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Li Z, Chen J, Liu C, He S, Wang M, Wang L, Bhadauria V, Wang S, Cheng W, Liu H, Yang X, Xu M, Peng YL, Zhu W. Natural variations of maize ZmLecRK1 determine its interaction with ZmBAK1 and resistance patterns to multiple pathogens. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024:S1674-2052(24)00295-8. [PMID: 39305013 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2024.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays) is one of the most important crops in the world, but its yield and quality are seriously affected by diverse diseases. Identifying broad-spectrum resistance genes is crucial for developing effective strategies to control the disease in maize. In a genome-wide study in maize, we identified a G-type lectin receptor kinase ZmLecRK1, as a new resistance protein against Pythium aphanidermatum, one of the causal pathogens of stalk rot in maize. Genetic analysis showed that the specific ZmLecRK1 allele can confer resistance to multiple pathogens in maize. The cell death and disease resistance phenotype mediated by the resistant variant of ZmLecRK1 requires the co-receptor ZmBAK1. A naturally occurring A404S variant in the extracellular domain of ZmLecRK1 determines the ZmLecRK1-ZmBAK1 interaction and the formation of ZmLecRK1-related protein complexes. Interestingly, the ZmLecRK1 susceptible variant was found to possess the amino acid S404 that is present in the ancestral variants of ZmLecRK1 and conserved among the majority of grass species, while the resistance variant of ZmLecRK1 with A404 is only present in a few maize inbred lines. Substitution of S by A at position 404 in ZmLecRK1-like proteins of sorghum and rice greatly enhances their ability to induce cell death. Further transcriptomic analysis reveals that ZmLecRK1 likely regulates gene expression related to the pathways in cell wall organization or biogenesis in response to pathogen infection. Taken together, these results suggest that the ZmLecRK1 resistance variant enhances its binding affinity to the co-receptor ZmBAK1, thereby enhancing the formation of active complexes for defense in maize. Our work highlights the biotechnological potential for generating disease-resistant crops by precisely modulating the activity of ZmLecRK1 and its homologs through targeted base editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenju Li
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding/College of Plant Protection/Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Junbin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding/College of Plant Protection/Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Chuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding/College of Plant Protection/Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Shengfeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding/College of Plant Protection/Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Mingyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding/College of Plant Protection/Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China; Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang 310021, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Yazhouwan National Laboratory, Sanya, Hainan 572024, P.R. China
| | - Vijai Bhadauria
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Shiwei Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Wenyu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding/College of Plant Protection/Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding/College of Plant Protection/Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National Maize Improvement Center, Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Mingliang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National Maize Improvement Center, Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - You-Liang Peng
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Wangsheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding/College of Plant Protection/Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.
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Zhang D, Yang X, Wen Z, Li Z, Zhang X, Zhong C, She J, Zhang Q, Zhang H, Li W, Zhao X, Xu M, Su Z, Li D, Dinesh-Kumar SP, Zhang Y. Proxitome profiling reveals a conserved SGT1-NSL1 signaling module that activates NLR-mediated immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:1369-1391. [PMID: 39066482 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2024.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Suppressor of G2 allele of skp1 (SGT1) is a highly conserved eukaryotic protein that plays a vital role in growth, development, and immunity in both animals and plants. Although some SGT1 interactors have been identified, the molecular regulatory network of SGT1 remains unclear. SGT1 serves as a co-chaperone to stabilize protein complexes such as the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) class of immune receptors, thereby positively regulating plant immunity. SGT1 has also been found to be associated with the SKP1-Cullin-F-box (SCF) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. However, whether SGT1 targets immune repressors to coordinate plant immune activation remains elusive. In this study, we constructed a toolbox for TurboID- and split-TurboID-based proximity labeling (PL) assays in Nicotiana benthamiana and used the PL toolbox to explore the SGT1 interactome during pre- and post-immune activation. The comprehensive SGT1 interactome network we identified highlights a dynamic shift from proteins associated with plant development to those linked with plant immune responses. We found that SGT1 interacts with Necrotic Spotted Lesion 1 (NSL1), which negatively regulates salicylic acid-mediated defense by interfering with the nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of non-expressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1) during N NLR-mediated response to tobacco mosaic virus. SGT1 promotes the SCF-dependent degradation of NSL1 to facilitate immune activation, while salicylate-induced protein kinase-mediated phosphorylation of SGT1 further potentiates this process. Besides N NLR, NSL1 also functions in several other NLR-mediated immunity. Collectively, our study unveils the regulatory landscape of SGT1 and reveals a novel SGT1-NSL1 signaling module that orchestrates plant innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinxin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiyan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chenchen Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiajie She
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qianshen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - He Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mingliang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhen Su
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dawei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Savithramma P Dinesh-Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Wang C, Zhu M, Hong H, Li J, Zuo C, Zhang Y, Shi Y, Liu S, Yu H, Yan Y, Chen J, Shangguan L, Zhi A, Chen R, Devendrakumar KT, Tao X. A viral effector blocks the turnover of a plant NLR receptor to trigger a robust immune response. EMBO J 2024; 43:3650-3676. [PMID: 39020150 PMCID: PMC11377725 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00174-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant intracellular nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat immune receptors (NLRs) play a key role in activating a strong pathogen defense response. Plant NLR proteins are tightly regulated and accumulate at very low levels in the absence of pathogen effectors. However, little is known about how this low level of NLR proteins is able to induce robust immune responses upon recognition of pathogen effectors. Here, we report that, in the absence of effector, the inactive form of the tomato NLR Sw-5b is targeted for ubiquitination by the E3 ligase SBP1. Interaction of SBP1 with Sw-5b via only its N-terminal domain leads to slow turnover. In contrast, in its auto-active state, Sw-5b is rapidly turned over as SBP1 is upregulated and interacts with both its N-terminal and NB-LRR domains. During infection with the tomato spotted wilt virus, the viral effector NSm interacts with Sw-5b and disrupts the interaction of Sw-5b with SBP1, thereby stabilizing the active Sw-5b and allowing it to induce a robust immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Hao Hong
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Jia Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Chongkun Zuo
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Yajie Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Suyu Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Haohua Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Yuling Yan
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Lingna Shangguan
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Aiping Zhi
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Rongzhen Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Karen Thulasi Devendrakumar
- Department of Botany and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China.
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Du K, Peng D, Wu J, Zhu Y, Jiang T, Wang P, Chen X, Jiang S, Li X, Cao Z, Fan Z, Zhou T. Maize splicing-mediated mRNA surveillance impeded by sugarcane mosaic virus-coded pathogenic protein NIa-Pro. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn3010. [PMID: 39178251 PMCID: PMC11343020 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn3010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
The eukaryotic mRNA surveillance pathway, a pivotal guardian of mRNA fidelity, stands at the nexus of diverse biological processes, including antiviral immunity. Despite the recognized function of splicing factors on mRNA fate, the intricate interplay shaping the mRNA surveillance pathway remains elusive. We illustrate that the conserved splicing factor U2 snRNP auxiliary factor large subunit B (U2AF65B) modulates splicing of mRNA surveillance complex, contributing to transcriptomic homeostasis in maize. The functionality of the mRNA surveillance pathway requires ZmU2AF65B-mediated normal splicing of upstream frameshift 3 (ZmUPF3) pre-mRNA, encoding a core factor in this pathway. Intriguingly, sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV)-coded nuclear inclusion protein a protease (NIa-Pro) hinders the splicing function of ZmU2AF65B. Furthermore, NIa-Pro disrupts ZmU2AF65B binding to ZmUPF3 pre-mRNA, leading to dysregulated splicing of ZmUPF3 transcripts and, consequently, impairing mRNA surveillance, thus facilitating viral infection. Together, this study establishes that splicing governs the mRNA surveillance pathway and identifies a pathogenic protein capable of disrupting this regulation to compromise RNA immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dezhi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiqiu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Yabing Zhu
- BGI Tech Solutions Co. Ltd. BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sanjie Jiang
- BGI Tech Solutions Co. Ltd. BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiyan Cao
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Zaifeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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López A, van Kan JAL, Beenen HG, Dolcet-Sanjuan R, Teixidó N, Torres R, Vilanova L. Evaluation of cell death-inducing activity of Monilinia spp. effectors in several plants using a modified TRV expression system. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1428613. [PMID: 39220017 PMCID: PMC11362074 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1428613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Brown rot is the most important fungal disease affecting stone fruit and it is mainly caused by Monilinia fructicola, M. laxa and M. fructigena. Monilinia spp. are necrotrophic plant pathogens with the ability to induce plant cell death by the secretion of different phytotoxic molecules, including proteins or metabolites that are collectively referred to as necrotrophic effectors (NEs). Methods We exploited the genomes of M. fructicola, M. laxa and M. fructigena to identify their common group of secreted effector proteins and tested the ability of a selected set of effectors to induce cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana, Solanum lycopersicum and Prunus spp. leaves. Results Fourteen candidate effector genes of M. fructicola, which displayed high expression during infection, were transiently expressed in plants by agroinfiltration using a modified Tobacco Rattle Virus (TRV)-based expression system. Some, but not all, effectors triggered leaf discoloration or cell death in N. benthamiana and S. lycopersicum, which are non-hosts for Monilinia and in Prunus spp., which are the natural hosts. The effector MFRU_030g00190 induced cell death in almost all Prunus genotypes tested, but not in the Solanaceous plants, while MFRU_014g02060, which is an ortholog to BcNep1, caused necrosis in all plant species tested. Conclusion This method provides opportunities for screening Prunus germplasm with Monilinia effector proteins, to serve as a tool for identifying genetic loci that confer susceptibility to brown rot disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anselmo López
- IRTA, Postharvest Programme, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Agrobiotech Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jan A. L. van Kan
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Henriek G. Beenen
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ramon Dolcet-Sanjuan
- IRTA, Plant In Vitro Culture Laboratory, Fruticulture Program, Parc Agrobiotech Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Neus Teixidó
- IRTA, Postharvest Programme, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Agrobiotech Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rosario Torres
- IRTA, Postharvest Programme, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Agrobiotech Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Laura Vilanova
- IRTA, Postharvest Programme, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Agrobiotech Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Aseel DG, Ibrahim OM, Abdelkhalek A. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles mediated by Ammi visnaga extract enhanced systemic resistance and triggered multiple defense-related genes, including SbWRKY transcription factors, against tobacco mosaic virus infection. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:756. [PMID: 39107683 PMCID: PMC11305019 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05449-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a highly infectious plant virus that affects a wide variety of plants and reduces crop yields around the world. Here, we assessed the effectiveness of using Ammi visnaga aqueous seed extract to synthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) and their potential to combat TMV. Different techniques were used to characterize Ag-NPs, such as scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM, TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). RESULTS TEM demonstrated that the synthesized Ag-NPs had a spherical form with an average size of 23-30 nm and a zeta potential value of -15.9 mV, while FTIR revealed various functional groups involved in Ag-NP stability and capping. Interestingly, the Pre-treatment of tobacco plants (protective treatment) with Ag-NPs at 100-500 µg/mL significantly suppressed viral symptoms, while the Post-treatment (curative treatment) delayed their appearance. Furthermore, protective and curative treatments significantly increased chlorophyll a and b, total flavonoids, total soluble carbohydrates, and antioxidant enzymes activity (PPO, POX and CAT). Simultaneously, the application of Ag-NPs resulted in a decrease in levels of oxidative stress markers (H2O2 and MDA). The RT-qPCR results and volcano plot analysis showed that the Ag-NPs treatments trigger and regulate the transcription of ten defense-related genes (SbWRKY-1, SbWRKY-2, JERF-3, GST-1, POD, PR-1, PR-2, PR-12, PAL-1, and HQT-1). The heatmap revealed that GST-1, the primary gene involved in anthocyanidin production, was consistently the most expressed gene across all treatments throughout the study. Analysis of the gene co-expression network revealed that SbWRKY-19 was the most central gene among the studied genes, followed by PR-12 and PR-2. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the reported antiviral properties (protective and/or curative) of biosynthesized Ag-NPs against TMV lead us to recommend using Ag-NPs as a simple, stable, and eco-friendly agent in developing pest management programs against plant viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia G Aseel
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute (ALCRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, 21934, Egypt.
| | - Omar M Ibrahim
- Plant Production Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute (ALCRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, 21934, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdelkhalek
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute (ALCRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, 21934, Egypt.
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Ishfaqe Q, Sami A, Zeshan Haider M, Ahmad A, Shafiq M, Ali Q, Batool A, Haider MS, Ali D, Alarifi S, Islam MS, Manzoor MA. Genome wide identification of the NPR1 gene family in plant defense mechanisms against biotic stress in chili ( Capsicum annuum L.). Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1437553. [PMID: 39161600 PMCID: PMC11332612 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1437553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Chili pepper cultivation in the Indian subcontinent is severely affected by viral diseases, prompting the need for environmentally friendly disease control methods. To achieve this, it is essential to understand the molecular mechanisms of viral resistance in chili pepper. The NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES 1 (NPR1) genes are known to provide broad-spectrum resistance to various phytopathogens by activating systemic acquired resistance (SAR). An in-depth understanding of NPR1 gene expression during begomovirus infection and its correlation with different biochemical and physiological parameters is crucial for enhancing resistance against begomoviruses in chili pepper. Nevertheless, limited information on chili CaNPR genes and their role in biotic stress constrains their potential in breeding for biotic stress resistance. By employing bioinformatics for genome mining, we identify 5 CaNPR genes in chili. The promoter regions of 1,500 bp of CaNPR genes contained cis-elements associated with biotic stress responses, signifying their involvement in biotic stress responses. Furthermore, these gene promoters harbored components linked to light, development, and hormone responsiveness, suggesting their roles in plant hormone responses and development. MicroRNAs played a vital role in regulating these five CaNPR genes, highlighting their significance in the regulation of chili genes. Inoculation with the begomovirus "cotton leaf curl Khokhran virus (CLCuKV)" had a detrimental effect on chili plant growth, resulting in stunted development, fibrous roots, and evident virus symptoms. The qRT-PCR analysis of two local chili varieties inoculated with CLCuKV, one resistant (V1) and the other susceptible (V2) to begomoviruses, indicated that CaNPR1 likely provides extended resistance and plays a role in chili plant defense mechanisms, while the remaining genes are activated during the early stages of infection. These findings shed light on the function of chili's CaNPR in biotic stress responses and identify potential genes for biotic stress-resistant breeding. However, further research, including gene cloning and functional analysis, is needed to confirm the role of these genes in various physiological and biological processes. This in-silico analysis enhances our genome-wide understanding of how chili CaNPR genes respond during begomovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qandeel Ishfaqe
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Sami
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zeshan Haider
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Arsalan Ahmad
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shafiq
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Qurban Ali
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Alia Batool
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saleem Haider
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Daoud Ali
- Department of Zoology College of Science King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saud Alarifi
- Department of Zoology College of Science King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Samiul Islam
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University/Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Muhammad Aamir Manzoor
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Xu H, Yu R, Tang Y, Meng J, Tao J. Identification and Functional Studies on the Role of PlSPL14 in Herbaceous Peony Stem Development. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8443. [PMID: 39126014 PMCID: PMC11313244 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Stem strength plays a crucial role in the growth and development of plants, as well as in their flowering and fruiting. It not only impacts the lodging resistance of crops, but also influences the ornamental value of ornamental plants. Stem development is closely linked to stem strength; however, the roles of the SPL transcription factors in the stem development of herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) are not yet fully elucidated. In this study, we obtained and cloned the full-length sequence of PlSPL14, encoding 1085 amino acids. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that the expression level of PlSPL14 gradually increased with the stem development of P. lactiflora and was significantly expressed in vascular bundles. Subsequently, utilizing the techniques of virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and heterologous overexpression in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), it was determined that PlSPL14-silenced P. lactiflora had a thinner xylem thickness, a decreased stem diameter, and weakened stem strength, while PlSPL14-overexpressing tobacco resulted in a thicker xylem thickness, an increased stem diameter, and enhanced stem strength. Further screening of the interacting proteins of PlSPL14 using a yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay revealed an interactive relationship between PlSPL14 and PlSLR1 protein, which acts as a negative regulator of gibberellin (GA). Additionally, the expression level of PlSLR1 gradually decreased during the stem development of P. lactiflora. The above results suggest that PlSPL14 may play a positive regulatory role in stem development and act in the xylem, making it a potential candidate gene for enhancing stem straightness in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajie Xu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Renkui Yu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yuhan Tang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jiasong Meng
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jun Tao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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9
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Luan Y, An H, Chen Z, Zhao D, Tao J. Functional Characterization of the Paeonia ostii P5CS Gene under Drought Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2145. [PMID: 39124262 PMCID: PMC11313815 DOI: 10.3390/plants13152145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
With persistent elevation in global temperature, water scarcity becomes a major threat to plant growth and development, yield security, agricultural sustainability, and food production. Proline, as a key osmolyte and antioxidant, plays a critical role in regulating drought tolerance in plants, especially its key biosynthetic enzyme, delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS), which always positively responds to drought stress. As an important woody oil crop, the expansion of Paeonia ostii cultivation needs to address the issue of plant drought tolerance. Here, we isolated a PoP5CS gene from P. ostii, with an open reading frame of 1842 bp encoding 613 amino acids. PoP5CS expression progressively increased in response to increasing drought stress, and it was localized in the cytoplasm. Silencing of PoP5CS in P. ostii reduced drought tolerance, accompanied by decreased proline content, elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and increased relative electrical conductivity (REC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Conversely, overexpression of PoP5CS in Nicotiana tabacum plants enhanced drought resistance, manifested by increased proline levels, reduced ROS accumulation, and lower REC and MDA contents. This study isolates PoP5CS from P. ostii and validates its role in regulating drought tolerance, providing valuable genetic resources and theoretical insights for the development of drought-resistant P. ostii cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Luan
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.L.); (H.A.); (Z.C.); (D.Z.)
| | - Honglei An
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.L.); (H.A.); (Z.C.); (D.Z.)
| | - Zijie Chen
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.L.); (H.A.); (Z.C.); (D.Z.)
| | - Daqiu Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.L.); (H.A.); (Z.C.); (D.Z.)
| | - Jun Tao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.L.); (H.A.); (Z.C.); (D.Z.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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10
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Cao Y, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Yan T, Ding L, Yang Y, Meng Y, Shan W. The RXLR effector PpE18 of Phytophthora parasitica is a virulence factor and suppresses peroxisome membrane-associated ascorbate peroxidase NbAPX3-1-mediated plant immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:1472-1489. [PMID: 38877698 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Phytophthora parasitica causes diseases on a broad range of host plants. It secretes numerous effectors to suppress plant immunity. However, only a few virulence effectors in P. parasitica have been characterized. Here, we highlight that PpE18, a conserved RXLR effector in P. parasitica, was a virulence factor and suppresses Nicotiana benthamiana immunity. Utilizing luciferase complementation, co-immunoprecipitation, and GST pull-down assays, we determined that PpE18 targeted NbAPX3-1, a peroxisome membrane-associated ascorbate peroxidase with reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging activity and positively regulates plant immunity in N. benthamiana. We show that the ROS-scavenging activity of NbAPX3-1 was critical for its immune function and was hindered by the binding of PpE18. The interaction between PpE18 and NbAPX3-1 resulted in an elevation of ROS levels in the peroxisome. Moreover, we discovered that the ankyrin repeat-containing protein NbANKr2 acted as a positive immune regulator, interacting with both NbAPX3-1 and PpE18. NbANKr2 was required for NbAPX3-1-mediated disease resistance. PpE18 competitively interfered with the interaction between NbAPX3-1 and NbANKr2, thereby weakening plant resistance. Our results reveal an effective counter-defense mechanism by which P. parasitica employed effector PpE18 to suppress host cellular defense, by suppressing biochemical activity and disturbing immune function of NbAPX3-1 during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Tiantian Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Liwen Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yuling Meng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Weixing Shan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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11
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Cheng J, Shao Y, Hu X, Gao L, Zheng X, Tan B, Ye X, Wang W, Zhang H, Wang X, Lian X, Li Z, Feng J, Zhang L. A simple and efficient gene functional analysis method for studying the growth and development of peach seedlings. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae155. [PMID: 39005999 PMCID: PMC11246241 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Stable genetic transformation of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] still faces many technical challenges, and existing transient expression methods are limited by tissue type or developmental stage, making it difficult to conduct functional analysis of genes regulating shoot growth. To overcome this dilemma, we developed a three-step method for efficient analysis of gene functions during peach seedling growth and development. This method resulted in transformation frequencies ranging from 48 to 87%, depending on the gene. From transformation of germinating seeds to phenotyping of young saplings took just 1.5 months and can be carried out any time of year. To test the applicability of this method, the function of three tree architecture-related genes, namely PpPDS, PpMAX4, and PpWEEP, and two lateral root-related genes, PpIAA14-1 and -2, were confirmed. Since functional redundancy can challenge gene functional analyses, tests were undertaken with the growth-repressor DELLA, which has three homologous genes, PpDGYLA (DG), PpDELLA1 (D1), and -2 (D2), in peach that are functionally redundant. Silencing using a triple-target vector (TRV2-DG-D1-D2) resulted in transgenic plants taller than those carrying just TRV2-DG or TRV2. Simultaneously silencing the three DELLA genes also attenuated the stature of two dwarf genotypes, 'FHSXT' and 'HSX', which normally accumulate DELLA proteins. Our study provides a method for the functional analysis of genes in peach and can be used for the study of root, stem, and leaf development. We believe this method can be replicated in other woody plants.
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12
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Zhang Y, Qin X, He Z, Zhang Y, Li Z, Nie G, Zhao J, Feng G, Peng Y. The White Clover TrMYB33-TrSAMS1 Module Contributes to Drought Tolerance by Modulation of Spermidine Biosynthesis via an ABA-Dependent Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6974. [PMID: 39000081 PMCID: PMC11241196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Spermidine is well known to accumulate in plants exposed to drought, but the regulatory network associated with its biosynthesis and accumulation and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we demonstrated that the Trifolium repens TrMYB33 relayed the ABA signal to modulate drought-induced spermidine production by directly regulating the expression of TrSAMS1, which encodes an S-adenosylmethionine synthase. This gene was identified by transcriptome and expression analysis in T. repens. TrSAMS1 overexpression and its pTRV-VIGS-mediated silencing demonstrated that TrSAMS1 is a positive regulator of spermidine synthesis and drought tolerance. TrMYB33 was identified as an interacting candidate through yeast one-hybrid library screening with the TrSAMS1 promoter region as the bait. TrMYB33 was confirmed to bind directly to the predicted TAACCACTAACCA (the TAACCA MYB binding site is repeated twice in tandem) within the TrSAMS1 promoter and to act as a transcriptional activator. Additionally, TrMYB33 contributed to drought tolerance by regulating TrSAMS1 expression and modulating spermidine synthesis. Additionally, we found that spermidine accumulation under drought stress depended on ABA and that TrMYB33 coordinated ABA-mediated upregulation of TrSAMS1 and spermidine accumulation. This study elucidated the role of a T. repens MYB33 homolog in modulating spermidine biosynthesis. The further exploitation and functional characterization of the TrMYB33-TrSAMS1 regulatory module can enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for spermidine accumulation during drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youzhi Zhang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaofang Qin
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhirui He
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhou Li
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Gang Nie
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Junming Zhao
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Guangyan Feng
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Peng
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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13
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Zhao Y, Yang K, Wang Y, Li X, Xia C, Huang Y, Li Z, Zhu C, Cui Z, Ye X. A novel xylanase from a myxobacterium triggers a plant immune response in Nicotiana benthamiana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13488. [PMID: 38924248 PMCID: PMC11196902 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Xylanases derived from fungi, including phytopathogenic and nonpathogenic fungi, are commonly known to trigger plant immune responses. However, there is limited research on the ability of bacterial-derived xylanases to trigger plant immunity. Here, a novel xylanase named CcXyn was identified from the myxobacterium Cystobacter sp. 0969, which displays broad-spectrum activity against both phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria. CcXyn belongs to the glycoside hydrolases (GH) 11 family and shares a sequence identity of approximately 32.0%-45.0% with fungal xylanases known to trigger plant immune responses. Treatment of Nicotiana benthamiana with purified CcXyn resulted in the induction of hypersensitive response (HR) and defence responses, such as the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and upregulation of defence gene expression, ultimately enhancing the resistance of N. benthamiana to Phytophthora nicotianae. These findings indicated that CcXyn functions as a microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) elicitor for plant immune responses, independent of its enzymatic activity. Similar to fungal xylanases, CcXyn was recognized by the NbRXEGL1 receptor on the cell membrane of N. benthamiana. Downstream signalling was shown to be independent of the BAK1 and SOBIR1 co-receptors, indicating the involvement of other co-receptors in signal transduction following CcXyn recognition in N. benthamiana. Moreover, xylanases from other myxobacteria also demonstrated the capacity to trigger plant immune responses in N. benthamiana, indicating that xylanases in myxobacteria are ubiquitous in triggering plant immune functions. This study expands the understanding of xylanases with plant immune response-inducing properties and provides a theoretical basis for potential applications of myxobacteria in biocontrol strategies against phytopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiang Zhao
- Institute of BotanyJiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of SciencesNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Kun Yang
- Crop Research InstituteGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Yanxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- College of Life SciencesLiaocheng UniversityLiaochengChina
| | - Xu Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Chengyao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zhoukun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Cancan Zhu
- Institute of BotanyJiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Zhongli Cui
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xianfeng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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14
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OuYang X, Wang L, Luo X, Li C, An X, Yao L, Huang W, Zhang Z, Zhang S, Liu Y, Wu S. Pepper vein yellow virus P0 protein triggers NbHERC3, NbBax, and NbCRR mediated hypersensitive response. J Basic Microbiol 2024; 64:e2400023. [PMID: 38558182 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202400023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
P0 proteins encoded by the pepper vein yellow virus (PeVYV) are pathogenic factors that cause hypersensitive response (HR). However, the host gene expression related to PeVYV P0-induced HR has not been thoroughly studied. Transcriptomic technology was used to investigate the host pathways mediated by the PeVYV P0 protein to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying its function. We found 12,638 differentially expressed genes (DEGs); 6784 and 5854 genes were significantly upregulated and downregulated, respectively. Transcriptomic and reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analyses revealed that salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) synthesis-related gene expression was upregulated, and ethylene synthesis-related gene expression was downregulated. Ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to quantify SA and JA concentrations in Nicotiana benthamiana, and the P0 protein induced SA and JA biosynthesis. We then hypothesized that the pathogenic activity of the P0 protein might be owing to proteins related to host hormones in the SA and JA pathways, modulating host resistance at different times. Viral gene silencing suppression technology was used in N. benthamiana to characterize candidate proteins, and downregulating NbHERC3 (Homologous to E6-AP carboxy-terminus domain and regulator of choromosome condensation-1 dmain protein 3) accelerated cell necrosis in the host. The downregulation of NbCRR reduced cell death, while that of NbBax induced necrosis and curled heart leaves. Our findings indicate that NbHERC3, NbBax, and NbCRR are involved in P0 protein-driven cell necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian OuYang
- Plant Protection College of Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Lishuang Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection of Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Science, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiangwen Luo
- Key Laboratory of Pest Management of Horticultural Crop of Hunan Province, Institute of Plant Protection of Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha, China
| | - Chun Li
- Institute of Plant Protection of Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Science, Guiyang, China
| | - Xingyu An
- Institute of Plant Protection of Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Science, Guiyang, China
| | - Ling Yao
- Institute of Plant Protection of Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Science, Guiyang, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Plant Protection of Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Science, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhanhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pest Management of Horticultural Crop of Hunan Province, Institute of Plant Protection of Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha, China
| | - Songbai Zhang
- Plant Protection College of Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Pest Management of Horticultural Crop of Hunan Province, Institute of Plant Protection of Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Plant Protection College of Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Pest Management of Horticultural Crop of Hunan Province, Institute of Plant Protection of Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha, China
| | - Shiping Wu
- Institute of Plant Protection of Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Science, Guiyang, China
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15
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Zhang X, Yu L, Zhang M, Wu T, Song T, Yao Y, Zhang J, Tian J. MdWER interacts with MdERF109 and MdJAZ2 to mediate methyl jasmonate- and light-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in apple fruit. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:1327-1342. [PMID: 38319946 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Anthocyanin generation in apples (Malus domestica) and the pigmentation that results from it may be caused by irradiation and through administration of methyl jasmonate (MeJA). However, their regulatory interrelationships associated with fruit coloration are not well defined. To determine whether MdERF109, a transcription factor (TF) involved in light-mediated coloration and anthocyanin biosynthesis, has synergistic effects with other proteins, we performed a yeast two-hybrid assessment and identified another TF, MdWER. MdWER was induced by MeJA treatment, and although overexpression of MdWER alone did not promote anthocyanin accumulation co-overexpression with MdERF109 resulted in significantly increase in anthocyanin biosynthesis. MdWER may form a protein complex with MdERF109 to promote anthocyanin accumulation by enhancing combinations between the proteins and their corresponding genes. In addition, MdWER, as a MeJA responsive protein, interacts with the anthocyanin repressor MdJAZ2. Transient co-expression in apple fruit and protein interaction assays allowed us to conclude that MdERF109 and MdJAZ2 interact with MdWER and take part in the production of anthocyanins upon MeJA treatment and irradiation. Our findings validate a role for the MdERF109-MdWER-MdJAZ2 module in anthocyanin biosynthesis and uncover a novel mechanism for how light and MeJA signals are coordinated anthocyanin biosynthesis in apple fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Lujia Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Mengjiao Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Wu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Song
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yuncong Yao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Tian
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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16
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Wang Q, Zhang D, Dai YR, Liu CC. Efficient tobacco rattle virus-induced gene editing in tomato mediated by the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2400204. [PMID: 38797722 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202400204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Plant virus-based sgRNA delivery strategy has been widely applied for efficient genome editing across various plant species, leveraging its significant advantages in the rapid expression and expansion of sgRNA through virus replication and movement. However, the efficacy of the virus-induced gene editing (VIGE) tool in tomato has yet to be explored. In this paper, we established a TRV-mediated CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system in the somatic cells of tomato, reporting the validation of VIGE and evaluating the mutagenesis efficiency in both tomato leaves and fruits using high-throughput sequencing. The results demonstrated an approximate 65% efficiency of VIGE in tomato leaves for the selected target genes, with VIGE efficiency reaching up to 50% in tomato fruits. This research not only introduces an efficient tool for reverse genetics but also reveals substantial potential of VIGE in surpassing traditional tissue culture techniques for creating heritable mutations in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Ru Dai
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chao-Chao Liu
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
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17
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Zhang J, Sun L, Wang Y, Li B, Li X, Ye Z, Zhang J. A Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase Regulates the Defense Response in Citrus sinensis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:459-466. [PMID: 38597923 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-23-0208-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), which is caused by 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas), is one of the most destructive citrus diseases worldwide, and defense-related Citrus sinensis gene resources remain largely unexplored. Calcium signaling plays an important role in diverse biological processes. In plants, a few calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs/CPKs) have been shown to contribute to defense against pathogenic microbes. The genome of C. sinensis encodes dozens of CPKs. In this study, the role of C. sinensis calcium-dependent protein kinases (CsCPKs) in C. sinensis defense was investigated. Silencing of CsCPK6 compromised the induction of defense-related genes in C. sinensis. Expression of a constitutively active form of CsCPK6 (CsCPK6CA) triggered the activation of defense-related genes in C. sinensis. Complementation of CsCPK6 rescued the defense-related gene induction in an Arabidopsis thaliana cpk4/11 mutant, indicating that CsCPK6 carries CPK activity and is capable of functioning as a CPK in Arabidopsis. Moreover, an effector derived from CLas inhibits defense induced by the expression of CsCPK6CA and autophosphorylation of CsCPK6, which suggests the involvement of CsCPK6 and calcium signaling in defense. These results support a positive role for CsCPK6 in C. sinensis defense against CLas, and the autoinhibitory regulation of CsCPK6 provides a potential genome-editing target for improving C. sinensis defense. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, China
| | - Lifan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Baiyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiangguo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Ziqin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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18
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Zhang Q, Wang J, Li Y, Tung J, Deng Y, Baker B, Dinesh-Kumar SP, Li F. Conserved transcription factors NRZ1 and NRM1 regulate NLR receptor-mediated immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:832-849. [PMID: 38306630 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Plant innate immunity mediated by the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) class of immune receptors plays an important role in defense against various pathogens. Although key biochemical events involving NLR activation and signaling have been recently uncovered, we know very little about the transcriptional regulation of NLRs and their downstream signaling components. Here, we show that the Toll-Interleukin 1 receptor homology domain containing NLR (TNL) gene N (Necrosis), which confers resistance to Tobacco mosaic virus, is transcriptionally induced upon immune activation. We identified two conserved transcription factors, N required C3H zinc finger 1 (NRZ1) and N required MYB-like transcription factor 1 (NRM1), that activate N in an immune responsive manner. Genetic analyses indicated that NRZ1 and NRM1 positively regulate coiled-coil domain-containing NLR- and TNL-mediated immunity and function independently of the signaling component Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1. Furthermore, NRZ1 functions upstream of NRM1 in cell death signaling, and their gene overexpression induces ectopic cell death and expression of NLR signaling components. Our findings uncovered a conserved transcriptional regulatory network that is central to NLR-mediated cell death and immune signaling in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingling Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China
| | - Jubin Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Genetic and Improvement of Jiangxi Province, Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330299, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jeffrey Tung
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | - Yingtian Deng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Barbara Baker
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | - Savithramma P Dinesh-Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Feng Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
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19
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Zhang X, Wu C, Guo Y, Ren X, Meng Y, Gao Q, Zhang F, Wang Y, Guo J. Genome-Wide Analysis Elucidates the Roles of GhTIR1/ AFB Genes Reveals the Function of Gh_D08G0763 ( GhTIR1) in Cold Stress in G. hirsutum. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1152. [PMID: 38674561 PMCID: PMC11055017 DOI: 10.3390/plants13081152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
This study identified 13 GhTIR1/AFB members in G. hirsutum through bioinformatics methods and divided them into three subgroups by phylogenetic tree analysis. Motif and gene structure analysis showed that the genes in this family were highly conserved. Promoter cis-acting element analysis found that the promoters of GhTIR1/AFBs contained a large number of cis-acting elements in response to growth and development and abiotic stress. Further RT-qPCR results showed that GhTIR1/AFB genes responded to various abiotic stresses such as IAA, ABA, cold, and heat, and the expression levels of each gene changed obviously, especially Gh_D08G0763 (GhTIR1), which responded significantly to cold injury. Using VIGS (virus-induced gene silencing) technology to silence Gh_D08G0763 in the cold-tolerant cotton variety ZM36, it was found that the resistance of ZM36 to cold damage was significantly reduced. The physiological response mechanism of the Gh_D08G0763 in resisting cold damage was further analyzed through trypan blue staining of leaves and determination of enzyme activity levels. This study provided effective genetic resources for cotton cold-tolerance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (X.Z.); (X.R.); (Y.M.); (Q.G.); (F.Z.)
- Western Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Changji 831100, China
| | - Cuicui Wu
- Institute of Cotton Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Yuncheng 044000, China;
| | - Yutao Guo
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China;
| | - Xiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (X.Z.); (X.R.); (Y.M.); (Q.G.); (F.Z.)
| | - Yongming Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (X.Z.); (X.R.); (Y.M.); (Q.G.); (F.Z.)
- Western Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Changji 831100, China
| | - Qi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (X.Z.); (X.R.); (Y.M.); (Q.G.); (F.Z.)
- Western Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Changji 831100, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (X.Z.); (X.R.); (Y.M.); (Q.G.); (F.Z.)
| | - Yaping Wang
- Sanya Institute of Henan University, Sanya 572025, China;
| | - Jinggong Guo
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China;
- Sanya Institute of Henan University, Sanya 572025, China;
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20
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Li X, Tao N, Xu B, Xu J, Yang Z, Jiang C, Zhou Y, Deng M, Lv J, Zhao K. Establishment and application of a root wounding-immersion method for efficient virus-induced gene silencing in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1336726. [PMID: 38708388 PMCID: PMC11066161 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1336726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
In the post-genomic era, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) has played an important role in research on reverse genetics in plants. Commonly used Agrobacterium-mediated VIGS inoculation methods include stem scratching, leaf infiltration, use of agrodrench, and air-brush spraying. In this study, we developed a root wounding-immersion method in which 1/3 of the plant root (length) was cut and immersed in a tobacco rattle virus (TRV)1:TRV2 mixed solution for 30 min. We optimized the procedure in Nicotiana benthamiana and successfully silenced N. benthamiana, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), eggplant (Solanum melongena), and Arabidopsis thaliana phytoene desaturase (PDS), and we observed the movement of green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the roots to the stem and leaves. The silencing rate of PDS in N. benthamiana and tomato was 95-100%. In addition, we successfully silenced two disease-resistance genes, SITL5 and SITL6, to decrease disease resistance in tomatoes (CLN2037E). The root wounding-immersion method can be used to inoculate large batches of plants in a short time and with high efficiency, and fresh bacterial infusions can be reused several times. The most important aspect of the root wounding-immersion method is its application to plant species susceptible to root inoculation, as well as its ability to inoculate seedlings from early growth stages. This method offers a means to conduct large-scale functional genome screening in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Yunnan Province, College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Na Tao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Yunnan Province, College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Junqiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Yunnan Province, College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhengan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Yunnan Province, College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Caiqian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Yunnan Province, College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Yunnan Province, College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Minghua Deng
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Yunnan Province, College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Junheng Lv
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Yunnan Province, College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Yunnan Province, College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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21
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Kumakura N, Singkaravanit-Ogawa S, Gan P, Tsushima A, Ishihama N, Watanabe S, Seo M, Iwasaki S, Narusaka M, Narusaka Y, Takano Y, Shirasu K. Guanosine-specific single-stranded ribonuclease effectors of a phytopathogenic fungus potentiate host immune responses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:170-191. [PMID: 38348532 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Plants activate immunity upon recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Although phytopathogens have evolved a set of effector proteins to counteract plant immunity, some effectors are perceived by hosts and induce immune responses. Here, we show that two secreted ribonuclease effectors, SRN1 and SRN2, encoded in a phytopathogenic fungus, Colletotrichum orbiculare, induce cell death in a signal peptide- and catalytic residue-dependent manner, when transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. The pervasive presence of SRN genes across Colletotrichum species suggested the conserved roles. Using a transient gene expression system in cucumber (Cucumis sativus), an original host of C. orbiculare, we show that SRN1 and SRN2 potentiate host pattern-triggered immunity responses. Consistent with this, C. orbiculare SRN1 and SRN2 deletion mutants exhibited increased virulence on the host. In vitro analysis revealed that SRN1 specifically cleaves single-stranded RNAs at guanosine, leaving a 3'-end phosphate. Importantly, the potentiation of C. sativus responses by SRN1 and SRN2, present in the apoplast, depends on ribonuclease catalytic residues. We propose that the pathogen-derived apoplastic guanosine-specific single-stranded endoribonucleases lead to immunity potentiation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyoshi Kumakura
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | | | - Pamela Gan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ayako Tsushima
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Ishihama
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Watanabe
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Seo
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Nakagami, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Shintaro Iwasaki
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Mari Narusaka
- Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Kaga, Okayama, 716-1241, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Narusaka
- Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Kaga, Okayama, 716-1241, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Takano
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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22
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Wang R, Yu M, Zhao X, Xia J, Cang J, Zhang D. Overexpression of TaMPK3 enhances freezing tolerance by increasing the expression of ICE-CBF-COR related genes in the Arabidopsis thaliana. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2024; 51:FP23144. [PMID: 38669459 DOI: 10.1071/fp23144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play important roles in plant stress response. As a major member of the MAPK family, MPK3 has been reported to participate in the regulation of chilling stress. However, the regulatory function of wheat (Triticum aestivum ) mitogen-activated protein kinase TaMPK3 in freezing tolerance remains unknown. Dongnongdongmai No.1 (Dn1) is a winter wheat variety with strong freezing tolerance; therefore, it is important to explore the mechanisms underlying this tolerance. In this study, the expression of TaMPK3 in Dn1 was detected under low temperature and hormone treatment. Gene cloning, bioinformatics and subcellular localisation analyses of TaMPK3 in Dn1 were performed. Overexpressed TaMPK3 in Arabidopsis thaliana was obtained, and freezing tolerance phenotype observations, physiological indices and expression levels of ICE-C-repeat binding factor (CBF)-COR -related genes were determined. In addition, the interaction between TaMPK3 and TaICE41 proteins was detected. We found that TaMPK3 expression responds to low temperatures and hormones, and the TaMPK3 protein is localised in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Overexpression of TaMPK3 in Arabidopsis significantly improves freezing tolerance. TaMPK3 interacts with the TaICE41 protein. In conclusion, TaMPK3 is involved in regulating the ICE-CBF-COR cold resistance module through its interaction with TaICE41, thereby improving freezing tolerance in Dn1 wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Mengmeng Yu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jingqiu Xia
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jing Cang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Da Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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23
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Zheng X, Li Y, Liu Y. Plant Immunity against Tobamoviruses. Viruses 2024; 16:530. [PMID: 38675873 PMCID: PMC11054417 DOI: 10.3390/v16040530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tobamoviruses are a group of plant viruses that pose a significant threat to agricultural crops worldwide. In this review, we focus on plant immunity against tobamoviruses, including pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), effector-triggered immunity (ETI), the RNA-targeting pathway, phytohormones, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and autophagy. Further, we highlight the genetic resources for resistance against tobamoviruses in plant breeding and discuss future directions on plant protection against tobamoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyin Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yiqing Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
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24
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Zuo Y, Liu H, Li B, Zhao H, Li X, Chen J, Wang L, Zheng Q, He Y, Zhang J, Wang M, Liang C, Wang L. The Idesia polycarpa genome provides insights into its evolution and oil biosynthesis. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113909. [PMID: 38451814 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The deciduous tree Idesia polycarpa can provide premium edible oil with high polyunsaturated fatty acid contents. Here, we generate its high-quality reference genome, which is ∼1.21 Gb, comprising 21 pseudochromosomes and 42,086 protein-coding genes. Phylogenetic and genomic synteny analyses show that it diverged with Populus trichocarpa about 16.28 million years ago. Notably, most fatty acid biosynthesis genes are not only increased in number in its genome but are also highly expressed in the fruits. Moreover, we identify, through genome-wide association analysis and RNA sequencing, the I. polycarpa SUGAR TRANSPORTER 5 (IpSTP5) gene as a positive regulator of high oil accumulation in the fruits. Silencing of IpSTP5 by virus-induced gene silencing causes a significant reduction of oil content in the fruits, suggesting it has the potential to be used as a molecular marker to breed the high-oil-content cultivars. Our results collectively lay the foundation for breeding the elite cultivars of I. polycarpa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Hongbing Liu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Hang Zhao
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
| | - Xiuli Li
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
| | - Jiating Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Qingbo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yuqing He
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100093, China; Academician Workstation of Agricultural High-Tech Industrial Area of the Yellow River Delta, National Center of Technology Innovation for Comprehensive Utilization of Saline-Alkali Land, Dongying 257300, China
| | - Jiashuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minxian Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chengzhi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100093, China; Academician Workstation of Agricultural High-Tech Industrial Area of the Yellow River Delta, National Center of Technology Innovation for Comprehensive Utilization of Saline-Alkali Land, Dongying 257300, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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25
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van Griethuysen PA, Redeker KR, MacFarlane SA, Neilson R, Hartley SE. Virus-induced changes in root volatiles attract soil nematode vectors to infected plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:2275-2286. [PMID: 38327027 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Plant-derived volatiles mediate interactions among plants, pathogenic viruses, and viral vectors. These volatile-dependent mechanisms have not been previously demonstrated belowground, despite their likely significant role in soil ecology and agricultural pest impacts. We investigated how the plant virus, tobacco rattle virus (TRV), attracts soil nematode vectors to infected plants. We infected Nicotiana benthamiana with TRV and compared root growth relative to that of uninfected plants. We tested whether TRV-infected N. benthamiana was more attractive to nematodes 7 d post infection and identified a compound critical to attraction. We also infected N. benthamiana with mutated TRV strains to identify virus genes involved in vector nematode attraction. Virus titre and associated impacts on root morphology were greatest 7 d post infection. Tobacco rattle virus infection enhanced 2-ethyl-1-hexanol production. Nematode chemotaxis and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol production correlated strongly with viral load. Uninfected plants were more attractive to nematodes after the addition of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol than were untreated plants. Mutation of TRV RNA2-encoded genes reduced the production of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol and nematode attraction. For the first time, this demonstrates that virus-driven alterations in root volatile emissions lead to increased chemotaxis of the virus's nematode vector, a finding with implications for sustainable management of both nematodes and viral pathogens in agricultural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelly R Redeker
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO1 5DD, UK
| | - Stuart A MacFarlane
- Cell and Molecular Sciences Department, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Roy Neilson
- Ecological Sciences Department, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Sue E Hartley
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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26
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Qin L, Liu H, Liu P, Jiang L, Cheng X, Li F, Shen W, Qiu W, Dai Z, Cui H. Rubisco small subunit (RbCS) is co-opted by potyvirids as the scaffold protein in assembling a complex for viral intercellular movement. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012064. [PMID: 38437247 PMCID: PMC10939294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses must move through plasmodesmata (PD) to complete their life cycles. For viruses in the Potyviridae family (potyvirids), three viral factors (P3N-PIPO, CI, and CP) and few host proteins are known to participate in this event. Nevertheless, not all the proteins engaging in the cell-to-cell movement of potyvirids have been discovered. Here, we found that HCPro2 encoded by areca palm necrotic ring spot virus (ANRSV) assists viral intercellular movement, which could be functionally complemented by its counterpart HCPro from a potyvirus. Affinity purification and mass spectrometry identified several viral factors (including CI and CP) and host proteins that are physically associated with HCPro2. We demonstrated that HCPro2 interacts with both CI and CP in planta in forming PD-localized complexes during viral infection. Further, we screened HCPro2-associating host proteins, and identified a common host protein in Nicotiana benthamiana-Rubisco small subunit (NbRbCS) that mediates the interactions of HCPro2 with CI or CP, and CI with CP. Knockdown of NbRbCS impairs these interactions, and significantly attenuates the intercellular and systemic movement of ANRSV and three other potyvirids (turnip mosaic virus, pepper veinal mottle virus, and telosma mosaic virus). This study indicates that a nucleus-encoded chloroplast-targeted protein is hijacked by potyvirids as the scaffold protein to assemble a complex to facilitate viral movement across cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qin
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) and School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Hongjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) and School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Peilan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) and School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) and School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofei Cheng
- College of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wentao Shen
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Wenping Qiu
- Center for Grapevine Biotechnology, William H. Darr College of Agriculture, Missouri State University, Mountain Grove, United States of America
| | - Zhaoji Dai
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) and School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Hongguang Cui
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) and School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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Situ J, Song Y, Feng D, Wan L, Li W, Ning Y, Huang W, Li M, Xi P, Deng Y, Jiang Z, Kong G. Oomycete pathogen pectin acetylesterase targets host lipid transfer protein to reduce salicylic acid signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:1779-1793. [PMID: 38039157 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
During initial stages of microbial invasion, the extracellular space (apoplast) of plant cells is a vital battleground between plants and pathogens. The oomycete plant pathogens secrete an array of apoplastic carbohydrate active enzymes, which are central molecules for understanding the complex plant-oomycete interactions. Among them, pectin acetylesterase (PAE) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of plant pathogens including bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes. Here, we demonstrated that Peronophythora litchii (syn. Phytophthora litchii) PlPAE5 suppresses litchi (Litchi chinensis) plant immunity by interacting with litchi lipid transfer protein 1 (LcLTP1). The LcLTP1-binding activity and virulence function of PlPAE5 depend on its PAE domain but not on its PAE activity. The high expression of LcLTP1 enhances plant resistance to oomycete and fungal pathogens, and this disease resistance depends on BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1) and Suppressor of BIR1 (SOBIR1) in Nicotiana benthamiana. LcLTP1 activates the plant salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway, while PlPAE5 subverts the LcLTP1-mediated SA signaling pathway by destabilizing LcLTP1. Conclusively, this study reports a virulence mechanism of oomycete PAE suppressing plant LTP-mediated SA immune signaling and will be instrumental for boosting plant resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjian Situ
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yu Song
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Dinan Feng
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lang Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wen Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yue Ning
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Weixiong Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Minhui Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Pinggen Xi
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yizhen Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Integrative Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zide Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Guanghui Kong
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Palukaitis P, Yoon JY. Defense signaling pathways in resistance to plant viruses: Crosstalk and finger pointing. Adv Virus Res 2024; 118:77-212. [PMID: 38461031 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Resistance to infection by plant viruses involves proteins encoded by plant resistance (R) genes, viz., nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeats (NLRs), immune receptors. These sensor NLRs are activated either directly or indirectly by viral protein effectors, in effector-triggered immunity, leading to induction of defense signaling pathways, resulting in the synthesis of numerous downstream plant effector molecules that inhibit different stages of the infection cycle, as well as the induction of cell death responses mediated by helper NLRs. Early events in this process involve recognition of the activation of the R gene response by various chaperones and the transport of these complexes to the sites of subsequent events. These events include activation of several kinase cascade pathways, and the syntheses of two master transcriptional regulators, EDS1 and NPR1, as well as the phytohormones salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. The phytohormones, which transit from a primed, resting states to active states, regulate the remainder of the defense signaling pathways, both directly and by crosstalk with each other. This regulation results in the turnover of various suppressors of downstream events and the synthesis of various transcription factors that cooperate and/or compete to induce or suppress transcription of either other regulatory proteins, or plant effector molecules. This network of interactions results in the production of defense effectors acting alone or together with cell death in the infected region, with or without the further activation of non-specific, long-distance resistance. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding these processes and the components of the local responses, their interactions, regulation, and crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Palukaitis
- Graduate School of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju-Yeon Yoon
- Graduate School of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
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Li H, Wang S, Zhai L, Cui Y, Tang G, Huo J, Li X, Bian S. The miR156/SPL12 module orchestrates fruit colour change through directly regulating ethylene production pathway in blueberry. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:386-400. [PMID: 37797061 PMCID: PMC10826998 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Colour change is an important event during fruit ripening in blueberry. It is well known that miR156/SPLs act as regulatory modules mediating anthocyanin biosynthesis and ethylene plays critical roles during colour change, but the intrinsic connections between the two pathways remain poorly understood. Previously, we demonstrated that blueberry VcMIR156a/VcSPL12 affects the accumulation of anthocyanins and chlorophylls in tomato and Arabidopsis. In this study, we first showed that VcMIR156a overexpression in blueberry led to enhanced anthocyanin biosynthesis, decreased chlorophyll accumulation, and, intriguingly, concomitant elevation in the expression of ethylene biosynthesis genes and the level of the ethylene precursor ACC. Conversely, VcSPL12 enhanced chlorophyll accumulation and suppressed anthocyanin biosynthesis and ACC synthesis in fruits. Moreover, the treatment with ethylene substitutes and inhibitors attenuated the effects of VcMIR156a and VcSPL12 on pigment accumulation. Protein-DNA interaction assays indicated that VcSPL12 could specifically bind to the promoters and inhibit the activities of the ethylene biosynthetic genes VcACS1 and VcACO6. Collectively, our results show that VcMIR156a/VcSPL12 alters ethylene production through targeting VcACS1 and VcACO6, therefore governing fruit colour change. Additionally, VcSPL12 may directly interact with the promoter region of the chlorophyll biosynthetic gene VcDVR, thereby activating its expression. These findings established an intrinsic connection between the miR156/SPL regulatory module and ethylene pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxue Li
- College of Plant ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Shouwen Wang
- College of Plant ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Lulu Zhai
- College of Plant ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Yuhai Cui
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, London Research and Development CentreLondonONCanada
- Department of BiologyWestern UniversityLondonONCanada
| | - Guiliang Tang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Life Science and Technology InstituteMichigan Technological UniversityHoughtonMIUSA
| | - Junwei Huo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Xuyan Li
- College of Plant ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Shaomin Bian
- College of Plant ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunChina
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Wang H, Song S, Gao S, Yu Q, Zhang H, Cui X, Fan J, Xin X, Liu Y, Staskawicz B, Qi T. The NLR immune receptor ADR1 and lipase-like proteins EDS1 and PAD4 mediate stomatal immunity in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:427-446. [PMID: 37851863 PMCID: PMC10827572 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
In the presence of pathogenic bacteria, plants close their stomata to prevent pathogen entry. Intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors recognize pathogenic effectors and activate effector-triggered immune responses. However, the regulatory and molecular mechanisms of stomatal immunity involving NLR immune receptors are unknown. Here, we show that the Nicotiana benthamiana RPW8-NLR central immune receptor ACTIVATED DISEASE RESISTANCE 1 (NbADR1), together with the key immune proteins ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (NbEDS1) and PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4 (NbPAD4), plays an essential role in bacterial pathogen- and flg22-induced stomatal immunity by regulating the expression of salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis or response-related genes. NbADR1 recruits NbEDS1 and NbPAD4 in stomata to form a stomatal immune response complex. The transcription factor NbWRKY40e, in association with NbEDS1 and NbPAD4, modulates the expression of SA and ABA biosynthesis or response-related genes to influence stomatal immunity. NbADR1, NbEDS1, and NbPAD4 are required for the pathogen infection-enhanced binding of NbWRKY40e to the ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE 1 promoter. Moreover, the ADR1-EDS1-PAD4 module regulates stomatal immunity in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Collectively, our findings show the pivotal role of the core intracellular immune receptor module ADR1-EDS1-PAD4 in stomatal immunity, which enables plants to limit pathogen entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanling Wang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Susheng Song
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Shang Gao
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qiangsheng Yu
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiulin Cui
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Fan
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiufang Xin
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yule Liu
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Brian Staskawicz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Tiancong Qi
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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31
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Eckerstorfer MF, Dolezel M, Miklau M, Greiter A, Heissenberger A, Engelhard M. Scanning the Horizon for Environmental Applications of Genetically Modified Viruses Reveals Challenges for Their Environmental Risk Assessment. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1507. [PMID: 38338787 PMCID: PMC10855828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The release of novel genetically modified (GM) virus applications into the environment for agricultural, veterinary, and nature-conservation purposes poses a number of significant challenges for risk assessors and regulatory authorities. Continuous efforts to scan the horizon for emerging applications are needed to gain an overview of new GM virus applications. In addition, appropriate approaches for risk assessment and management have to be developed. These approaches need to address pertinent challenges, in particular with regard to the environmental release of GM virus applications with a high probability for transmission and spreading, including transboundary movements and a high potential to result in adverse environmental effects. However, the current preparedness at the EU and international level to assess such GM virus application is limited. This study addresses some of the challenges associated with the current situation, firstly, by conducting a horizon scan to identify emerging GM virus applications with relevance for the environment. Secondly, outstanding issues regarding the environmental risk assessment (ERA) of GM virus applications are identified based on an evaluation of case study examples. Specifically, the limited scientific information available for the ERA of some applications and the lack of detailed and appropriate guidance for ERA are discussed. Furthermore, considerations are provided for future work that is needed to establish adequate risk assessment and management approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F. Eckerstorfer
- Umweltbundesamt–Environment Agency Austria (EAA), Landuse and Biosafety Unit, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.D.); (M.M.); (A.G.); (A.H.)
| | - Marion Dolezel
- Umweltbundesamt–Environment Agency Austria (EAA), Landuse and Biosafety Unit, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.D.); (M.M.); (A.G.); (A.H.)
| | - Marianne Miklau
- Umweltbundesamt–Environment Agency Austria (EAA), Landuse and Biosafety Unit, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.D.); (M.M.); (A.G.); (A.H.)
| | - Anita Greiter
- Umweltbundesamt–Environment Agency Austria (EAA), Landuse and Biosafety Unit, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.D.); (M.M.); (A.G.); (A.H.)
| | - Andreas Heissenberger
- Umweltbundesamt–Environment Agency Austria (EAA), Landuse and Biosafety Unit, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.D.); (M.M.); (A.G.); (A.H.)
| | - Margret Engelhard
- Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Division Assessment Synthetic Biology, Enforcement Genetic Engineering Act, Konstantinstr. 110, 53179 Bonn, Germany;
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32
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Ahmed R, Kaldis A, Voloudakis A. Silencing of a Nicotiana benthamiana ascorbate oxidase gene reveals its involvement in resistance against cucumber mosaic virus. PLANTA 2024; 259:38. [PMID: 38227024 PMCID: PMC10791908 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04313-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Silencing of an ascorbate oxidase (AO) gene in N. benthamiana enhanced disease severity from cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), showing higher accumulation and expansion of the spreading area of CMV. A Nicotiana benthamiana ascorbate oxidase (NbAO) gene was found to be induced upon cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) infection. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) was employed to elucidate the function of AO in N. benthamiana. The tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-mediated VIGS resulted in an efficient silencing of the NbAO gene, i.e., 97.5% and 78.8% in relative quantification as compared to the control groups (TRV::eGFP- and the mock-inoculated plants), respectively. In addition, AO enzymatic activity decreased in the TRV::NtAO-silenced plants as compared to control. TRV::NtAO-mediated NbAO silencing induced a greater reduction in plant height by 15.2% upon CMV infection. CMV titer at 3 dpi was increased in the systemic leaves of NbAO-silenced plants (a 35-fold change difference as compared to the TRV::eGFP-treated group). Interestingly, CMV and TRV titers vary in different parts of systemically infected N. benthamiana leaves. In TRV::eGFP-treated plants, CMV accumulated only at the top half of the leaf, whereas the bottom half of the leaf was "occupied" by TRV. In contrast, in the NbAO-silenced plants, CMV accumulated in both the top and the bottom half of the leaf, suggesting that the silencing of the NbAO gene resulted in the expansion of the spreading area of CMV. Our data suggest that the AO gene might function as a resistant factor against CMV infection in N. benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Ahmed
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855, Athens, Greece
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, 785013, India
| | - Athanasios Kaldis
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Voloudakis
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855, Athens, Greece.
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Király L, Zechmann B, Albert R, Bacsó R, Schwarczinger I, Kolozsváriné Nagy J, Gullner G, Hafez YM, Künstler A. Enhanced Resistance to Viruses in Nicotiana edwardsonii 'Columbia' Is Dependent on Salicylic Acid, Correlates with High Glutathione Levels, and Extends to Plant-Pathogenic Bacteria and Abiotic Stress. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:36-50. [PMID: 37750816 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-23-0106-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Our earlier research showed that an interspecific tobacco hybrid (Nicotiana edwardsonii 'Columbia' [NEC]) displays elevated levels of salicylic acid (SA) and enhanced resistance to localized necrotic symptoms (hypersensitive response [HR]) caused by tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and tobacco necrosis virus (TNV), as compared with another interspecific hybrid (Nicotiana edwardsonii [NE]) derived from the same parents. In the present study, we investigated whether symptomatic resistance in NEC is indeed associated with the inhibition of TMV and TNV and whether SA plays a role in this process. We demonstrated that enhanced viral resistance in NEC is manifested as both milder local necrotic (HR) symptoms and reduced levels of TMV and TNV. The presence of an adequate amount of SA contributes to the enhanced defense response of NEC to TMV and TNV, as the absence of SA resulted in seriously impaired viral resistance. Elevated levels of subcellular tripeptide glutathione (GSH) in NEC plants in response to viral infection suggest that in addition to SA, GSH may also contribute to the elevated viral resistance of NEC. Furthermore, we found that NEC displays an enhanced resistance not only to viral pathogens but also to bacterial infections and abiotic oxidative stress induced by paraquat treatments. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lóránt Király
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bernd Zechmann
- Center for Microscopy and Imaging, Baylor University, One Bear Place, no. 97046, Waco, TX 76798, U.S.A
| | - Réka Albert
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Szeged, H-6800, Hódmezővásárhely, Hungary
| | - Renáta Bacsó
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Schwarczinger
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Kolozsváriné Nagy
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Gullner
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Yaser Mohamed Hafez
- EPCRS Excellence Center & Plant Pathology and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516 Kafr-El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - András Künstler
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
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34
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Tiwari R, Garg K, Senthil-Kumar M, Bisht NC. XLG2 and CORI3 function additively to regulate plant defense against the necrotrophic pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:616-631. [PMID: 37910396 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The membrane-bound heterotrimeric G-proteins in plants play a crucial role in defending against a broad range of pathogens. This study emphasizes the significance of Extra-large Gα protein 2 (XLG2), a plant-specific G-protein, in mediating the plant response to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, which infects over 600 plant species worldwide. Our analysis of Arabidopsis G-protein mutants showed that loss of XLG2 function increased susceptibility to S. sclerotiorum, accompanied by compromised accumulation of jasmonic acid (JA) during pathogen infection. Overexpression of the XLG2 gene in xlg2 mutant plants resulted in higher resistance and increased JA accumulation during S. sclerotiorum infection. Co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) analysis on S. sclerotiorum infected Col-0 samples, using two different approaches, identified 201 XLG2-interacting proteins. The identified JA-biosynthetic and JA-responsive proteins had compromised transcript expression in the xlg2 mutant during pathogen infection. XLG2 was found to interact physically with a JA-responsive protein, Coronatine induced 1 (CORI3) in Co-IP, and confirmed using split firefly luciferase complementation and bimolecular fluorescent complementation assays. Additionally, genetic analysis revealed an additive effect of XLG2 and CORI3 on resistance against S. sclerotiorum, JA accumulation, and expression of the defense marker genes. Overall, our study reveals two independent pathways involving XLG2 and CORI3 in contributing resistance against S. sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Tiwari
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Kajal Garg
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Muthappa Senthil-Kumar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Naveen C Bisht
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
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Ontiveros I, Fernández-Pozo N, Esteve-Codina A, López-Moya JJ, Díaz-Pendón JA. Enhanced Susceptibility to Tomato Chlorosis Virus (ToCV) in Hsp90- and Sgt1-Silenced Plants: Insights from Gene Expression Dynamics. Viruses 2023; 15:2370. [PMID: 38140611 PMCID: PMC10747942 DOI: 10.3390/v15122370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging whitefly-transmitted crinivirus tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) causes substantial economic losses by inducing yellow leaf disorder in tomato crops. This study explores potential resistance mechanisms by examining early-stage molecular responses to ToCV. A time-course transcriptome analysis compared naïve, mock, and ToCV-infected plants at 2, 7, and 14 days post-infection (dpi). Gene expression changes were most notable at 2 and 14 dpi, likely corresponding to whitefly feeding and viral infection. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses revealed key genes and pathways associated with ToCV infection, including those related to plant immunity, flavonoid and steroid biosynthesis, photosynthesis, and hormone signaling. Additionally, virus-derived small interfering RNAs (vsRNAs) originating from ToCV predominantly came from RNA2 and were 22 nucleotides in length. Furthermore, two genes involved in plant immunity, Hsp90 (heat shock protein 90) and its co-chaperone Sgt1 (suppressor of the G2 allele of Skp1) were targeted through viral-induced gene silencing (VIGS), showing a potential contribution to basal resistance against viral infections since their reduction correlated with increased ToCV accumulation. This study provides insights into tomato plant responses to ToCV, with potential implications for developing effective disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ontiveros
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture La Mayora (IHSM), CSIC-UMA, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Spain; (I.O.); (N.F.-P.)
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08913 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Noé Fernández-Pozo
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture La Mayora (IHSM), CSIC-UMA, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Spain; (I.O.); (N.F.-P.)
| | - Anna Esteve-Codina
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Juan José López-Moya
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08913 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Díaz-Pendón
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture La Mayora (IHSM), CSIC-UMA, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Spain; (I.O.); (N.F.-P.)
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36
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Yeqing C, Jun L, Weinan W, Chunguo F, Guozhen Y, Jingjing S, Jinyi L, Changquan W. Rose long noncoding RNA lncWD83 promotes flowering by modulating ubiquitination of the floral repressor RcMYC2L. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:2573-2591. [PMID: 37723122 PMCID: PMC10663112 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in various signaling pathways in vascular plants. However, the crosstalk between lncRNAs and E3 ubiquitin ligases has been barely reported. In this study, we demonstrate that the lncRNA lncWD83 from rose (Rosa chinensis) 'Old blush' activates flowering by modulating the ubiquitination of the floral repressor MYC2 LIKE (RcMYC2L). Flowering was substantially delayed in rose by virus-induced gene silencing of lncWD83. In an in vitro pull-down assay, lncWD83 associated with PLANT U-BOX PROTEIN 11 (PUB11), a U-box-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase. Seedlings with knocked down RcPUB11 transcripts phenocopied the later-flowering phenotype of lncWD83-silenced seedlings. RcMYC2L physically interacted with RcPUB11 and was ubiquitinated in an RcPUB11-dependent manner in vitro. Accordingly, silencing RcMYC2L fully reversed the later-flowering phenotype resulting from RcPUB11 knockdown. Furthermore, RcMYC2L bound to G-box-related motifs in the FLOWERING LOCUS T (RcFT) promoter and repressed its transcription. However, RcPUB11 alleviated this repression of RcFT expression via proteasomal degradation of RcMYC2L, and lncWD83 enhanced this degradation by associating with RcPUB11. Therefore, lncWD83 promotes flowering by modulating the ubiquitination of the floral repressor RcMYC2L in rose plants. These findings reveal a distinct regulatory mechanism for an lncRNA in facilitating ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis to regulate rose flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yeqing
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lu Jun
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wang Weinan
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fan Chunguo
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuan Guozhen
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Sun Jingjing
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Liu Jinyi
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wang Changquan
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Wang T, Duan S, Xu C, Wang Y, Zhang X, Xu X, Chen L, Han Z, Wu T. Pan-genome analysis of 13 Malus accessions reveals structural and sequence variations associated with fruit traits. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7377. [PMID: 37968318 PMCID: PMC10651928 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43270-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural variations (SVs) and copy number variations (CNVs) contribute to trait variations in fleshy-fruited species. Here, we assemble 10 genomes of genetically diverse Malus accessions, including the ever-green cultivar 'Granny Smith' and the widely cultivated cultivar 'Red Fuji'. Combining with three previously reported genomes, we assemble the pan-genome of Malus species and identify 20,220 CNVs and 317,393 SVs. We also observe CNVs that are positively correlated with expression levels of the genes they are associated with. Furthermore, we show that the noncoding RNA generated from a 209 bp insertion in the intron of mitogen-activated protein kinase homology encoding gene, MMK2, regulates the gene expression and affects fruit coloration. Moreover, we identify overlapping SVs associated with fruit quality and biotic resistance. This pan-genome uncovers possible contributions of CNVs to gene expression and highlights the role of SVs in apple domestication and economically important traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyao Duan
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Xu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Liyang Chen
- Smartgenomics Technology Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenhai Han
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Ting Wu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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Kim B, Yu W, Kim H, Dong Q, Choi S, Prokchorchick M, Macho AP, Sohn KH, Segonzac C. A plasma membrane nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptor mediates the recognition of the Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum effector RipY in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100640. [PMID: 37349986 PMCID: PMC10721487 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial wilt disease caused by several Ralstonia species is one of the most destructive diseases in Solanaceae crops. Only a few functional resistance genes against bacterial wilt have been cloned to date. Here, we show that the broadly conserved type III secreted effector RipY is recognized by the Nicotiana benthamiana immune system, leading to cell death induction, induction of defense-related gene expression, and restriction of bacterial pathogen growth. Using a multiplexed virus-induced gene-silencing-based N. benthamiana nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptor (NbNLR) library, we identified a coiled-coil (CC) nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptor (CNL) required for recognition of RipY, which we named RESISTANCE TO RALSTONIA SOLANACEARUM RIPY (RRS-Y). Genetic complementation assays in RRS-Y-silenced plants and stable rrs-y knockout mutants demonstrated that RRS-Y is sufficient to activate RipY-induced cell death and RipY-induced immunity to Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum. RRS-Y function is dependent on the phosphate-binding loop motif of the nucleotide-binding domain but independent of the characterized signaling components ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1, ACTIVATED DISEASE RESISTANCE 1, and N REQUIREMENT GENE 1 and the NLR helpers NB-LRR REQUIRED FOR HR-ASSOCIATED CELL DEATH-2, -3, and -4 in N. benthamiana. We further show that RRS-Y localization at the plasma membrane is mediated by two cysteine residues in the CC domain and is required for RipY recognition. RRS-Y also broadly recognizes RipY homologs across Ralstonia species. Lastly, we show that the C-terminal region of RipY is indispensable for RRS-Y activation. Together, our findings provide an additional effector/receptor pair system to deepen our understanding of CNL activation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyoung Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wenjia Yu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Haseong Kim
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Qian Dong
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Sera Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Maxim Prokchorchick
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Alberto P Macho
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Kee Hoon Sohn
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Cécile Segonzac
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang H, Hu Q. TOM1 family conservation within the plant kingdom for tobacco mosaic virus accumulation. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1385-1399. [PMID: 37443447 PMCID: PMC10576174 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The susceptibility factor TOBAMOVIRUS MULTIPLICATION 1 (TOM1) is required for efficient multiplication of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Although some phylogenetic and functional analyses of the TOM1 family members have been conducted, a comprehensive analysis of the TOM1 homologues based on phylogeny from the most ancient to the youngest representatives within the plant kingdom, analysis of support for tobamovirus accumulation and interaction with other host and viral proteins has not been reported. In this study, using Nicotiana benthamiana and TMV as a model system, we functionally characterized the TOM1 homologues from N. benthamiana and other plant species from different plant lineages. We modified a multiplex genome editing tool and generated a sextuple mutant in which TMV multiplication was dramatically inhibited. We showed that TOM1 homologues from N. benthamiana exhibited variable capacities to support TMV multiplication. Evolutionary analysis revealed that the TOM1 family is restricted to the plant kingdom and probably originated in the Chlorophyta division, suggesting an ancient origin of the TOM1 family. We found that the TOM1 family acquired the ability to promote TMV multiplication after the divergence of moss and spikemoss. Moreover, the capacity of TOM1 orthologues from different plant species to promote TMV multiplication and the interactions between TOM1 and TOM2A and between TOM1 and TMV-encoded replication proteins are highly conserved, suggesting a conserved nature of the TOM2A-TOM1-TMV Hel module in promoting TMV multiplication. Our study not only revealed a conserved nature of a gene module to promote tobamovirus multiplication, but also provides a valuable strategy for TMV-resistant crop development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Fruit and Vegetable Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry SciencesHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Qun Hu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Fruit and Vegetable Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry SciencesHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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Ghosh R, Metze D, Sant S, Shaikh M, Deshpande A, Firake DM, Pandit S. Chemical ecology of Himalayan eggplant variety's antixenosis: identification of geraniol as an oviposition deterrent against the eggplant shoot and fruit borer. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:1259-1274. [PMID: 36918501 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Eggplant (Solanum melongena) suffers severe losses due to a multi-insecticide-resistant lepidopteran pest, shoot and fruit borer (SFB, Leucinodes orbonalis). Heavy and combinatorial application of pesticides for SFB control renders eggplant risky for human consumption. We observed that gravid SFB females do not oviposit on Himalayan eggplant variety RC-RL-22 (RL22). We hypothesized that RL22 contained an antixenosis factor. Females' behavior indicated that the RL22 cue they perceived was olfactory. To identify it, leaf volatile blends of seven eggplant varieties were profiled using solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Seven RL22-specific compounds were detected in the plant headspace. In choice assays, oviposition deterrence efficacies of these candidate compounds were independently tested by their foliar application on SFB-susceptible varieties. Complementation of geraniol, which was exclusively found in RL22, reduced oviposition (> 90%). To validate geraniol's role in RL22's SFB-deterrence, we characterized RL22's geraniol synthase and silenced its gene in planta, using virus-induced gene silencing. Geraniol biosynthesis suppression rendered RL22 SFB-susceptible; foliar geraniol application on the geraniol synthase-silenced plants restored oviposition deterrence. We infer that geraniol is RL22's SFB oviposition deterrent. The use of natural compounds like geraniol, which influence the chemical ecology of oviposition, can reduce the load of hazardous synthetic larvicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituparna Ghosh
- Agricultural Biotechnology and Chemical Ecology (ABCE) Lab, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
| | - Dennis Metze
- Agricultural Biotechnology and Chemical Ecology (ABCE) Lab, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
| | - Surhud Sant
- Agricultural Biotechnology and Chemical Ecology (ABCE) Lab, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
| | - Maroof Shaikh
- Agricultural Biotechnology and Chemical Ecology (ABCE) Lab, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
| | - Ashish Deshpande
- Agricultural Biotechnology and Chemical Ecology (ABCE) Lab, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
| | - Dnyaneshwar M Firake
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, 793103, India
- ICAR-Directorate of Floricultural Research, Pune, Maharashtra, 411036, India
| | - Sagar Pandit
- Agricultural Biotechnology and Chemical Ecology (ABCE) Lab, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
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Luan Y, Chen Z, Fang Z, Huang X, Zhao D, Tao J. PoWRKY71 is involved in Paeonia ostii resistance to drought stress by directly regulating light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding 151 gene. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad194. [PMID: 38023485 PMCID: PMC10673652 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Although the functions of WRKY transcription factors in drought resistance are well known, their regulatory mechanisms in response to drought by stabilising photosynthesis remain unclear. Here, a differentially expressed PoWRKY71 gene that was highly expressed in drought-treated Paeonia ostii leaves was identified through transcriptome analysis. PoWRKY71 positively responded to drought stress with significantly enhanced expression patterns and overexpressing PoWRKY71 in tobacco greatly improved plant tolerance to drought stress, whereas silencing PoWRKY71 in P. ostii resulted in a drought-intolerant phenotype. Furthermore, lower chlorophyll contents, photosynthesis, and inhibited expression of photosynthesis-related light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding 151 (CAB151) gene were found in PoWRKY71-silenced P. ostii. Meanwhile, a homologous system indicated that drought treatment increased PoCAB151 promoter activity. Interactive assays revealed that PoWRKY71 directly bound on the W-box element of PoCAB151 promoter and activated its transcription. In addition, PoCAB151 overexpressing plants demonstrated increased drought tolerance, together with significantly higher chlorophyll contents and photosynthesis, whereas these indices were dramatically lower in PoCAB151-silenced P. ostii. The above results indicated that PoWRKY71 activated the expression of PoCAB151, thus stabilising photosynthesis via regulating chloroplast homeostasis and chlorophyll content in P. ostii under drought stress. This study reveals a novel drought-resistance mechanism in plants and provides a feasible strategy for improving plant drought resistance via stabilising photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Luan
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zijie Chen
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ziwen Fang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xingqi Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Daqiu Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jun Tao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Meier ND, Seward K, Caplan JL, Dinesh-Kumar SP. Calponin homology domain containing kinesin, KIS1, regulates chloroplast stromule formation and immunity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi7407. [PMID: 37878708 PMCID: PMC10599616 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi7407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast morphology changes during immunity, giving rise to tubule-like structures known as stromules. Stromules extend along microtubules and anchor to actin filaments along nuclei to promote perinuclear chloroplast clustering. This facilitates the transport of defense molecules/proteins from chloroplasts to the nucleus. Evidence for a direct role for stromules in immunity is lacking since, currently, there are no known genes that regulate stromule biogenesis. We show that a calponin homology (CH) domain containing kinesin, KIS1 (kinesin required for inducing stromules 1), is required for stromule formation during TNL [TIR (Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor)-type nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat]-immune receptor-mediated immunity. Furthermore, KIS1 is required for TNL-mediated immunity to bacterial and viral pathogens. The microtubule-binding motor domain of KIS1 is required for stromule formation while the actin-binding, CH domain is required for perinuclear chloroplast clustering. We show that KIS1 functions through early immune signaling components, EDS1 and PAD4, with salicylic acid-induced stromules requiring KIS1. Thus, KIS1 represents a player in stromule biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D. Meier
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kody Seward
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Caplan
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Savithramma P. Dinesh-Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Eid MA, Momeh GN, El-Shanshoury AERR, Allam NG, Gaafar RM. Comprehensive analysis of soybean cultivars' response to SMV infection: genotypic association, molecular characterization, and defense gene expressions. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:102. [PMID: 37847328 PMCID: PMC10581962 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00558-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is a devastating disease that threatens soybean plants worldwide. The different soybean genotypes displayed different responses to SMV strains. This study aimed to investigate the response of different selected soybean cultivars to SMV infection in Egypt based on their specific genetic makeup. RESULT The symptoms of SMV infection and the viral concentration were evaluated in eight soybean cultivars (Giza 21, Giza 22, Giza 35, Giza 82, Giza 111, Crawford, H4L4, and PI416937) using ELISA assay. The results indicated that Giza 21 and Giza 35 were moderately tolerant to SMV infection, while Giza 82 was the least tolerant cultivar. Giza 22, Giza 111, and PI416937 were less tolerant; however, H4L4 and Crawford were identified as the most tolerant cultivars against SMV infection. The chi-square analysis showed a significant association between the different selected cultivars and their response against SMV infection. The PCR test showed the presence of RSV1 (3gG2), RSV1 (5gG3), and RSV3 loci, and the absence of the RSV4 locus gene. The expression analysis of the selected defense genes (EDS1, PAD4, EDR1, ERF1, and JAR) showed variations in the fold changes between infected and non-infected soybean cultivars, suggesting that these genes might play a crucial role in this pathosystem. Additionally, there was a strong positive association between the expression levels of EDR1 and ERF1. CONCLUSION The study found the presence of RSV1 (3gG2), RSV1 (5gG3), and RSV3 loci in selected soybean cultivars, but not RSV4. The analysis of gene expression indicated that certain defense genes may play a vital role in the pathosystem. This research is the first of its kind in Egypt to genotype soybean cultivars regarding different RSV loci. The findings could be beneficial for further research on understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in SMV infection and its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Eid
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - Gehan N Momeh
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | | | - Nanis G Allam
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Reda M Gaafar
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
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Li X, He G, Jiang S, Yang C, Yang B, Ming F. Function of two splicing variants of RcCPR5 in the resistance of Rosa chinensis to powdery mildew. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 335:111678. [PMID: 37385384 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Rosa chinensis is an important economic and ornamental crop, but powdery mildew greatly reduces its ornamental and economic value. The RcCPR5 gene, encoding a constitutive expressor of pathogenesis-related genes, has two splicing variants in R. chinensis. Compared with RcCPR5-1, RcCPR5-2 has a large C-terminal deletion. During disease development, RcCPR5-2 responded quickly and coordinated with RcCPR5-1 to resist the invasion of the powdery mildew pathogen. In virus-induced gene silencing experiments, down-regulation of RcCPR5 improved the resistance of R. chinensis to powdery mildew. This was confirmed to be broad-spectrum resistance. In the absence of pathogen infection, RcCPR5-1 and RcCPR5-2 formed homodimers and heterodimers to regulate plant growth; but when infected by the powdery mildew pathogen, the RcCPR5-1 and RcCPR5-2 complexes disassociated and released RcSIM/RcSMR to induce effector-triggered immunity, thereby inducing resistance to pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China; The Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Guoren He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Shenghang Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China; The Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Binan Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China; The Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Feng Ming
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China; The Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China.
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45
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Cao Z, Ma X, Lv D, Wang J, Shen Y, Peng S, Yang S, Huang J, Sun X. Synthesis of chitin nanocrystals supported Zn 2+ with high activity against tobacco mosaic virus. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 250:126168. [PMID: 37553033 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is a kind of natural nitrogenous organic polysaccharide. It contains antibacterial and antiviral properties, and it can induce plant disease resistance and promote plant growth. However, its application is constrained due to its insolubility and intricate molecular structure. Tobacco mosaic disease is caused by tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection, which seriously harms tobacco production. Zinc-containing chemical agents are commonly used to control tobacco mosaic disease, but overuse of chemical agents will cause serious environmental pollution. In this study, a novel nanomaterial (ChNC@Zn) was prepared by using chitin nanocrystals loaded with Zn2+, which has the function of inducing disease resistance to plants and reducing virus activity. When the Zn2+ concentration of ChNC@Zn is 105.6 μg/mL, it shows higher resistance to TMV than Lentinan (LNT). ChNC@Zn can improve the enzymes activities of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) in tobacco, and reduce the damage of reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by TMV infection, thereby inducing resistance to TMV in tobacco. Besides, it can promote the growth of tobacco. As a result, ChNC@Zn can exhibit strong antiviral activity at low Zn2+ concentration and minimize the pollution of Zn2+ to the environment, which has high potential application value in the control of virus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Cao
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaozhou Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dashu Lv
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Guizhou Industrial Co., Ltd., Guiyang 550000, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yang Shen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shiqi Peng
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shenggang Yang
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Guizhou Industrial Co., Ltd., Guiyang 550000, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Xianchao Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Spiegelman Z, Dinesh-Kumar SP. Breaking Boundaries: The Perpetual Interplay Between Tobamoviruses and Plant Immunity. Annu Rev Virol 2023; 10:455-476. [PMID: 37254097 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-122847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses of the genus Tobamovirus cause significant economic losses in various crops. The emergence of new tobamoviruses such as the tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) poses a major threat to global agriculture. Upon infection, plants mount a complex immune response to restrict virus replication and spread, involving a multilayered defense system that includes defense hormones, RNA silencing, and immune receptors. To counter these defenses, tobamoviruses have evolved various strategies to evade or suppress the different immune pathways. Understanding the interactions between tobamoviruses and the plant immune pathways is crucial for the development of effective control measures and genetic resistance to these viruses. In this review, we discuss past and current knowledge of the intricate relationship between tobamoviruses and host immunity. We use this knowledge to understand the emergence of ToBRFV and discuss potential approaches for the development of new resistance strategies to cope with emerging tobamoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziv Spiegelman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization-The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel;
| | - Savithramma P Dinesh-Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Hu Y, Ji J, Cheng H, Luo R, Zhang J, Li W, Wang X, Zhang J, Yao Y. The miR408a-BBP-LAC3/CSD1 module regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis mediated by crosstalk between copper homeostasis and ROS homeostasis during light induction in Malus plants. J Adv Res 2023; 51:27-44. [PMID: 36371057 PMCID: PMC10491975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The expression of miR408 is affected by copper (Cu) conditions and positively regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. However, the underlying mechanisms by which miR408 regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis mediated by Cu homeostasis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis remain unclear in Malus plants. OBJECTIVES Our study aims to elucidate how miR408a and its target, basic blue protein (BBP) regulate Cu homeostasis and ROS homeostasis, and anthocyanin biosynthesis in Malus plants. METHODS The roles of miR408a and its target BBP in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis, Cu homeostasis, and ROS homeostasis were mainly identified in Malus plants. RESULTS We found that the BBP protein interacted with the copper-binding proteins LAC3 (laccase) and CSD1 (Cu/Zn SOD superoxide dismutase), indicating a potential crosstalk between Cu homeostasis and ROS homeostasis might be mediated by miR408 to regulate the anthocyanin accumulation. Further studies showed that overexpressing miR408a or suppressing BBP transiently significantly increased the expression of genes related to Cu binding and Cu transport, leading to anthocyanin accumulation under light induction in apple fruit and Malus plantlets. Consistently, opposite results were obtained when repressing miR408a or overexpressing BBP. Moreover, light induction significantly increased the expression of miR408a, CSD1, and LAC3, but significantly reduced the BBP expression, resulting in increased Cu content and anthocyanin accumulation. Furthermore, excessive Cu significantly increased the anthocyanin accumulation, accompanied by reduced expression of miR408a and Cu transport genes, and upregulated expression of Cu binding proteins including BBP, LAC3, and CSD1 to maintain the Cu homeostasis and ROS homeostasis in Malus plantlets. CONCLUSION Our findings provide new insights into the mechanism by which the miR408a-BBP-LAC3/CSD1 module perceives light and Cu signals regulating Cu and ROS homeostasis, ultimately affecting anthocyanin biosynthesis in Malus plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Hu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jiayi Ji
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing 102206, China; Beijing Forestry University, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Rongli Luo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xingsui Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Yuncong Yao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing 102206, China.
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Shi H, Yang Z, Huang J, Wu H, Fu S, Li W, Zou X, Zhou C, Wang X. An effector of 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' manipulates autophagy to promote bacterial infection. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:4670-4684. [PMID: 37166404 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy functions in plant host immunity responses to pathogen infection. The molecular mechanisms and functions used by the citrus Huanglongbing (HLB)-associated intracellular bacterium 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas) to manipulate autophagy are unknown. We identified a CLas effector, SDE4405 (CLIBASIA_04405), which contributes to HLB progression. 'Wanjincheng' orange (Citrus sinensis) transgenic plants expressing SDE4405 promotes CLas proliferation and symptom expression via suppressing host immunity responses. SDE4405 interacts with the ATG8-family of proteins (ATG8s), and their interactions activate autophagy in Nicotiana benthamiana. The occurrence of autophagy is also significantly enhanced in SDE4405-transgenic citrus plants. Interrupting NbATG8s-SDE4405 interaction by silencing of NbATG8c reduces Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000ΔhopQ1-1 (Pst DC3000ΔhopQ1-1) proliferation in N. benthamiana, and transient overexpression of CsATG8c and SDE4405 in citrus promotes Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) multiplication, suggesting that SDE4405-ATG8s interaction negatively regulates plant defense. These results demonstrate the role of the CLas effector protein in manipulating autophagy, and provide new molecular insights into the interaction between CLas and citrus hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Shi
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Zuhui Yang
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Jie Huang
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Haodi Wu
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Shimin Fu
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Weimin Li
- Key Laboratory for Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiuping Zou
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Changyong Zhou
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
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Tan Q, Li R, Liu L, Wang D, Dai XF, Song LM, Zhang DD, Kong ZQ, Klosterman SJ, Usami T, Subbarao KV, Liang WX, Chen JY. Functional Characterization of Verticillium dahliae Race 3-Specific Gene VdR3e in Virulence and Elicitation of Plant Immune Responses. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0108323. [PMID: 37378525 PMCID: PMC10434166 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01083-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a soilborne fungal pathogen that causes disease on many economically important crops. Based on the resistance or susceptibility of differential cultivars in tomato, isolates of V. dahliae are divided into three races. Avirulence (avr) genes within the genomes of the three races have also been identified. However, the functional role of the avr gene in race 3 isolates of V. dahliae has not been characterized. In this study, bioinformatics analysis showed that VdR3e, a cysteine-rich secreted protein encoded by the gene characterizing race 3 in V. dahliae, was likely obtained by horizontal gene transfer from the fungal genus Bipolaris. We demonstrate that VdR3e causes cell death by triggering multiple defense responses. In addition, VdR3e localized at the periphery of the plant cell and triggered immunity depending on its subcellular localization and the cell membrane receptor BAK1. Furthermore, VdR3e is a virulence factor and shows differential pathogenicity in race 3-resistant and -susceptible hosts. These results suggest that VdR3e is a virulence factor that can also interact with BAK1 as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) to trigger immune responses. IMPORTANCE Based on the gene-for-gene model, research on the function of avirulence genes and resistance genes has had an unparalleled impact on breeding for resistance in most crops against individual pathogens. The soilborne fungal pathogen, Verticillium dahliae, is a major pathogen on many economically important crops. Currently, avr genes of the three races in V. dahliae have been identified, but the function of avr gene representing race 3 has not been described. We investigated the characteristics of VdR3e-mediated immunity and demonstrated that VdR3e acts as a PAMP to activate a variety of plant defense responses and induce plant cell death. We also demonstrated that the role of VdR3e in pathogenicity was host dependent. This is the first study to describe the immune and virulence functions of the avr gene from race 3 in V. dahliae, and we provide support for the identification of genes mediating resistance against race 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Tan
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ran Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Liu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Feng Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Min Song
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Steve J. Klosterman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, California, USA
| | - Toshiyuki Usami
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo City, Japan
| | - Krishna V. Subbarao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California—Davis, c/o U.S. Agricultural Research Station, Salinas, California, USA
| | - Wen-Xing Liang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie-Yin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, People’s Republic of China
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Jacob P, Hige J, Dangl JL. Is localized acquired resistance the mechanism for effector-triggered disease resistance in plants? NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:1184-1190. [PMID: 37537398 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01466-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) are intracellular immune receptors that are activated by their direct or indirect interactions with virulence effectors. NLR activation triggers a strong immune response and consequent disease resistance. However, the NLR-driven immune response can be targeted by virulence effectors. It is thus unclear how immune activation can occur concomitantly with virulence effector suppression of immunity. Recent observations suggest that the activation of effector-triggered immunity does not sustain defence gene expression in tissues in contact with the hemi-biotrophic pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Instead, strong defence was observed on the border of the infection area. This response is reminiscent of localized acquired resistance (LAR). LAR is a strong defence response occurring in a ~2 mm area around cells in contact with the pathogen and probably serves to prevent the spread of pathogens. Here we propose that effector-triggered immunity is essentially a quarantining mechanism to prevent systemic pathogen spread and disease, and that the induction of LAR is a key component of this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Jacob
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Junko Hige
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeffery L Dangl
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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