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Ninić A, Bojanin D, Sopić M, Mihajlović M, Munjas J, Milenković T, Stefanović A, Vekić J, Spasojević-Kalimanovska V. Transforming Growth Factor-β1 and Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products Gene Expression and Protein Levels in Adolescents with Type 1 iabetes Mellitus. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2021; 13:61-71. [PMID: 32936764 PMCID: PMC7947732 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2020.2020.0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Type 1 diabetes (T1D) mellitus is one of the most frequent autoimmune diseases in childhood. Chronic complications are the main causes of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in T1D. Although interactions between advanced glycation end products (AGE) and their receptors (RAGE) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) are implicated in development and progression of diabetic microand macro-vascular complications, they also have important roles in immune system regulation. METHODS Blood samples were obtained from 156 adolescents with T1D and 80 apparently healthy controls. T1D patients diagnosed with any other autoimmune disease and receiving any kind of drugs except insulin therapy were excluded from this study. Exclusion criteria for controls were positive family history of T1D and drugs/supplements application. TGF-β1 and transmembrane full-length RAGE (flRAGE) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were obtained by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method. Circulating levels of biochemical markers, TGF-β1 and soluble RAGE (sRAGE) levels were also determined. RESULTS TGF-β1 and flRAGE mRNA levels were significantly higher in controls compared to patients (p<0.001, for both). However, TGF-β1 and sRAGE levels were higher in patients than controls (p<0.001, for both). There were significant independent associations of all mRNA and protein levels with T1D. TGF-β1 mRNA was the only marker independently negatively associated with urinary albumin excretion rate in T1D adolescents (p=0.005). CONCLUSION Our results indicated gene expression downregulation of TGF-β1 and flRAGE in PBMC of T1D adolescents. TGF-β1 mRNA downregulation may be useful for predicting early elevation of urinary albumin excretion rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ninić
- University of Belgrade Faculty of Pharmacy, Department for Medical Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia,* Address for Correspondence: University of Belgrade Faculty of Pharmacy, Department for Medical Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia Phone: +381 11 3951 266 E-mail:
| | - Dragana Bojanin
- Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia “Dr Vukan Čupić”, Biochemical Laboratory, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miron Sopić
- University of Belgrade Faculty of Pharmacy, Department for Medical Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Mihajlović
- University of Belgrade Faculty of Pharmacy, Department for Medical Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Munjas
- University of Belgrade Faculty of Pharmacy, Department for Medical Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Milenković
- Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia “Dr Vukan Čupić”, Department of Endocrinology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Stefanović
- University of Belgrade Faculty of Pharmacy, Department for Medical Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Vekić
- University of Belgrade Faculty of Pharmacy, Department for Medical Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
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2
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Nekoua MP, Fachinan R, Fagninou A, Alidjinou EK, Moutairou K, Hober D, Yessoufou A. Does control of glycemia regulate immunological parameters in insulin-treated persons with type 1 diabetes? Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2019; 157:107868. [PMID: 31560963 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We investigated the relationships between control of glycemia and the frequencies of immune cell subpopulations and also the profile of circulating T cell cytokines in insulin-treated persons with type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS Clinical data and blood samples were collected from two groups of persons with T1D exhibiting either adequate (AGC) or inadequate glycemic control (IGC), as well as from individuals without diabetes considered as a control group. Serum cytokine levels and immune cell subpopulation frequencies were determined. RESULTS Irrespective of their capacity to control glycemia, the percentages of effector CD4+ T-cells and CD19+ B-cells were higher in persons with T1D than in controls, whilst monocytes were significantly more frequent in those with IGC than in controls. The overall frequencies of CD4+ T-cells, CD8+ T-cells and Foxp3+CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cells did not differ between the three groups. The serum levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ were lower in both groups with T1D compared to controls, whilst the level of IL-4 did not differ. The level of IL-10 was significantly lower in those with AGC compared to controls. CONCLUSION Our study shows that insulin treatment is associated with a Th2-biased systemic immune phenotype in persons with T1D, reflected by a high proportion of effector CD4+ T cells and CD19+ B cells and a down-regulation of Th1-type serum cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magloire Pandoua Nekoua
- Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Institut des Sciences Biomédicales Appliquées (ISBA), Laboratoire de Biologie et Physiologie Cellulaires, 01 BP 526 Cotonou, Benin; Université de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Rufine Fachinan
- Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Institut des Sciences Biomédicales Appliquées (ISBA), Laboratoire de Biologie et Physiologie Cellulaires, 01 BP 526 Cotonou, Benin
| | - Adnette Fagninou
- Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Institut des Sciences Biomédicales Appliquées (ISBA), Laboratoire de Biologie et Physiologie Cellulaires, 01 BP 526 Cotonou, Benin
| | - Enagnon Kazali Alidjinou
- Université de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Kabirou Moutairou
- Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Institut des Sciences Biomédicales Appliquées (ISBA), Laboratoire de Biologie et Physiologie Cellulaires, 01 BP 526 Cotonou, Benin
| | - Didier Hober
- Université de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Akadiri Yessoufou
- Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Institut des Sciences Biomédicales Appliquées (ISBA), Laboratoire de Biologie et Physiologie Cellulaires, 01 BP 526 Cotonou, Benin.
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3
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Nekoua MP, Yessoufou A, Alidjinou EK, Badia-Boungou F, Moutairou K, Sane F, Hober D. Salivary anti-coxsackievirus-B4 neutralizing activity and pattern of immune parameters in patients with type 1 diabetes: a pilot study. Acta Diabetol 2018; 55:827-834. [PMID: 29774468 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-018-1158-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Enteroviruses, especially coxsackieviruses B (CV-B), have been associated with the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). An anti-CV-B4 neutralizing activity in saliva of T1D patients was previously reported. Our aim was to study the association between the saliva anti-CV-B4 neutralizing activity and immune parameters in T1D patients in comparison with non-diabetic individuals. METHODS Saliva and blood samples were collected from 15 T1D patients and 8 controls. The anti-CV-B4 and anti-poliovirus type 1 (PV-1) activities of saliva and serum samples were determined by a plaque neutralization assay. Quantification of serum cytokines was performed by ELISA and the frequencies of lymphocyte subsets were evaluated using flow cytometry. RESULTS The levels of salivary anti-CV-B4 neutralizing activity were higher in T1D patients than in controls (p = 0.02), whereas the serum levels of anti-CV-B4 neutralizing activity and the saliva and serum levels of anti-PV-1 neutralizing activity were not different. The proportions of effector CD4+ T cells and CD19+ B cells, but not those of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, were higher in T1D patients than in controls (p = 0.02 and p = 0.01 respectively). Moreover, serum IFN-γ levels were lower in T1D patients compared to controls (p = 0.03) while IL-4 and IL-10 were not different. There was an association between saliva anti-CV-B4 activity, down-regulation of IFN-γ and B cell expansion in peripheral blood of T1D patients. CONCLUSION The association between saliva anti-CV-B4 activity and disturbance of immune system in T1D patients deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magloire Pandoua Nekoua
- Université de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, 59000, Lille, France
- Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Institut des Sciences Biomédicales Appliquées (ISBA), Laboratoire de Biologie et Physiologie Cellulaires, 01 BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Akadiri Yessoufou
- Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Institut des Sciences Biomédicales Appliquées (ISBA), Laboratoire de Biologie et Physiologie Cellulaires, 01 BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Enagnon Kazali Alidjinou
- Université de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Francis Badia-Boungou
- Université de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Kabirou Moutairou
- Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Institut des Sciences Biomédicales Appliquées (ISBA), Laboratoire de Biologie et Physiologie Cellulaires, 01 BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Famara Sane
- Université de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Didier Hober
- Université de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, 59000, Lille, France.
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4
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Walker LSK, von Herrath M. CD4 T cell differentiation in type 1 diabetes. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 183:16-29. [PMID: 26102289 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to type 1 diabetes is associated strongly with human leucocyte antigen (HLA) genes, implicating T cells in disease pathogenesis. In humans, CD8 T cells predominantly infiltrate the islets, yet their activation and propagation probably requires CD4 T cell help. CD4 T cells can select from several differentiation fates following activation, and this choice has profound consequences for their subsequent cytokine production and migratory potential. In turn, these features dictate which other immune cell types T cells interact with and influence, thereby determining downstream effector functions. Obtaining an accurate picture of the type of CD4 T cell differentiation associated with a particular immune-mediated disease therefore constitutes an important clue when planning intervention strategies. Early models of T cell differentiation focused on the dichotomy between T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 responses, with type 1 diabetes (T1D) being viewed mainly as a Th1-mediated pathology. However, several additional fate choices have emerged in recent years, including Th17 cells and follicular helper T cells. Here we revisit the issue of T cell differentiation in autoimmune diabetes, highlighting new evidence from both mouse models and patient samples. We assess the strengths and the weaknesses of the Th1 paradigm, review the data on interleukin (IL)-17 production in type 1 diabetes and discuss emerging evidence for the roles of IL-21 and follicular helper T cells in this disease setting. A better understanding of the phenotype of CD4 T cells in T1D will undoubtedly inform biomarker development, improve patient stratification and potentially reveal new targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S K Walker
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - M von Herrath
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA and Novo Nordisk Diabetes Research and Development Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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5
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Kenefeck R, Wang CJ, Kapadi T, Wardzinski L, Attridge K, Clough LE, Heuts F, Kogimtzis A, Patel S, Rosenthal M, Ono M, Sansom DM, Narendran P, Walker LS. Follicular helper T cell signature in type 1 diabetes. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:292-303. [PMID: 25485678 PMCID: PMC4382272 DOI: 10.1172/jci76238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The strong genetic association between particular HLA alleles and type 1 diabetes (T1D) indicates a key role for CD4+ T cells in disease; however, the differentiation state of the responsible T cells is unclear. T cell differentiation originally was considered a dichotomy between Th1 and Th2 cells, with Th1 cells deemed culpable for autoimmune islet destruction. Now, multiple additional T cell differentiation fates are recognized with distinct roles. Here, we used a transgenic mouse model of diabetes to probe the gene expression profile of islet-specific T cells by microarray and identified a clear follicular helper T (Tfh) cell differentiation signature. Introduction of T cells with a Tfh cell phenotype from diabetic animals efficiently transferred diabetes to recipient animals. Furthermore, memory T cells from patients with T1D expressed elevated levels of Tfh cell markers, including CXCR5, ICOS, PDCD1, BCL6, and IL21. Defects in the IL-2 pathway are associated with T1D, and IL-2 inhibits Tfh cell differentiation in mice. Consistent with these previous observations, we found that IL-2 inhibited human Tfh cell differentiation and identified a relationship between IL-2 sensitivity in T cells from patients with T1D and acquisition of a Tfh cell phenotype. Together, these findings identify a Tfh cell signature in autoimmune diabetes and suggest that this population could be used as a biomarker and potentially targeted for T1D interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupert Kenefeck
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Division of Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chun Jing Wang
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Division of Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tauseef Kapadi
- University of Birmingham, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lukasz Wardzinski
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Division of Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kesley Attridge
- University of Birmingham, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Louise E. Clough
- University of Birmingham, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Heuts
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Division of Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandros Kogimtzis
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Division of Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sapna Patel
- University of Birmingham, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Miranda Rosenthal
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Division of Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David M. Sansom
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Division of Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - Parth Narendran
- University of Birmingham, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy S.K. Walker
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Division of Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
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6
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Rydén A, Ludvigsson J, Fredrikson M, Faresjö M. General immune dampening is associated with disturbed metabolism at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Res 2014; 75:45-50. [PMID: 24105410 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2013.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a serious diagnosis with the prospect of grave short- and long-term complications and even death if poorly managed. An attempt has been made to describe how clinical and immunological deviations might influence each other close to the diagnosis of T1D. METHODS Sixty-nine newly diagnosed T1D children were studied together with a reference group of 30 healthy children. Cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α) were detected in in vitro culture by multiplex fluorochrome technique. Information of clinical status of the patients such as BMI, weight loss, pubertal stage, duration of symptoms, previous and/or ongoing infections, insulin requirement, and ketoacidosis were gathered together with the analysis of C-peptide and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c). RESULTS In general, low cytokine secretion was found at diagnosis of T1D. However, high C-peptide, short duration of symptoms, or an infection prior to diagnosis was associated with increased immune activity including proinflammatory, Th2-associated, and Tr1-associated cytokines. In contrast, ketoacidosis and later pubertal stage at onset of disease were more related to a Th1-prone response. CONCLUSION There is a general immune dampening at diagnosis of T1D, which appears to be related to the metabolic state close to diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rydén
- 1] Division of Paediatrics and Diabetes Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden [2] Type 1 Diabetes R&D Center, Novo Nordisk, Seattle, Washington [3] Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Johnny Ludvigsson
- Division of Paediatrics and Diabetes Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mats Fredrikson
- Linköping Academic Research Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Maria Faresjö
- 1] Biomedical Platform, Department of Natural Science and Biomedicine, School of Health Sciences, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden [2] Division of Medical Diagnostics, Laboratory Medicine, Ryhov County Hospital, Jönköping, Sweden
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7
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Han D, Cai X, Wen J, Kenyon NS, Chen Z. From biomarkers to a clue of biology: a computation-aided perspective of immune gene expression profiles in human type 1 diabetes. Front Immunol 2012; 3:320. [PMID: 23112798 PMCID: PMC3480653 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated expression of key immune genes may cause breakdown of immunological tolerance and development of autoimmune disorders such as type 1 diabetes (T1D). General immune insufficiencies have also been implicated as a trigger of autoimmunity, due to their potential impact on immune homeostasis. Recent studies have detected evidence of systemic reduction in immune gene expression in long-term diabetic patients but the changes were not present before or at T1D onset. The changes could not be merely correlated with alteration in metabolic parameters. The studies also identified a dynamic expression pattern of several well-known as well as little-studied, immune-related genes during the course of T1D. An intriguing “ratio profile” of immune regulatory genes, such as CTLA4 and members of the S100 family, versus “baseline” immune genes, such as CD3G, prompted us to further examine immune gene expression relationships for a set of molecules representing T cells, B cells, and myeloid cells. No evidence was found to suggest an overall breach of tolerance equilibrium in T1D. Perplexingly, patients with long-term T1D presented a gene expression profile that was surprisingly more coordinated in analyses of “networking” relationship. Computational analyses of the “ratio profiles” or “relationship profiles” of immune gene expression might provide a clue for further studies of immunobiology in human T1D and other autoimmune diseases, as to how the profiles may be related to the pathogenic cause of the disease, to the effect of the diseases on immune homeostasis, or to an immunological process associated with the course of the diseases but is neither a direct cause nor a direct effect of the diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Han
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, FL, USA
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8
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Abbasi F, Amiri P, Sayahpour FA, Pirmoradi S, Abolhalaj M, Larijani B, Bazzaz JT, Amoli MM. TGF-β and IL-23 gene expression in unstimulated PBMCs of patients with diabetes. Endocrine 2012; 41:430-4. [PMID: 22180056 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-011-9578-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The protective effects of TGF-β have been documented in various autoimmune diseases, mostly in organ-specific autoimmunity including type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). However, TGF-β also plays a role as a pro-inflammatory mediator by induction of Th17 cytokine production. IL-23 also plays a key role in differentiation of Th17 cells, which are implicated in pathogenesis of autoimmune conditions including T1DM. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the difference in the level of TGF-β1 and IL-23 gene expression in unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with different forms of diabetes compared with normal healthy controls subjects. Patients with T1DM were grouped as early-onset T1DM (N = 20) with age at diagnosis <18 years and late-onset T1DM (N = 20) with the age at onset >18 years. Patients with T2DM (N = 20) and normal healthy controls (N = 20) were recruited from the same area. TGF-β1 and IL-23 gene expression in fresh unstimulated PBMCs was determined in each group using quantitative real-time PCR. The results confirmed that a significant difference in TGF-β1 and IL-23 gene expression was observed in both forms of juvenile-onset T1DM and adult-onset T1DM compared to the controls and T2DM patients. There was no significant difference for TGF-β gene expression in patients with T2DM and controls. We therefore conclude that our results support the previous data on TGF-β gene down-regulation in T1DM. Also up-regulation of IL-23 has been observed in T1DM whilst it was down-regulated in T2DM. We also found no significant difference between juvenile-onset and adult-onset T1DM indicating same mechanism might be involved in the pathogenesis of both types. More studies on different cytokines in Th17 pathways are required to further confirm our finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Abbasi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Dr Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14114, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Faresjö M. Enzyme linked immuno-spot; a useful tool in the search for elusive immune markers in common pediatric immunological diseases. Cells 2012; 1:141-52. [PMID: 24710420 PMCID: PMC3901087 DOI: 10.3390/cells1020141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to provide better therapy we strive to increase our knowledge of how the immune system behaves and communicates in common pediatric immunological diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, allergic and celiac diseases. However, when dealing with pediatric diseases, where study subjects are almost exclusively children, blood volumes available for immunological studies are limited and as such must be carefully handled and used to their full extent. Single immune markers can easily be detected by a traditional Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), whereas multiple markers can be detected by a fluorochrome (Luminex) or electrochemiluminescence (MSD) technique. These techniques however are sometimes not sensitive enough to detect low levels of secreted immune markers in limited sample sizes. To detect immune markers at the single-cell level, an Enzyme Linked Immuno-spot (ELISPOT) can be used to pin-point elusive immune markers in common pediatric immunological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Faresjö
- The Biomedical Platform, Department of Natural Science and Biomedicine, School of Health Sciences, Jönköping University and County Hospital, Ryhov, Jönköping S-551 11, Sweden.
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10
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Han D, Leyva CA, Matheson D, Mineo D, Messinger S, Blomberg BB, Hernandez A, Meneghini LF, Allende G, Skyler JS, Alejandro R, Pugliese A, Kenyon NS. Immune profiling by multiple gene expression analysis in patients at-risk and with type 1 diabetes. Clin Immunol 2011; 139:290-301. [PMID: 21414848 PMCID: PMC3096683 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for biomarkers to monitor the development and progression of type 1 DM. We analyzed mRNA expression levels for granzyme B, perforin, fas ligand, TNF-α, IFN-γ, Foxp3, IL-10, TGF-β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17, Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) and Immunoglobulin G gamma chain (IgG<gamma>) genes in peripheral blood of at-risk, new-onset and long-term type 1 DM , and healthy controls. The majority of the genes were suppressed in long-term type 1 DM compared to controls and new-onset patients. IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 mRNA levels were significantly higher in new-onset compared to at-risk and long-term groups. There was decreased mRNA expression for AID and IgG<gamma> and up-regulation of IFN-γ with age in controls. Data suggest an overall depressed immunity in long-term type 1 DM. Increased gene expression levels for IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 in new-onset patients from at-risk patients might be used as potential markers for progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Han
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Carlos A. Leyva
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Della Matheson
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA,Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Davide Mineo
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Shari Messinger
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA,Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Bonnie B. Blomberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ana Hernandez
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Luigi F. Meneghini
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA,Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Gloria Allende
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jay S. Skyler
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA,Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA,Department of Medicine, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Rodolfo Alejandro
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA,Department of Medicine, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Alberto Pugliese
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA,Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA,Department of Medicine, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Norma S. Kenyon
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA,Department of Medicine, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA,Department of Surgery, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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11
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Akdis M, Burgler S, Crameri R, Eiwegger T, Fujita H, Gomez E, Klunker S, Meyer N, O'Mahony L, Palomares O, Rhyner C, Ouaked N, Quaked N, Schaffartzik A, Van De Veen W, Zeller S, Zimmermann M, Akdis CA. Interleukins, from 1 to 37, and interferon-γ: receptors, functions, and roles in diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127:701-21.e1-70. [PMID: 21377040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Advancing our understanding of mechanisms of immune regulation in allergy, asthma, autoimmune diseases, tumor development, organ transplantation, and chronic infections could lead to effective and targeted therapies. Subsets of immune and inflammatory cells interact via ILs and IFNs; reciprocal regulation and counter balance among T(h) and regulatory T cells, as well as subsets of B cells, offer opportunities for immune interventions. Here, we review current knowledge about ILs 1 to 37 and IFN-γ. Our understanding of the effects of ILs has greatly increased since the discoveries of monocyte IL (called IL-1) and lymphocyte IL (called IL-2); more than 40 cytokines are now designated as ILs. Studies of transgenic or knockout mice with altered expression of these cytokines or their receptors and analyses of mutations and polymorphisms in human genes that encode these products have provided important information about IL and IFN functions. We discuss their signaling pathways, cellular sources, targets, roles in immune regulation and cellular networks, roles in allergy and asthma, and roles in defense against infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
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12
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Price CL, Hassi HOSA, English NR, Blakemore AIF, Stagg AJ, Knight SC. Methylglyoxal modulates immune responses: relevance to diabetes. J Cell Mol Med 2010; 14:1806-15. [PMID: 19538479 PMCID: PMC3829040 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00803.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased methylglyoxal (MG) concentrations and formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are major pathways of glycaemic damage in diabetes, leading to vascular and neuronal complications. Diabetes patients also suffer increased susceptibility to many common infections, the underlying causes of which remain elusive. We hypothesized that immune glycation damage may account for this increased susceptibility. We previously showed that the reaction mixture (RM) for MG glycation of peptide blocks up regulation of CD83 in myeloid cells and inhibits primary stimulation of T cells. Here, we continue to investigate immune glycation damage, assessing surface and intracellular cytokine protein expression by flow cytometry, T-cell proliferation using a carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester assay, and mRNA levels by RT-PCR. We show that the immunomodulatory component of this RM was MG itself, with MG alone causing equivalent block of CD83 and loss of primary stimulation. Block of CD83 expression could be reversed by MG scavenger N-acetyl cysteine. Further, MG within RM inhibited stimulated production of interleukin (IL)-10 protein from myeloid cells plus interferon (IFN)-gamma and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha from T cells. Loss of IL-10 and IFN-gamma was confirmed by RT-PCR analysis of mRNA, while TNF-alpha message was raised. Loss of TNF-alpha protein was also shown by ELISA of culture supernatants. In addition, MG reduced major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I expression on the surface of myeloid cells and increased their propensity to apoptose. We conclude that MG is a potent suppressor of myeloid and T-cell immune function and may be a major player in diabetes-associated susceptibility to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Price
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Marks CampusHarrow, Middlesex, UK
| | - Hafid O S Al Hassi
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Marks CampusHarrow, Middlesex, UK
| | - Nicholas R English
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Marks CampusHarrow, Middlesex, UK
| | | | - Andrew J Stagg
- Centre for Infectious Disease, Barts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryLondon, UK
| | - Stella C Knight
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Marks CampusHarrow, Middlesex, UK
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13
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Lindberg E, Andersson B, Hörnquist EH, Magnusson Y. Impaired activation of IFN-gamma+CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Cell Immunol 2010; 263:224-9. [PMID: 20435301 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Viral persistence and autoantibodies are pathogenic components in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). The aim was to evaluate T-cell function in DCM using different flow cytometry based detection techniques. Following stimulation, the frequency of IFN-gamma-producing CD4+ T cells was significantly lower in patients compared with controls. In contrast, the frequency of IL-4 producing CD4+ T cells was no different. In supernatants of cultured PBMC, IFN-gamma and IL-10 were significantly lower in patients. In addition, lymphocyte proliferation was significantly lower in patients compared with controls, whereas major lymphocyte subsets were not different. IFN-gamma and IL-10 are key cytokines in the ability to mount protective immune responses and to maintain self-tolerance. A reduced activation of T-helper 1 (IFN-gamma producing) cells and a decreased capacity to produce IL-10, found in the present study, could explain parts of the autoimmune features seen in patients with DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Lindberg
- Institution of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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14
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Youngnak-Piboonratanakit P, Dhanuthai K, Thongprasom K, Luckprom P, Sarideechaigul W, Luangjarmekorn L, Azuma M. Expression of IFN-γ before and after treatment of oral lichen planus with 0.1% fluocinolone acetonide in orabase. J Oral Pathol Med 2009; 38:689-94. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2009.00805.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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15
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Price CL, Knight SC. Methylglyoxal: possible link between hyperglycaemia and immune suppression? Trends Endocrinol Metab 2009; 20:312-7. [PMID: 19709901 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2009.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
No matter the cause of diabetes, the result is always hyperglycaemia. This excess glucose metabolism drives several damage pathways and raises concentrations of the reactive dicarbonyl, methylglyoxal (MG). MG can modify the structure and function of target molecules by forming advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) that act through their receptor (RAGE) to perpetuate vascular and neuronal injury responsible for long-term complications of diabetes. Diabetes patients also suffer lower resistance to many common infections, although the cause(s) for this lower resistance remains elusive. Here, we review recent evidence concerning immune suppression in diabetes and discuss the effects of MG on components of the immune system. We suggest that MG could be a missing link between hyperglycaemia and immune suppression in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Price
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London Faculty of Medicine, Level 7W, NWLH campus, Watford Road, Harrow, Middlesex, HA1 3UJ, UK
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16
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Ryden A, Stechova K, Durilova M, Faresjö M. Switch from a dominant Th1-associated immune profile during the pre-diabetic phase in favour of a temporary increase of a Th3-associated and inflammatory immune profile at the onset of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2009; 25:335-43. [PMID: 19382103 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease dominated by loss of self-tolerance resulting in depletion of the beta-cells. This study aims to confirm previous observations of a dominant T-helper (Th)1-like profile during the period close to onset of disease. Further, to follow the immune response from onset to 2 years duration, the study focused on spontaneous as well as autoantigen-induced immune profile. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected 4 days and 1 and 2 years after diagnosis of T1D children, from healthy children carrying the human leukocyte antigen-risk genes and from high-risk children (ICA > or = 20 IJDF units). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD(65)) and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). Cytokines and chemokines were detected in cell-culture supernatants by protein microarray (naive T-cells; interleukin (IL)-7, Th1; interferon-gamma, tumour necrosis factor-beta, Th2; IL-5, Th3; transforming growth factor-beta, T-regulatory cell type 1; IL-10 and inflammatory cytokines; tumour necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6 and chemokines; monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, monokine upregulated by IFN-gamma) in relation to clinical outcome (C-peptide). RESULTS High-risk children showed a dominant Th1-associated profile with high spontaneous and GAD(65)-induced secretion. The mitogen PHA instead induced a Th2-associated response exclusively in high-risk children. In contrast, newly diagnosed T1D children showed a pronounced Th3-associated cytokine profile as well as a burst of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines secreted both spontaneously and by GAD(65) and PHA stimulation. The immune response to GAD(65) and PHA, however, diminished with duration of disease. CONCLUSION A dominant Th1-associated immune profile was observed during the pre-diabetic phase. This Th1 dominance, however, diminished in favour of a temporary increase in a Th3-associated and inflammatory immune profile at the onset of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ryden
- Division of Paediatrics & Diabetes Research Centre, Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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17
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Nosratabadi R, Arababadi MK, Hassanshahi G, Yaghini N, Pooladvand V, Shamsizadeh A, Zarandi ER, Hakimi H. Evaluation of IFN-gamma serum level in nephropatic type 2 diabetic patients. Pak J Biol Sci 2009; 12:746-749. [PMID: 19634484 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2009.746.749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to examine the serum level of IFN-gamma in type 2 diabetic patients with nephropatic complications. In this experimental study, serum samples were obtained from 100 type 2 diabetic patients suffering from nephropathy and 100 healthy controls. Serum level of IFN-gamma was analyzed by ELISA. Results of this study showed that the mean serum level of IFN-gamma was 16.09 +/- 2.04 and 4.03 +/- 1.00 pg mL(-1) in nephropathic patients and healthy controls, respectively. Statistical analysis of data showed that the difference in the IFN-gamma serum level was significant between nephropathic patients and controls. Due to the elevated level of IFN-gamma in nephropathic patients, it can be possibly concluded that IFN-gamma is involved in nephropathy complication of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Nosratabadi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan Branch, Zahedan, Iran
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18
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Hedman M, Faresjö M, Axelsson S, Ludvigsson J, Casas R. Impaired CD4 and CD8 T cell phenotype and reduced chemokine secretion in recent-onset type 1 diabetic children. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 153:360-8. [PMID: 18803760 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03720.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the role of the T cell-mediated autoimmune reaction in type 1 diabetes (T1D) is conclusive, studies including data from human circulating CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes subsets during the disease onset and posterior development are scarce. Further, chemokines and chemokine receptors are key players in the migration of pathogenic T cells into the islets of non-obese diabetic mice developing T1D, but few studies have investigated these markers in human T1D patients. We studied the expression of T helper 1 (Th1)- and Th2-associated chemokine receptors, and the two isoforms of CD45 leucocyte antigen on CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes from T1D and healthy children, as well as the secretion of chemokines in cell supernatants in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Our results showed increased expression of CCR7 and CD45RA and reduced CD45RO on CD8(+) cells among recent-onset T1D patients. The percentages of CD4(+) cells expressing CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3), CXCR6 and CCR5, and the secretion of interferon-gamma-induced protein-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha and MIP-1beta was lower among diabetics. Low expression of Th1-associated receptors and secretion of chemokines, together with an increased amount of CD8(+) cells expressing CD45RA and CCR7 in T1D patients therefore might represent suboptimal Th function in T1D, leading to impaired T cytotoxic responses or alternatively reflect a selective recruitment of Th1 cells into the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hedman
- Division of Pediatrics and Diabetes Research Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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19
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Chen J, Liu X. The role of interferon γ in regulation of CD4+ T-cells and its clinical implications. Cell Immunol 2009; 254:85-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2008] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Walldén J, Honkanen J, Ilonen J, Ludvigsson J, Vaarala O. No evidence for activation of T(H)1 or T(H)17 pathways in unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from children with β-cell autoimmunity or T1D. J Inflamm Res 2008; 1:11-7. [PMID: 22096343 PMCID: PMC3218718 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s3547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The balance between TH1, TH2, TH17, and regulatory T cells has been suggested to be disturbed in type 1 diabetes (T1D). We investigated this balance in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from children at risk of developing T1D and children with T1D. Methods We studied PBMC expression levels of markers related to TH1 (T-bet, IL-12Rβ1, IL-12Rβ2), TH2 (GATA-3, IL-4Rα), TH17 (IL-17A), and regulatory T cells (Foxp3, ICOS, and CTLA-4) with real-time polymerase chain reaction from 17 children with T1D, 13 children with β-cell autoimmunity, 15 children with T1D risk-associated human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes, and 24 healthy, control children. Results We observed decreased expression levels of GATA-3 by PBMC of healthy children with autoantibodies compared to healthy, control children (p = 0.014) or children with HLA risk alleles (p = 0.032). Children with T1D demonstrated lower expression levels of T-bet, IL-12Rβ1, and IL-4Rα both at diagnosis and 12 months later. Conclusion We found no indication of aberrant activation of TH1, TH17, or Treg in peripheral blood from children with or without risk of T1D. The observed immunological differences between children at risk of and with T1D should be considered when immunopathogenesis of β-cell destruction is studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Walldén
- Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Pediatrics and Diabetes Research Center, Linköping, Sweden
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21
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Bohmova K, Hladikova Z, Cerny M, Flajsmanova K, Vrabelova Z, Skramlikova T, Spalova I, Cerna M, Chudoba D, Pithova P, Stadlerova G, Bartaskova D, Faresjo M, Stechova K. Cord Blood Cytokine Profile Detection in Neonates with T1D Parents – Monitoring of Cellular Auto-reactivity Using Protein Microarray. Scand J Immunol 2007; 66:563-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.01998.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Stechova K, Bohmova K, Vrabelova Z, Sepa A, Stadlerova G, Zacharovova K, Faresjö M. High T-helper-1 cytokines but low T-helper-3 cytokines, inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in children with high risk of developing type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2007; 23:462-71. [PMID: 17315139 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is suggested to be of T-helper (Th)1-like origin. However, recent reports indicate a diminished interferon (IFN)-gamma secretion at the onset of the disease. We hypothesize that there is a discrepancy in subsets of Th-cells between children with a high risk of developing T1D, children newly diagnosed with T1D and healthy children. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were collected from children at high risk for T1D (islet cells antibodies [ICA] >/= 20 IJDF-U), those newly diagnosed and healthy children carrying the HLA-risk gene DQB1*0302 or DQB1*0201 and DQA1*0501. Th1- (IFN-gamma, tumour necrosis factor [TNF]-beta, interleukin [IL]-2), Th2- (IL-4,-5,-13), Th3- (transforming growth factor [TGF-beta], IL-10) and inflammatory associated cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1alpha,-6) and chemokines (monocyte chemoattractant protein [MCP]-1,-2,-3, Monokine unregulated by IFN-gamma [MIG], Regulated on Activation, Normal T-cell Expressed and Secreted [RANTES], IL-7,-8,-15) were detected in cell-culture supernatants of PBMC, stimulated with glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD(65)) and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), by protein micro array and enzyme linked immunospot (ELISPOT) technique. RESULTS The Th1 cytokines IFN-gamma and TNF-beta, secreted both spontaneously and by GAD(65)- and mitogen stimulation, were seen to a higher extent in high-risk children than in children newly diagnosed with T1D. In contrast, TNF-alpha and IL-6, classified as inflammatory cytokines, the chemokines RANTES, MCP-1 and IL-7 as well as the Th3 cytokines TGF-beta and IL-10 were elevated in T1D children compared to high-risk children. CONCLUSION High Th-1 cytokines were observed in children with high risk of developing TID, whereas in children newly diagnosed with T1D Th3 cytokines, inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were increased. Thus, an inverse relation between Th1-like cells and markers of inflammation was shown between children with high risk and those newly diagnosed with T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Stechova
- Department of Paediatrics, 2nd Medical Faculty of Charles University, University Hospital Motol in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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23
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Luopajärvi K, Skarsvik S, Ilonen J, Akerblom HK, Vaarala O. Reduced CCR4, interleukin-13 and GATA-3 up-regulation in response to type 2 cytokines of cord blood T lymphocytes in infants at genetic risk of type 1 diabetes. Immunology 2007; 121:189-96. [PMID: 17244154 PMCID: PMC2265934 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrancies in T-cell polarization including expression of chemokine receptors have been reported in human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class II associated autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes (T1D) and rheumatoid arthritis. We asked whether these aberrancies are present at birth in newborn infants carrying the HLA risk haplotypes for T1D. Sixty-seven cord blood (CB) samples from infants were screened for T1D-associated HLA risk genotypes (HLA-DR4-DQ8 and/or DR3-DQ2 without protective alleles). CB lymphocytes were stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin in type 1 (interleukin (IL)-12, anti-IL4) or type 2 (IL-4, anti-IL12) cytokine environment for 6 days. The expression of chemokine and cytokine receptors on T cells was determined by flow cytometry, secretion of cytokines was analysed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and transcription factors were analysed using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. After culture of CB lymphocytes in type 2 cytokine environment newborn infants carrying DR4-DQ8 haplotype (n=18) showed reduced percentage of CD4 T cells expressing CCR4 (P=0 x 009) and the level of CCR4 mRNA was decreased (P=0 x 008). In addition, lower secretion of IL-13 and expression of GATA-3 in CB lymphocytes cultured in type 2 cytokine environment were found in the infants with DR4-DQ8 haplotype (P=0 x 020 and P=0 x 004, respectively) in comparison to newborn infants without DR4-DQ8 and DR3-DQ2 haplotypes (n=37). Poor in vitro induction of type 2 immune responses in newborn infants with DR4-DQ8 haplotype suggests that the HLA genotype associated with risk of autoimmunity may affect the T cell polarization already at birth, which in turn may contribute to the risk for autoimmunity later in life.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Polarity/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Fetal Blood/immunology
- GATA3 Transcription Factor/biosynthesis
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- HLA-DQ Antigens/genetics
- HLA-DR4 Antigen/genetics
- Histocompatibility Testing
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Interleukin-13/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, CCR4
- Receptors, CXCR4/biosynthesis
- Receptors, CXCR4/blood
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Chemokine/blood
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Luopajärvi
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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24
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Faresjö MK, Vaarala O, Thuswaldner S, Ilonen J, Hinkkanen A, Ludvigsson J. Diminished IFN-gamma response to diabetes-associated autoantigens in children at diagnosis and during follow up of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2006; 22:462-70. [PMID: 16572494 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Imbalance of T-helper (Th)1- and Th2-like cytokines has been associated with type 1 diabetes. We therefore studied the immune deviation in antigen-specific T cells from diagnosis onwards in type 1 diabetic children. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were collected from 15 children after 4 days, 3 months and 18 months of being diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, from 15 healthy children matched by age and gender to the type 1 diabetic children and from 14 children with and 35 children without HLA-risk genes. Secretion of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) was detected by ELISPOT after stimulation with glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD(65), protein and aa 247-279), recombinant tyrosinphosphatase (IA-2), insulin, ovalbumin and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). RESULTS Secretion of IFN-gamma in PBMC stimulated with GAD(65) (p < 0.05), the GAD(65)-peptide (p < 0.01), IA-2 (p < 0.01), and insulin (p < 0.01) was lower in diabetic children at diagnosis than in healthy children. Stimulation of PBMC with GAD(65) and IA-2 decreased the secretion of IFN-gamma in children with HLA-risk genotype. Spontaneous and antigen-induced IFN-gamma secretion increased significantly after diagnosis of the disease, but did not exceed the levels observed in healthy children. Fasting C-peptide levels at diagnosis correlated with insulin-induced IFN-gamma (R = 0.52; p = 0.05) and negatively with spontaneous IL-4 secretion (R = -0.62; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION A diminished IFN-gamma secretion and the association of fasting C-peptide levels with cytokine response in children with type 1 diabetes suggest that factors related to beta-cell function in type 1 diabetes may modify T-cell function. Thus, the T-cell responses detected at or after diagnosis may not reflect the pathogenic process leading to type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Karlsson Faresjö
- Division of Pediatrics and Diabetes Research Centre, Department of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, S-581 85 Linköping, Sweden.
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a common chronic disease of childhood. Patients with T1D are at significant risk for developing serious health complications. Understanding of the genetics, environmental factors, and natural history of diabetes has lead to greater understanding of the etiology and epidemiology of T1D. Furthermore, technology has greatly improved glycemic control and reduction of complications. However, prevention of the development of diabetes remains elusive. This review article describes the past, current and upcoming strategies for diabetes prevention for patients at risk for developing autoimmunity, after antibody production, and patients with new onset diabetes.
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Hedman M, Ludvigsson J, Faresjö MK. Nicotinamide Reduces High Secretion of IFN-γ in High-Risk Relatives Even Though It Does Not Prevent Type 1 Diabetes. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2006; 26:207-13. [PMID: 16704296 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2006.26.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease suggested to be of a T helper (Th)1-like origin. This study aimed to investigate the Th1-like and Th2-like profile in high-risk individuals during the prediabetic phase and the immunologic effect of treatment with nicotinamide. High-risk first-degree relatives of T1D patients participating in the European Nicotinamide Diabetes Intervention Trial (ENDIT) were treated with either nicotinamide or placebo. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were obtained during the prediabetic phase and close to the onset of manifest T1D and from nondiabetic high-risk individuals. Using the sensitive enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) technique to distinguish Th1-like from Th2-like lymphocytes, secretion of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) was analyzed from PBMCs spontaneously and after in vitro stimulation with the diabetes-associated autoantigens, glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65, protein and peptide, aa 247-279), recombinant tyrosine phosphatase (IA-2), and heat shock protein (HSP, aa 437-460). High-risk individuals showed high spontaneous as well as autoantigen-induced IFN-gamma secretion. Secretion of IFN-gamma and the IFN-gamma/IL-4 ratio, induced by autoantigens, decreased in individuals developing T1D (p < 0.05), whereas nondiabetic individuals showed an increased IL-4 response (p < 0.05). Thus, a Th1-dominated cytokine profile observed in high-risk individuals inclined toward a diagnosis of diabetes. Nicotinamide caused decreased spontaneous (p = 0.05) and in vitro autoantigen-induced IFN-gamma secretion (p < 0.05) and may play a role in immune regulation, even though it has not been shown to prevent T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hedman
- Division of Paediatrics & Diabetes Research Centre, Department of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Skarsvik S, Ludvigsson J, Vaarala O. Aberrant regulation of interleukin-12 receptor beta2 chain on type 1 cytokine-stimulated T lymphocytes in type 1 diabetes. Immunology 2005; 114:287-93. [PMID: 15667574 PMCID: PMC1782072 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.02102.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An aberrant mitogen-induced polarization of peripheral blood T cells has been associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D). We studied, in T1D, type 1 and 2 cytokine-induced expression of the interleukin-12 receptor beta2 chain (IL-12Rbeta2 chain), which plays a critical role in regulating T-cell polarization. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from children with newly diagnosed T1D (n=10; mean age 10 years), from children with longstanding T1D (n=8; mean age 12.9 years) and from healthy children (n=15; mean age 11.5 years) were stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) in a type 1 (IL-12 and anti-IL-4) or a type 2 (IL-4 and anti-IL-12) cytokine environment. Secretion of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), IL-5 and IL-13, as detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and expression of the IL-12Rbeta2 chain on CD4 and CD8 cells by flow cytometry, were analysed. Children with newly diagnosed and longstanding T1D had lower expression levels of the IL-12Rbeta2 chain on IL-12Rbeta2 chain-positive CD4 T cells (for a type 1 or a type 2 cytokine environment: P=0.01 and P=0.002 or P=0.02 and P=0.01, respectively) and on IL-12Rbeta2 chain-positive CD8 T cells (for a type 1 or a type 2 cytokine environment: P=0.007 and P=0.0007 or P=0.003 and P=0.01, respectively) when compared to healthy children. A decreased percentage of IL-12Rbeta2 chain-expressing CD4 T cells (P=0.07 and P=0.03) and CD8 T cells (P=0.004 and P=0.01) and increased secretion of IL-13 (P=0.006 and P=0.04) in a type 1 cytokine environment was seen in both groups of patients. Peripheral blood T cells from patients with both newly diagnosed and longstanding T1D showed poor polarization towards type 1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Skarsvik
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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Karlsson Faresjö MGE, Ludvigsson J. Diminished Th1-Like Response to Autoantigens in Children with a High Risk of Developing Type 1 Diabetes. Scand J Immunol 2005; 61:173-9. [PMID: 15683454 DOI: 10.1111/j.0300-9475.2005.01544.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The exact role of T-helper (Th) cells that precede the clinical manifestation of type 1 diabetes remains unclear. The aim of this investigation was to study the Th1- and Th2-like profile in children and adults with high risk of developing the disease. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected from high-risk children and adults and from healthy individuals matched for age and gender. Using the sensitive enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) technique to divide Th1- from Th2-like lymphocytes, secretion of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 was analysed from lymphocytes spontaneously and after in vitro stimulation with different antigens, based on present paradigms regarding the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Compared to the response observed in healthy individuals, we found that individuals with a high risk of developing type 1 diabetes, especially children, responded with less IFN-gamma secretion to the three autoantigens glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65), insulin and tyrosinphosphatase (IA-2). Thus, a diminished Th1-like response by in vitro autoantigen stimulation was observed in especially children with a high risk of developing type 1 diabetes. Reduced Th1/Th2 response was related to signs of beta cell exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G E Karlsson Faresjö
- Division of Paediatrics and Diabetes Research Centre, Department of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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Rabinovitch A, Suarez-Pinzon WL. Role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes mellitus. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2003; 4:291-9. [PMID: 14501180 DOI: 10.1023/a:1025160614313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Rabinovitch
- 430 Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2.
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Nervi S, Nicodeme S, Gartioux C, Atlan C, Lathrop M, Reviron D, Naquet P, Matsuda F, Imbert J, Vialettes B. No association between lck gene polymorphisms and protein level in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2002; 51:3326-30. [PMID: 12401726 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.51.11.3326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We previously described a reduced expression of the protein tyrosine kinase Lck in T-cells from type 1 diabetic patients, the origin of which is still unknown. The human lck gene, located on chromosome 1p35-34.3, was evaluated as a candidate susceptibility gene for type 1 diabetes. A molecular scan of the sequence variations in the coding, the relevant promoter, and most of the intronic sequences of the lck gene (representing a total of 10.5 kb fragment) was performed in 187 Caucasian subjects including 91 type 1 diabetic patients and 96 normoglycemic control subjects. We identified 35 sequence variations, including one deletion and 34 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 33 of them being new. Four variants were frequent but not significantly associated with diabetes or Lck protein level. Of the SNP variants, 11 were only found within the diabetic population and some were associated with low Lck protein levels. The low frequency of these polymorphisms did not permit any statistically significant correlations with the disease status, suggesting that the lck gene probably does not contribute to genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solange Nervi
- Université de la Méditerranée, CHU Sainte-Marguerite, Marseille, France
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Brenner AV, Linet MS, Fine HA, Shapiro WR, Selker RG, Black PM, Inskip PD. History of allergies and autoimmune diseases and risk of brain tumors in adults. Int J Cancer 2002; 99:252-9. [PMID: 11979441 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To explore a possible influence of the immune system in the development of brain tumors, we evaluated the relationship between history of allergies and autoimmune diseases and risk of brain tumors within a large, hospital-based case-control study. Cases (n = 782) were patients recently diagnosed with glioma (n = 489), meningioma (n = 197) or acoustic neuroma (n = 96) at hospitals in Boston, Phoenix and Pittsburgh (USA). Controls (n =799) were patients hospitalized for a variety of nonmalignant conditions and frequency-matched to cases by hospital, age, sex, race/ethnicity and distance of residence from hospital. Research nurses collected data by personal interview of patients. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using unconditional logistic regression. There was a significant inverse association between glioma and history of any allergies (OR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.52-0.86) or autoimmune diseases (OR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.35-0.69). No significant associations were evident for meningioma or acoustic neuroma with history of any allergies. An inverse association was observed between meningioma and history of autoimmune diseases (OR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.38-0.92). There was a suggestion of interaction between allergies and autoimmune diseases on risk of glioma (p = 0.06), with subjects having both conditions being at lowest risk (OR = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.14-0.42). Among the specific conditions, asthma and diabetes showed the most consistent associations (OR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.43-0.92 and OR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.27-0.70, respectively). Our results add to evidence that persons with allergies or autoimmune diseases are at reduced risk of glioma. The basis of the associations is not clear, but they might imply a role of immunologic factors in the development of brain tumors. Published 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina V Brenner
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-7362, USA.
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Kukreja A, Cost G, Marker J, Zhang C, Sun Z, Lin-Su K, Ten S, Sanz M, Exley M, Wilson B, Porcelli S, Maclaren N. Multiple immuno-regulatory defects in type-1 diabetes. J Clin Invest 2002. [PMID: 11781358 DOI: 10.1172/jci0213605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to immune-mediated diabetes (IMD) in humans and NOD mice involves their inherently defective T cell immunoregulatory abilities. We have followed natural killer (NK) T cell numbers in patients with IMD, both by flow cytometry using mAbs to the characteristic junctions found in the T cell receptors of this cell subtype, and by semiquantitative RT-PCR for the corresponding transcripts. Both before and after clinical onset, the representation of these cells in patients' PBMCs is reduced. We also report low numbers of resting CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells in IMD patients, a subset of T cells shown to have important immunoregulatory functions in abrogating autoimmunities in 3-day thymectomized experimental mice. Whereas a biased Th1 to Th2 cytokine profile has been suggested to underlie the pathogenesis of IMD in both species, we found defective production of IFN-gamma in our patients after in vitro stimulation of their PBMCs by phorbol-myristate acetate and ionomycin and both IFN-gamma and IL-4 deficiencies in V(alpha)24(+) NK T-enriched cells. These data suggest that multiple immunoregulatory T (Treg) cell defects underlie islet cell autoimmunity leading to IMD in humans and that these lesions may be part of a broad T cell defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjli Kukreja
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill College of Medicine of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
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Kukreja A, Cost G, Marker J, Zhang C, Sun Z, Lin-Su K, Ten S, Sanz M, Exley M, Wilson B, Porcelli S, Maclaren N. Multiple immuno-regulatory defects in type-1 diabetes. J Clin Invest 2002; 109:131-40. [PMID: 11781358 PMCID: PMC150819 DOI: 10.1172/jci13605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to immune-mediated diabetes (IMD) in humans and NOD mice involves their inherently defective T cell immunoregulatory abilities. We have followed natural killer (NK) T cell numbers in patients with IMD, both by flow cytometry using mAbs to the characteristic junctions found in the T cell receptors of this cell subtype, and by semiquantitative RT-PCR for the corresponding transcripts. Both before and after clinical onset, the representation of these cells in patients' PBMCs is reduced. We also report low numbers of resting CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells in IMD patients, a subset of T cells shown to have important immunoregulatory functions in abrogating autoimmunities in 3-day thymectomized experimental mice. Whereas a biased Th1 to Th2 cytokine profile has been suggested to underlie the pathogenesis of IMD in both species, we found defective production of IFN-gamma in our patients after in vitro stimulation of their PBMCs by phorbol-myristate acetate and ionomycin and both IFN-gamma and IL-4 deficiencies in V(alpha)24(+) NK T-enriched cells. These data suggest that multiple immunoregulatory T (Treg) cell defects underlie islet cell autoimmunity leading to IMD in humans and that these lesions may be part of a broad T cell defect.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Animals
- Antigens, CD1/genetics
- Antigens, CD1d
- Base Sequence
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Case-Control Studies
- Child
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Middle Aged
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjli Kukreja
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill College of Medicine of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
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