin Y (IgY) into yolk was investigated in captive Steller's and spectacled eiders during the 2007-2013 breeding seasons. This project had two objectives: establish baseline IgY levels in Steller's and spectacled eider yolk under controlled captive conditions and evaluate the effect of year, laying date, egg fertility, egg incubation duration, individual hen, hen age and mass, and laying order to determine which variables influenced IgY levels. Average IgY concentrations were 0.03-0.48 mg ml(-1) in Steller's eider yolk and 0.10-0.51 mg ml(-1) in spectacled eider yolk. The year and individual hen influenced IgY concentration in Steller's and spectacled eider yolk. The laying date was negatively correlated with egg IgY levels for most Steller's eider hens, but laying order was positively correlated with egg IgY concentration for spectacled eiders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maryann Bozza
- Oregon State University Hatfield Marine Science Center, 2030 Marine Science Dr., Newport, OR 97365, USA
| | - Jill M Hendon
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Box #5018, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Tuula E Hollmén
- School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, PO Box 1329, Seward, AK 99664, USA
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Merrill L, Grindstaff JL. Pre and post-natal antigen exposure can program the stress axis of adult zebra finches: evidence for environment matching. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 45:71-9. [PMID: 25535860 PMCID: PMC4342340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Both maternal exposure to stressors and exposure of offspring to stressors during early life can have lifelong effects on the physiology and behavior of offspring. Stress exposure can permanently shape an individual's phenotype by influencing the development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which is responsible for the production and regulation of glucocorticoids such as corticosterone (CORT). In this study we used captive zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) to examine the effects of matching and mismatching maternal and early post-natal exposure to one of two types of antigens or a control on HPA axis reactivity in adult offspring. Prior to breeding, adult females were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) or a control. Offspring of females in each of the three treatments were themselves exposed to LPS, KLH or a control injection at 5 and 28days post-hatch. When offspring were at least 18months of age, standardized capture and restraint stress tests were conducted to determine the impact of the treatments on adult stress responsiveness. We found significant interaction effects between maternal and offspring treatments on stress-induced CORT levels, and evidence in support of the environment matching hypothesis for KLH-treated birds, not LPS-treated birds. KLH-treated offspring of KLH-treated mothers exhibited reduced stress-induced CORT levels, whereas LPS-treated or control offspring of KLH-treated mothers exhibited elevated stress-induced CORT levels. Although the treatment effects on baseline CORT were non-significant, the overall pattern was similar to the effects observed on stress-induced CORT levels. Our results highlight the complex nature of HPA axis programming, and to our knowledge, provide the first evidence that a match or mismatch between pre and post-natal antigen exposure can have life-long consequences for HPA axis function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren Merrill
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Integrative Biology, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL 61820, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Grindstaff
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Integrative Biology, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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14
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Maternal immunomodulation of the offspring's immunological system. Immunobiology 2014; 219:813-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Trad A, Tanasa RI, Lange H, Zemlin M, Schroeder HW, Lemke H. Clonal Progression during the T Cell-Dependent B Cell Antibody Response Depends on the Immunoglobulin DH Gene Segment Repertoire. Front Immunol 2014; 5:385. [PMID: 25157256 PMCID: PMC4128299 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of the third complementarity determining region of the IgH chain is constrained by natural selection of immunoglobulin diversity (DH) sequence. To test the functional significance of this constraint in the context of thymus-dependent (TD) immune responses, we immunized BALB/c mice with WT or altered DH sequence with 2-phenyloxazolone-coupled chicken serum albumin (phOx-CSA). We chose this antigen because studies of the humoral immune response to the hapten phOx were instrumental in the development of the current theoretical framework on which our understanding of the forces driving TD responses is based. To allow direct comparison, we used the classic approach of generating monoclonal Ab (mAb) from various stages of the immune response to phOx to assess the effect of changing the sequence of the DH on clonal expansion, class switching, and affinity maturation, which are hallmarks of TD responses. Compared to WT, TD-induced humoral IgM as well as IgG antibody production in the D-altered ΔD-DμFS and ΔD-iD strains were significantly reduced. An increased prevalence of IgM-producing hybridomas from late primary, secondary, and tertiary memory responses suggested either impaired class switch recombination (CSR) or impaired clonal expansion of class switched B cells with phOx reactivity. Neither of the D-altered strains demonstrated the restriction in the VH/VL repertoire, the elimination of VH1 family-encoded antibodies, the focusing of the distribution of CDR-H3 lengths, or the selection for the normally dominant Ox1 clonotype, which all are hallmarks of the anti-phOx response in WT mice. These changes in clonal selection and expansion, as well as CSR indicate that the genetic constitution of the DH locus, which has been selected by evolution, can strongly influence the functional outcome of a TD humoral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Trad
- Biochemical Institute of the Medical Faculty of the Christian-Albrechts-University , Kiel , Germany
| | - Radu Iulian Tanasa
- Biochemical Institute of the Medical Faculty of the Christian-Albrechts-University , Kiel , Germany
| | - Hans Lange
- Biochemical Institute of the Medical Faculty of the Christian-Albrechts-University , Kiel , Germany
| | | | - Harry W Schroeder
- Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , USA
| | - Hilmar Lemke
- Biochemical Institute of the Medical Faculty of the Christian-Albrechts-University , Kiel , Germany
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16
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Berghof TVL, Parmentier HK, Lammers A. Transgenerational epigenetic effects on innate immunity in broilers: an underestimated field to be explored? Poult Sci 2013; 92:2904-13. [PMID: 24135594 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenerational epigenetics is becoming more and more important for understanding the variation of physiological responses of individuals to the environment and the inheritance of these responses based on all mechanisms other than the actual DNA nucleotide sequence. Transgenerational epigenetics is the phenomenon that the information of the environment of (usually) a female animal is translated into memory-like responses preparing the offspring. As a consequence, individuals of the next generation may show different phenotypic traits depending whether their mothers were kept under different environmental conditions. This may result in either positive or negative effects on the next-generation individuals, which is different from individuals from mothers that have been kept in a different environment. Transgenerational epigenetic effects have been proposed and indicated for specific immune (T cell and antibody) responses (especially in mammals, but also in birds) and innate immunity (nonvertebrates), but surprisingly very little is known of transgenerational effects on innate immunity in chickens. Given the short lifespan of the chicken and therefore the likely dependence of chicken on innate immune mechanisms, more attention should be given to this arm of immunity and mechanisms of inheritance including transgenerational effects that can be initiated in the breeder generation. In addition, it is becoming evident that innate immunity also underlies metabolic disorders in broilers. In the current paper, we will argue that although very little is known of transgenerational effects of innate immunity in poultry, more attention should be given to this type of study. We will illustrate examples of transgenerational epigenetics, and finally propose strategies that should reveal the presence of transgenerational epigenetic effects on innate immunity in chickens and strategies to modulate breeder birds such that these effects positively affect innate immunity of broilers. It is suggested that a mismatch between breeder environment and broiler environment may account for unwanted effects of innate immunity in the broiler.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V L Berghof
- Section of Immunology, Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, the Netherlands
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17
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Grindstaff JL, Hunsaker VR, Cox SN. Maternal and developmental immune challenges alter behavior and learning ability of offspring. Horm Behav 2012; 62:337-44. [PMID: 22522078 PMCID: PMC3407284 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of the offspring immune response during development is known to influence growth and behavioral phenotype. However, the potential for maternal antibodies to block the behavioral effects of immune activation during the neonatal period has not been assessed. We challenged female zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) prior to egg laying and then challenged offspring during the nestling and juvenile periods with one of two antigens (keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)). We then tested the effects of maternal and neonatal immune challenges on offspring growth rates and neophobia and learning ability of offspring during adulthood. Neonatal immune challenge depressed growth rates. Neophobia of adult offspring was influenced by a combination of maternal treatment, offspring treatment, and offspring sex. Males challenged with LPS during the nestling and juvenile periods had reduced learning performance in a novel foraging task; however, female learning was not impacted. Offspring challenged with the same antigen as mothers exhibited similar growth suppression and behavioral changes as offspring challenged with a novel antigen. Thus, developmental immune challenges have long-term effects on the growth and behavioral phenotype of offspring. We found limited evidence that matching of maternal and offspring challenges reduces the effects of immune challenge in the altricial zebra finch. This may be a result of rapid catabolism of maternal antibodies in altricial birds. Our results emphasize the need to address sex differences in the long-term effects of developmental immune challenge and suggest that neonatal immune activation may be one proximate mechanism underlying differences in adult behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Grindstaff
- Department of Zoology, 501 Life Sciences West, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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18
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Ma H, Ning Z, Lu Y, Han H, Wang S, Mu J, Li J, Lian Z, Li N. Monocytes-macrophages phagocytosis as a potential marker for disease resistance in generation 1 of dwarf chickens. Poult Sci 2010; 89:2022-9. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-00824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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19
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Berthelot JM, le Goff B, Maugars Y. Thymic Hassall's Corpuscles, Regulatory T-Cells, and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2010; 39:347-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2008.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Revised: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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20
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Addison B, Klasing KC, Robinson WD, Austin SH, Ricklefs RE. Ecological and life-history factors influencing the evolution of maternal antibody allocation: a phylogenetic comparison. Proc Biol Sci 2009; 276:3979-87. [PMID: 19710063 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.1296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternally derived yolk antibodies provide neonates with immune protection in early life at negligible cost to mothers. However, developmental effects on the neonate's future immunity are potentially costly and thus could limit yolk antibody deposition. The benefits to neonatal immunity must be balanced against costs, which may depend on neonate vulnerability to pathogens, developmental trajectories and the immunological strategies best suited to a species' pace of life. We measured yolk antibodies and life-history features of 23 species of small Neotropical birds and assessed the evidence for each of several hypotheses for life history and ecological effects on the evolution of yolk antibody levels. Developmental period and yolk antibodies are negatively related, which possibly reflect the importance of humoral immune priming through antigen exposure, and selection to avoid autoimmunity, in species with a slower pace of life. There is also a strong relationship between body size and yolk antibody concentration, suggesting that larger species are architecturally equipped to produce and transfer higher concentrations of antibodies. These results suggest that developmental effects of maternally derived antibodies, such as imprinting effects on B-cell diversity or autoimmune effects, are important and deserve more consideration in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne Addison
- Biology Department, University of Missouri-St Louis, , 1 University Boulevard, St Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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21
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Hasselquist D, Nilsson JA. Maternal transfer of antibodies in vertebrates: trans-generational effects on offspring immunity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2009; 364:51-60. [PMID: 18926976 PMCID: PMC2666691 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal effects by which females provide their offspring with non-genetic factors such as hormones, nutrients and antibodies can have an important impact on offspring fitness. In vertebrates, maternal antibodies (matAb) are transferred from the mother, via the placenta, egg yolk or milk during lactation to offspring until they are 2 weeks (birds), 4-10 weeks (rodents) and 9 months (humans) old, respectively. matAb transfer can have direct effects on offspring growth rate in birds and rodents, probably by passively protecting the newborn from common pathogens before their endogenous immune system has matured. Indirect long-term effects of matAb transfer on the offspring's own immunity can be synergistic, if matAb act as antigen templates of the accumulated immunological experience of the mother and educate the newborn's immune system. However, it may also be suppressive if matAb reduce antigen presentation to the newborn resulting in antigen-specific blocking of offspring endogenous immunity. Our aim is to review the mechanisms and direct effects of matAb transfer in vertebrates with an emphasis on birds, outline a framework for research on the long-term effects of matAb on the endogenous immune system of the mature offspring and encourage ecological and evolutionary studies of matAb transfer in non-domesticated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Hasselquist
- Department of Animal Ecology, Lund University, Ecology Building, 223 62 Lund, Sweden.
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22
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M'Rabet L, Vos AP, Boehm G, Garssen J. Breast-feeding and its role in early development of the immune system in infants: consequences for health later in life. J Nutr 2008; 138:1782S-1790S. [PMID: 18716187 DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.9.1782s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura M'Rabet
- Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Beta Sciences, Utrecht University, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands
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23
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Stjernman M, Råberg L, Nilsson JÅ. Long-term effects of nestling condition on blood parasite resistance in blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus). CAN J ZOOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1139/z08-071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Little is know about whether the conditions experienced during ontogeny affect resistance to parasites later in life in wild animals. Here, we used a population of blue tits ( Cyanistes caeruleus (L., 1758)) to investigate to what extent conditions experienced during the nestling stage could explain the ability to control blood parasite ( Haemoproteus majoris (Laveran, 1902)) infections 1 year later. Although short-term effects may be expected based on the well-known sensitivity of the immune system to current conditions, it is less known whether this translates into a permanent alteration of parasite resistance. By relating nestling condition (measured as body mass or size-corrected body mass) at the beginning and end of the nestling stage to parasite intensity of individual recruiting birds 1 year later, we indeed found significant positive effects of both early and late nestling condition on the long-term ability to control parasites. These results indicate that parasites may be important as a mechanistic explanation for the trade-off between number and quality of offspring. It further points to the potential relevance for maternal effects in host–parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Stjernman
- Department of Animal Ecology, Lund University, Ecology Building, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - L. Råberg
- Department of Animal Ecology, Lund University, Ecology Building, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - J.-Å. Nilsson
- Department of Animal Ecology, Lund University, Ecology Building, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
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24
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Reid JM, Arcese P, Keller LF, Hasselquist D. Long-term maternal effect on offspring immune response in song sparrows Melospiza melodia. Biol Lett 2008; 2:573-6. [PMID: 17148291 PMCID: PMC1834015 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2006.0544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the causes of variation in host immunity to parasitic infection and the time-scales over which variation persists, is integral to predicting the evolutionary and epidemiological consequences of host-parasite interactions. It is clear that offspring immunity can be influenced by parental immune experience, for example, reflecting transfer of antibodies from mothers to young offspring. However, it is less clear whether such parental effects persist or have functional consequences over longer time-scales, linking a parent's previous immune experience to future immune responsiveness in fully grown offspring. We used free-living song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) to quantify long-term effects of parental immune experience on offspring immune response. We experimentally vaccinated parents with a novel antigen and tested whether parental vaccination influenced the humoral antibody response mounted by fully grown offspring hatched the following year. Parental vaccination did not influence offspring baseline antibody titres. However, offspring of vaccinated mothers mounted substantially stronger antibody responses than offspring of unvaccinated mothers. Antibody responses did not differ between offspring of vaccinated and unvaccinated fathers. These data demonstrate substantial long-term effects of maternal immune experience on the humoral immune response of fully grown offspring in free-living birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Reid
- School of Biological Sciences, Zoology Building, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
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25
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Poletaev AB, Stepanyuk VL, Gershwin ME. Integrating immunity: the immunculus and self-reactivity. J Autoimmun 2008; 30:68-73. [PMID: 18191542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2007.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The most important theoretical contribution to autoimmunity was the clonal selection theory of Burnet. This thesis, including the unique terminology of the forbidden clone, laid the foundation for discussions and research regarding self-reactivity and remains the foundation for discussions of thymic education. There were, however, additional works which suggested that autoantibodies, coined natural autoantibodies, exist even in healthy individuals. The ontogenic appearance of the immune system was a series of events that were developed in evolution to recognize the biologic essence of complementary antigen recognition and elimination of foreign pathogens. Interestingly, microbial and host epitopes are often highly conserved in evolution and this homology has functional significance for both the microbe and the host. Further, while the immune system is a series of interconnecting pathways, in reality it is also composed of promiscuous and sometimes independent pathways. The interaction between antibodies and epitopes is determined not necessarily by a primary chemical structure, but more likely by the stereochemistry of the antigen. As such, we increasingly recognize a large repertoire of natural autoantibodies and the development of autoimmune disease requires more than an innocent bystander mimicry pathway, but rather expansion of lymphocytic populations that are either already naturally present, or derived from genetic/acquired defects in immune regulation. We suggest that discussion of loss of tolerance should not include focus on the classic terminology of peripheral versus central tolerance but must consider the integrative activity of the immune system and the balance between well-balanced self-reactivity and the processing of foreign antigens. These events, while primarily theoretical, provide a framework to understand the elements involved in genetic susceptibility to autoimmunity.
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26
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Staszewski V, Gasparini J, McCoy KD, Tveraa T, Boulinier T. Evidence of an interannual effect of maternal immunization on the immune response of juveniles in a long-lived colonial bird. J Anim Ecol 2007; 76:1215-23. [PMID: 17922718 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01293.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the maternal transfer of antibodies in natural host-parasite systems despite its possible evolutionary and ecological implications. In domestic animals, the maternal transfer of antibodies can enhance offspring survival via a temporary protection against parasites, but it can also interfere with the juvenile immune response to antigens. We tested the functional role of maternal antibodies in a natural population of a long-lived colonial seabird, the kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla), using a vaccine (Newcastle disease virus vaccine) to mimic parasite exposure combined with a cross-fostering design. We first investigated the role of prior maternal exposure on the interannual transmission of Ab to juveniles. We then tested the effect of these antibodies on the juvenile immune response to the same antigen. The results show that specific maternal antibodies were transferred to chicks 1 year after maternal exposure and that these antibodies were functional, i.e. they affected juvenile immunity. These results suggest that the role of maternal antibodies may depend on the timing and pattern of offspring exposure to parasites, along with the patterns of maternal exposure and the dynamics of her immune response. Overall, our approach underlines that although the transgenerational transfer of antibodies in natural populations is likely to have broad implications, the nature of these effects may vary dramatically among host-parasite systems, depending on the physiological mechanisms involved and the ecological context.
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27
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Gallizzi K, Guenon B, Richner H. Maternally transmitted parasite defence can be beneficial in the absence of parasites. OIKOS 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2007.0030-1299.16172.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Victora GD, Bilate AMB, Socorro-Silva A, Caldas C, Lima RC, Kalil J, Coelho V, Victora CG. Mother-child immunological interactions in early life affect long-term humoral autoreactivity to heat shock protein 60 at age 18 years. J Autoimmun 2007; 29:38-43. [PMID: 17521883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2007.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2006] [Revised: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The presence of anti-heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60) antibodies in healthy individuals and the association of these antibodies with diseases such as arthritis and atherosclerosis are well documented. However, there is limited population-level data on interindividual variation in anti-Hsp60 levels. We investigated the influence of early-life factors on IgG reactivity to human Hsp60 at age 18 years. A population-based prospective birth cohort study included 5914 births in the city of Pelotas, Brazil, in 1982. Early-life exposures were documented during home visits in childhood. In 2000, 79% of all males in the cohort were traced. Sera from a systematic 20% sample (411 subjects) were analyzed. Anti-Hsp60 total IgG reactivity was determined by ELISA. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and generalized linear models. Anti-Hsp60 reactivity was lognormally distributed and showed a significant direct correlation with low birthweight (p=0.039) and total duration of breastfeeding (p=0.018), of which only the latter remained significant after adjustment for potential confounders. Reactivity was not associated with asthma, pneumonia, diarrhea, or early-life malnutrition. Mother-child immunological interactions, rather than infection/disease factors seem to be associated with reactivity to Hsp60 later in life. This is in agreement with the hypothesis that maternal antibodies influence future antibody profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel D Victora
- Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil
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29
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Kilpimaa J, Alatalo RV, Siitari H. Prehatching maternal investment and offspring immunity in the pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca). J Evol Biol 2007; 20:717-24. [PMID: 17305837 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Maternal investment in offspring immunity via egg quality may be an adaptive evolutionary strategy shaped by natural selection. We investigated how maternal investment in eggs can influence offspring immunity by conducting two experiments. First, we manipulated foraging performance of the mothers before egg laying by attaching a small weight to their back feathers. During the nestling period, we investigated offspring total antibody production at the age of 7 days and after antibody challenge, and conducted a partial cross-fostering design to separate the effects of the experiment and rearing-related variation on offspring immunity. In a separate experiment, partial cross-fostering with antibody challenging without female pied flycatcher manipulation was conducted for another set of nests. Total antibody levels at the age of 7 days were reduced in nestlings of the experimental female pied flycatchers when compared with the set of unmanipulated nests. Maternal investment in the eggs may affect some aspects of offspring immunity during the early nestling period and this investment is costly. However, antibody response to a set of novel antigens (sheep red blood cells) at the end of the nestling period was not affected by the female pied flycatchers treatment. Instead our results suggest that general antibody responsiveness is mainly determined by the rearing environment and total antibody levels before the injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kilpimaa
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
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30
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Kallio ER, Poikonen A, Vaheri A, Vapalahti O, Henttonen H, Koskela E, Mappes T. Maternal antibodies postpone hantavirus infection and enhance individual breeding success. Proc Biol Sci 2007; 273:2771-6. [PMID: 17015326 PMCID: PMC1635497 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2006.3645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The transfer of maternal antibodies from mother to progeny is a well-known phenomenon in avian and mammalian species. Optimally, they protect the newborn against the pathogens in the environment. The effect of maternal antibodies on microparasite transmission dynamics may have important consequences for both the fitness of the host and the epizootic processes of the pathogens. However, there is a scarcity of studies examining these effects in free-living wild species. We studied the influence of maternal antibodies against the zoonotic Puumala hantavirus (PUUV) on the fitness of bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) and on PUUV transmission by exposing young maternal antibody-positive (MatAb+) and negative (MatAb-) bank voles (n=160) to PUUV in experimental populations. PUUV-specific maternal antibodies delayed the timing of infection. Females were more susceptible to PUUV infection than males. Interestingly, both the females and the males with maternal antibodies matured earlier than the other individuals in the population. Our results highlight the significance of maternal antibodies in the transmission of a pathogen and in the breeding success of the carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva R Kallio
- Vantaa Research Unit, Finnish Forest Research Institute, PO Box 18, FIN-01301 Vantaa, Finland.
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31
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HARGITAI R, PRECHL J, TÖRÖK J. Maternal immunoglobulin concentration in Collared Flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis) eggs in relation to parental quality and laying order. Funct Ecol 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01171.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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33
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Pihlaja M, Siitari H, Alatalo RV. Maternal antibodies in a wild altricial bird: effects on offspring immunity, growth and survival. J Anim Ecol 2006; 75:1154-64. [PMID: 16922851 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01136.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
1. In many animals immunity is not fully developed until adulthood but the young still need protection against various sets of pathogens. Thus, bird nestlings are highly dependent on antibodies received from their mother (in the eggs) during their rapid early growth period. The relationship between maternal immunity and the development of neonates' own immunity has been poorly studied. 2. It has been suggested that immune function plays an important part in mediating resource competition between different life-history traits, e.g. growth and reproduction. Maternal investment of antibodies has potentially permanent effects on offspring phenotype. Thus, the trade-offs between the immune function and other important life-history traits in the offspring will also affect the fitness of the mother. 3. Our supplemental feeding experiment in the magpie Pica pica indicates that the immunoglobulin levels of offspring at hatching are dependent on a mother's nutritional condition. In addition, the amount of maternal immunoglobulins transferred to offspring increases along the laying order within a nest. 4. We also found that at the age of 8-10 days the immunoglobulin production of the offspring has already begun. Furthermore, the maternal immunoglobulin levels of the offspring at hatching were positively related to their immunoglobulin levels on day 10. 5. Maternal immunoglobulins did not significantly affect offspring growth, but there was a negative relationship between self-produced immunoglobulins and growth over the first 10 days, indicating a trade-off between these traits. Nestlings' weight, however, had a positive relationship with immunoglobulin production suggesting that the observed trade-off between growth and immunoglobulin production is due to catch-up growth of nestlings with a low hatching weight. We found that within nests nestlings with higher maternal antibody levels had higher survival rate until day 20, but between nests there was an opposite relationship. 6. Evidently, there is a trade-off, in magpies, between maternal resources, immune function and growth, shaping the evolution of maternal investment in offspring immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjo Pihlaja
- University of Jyväskylä, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, PO Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
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Gasparini J, McCoy KD, Staszewski V, Haussy C, Boulinier T. Dynamics of anti-Borreliaantibodies in Black-legged Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) chicks suggest a maternal educational effect. CAN J ZOOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1139/z06-024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the presence of parasites, mothers can transfer specific immunoglobulins to their offspring. These antibodies are typically thought to provide protection until the juvenile produces its own immune response, but they may also act to educate the developing immune system so as to prepare the individual for future parasite challenge. We examined this hypothesis in a natural host–parasite system involving the Black-legged Kittiwake ( Rissa tridactyla (L., 1758)), the seabird tick ( Ixodes ( Ceratixodes ) uriae White, 1852), and the Lyme disease bacterium ( Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. (Johnston, 1984)). We compared the dynamics of anti-Borrelia antibodies in chicks between ages 5 and 20 days that received a large amount of maternal anti-Borrelia antibodies to those that did not. The results suggest that the presence of maternal antibodies against Borrelia increases the overall production of anti-Borrelia immunoglobulins by chicks and support the existence of an adaptive maternal effect. Experimental approaches are now called for to better appraise the ecological and evolutionary consequences of the maternal transfer of antibodies in host–parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Gasparini
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, CNRS UMR 7625, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Génétique et Evolution des Maladies Infectieuses, UMR 2724 CNRS–IRD, IRD, 34394 Montpellier, France
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS UMR 5175, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Evolutive, CNRS UMR 7103, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Karen D. McCoy
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, CNRS UMR 7625, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Génétique et Evolution des Maladies Infectieuses, UMR 2724 CNRS–IRD, IRD, 34394 Montpellier, France
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS UMR 5175, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Evolutive, CNRS UMR 7103, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Staszewski
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, CNRS UMR 7625, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Génétique et Evolution des Maladies Infectieuses, UMR 2724 CNRS–IRD, IRD, 34394 Montpellier, France
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS UMR 5175, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Evolutive, CNRS UMR 7103, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Claudy Haussy
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, CNRS UMR 7625, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Génétique et Evolution des Maladies Infectieuses, UMR 2724 CNRS–IRD, IRD, 34394 Montpellier, France
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS UMR 5175, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Evolutive, CNRS UMR 7103, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Thierry Boulinier
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, CNRS UMR 7625, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Génétique et Evolution des Maladies Infectieuses, UMR 2724 CNRS–IRD, IRD, 34394 Montpellier, France
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS UMR 5175, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Evolutive, CNRS UMR 7103, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
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GRINDSTAFF JENNIFERL, DEMAS GREGORYE, KETTERSON ELLEND. Diet quality affects egg size and number but does not reduce maternal antibody transmission in Japanese quail Coturnix japonica. J Anim Ecol 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2005.01002.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Melanitou E, Devendra D, Liu E, Miao D, Eisenbarth GS. Early and quantal (by litter) expression of insulin autoantibodies in the nonobese diabetic mice predict early diabetes onset. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 173:6603-10. [PMID: 15557150 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.11.6603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aiming to study the early stages of type 1 diabetes phenotype, before insulitis appears, we measured insulin autoantibodies (IAA) between 3 and 5 wk of age in the NOD mouse (early-IAA (E-IAA)). We report that IAA are found as early as at 3 wk of age, at weaning, and their expression is a quantal phenotype. Maternal autoantibody status influences this early phenotype, because animals of litters issued from IAA-positive ante partum mothers develop E-IAA with a significantly higher incidence than animals issued from IAA-negative mothers. These E-IAA represent synthesized rather than transplacental autoantibodies, as evidenced by higher levels in many offspring compared with maternal IAA, and negative as well as positive offspring in the same litters and it correlates with early diabetes onset, defining the first autoimmune window in diabetes pathogenesis. Therefore, autoimmune processes leading to type 1 diabetes initiate early in life, are influenced by maternal autoantibody status, and can be revealed by the presence of IAA. Our data suggest that the mechanisms responsible for the breakdown of self-tolerance are subjected not only to genetic predisposition, but also to the physiological status of the mother. Pathological progression to autoimmunity is marked by the presence of immunological windows relating early steps with final disease onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evie Melanitou
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
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Lemke H, Coutinho A, Lange H. Lamarckian inheritance by somatically acquired maternal IgG phenotypes. Trends Immunol 2004; 25:180-6. [PMID: 15039044 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2004.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hilmar Lemke
- Biochemical Institute, Medical Faculty of the Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany.
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Grindstaff JL, Brodie ED, Ketterson ED. Immune function across generations: integrating mechanism and evolutionary process in maternal antibody transmission. Proc Biol Sci 2004; 270:2309-19. [PMID: 14667346 PMCID: PMC1691520 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2003.2485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The past 30 years of immunological research have revealed much about the proximate mechanisms of maternal antibody transmission and utilization, but have not adequately addressed how these issues are related to evolutionary and ecological theory. Much remains to be learned about individual differences within a species in maternal antibody transmission as well as differences among species in transmission or utilization of antibodies. Similarly, maternal-effects theory has generally neglected the mechanisms by which mothers influence offspring phenotype. Although the environmental cues that generate maternal effects and the consequent effects for offspring phenotype are often well characterized, the intermediary physiological and developmental steps through which the maternal effect is transmitted are generally unknown. Integration of the proximate mechanisms of maternal antibody transmission with evolutionary theory on maternal effects affords an important opportunity to unite mechanism and process by focusing on the links between genetics, environment and physiology, with the ultimate goal of explaining differences among individuals and species in the transfer of immune function from one generation to the next.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Grindstaff
- Department of Biology and Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, 1001 E. Third Street, Indiana University-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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Uthoff H, Spenner A, Reckelkamm W, Ahrens B, Wölk G, Hackler R, Hardung F, Schaefer J, Scheffold A, Renz H, Herz U. Critical Role of Preconceptional Immunization for Protective and Nonpathological Specific Immunity in Murine Neonates. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 171:3485-92. [PMID: 14500644 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.7.3485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Expression of Th2 immunity against environmental Ags is the hallmark of the allergic phenotype and contrasts with the Th1-like pattern, which is stably expressed in healthy adults throughout life. Epidemiological studies indicate that the prenatal environment plays an important and decisive role in the development of allergy later in life. Since the underlying mechanisms were unclear, an animal model was developed to study the impact of maternal allergy on the development of an allergic immune response in early life. An allergic Th2 response was induced in pregnant mice by sensitization and aerosol allergen exposure. Both, IgG1 and IgG2a, but not IgE, Abs cross the placental barrier. Free allergen also crosses the placental area and was detected in serum and amniotic fluids of neonatal F(1) mice. These F(1) mice demonstrated a suppressed Th1 response, as reflected by lowered frequencies and reduced levels of IFN-gamma production. Development of an IgE response against the same allergen was completely prevented early in life. This effect was mediated by diaplacental transfer of allergen-specific IgG1 Abs. In contrast, allergic sensitization against a different allergen early in life was accelerated in these mice. This effect was mediated by maternal CD4 and OVA-specific Th2 cells induced by allergic sensitization during pregnancy. These data indicate a critical role for maternal T and B cell response in shaping pre- and postnatal maturation of specific immunity to allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Uthoff
- Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiology, Hospital of Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
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Abstract
Asthma and eczema (atopic dermatitis) are characterized by a number of unexplained phenomena: the familial aggregation of disease, the initiation of disease by apparently trivial exposure to allergens, the preferential transmission of disease from affected mothers and the large increase in prevalence of disease in Westernized societies in the last century. A number of genes and chromosomal regions have been identified that consistently show linkage to asthma and its related phenotypes. Known loci modify the strength of the atopic response, nonspecific inflammation, the ability to respond to particular allergens and nonspecific airway reactivity. Eczema has been shown to be due to a different set of genetic loci that are shared with other skin diseases such as psoriasis and leprosy. Genetic and genomic studies both provide evidence that epithelial surfaces are active in the induction of allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Cookson
- University of Oxford, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, England.
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Lemke H, Lange H. Generalization of single immunological experiences by idiotypically mediated clonal connections. Adv Immunol 2002; 80:203-41. [PMID: 12078482 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(02)80016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Clonal interactions of B cells by idiotope-specific mutual recognition of their antigen receptors with the participation of T cells were assumed to form a web of unknown density, referred to as the idiotypic network. Although these clonal connections were proposed to fulfill important internal regulatory functions, their biological significance, especially in relation to antigen-induced immune responses, remained a mystery. In view of this, we postulate that the basic function of the idiotypic internal connection between B and T cell antigen receptors is to transform antigen-induced cellular activations, by idiotypic crossreactivity, into the regulation of cell clones with different antigen specificities. This process leads not only to the suppression of major clones but also to the activation of minor ones. The latter activating property may allow the generalization of single antigenic experiences, so that the immune system in its entirety benefits in its battle against environmental microbes. Such idiotypic clonal interactions are particularly effective in early ontogeny. During a short neonatal imprinting period, maternal immunological knowledge in the form of somatically mutated, high-affinity IgG antibodies, acquired through a continuous encounter with external antigens, guides the initial ontogenetic development of the immune system and so exerts long-lasting transgenerational advantageous effects in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilmar Lemke
- Biochemical Institute of the Medical Faculty of the Christian-Albrechts-University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
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Breivik T, Stephan M, Brabant GE, Straub RH, Pabst R, von Hörsten S. Postnatal lipopolysaccharide-induced illness predisposes to periodontal disease in adulthood. Brain Behav Immun 2002; 16:421-38. [PMID: 12096888 DOI: 10.1006/brbi.2001.0642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term consequences of neonatal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure on adult behavioral and neuroendocrine stress responsiveness as well as on the clinical course of periodontal disease were assessed in male Lewis rats. At 3 and 5 days of age, pups were administered either saline (SHAM) or LPS or were left undisturbed. After postnatal treatment, mothers licked LPS-treated pups significantly more. In adult LPS rats of 3-5 months of age, home cage activity indicated changes of the diurnal rhythmicity. Furthermore, SHAM- and LPS-treated animals displayed treatment-specific signs of increased anxiety in social interaction, elevated plus maze, holeboard, and open field tests. At 7 months of age, a dramatic increase of periodontal fiber loss in LPS rats was associated with increased plasma interleukin-6 levels. In contrast, SHAM treatment caused high plasma interferon-gamma cytokine levels and protective effects in periodontal disease. Parameters of the response to novelty were significantly correlated with later disease susceptibility. Thus, LPS-induced early postnatal illness modulates the adult behavioral responsiveness to stress and predisposes to periodontal disease.
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Vento S, Cainelli F. Childhood infections and autoimmune diseases. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:1749-50; author reply 1749-50. [PMID: 12037160 DOI: 10.1056/nejm200205303462216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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