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Gouveia C, Santos RB, Paiva-Silva C, Buchholz G, Malhó R, Figueiredo A. The pathogenicity of Plasmopara viticola: a review of evolutionary dynamics, infection strategies and effector molecules. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:327. [PMID: 38658826 PMCID: PMC11040782 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05037-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Oomycetes are filamentous organisms that resemble fungi in terms of morphology and life cycle, primarily due to convergent evolution. The success of pathogenic oomycetes lies in their ability to adapt and overcome host resistance, occasionally transitioning to new hosts. During plant infection, these organisms secrete effector proteins and other compounds during plant infection, as a molecular arsenal that contributes to their pathogenic success. Genomic sequencing, transcriptomic analysis, and proteomic studies have revealed highly diverse effector repertoires among different oomycete pathogens, highlighting their adaptability and evolution potential.The obligate biotrophic oomycete Plasmopara viticola affects grapevine plants (Vitis vinifera L.) causing the downy mildew disease, with significant economic impact. This disease is devastating in Europe, leading to substantial production losses. Even though Plasmopara viticola is a well-known pathogen, to date there are scarce reviews summarising pathogenicity, virulence, the genetics and molecular mechanisms of interaction with grapevine.This review aims to explore the current knowledge of the infection strategy, lifecycle, effector molecules, and pathogenicity of Plasmopara viticola. The recent sequencing of the Plasmopara viticola genome has provided new insights into understanding the infection strategies employed by this pathogen. Additionally, we will highlight the contributions of omics technologies in unravelling the ongoing evolution of this oomycete, including the first in-plant proteome analysis of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Gouveia
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita B Santos
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Paiva-Silva
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Günther Buchholz
- RLP AgroScience/AlPlanta-Institute for Plant Research, Neustadt an Der Weinstrasse, Germany
| | - Rui Malhó
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andreia Figueiredo
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Vater J, Tam LTT, Jähne J, Herfort S, Blumenscheit C, Schneider A, Luong PT, Thao LTP, Blom J, Klee SR, Schweder T, Lasch P, Borriss R. Plant-Associated Representatives of the Bacillus cereus Group Are a Rich Source of Antimicrobial Compounds. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2677. [PMID: 38004689 PMCID: PMC10672896 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Seventeen bacterial strains able to suppress plant pathogens have been isolated from healthy Vietnamese crop plants and taxonomically assigned as members of the Bacillus cereus group. In order to prove their potential as biocontrol agents, we perform a comprehensive analysis that included the whole-genome sequencing of selected strains and the mining for genes and gene clusters involved in the synthesis of endo- and exotoxins and secondary metabolites, such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Kurstakin, thumolycin, and other AMPs were detected and characterized by different mass spectrometric methods, such as MALDI-TOF-MS and LIFT-MALDI-TOF/TOF fragment analysis. Based on their whole-genome sequences, the plant-associated isolates were assigned to the following species and subspecies: B. cereus subsp. cereus (6), B. cereus subsp. bombysepticus (5), Bacillus tropicus (2), and Bacillus pacificus. These three isolates represent novel genomospecies. Genes encoding entomopathogenic crystal and vegetative proteins were detected in B. cereus subsp. bombysepticus TK1. The in vitro assays revealed that many plant-associated isolates enhanced plant growth and suppressed plant pathogens. Our findings indicate that the plant-associated representatives of the B. cereus group are a rich source of putative antimicrobial compounds with potential in sustainable agriculture. However, the presence of virulence genes might restrict their application as biologicals in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Vater
- Proteomics and Spectroscopy Unit (ZBS6), Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.V.); (J.J.); (S.H.); (C.B.); (A.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Le Thi Thanh Tam
- Division of Pathology and Phyto-Immunology, Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI), Duc Thang, Bac Tu Liem, Hanoi, Vietnam; (L.T.T.T.); (P.T.L.); (L.T.P.T.)
| | - Jennifer Jähne
- Proteomics and Spectroscopy Unit (ZBS6), Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.V.); (J.J.); (S.H.); (C.B.); (A.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Stefanie Herfort
- Proteomics and Spectroscopy Unit (ZBS6), Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.V.); (J.J.); (S.H.); (C.B.); (A.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Christian Blumenscheit
- Proteomics and Spectroscopy Unit (ZBS6), Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.V.); (J.J.); (S.H.); (C.B.); (A.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Andy Schneider
- Proteomics and Spectroscopy Unit (ZBS6), Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.V.); (J.J.); (S.H.); (C.B.); (A.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Pham Thi Luong
- Division of Pathology and Phyto-Immunology, Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI), Duc Thang, Bac Tu Liem, Hanoi, Vietnam; (L.T.T.T.); (P.T.L.); (L.T.P.T.)
| | - Le Thi Phuong Thao
- Division of Pathology and Phyto-Immunology, Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI), Duc Thang, Bac Tu Liem, Hanoi, Vietnam; (L.T.T.T.); (P.T.L.); (L.T.P.T.)
| | - Jochen Blom
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig Universität Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Silke R. Klee
- Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms Unit (ZBS2), Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Thomas Schweder
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology e.V. (IMaB), 17489 Greifswald, Germany;
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Peter Lasch
- Proteomics and Spectroscopy Unit (ZBS6), Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.V.); (J.J.); (S.H.); (C.B.); (A.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Rainer Borriss
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology e.V. (IMaB), 17489 Greifswald, Germany;
- Institute of Biology, Humboldt University Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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Sabnam N, Hussain A, Saha P. The secret password: Cell death-inducing proteins in filamentous phytopathogens - As versatile tools to develop disease-resistant crops. Microb Pathog 2023; 183:106276. [PMID: 37541554 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell death-inducing proteins (CDIPs) are some of the secreted effector proteins manifested by filamentous oomycetes and fungal pathogens to invade the plant tissue and facilitate infection. Along with their involvement in different developmental processes and virulence, CDIPs play a crucial role in plant-pathogen interactions. As the name implies, CDIPs cause necrosis and trigger localised cell death in the infected host tissues by the accumulation of higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), oxidative burst, accumulation of nitric oxide (NO), and electrolyte leakage. They also stimulate the biosynthesis of defense-related phytohormones such as salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA), and ethylene (ET), as well as the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes that are important in disease resistance. Altogether, the interactions result in the hypersensitive response (HR) in the host plant, which might confer systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in some cases against a vast array of related and unrelated pathogens. The CDIPs, due to their capability of inducing host resistance, are thus unique among the array of proteins secreted by filamentous plant pathogens. More interestingly, a few transgenic plant lines have also been developed expressing the CDIPs with added resistance. Thus, CDIPs have opened an interesting hot area of research. The present study critically reviews the current knowledge of major types of CDIPs identified across filamentous phytopathogens and their modes of action in the last couple of years. This review also highlights the recent breakthrough technologies in studying plant-pathogen interactions as well as crop improvement by enhancing disease resistance through CDIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazmiara Sabnam
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India.
| | - Afzal Hussain
- Department of Bioinformatics, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India
| | - Pallabi Saha
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, 55108, United States; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
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Ramos-Lizardo GN, Mucherino-Muñoz JJ, Aguiar ERGR, Pirovani CP, Corrêa RX. A repertoire of candidate effector proteins of the fungus Ceratocystis cacaofunesta. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16368. [PMID: 37773261 PMCID: PMC10542334 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43117-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Ceratocystis includes many phytopathogenic fungi that affect different plant species. One of these is Ceratocystis cacaofunesta, which is pathogenic to the cocoa tree and causes Ceratocystis wilt, a lethal disease for the crop. However, little is known about how this pathogen interacts with its host. The knowledge and identification of possible genes encoding effector proteins are essential to understanding this pathosystem. The present work aimed to predict genes that code effector proteins of C. cacaofunesta from a comparative analysis of the genomes of five Ceratocystis species available in databases. We performed a new genome annotation through an in-silico analysis. We analyzed the secretome and effectorome of C. cacaofunesta using the characteristics of the peptides, such as the presence of signal peptide for secretion, absence of transmembrane domain, and richness of cysteine residues. We identified 160 candidate effector proteins in the C. cacaofunesta proteome that could be classified as cytoplasmic (102) or apoplastic (58). Of the total number of candidate effector proteins, 146 were expressed, presenting an average of 206.56 transcripts per million. Our database was created using a robust bioinformatics strategy, followed by manual curation, generating information on pathogenicity-related genes involved in plant interactions, including CAZymes, hydrolases, lyases, and oxidoreductases. Comparing proteins already characterized as effectors in Sordariomycetes species revealed five groups of protein sequences homologous to C. cacaofunesta. These data provide a valuable resource for studying the infection mechanisms of these pathogens in their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela N Ramos-Lizardo
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Jonathan J Mucherino-Muñoz
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Eric R G R Aguiar
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Ronan Xavier Corrêa
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil.
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Venugopalan LP, Aimanianda V, Namperumalsamy VP, Prajna L, Kuppamuthu D, Jayapal JM. Comparative proteome analysis identifies species-specific signature proteins in Aspergillus pathogens. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12559-4. [PMID: 37166481 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12559-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus are important human pathogens that can infect the lung and cornea. During infection, Aspergillus dormant conidia are the primary morphotype that comes in contact with the host. As the conidial surface-associated proteins (CSPs) and the extracellular proteins during the early stages of growth play a crucial role in establishing infection, we profiled and compared these proteins between a clinical strain of A. flavus and a clinical strain of A. fumigatus. We identified nearly 100 CSPs in both Aspergillus, and these non-covalently associated surface proteins were able to stimulate the neutrophils to secrete interleukin IL-8. Mass spectrometry analysis identified more than 200 proteins in the extracellular space during the early stages of conidial growth and germination (early exoproteome). The conidial surface proteins and the early exoproteome of A. fumigatus were enriched with immunoreactive proteins and those with pathogenicity-related functions while that of the A. flavus were primarily enzymes involved in cell wall reorganization and binding. Comparative proteome analysis of the CSPs and the early exoproteome between A. flavus and A. fumigatus enabled the identification of a common core proteome and potential species-specific signature proteins. Transcript analysis of selected proteins indicate that the transcript-protein level correlation does not exist for all proteins and might depend on factors such as membrane-anchor signals and protein half-life. The probable signature proteins of A. flavus and A. fumigatus identified in this study can serve as potential candidates for developing species-specific diagnostic tests. KEY POINTS: • CSPs and exoproteins could differentiate A. flavus and A. fumigatus. • A. fumigatus conidial surface harbored more antigenic proteins than A. flavus. • Identified species-specific signature proteins of A. flavus and A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Prabha Venugopalan
- Department of Proteomics, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Anna Nagar, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Present address: Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, India
| | - Vishukumar Aimanianda
- Unité des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
- Present address: Unité de recherche Mycologie Moléculaire, UMR2000, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | | | - Lalitha Prajna
- Department of Ocular Microbiology, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Anna Nagar, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dharmalingam Kuppamuthu
- Department of Proteomics, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Anna Nagar, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jeya Maheshwari Jayapal
- Department of Proteomics, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Anna Nagar, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Rafiqi M, Kosawang C, Peers JA, Jelonek L, Yvanne H, McMullan M, Nielsen LR. Endophytic fungi related to the ash dieback causal agent encode signatures of pathogenicity on European ash. IMA Fungus 2023; 14:10. [PMID: 37170345 PMCID: PMC10176688 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-023-00115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tree diseases constitute a significant threat to biodiversity worldwide. Pathogen discovery in natural habitats is of vital importance to understanding current and future threats and prioritising efforts towards developing disease management strategies. Ash dieback is a fungal disease of major conservational concern that is infecting common ash trees, Fraxinus excelsior, in Europe. The disease is caused by a non-native fungal pathogen, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. Other dieback causing-species have not previously been identified in the genus Hymenoscyphus. Here, we discover the pathogenicity potential of two newly identified related species of Asian origin, H. koreanus and H. occultus, and one Europe-native related species, H. albidus. We sequence the genomes of all three Hymenoscyphus species and compare them to that of H. fraxineus. Phylogenetic analysis of core eukaryotic genes identified H. albidus and H. koreanus as sister species, whilst H. occultus diverged prior to these and H. fraxineus. All four Hymenoscyphus genomes are of comparable size (55-62 Mbp) and GC contents (42-44%) and encode for polymorphic secretomes. Surprisingly, 1133 predicted secreted proteins are shared between the ash dieback pathogen H. fraxineus and the three related Hymenoscyphus endophytes. Amongst shared secreted proteins are cell death-inducing effector candidates, such as necrosis, and ethylene-inducing peptide 1-like proteins, Nep1-like proteins, that are upregulated during in planta growth of all Hymenoscyphus species. Indeed, pathogenicity tests showed that all four related Hymenoscyphus species develop pathogenic growth on European ash stems, with native H. albidus being the least virulent. Our results identify the threat Hymenoscypohus species pose to the survival of European ash trees, and highlight the importance of promoting pathogen surveillance in environmental landscapes. Identifying new pathogens and including them in the screening for durable immunity of common ash trees is key to the long-term survival of ash in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rafiqi
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK.
| | - Chatchai Kosawang
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jessica A Peers
- The Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UZ, UK
| | - Lukas Jelonek
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hélène Yvanne
- The Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UZ, UK
| | - Mark McMullan
- The Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UZ, UK
| | - Lene R Nielsen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Pirc K, Albert I, Nürnberger T, Anderluh G. Disruption of plant plasma membrane by Nep1-like proteins in pathogen-plant interactions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:746-750. [PMID: 36210522 PMCID: PMC10100409 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lipid membrane destruction by microbial pore-forming toxins (PFTs) is a ubiquitous mechanism of damage to animal cells, but is less prominent in plants. Nep1-like proteins (NLPs) secreted by phytopathogens that cause devastating crop diseases, such as potato late blight, represent the only family of microbial PFTs that effectively damage plant cells by disrupting the integrity of the plant plasma membrane. Recent research has elucidated the molecular mechanism of NLP-mediated membrane damage, which is unique among microbial PFTs and highly adapted to the plant membrane environment. In this review, we cover recent insight into how NLP cytolysins damage plant membranes and cause cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Pirc
- Department of Molecular Biology and NanobiotechnologyNational Institute of ChemistryHajdrihova 191000LjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Isabell Albert
- Molecular Plant PhysiologyFAU Erlangen‐Nüremberg91058ErlangenGermany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP)Eberhard‐Karls‐University Tübingen72076TübingenGermany
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of JohannesburgAuckland Park2006JohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- Department of Molecular Biology and NanobiotechnologyNational Institute of ChemistryHajdrihova 191000LjubljanaSlovenia
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Li Z, Liu J, Ma W, Li X. Characteristics, Roles and Applications of Proteinaceous Elicitors from Pathogens in Plant Immunity. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020268. [PMID: 36836624 PMCID: PMC9960299 DOI: 10.3390/life13020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In interactions between pathogens and plants, pathogens secrete many molecules that facilitate plant infection, and some of these compounds are recognized by plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which induce immune responses. Molecules in both pathogens and plants that trigger immune responses in plants are termed elicitors. On the basis of their chemical content, elicitors can be classified into carbohydrates, lipopeptides, proteinaceous compounds and other types. Although many studies have focused on the involvement of elicitors in plants, especially on pathophysiological changes induced by elicitors in plants and the mechanisms mediating these changes, there is a lack of up-to-date reviews on the characteristics and functions of proteinaceous elicitors. In this mini-review, we provide an overview of the up-to-date knowledge on several important families of pathogenic proteinaceous elicitors (i.e., harpins, necrosis- and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (nep1)-like proteins (NLPs) and elicitins), focusing mainly on their structures, characteristics and effects on plants, specifically on their roles in plant immune responses. A solid understanding of elicitors may be helpful to decrease the use of agrochemicals in agriculture and gardening, generate more resistant germplasms and increase crop yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangqun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
- Institute of Biopharmaceuticals, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Junnan Liu
- School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Wenting Ma
- School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
- Institute of Biopharmaceuticals, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
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Dal’Sasso TCS, Rody HVS, Oliveira LO. Genome-Wide Analysis and Evolutionary History of the Necrosis- and Ethylene-Inducing Peptide 1-Like Protein (NLP) Superfamily Across the Dothideomycetes Class of Fungi. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-03125-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Xiang J, Cheng J, Wei L, Li M, Wu J. Functional analysis of the Nep1-like proteins from Plasmopara viticola. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2000791. [PMID: 35152834 PMCID: PMC9176246 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.2000791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Necrosis and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1) -like proteins (NLP) are secreted by multiple taxonomically unrelated plant pathogens (bacteria, fungi, and oomycete) and are best known for inducing cell death and immune responses in dicotyledonous plants. A group of putative NLP genes from obligate biotrophic oomycete Plasmopara viticola were predicted by RNA-Seq in our previous study, but their activity has not been established. Therefore, we analyzed the P. viticola NLP (PvNLP) family and identified seven PvNLP genes. They all belong to type 1 NLP genes and form a P. viticola-specific cluster when compared with other pathogen NLP genes. The expression of PvNLPs was induced during early infection process and the expression patterns could be categorized into two groups. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient expression assays revealed that only PvNLP7 was cytotoxic and could induce Phytophthora capsici resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana. Functional analysis showed that PvNLP4, PvNLP5, PvNLP7, and PvNLP10 significantly improved disease resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana to Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. Moreover, the four genes caused an inhibition of plant growth which is typically associated with enhanced immunity when over-expressed in Arabidopsis. Further research found that PvNLP7 could activate the expression of defense-related genes and its conserved NPP1 domain was critical for cell death- and immunity-inducing activity. This record of NLP genes from P. viticola showed a functional diversification, laying a foundation for further study on pathogenic mechanism of the devastating pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Xiang
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhui Cheng
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingzhu Wei
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingshan Li
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Emir M, Ozketen AC, Andac Ozketen A, Çelik Oğuz A, Huang M, Karakaya A, Rampitsch C, Gunel A. Increased levels of cell wall degrading enzymes and peptidases are associated with aggressiveness in a virulent isolate of Pyrenophora teres f. maculata. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 279:153839. [PMID: 36370615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pyrenophora teres f. maculata (Ptm) is a fungal pathogen that causes the spot form of net blotch on barley and leads to economic losses in many of the world's barley-growing regions. Isolates of Ptm exhibit varying levels of aggressiveness that result in quantifiable changes in the severity of the disease. Previous research on plant-pathogen interactions has shown that such divergence is reflected in the proteome and secretome of the pathogen, with certain classes of proteins more prominent in aggressive isolates. Here we have made a detailed comparative analysis of the secretomes of two Ptm isolates, GPS79 and E35 (highly and mildly aggressive, respectively) using a proteomics-based approach. The secretomes were obtained in vitro using media amended with barley leaf sections. Secreted proteins therein were harvested, digested with trypsin, and fractionated offline by HPLC prior to LC-MS in a high-resolution instrument to obtain deep coverage of the proteome. The subsequent analysis used a label-free quantitative proteomics approach with relative quantification of proteins based on precursor ion intensities. A total of 1175 proteins were identified, 931 from Ptm and 244 from barley. Further analysis revealed 160 differentially abundant proteins with at least a two-fold abundance difference between the isolates, with the most enriched in the aggressive GPS79 secretome. These proteins were mainly cell-wall (carbohydrate) degrading enzymes and peptidases, with some oxidoreductases and other pathogenesis-related proteins also identified, suggesting that aggressiveness is associated with an improved ability of GPS79 to overcome cell wall barriers and neutralize host defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Emir
- Kirsehir-Ahi Evran University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Kirsehir, Turkey
| | | | | | - Arzu Çelik Oğuz
- Ankara University Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Dışkapı, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mei Huang
- Agriculture and Agrifood Canada, Morden Research and Development Centre, Morden MB, Canada
| | - Aziz Karakaya
- Ankara University Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Dışkapı, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Christof Rampitsch
- Agriculture and Agrifood Canada, Morden Research and Development Centre, Morden MB, Canada.
| | - Aslihan Gunel
- Kirsehir-Ahi Evran University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Kirsehir, Turkey.
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12
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Dal'Sasso TCDS, Rocha VDD, Rody HVS, Costa MDBL, Oliveira LOD. The necrosis- and ethylene-inducing peptide 1-like protein (NLP) gene family of the plant pathogen Corynespora cassiicola. Curr Genet 2022; 68:645-659. [PMID: 36098767 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-022-01252-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Effectors are secreted by plant-associated microorganisms to modify the host cell physiology. As effectors, the Necrosis- and Ethylene-inducing peptide 1-like proteins (NLPs) are involded in the early phases of plant infection and may trigger host immune responses. Corynespora cassiicola is a polyphagous plant pathogen that causes target spot on many agriculturally important crops. Using genome assembly, gene prediction, and proteome annotation tools, we retrieved 135 NLP-encoding genes from proteomes of 44 isolates. We explored the evolutionary history of NLPs using Bayesian phylogeny, gene genealogies, and selection analyses. We accessed the expression profiles of the NLP genes during the early phase of C. cassiicola-soybean interaction. Three NLP putative-effector genes (Cc_NLP1.1, Cc_NLP1.2A, and Cc_NLP1.2B) were maintained in the genomes of all isolates tested. An NLP putative-non-effector gene (Cc_NLP1.3) was found in three isolates that had been originally obtained from soybean. Putative-effector NLPs were under different selective constraints: Cc_NLP1.1 was under stronger selective pressure, while Cc_NLP1.2A was under a more relaxed constraint. Meanwhile, Cc_NLP1.2B likely evolved under either positive or balancing selection. Despite highly divergent, the putative-effector NLPs maintain conserved the residues necessary to trigger plant immune responses, suggesting they are potentially functional. Only the Cc_NLP1.1 putative-effector gene was significantly expressed at the early hours of soybean colonization, while Cc_NLP1.2A and Cc_NLP1.2B showed much lower levels of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hugo Vianna Silva Rody
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade de São Paulo/Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Piracicaba, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Orlando de Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil.
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Tarallo M, McDougal RL, Chen Z, Wang Y, Bradshaw RE, Mesarich CH. Characterization of two conserved cell death elicitor families from the Dothideomycete fungal pathogens Dothistroma septosporum and Fulvia fulva (syn. Cladosporium fulvum). Front Microbiol 2022; 13:964851. [PMID: 36160260 PMCID: PMC9493481 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.964851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dothistroma septosporum (Ds) and Fulvia fulva (Ff; previously called Cladosporium fulvum) are two closely related Dothideomycete fungal species that cause Dothistroma needle blight in pine and leaf mold in tomato, respectively. During host colonization, these pathogens secrete virulence factors termed effectors to promote infection. In the presence of corresponding host immune receptors, however, these effectors activate plant defenses, including a localized cell death response that halts pathogen growth. We identified two apoplastic effector protein families, Ecp20 and Ecp32, which are conserved between the two pathogens. The Ecp20 family has four paralogues in both species, while the Ecp32 family has four paralogues in D. septosporum and five in F. fulva. Both families have members that are highly expressed during host infection. Members of the Ecp20 family have predicted structural similarity to proteins with a β-barrel fold, including the Alt a 1 allergen from Alternaria alternata, while members of the Ecp32 family have predicted structural similarity to proteins with a β-trefoil fold, such as trypsin inhibitors and lectins. Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient transformation assays, each family member was assessed for its ability to trigger cell death in leaves of the non-host species Nicotiana benthamiana and N. tabacum. Using this approach, FfEcp20-2, DsEcp20-3, and FfEcp20-3 from the Ecp20 family, and all members from the Ecp32 family, except for the Ds/FfEcp32-4 pair, triggered cell death in both species. This cell death was dependent on secretion of the effectors to the apoplast. In line with recognition by an extracellular immune receptor, cell death triggered by Ds/FfEcp20-3 and FfEcp32-3 was compromised in N. benthamiana silenced for BAK1 or SOBIR1, which encode extracellular co-receptors involved in transducing defense response signals following apoplastic effector recognition. We then investigated whether DsEcp20-3 and DsEcp20-4 triggered cell death in the host species Pinus radiata by directly infiltrating purified protein into pine needles. Strikingly, as in the non-host species, DsEcp20-3 triggered cell death, while DsEcp20-4 did not. Collectively, our study describes two new candidate effector families with cell death-eliciting activity from D. septosporum and F. fulva and provides evidence that members of these families are recognized by plant immune receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Tarallo
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology/Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Zhiyuan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rosie E. Bradshaw
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology/Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Carl H. Mesarich
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology/Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Belisário R, Robertson AE, Vaillancourt LJ. Maize Anthracnose Stalk Rot in the Genomic Era. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:2281-2298. [PMID: 35291814 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-21-2147-fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Anthracnose stalk rot (ASR) of maize results in millions of dollars in losses annually in the United States. ASR, together with anthracnose leaf blight and anthracnose top dieback, is caused by the fungus Colletotrichum graminicola. Current ASR management recommendations emphasize host resistance and reduction of plant stressors (e.g., drought, heat, low fertility, or soil acidity). Stress reduction may be more difficult to achieve in the future due to more high-intensity production protocols and climate change. Moreover, cultural and chemical management practices may conflict with other important goals, including environmental sustainability and maximization of yield potential. Thus, future ASR management may rely more heavily on host resistance, for which there are relatively few highly effective sources. The last comprehensive review of C. graminicola and maize anthracnose was written over two decades ago. The genomic age has brought important new insights into mechanisms governing the host-pathogen interaction from the application of molecular and cytological technologies. This review provides a summary of our current model of maize anthracnose etiology, including how increased knowledge of molecular and cellular events could contribute to better ASR management. Improved understanding of C. graminicola taxonomy has confirmed that the fungus is specific to Zea mays, and that it colonizes living maize tissues via a critical biotrophic phase. Successful biotrophic establishment relies on an array of secreted protein effectors and secondary metabolites produced at different stages of infection and dispersed to multiple locations. These molecules could provide therapeutic targets for the next generation of transgenic or gene-edited ASR-resistant hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Belisário
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, 201F Plant Science Building, 1405 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY 40546-0312
| | - Alison E Robertson
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, 1344 Advanced Teaching and Research Building, 2213 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Lisa J Vaillancourt
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, 201F Plant Science Building, 1405 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY 40546-0312
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Yang G, Yang J, Zhang Q, Wang W, Feng L, Zhao L, An B, Wang Q, He C, Luo H. The Effector Protein CgNLP1 of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Affects Invasion and Disrupts Nuclear Localization of Necrosis-Induced Transcription Factor HbMYB8-Like to Suppress Plant Defense Signaling. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:911479. [PMID: 35770165 PMCID: PMC9234567 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.911479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi secrete numerous effectors to modulate host defense systems. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which fungal effectors regulate plant defense is of great importance for the development of novel strategies for disease control. In this study, we identified necrosis- and ethylene-inducing protein 1 (Nep1)-like protein (NLP) effector gene, CgNLP1, which contributed to conidial germination, appressorium formation, invasive growth, and virulence of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides to the rubber tree. Transient expression of CgNLP1 in the leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana induced ethylene production in plants. Ectopic expression of CgNLP1 in Arabidopsis significantly enhanced the resistance to Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria brassicicola. An R2R3 type transcription factor HbMYB8-like of rubber tree was identified as the target of CgNLP1.HbMYB8-like, localized on the nucleus, and induced cell death in N. benthamiana. CgNLP1 disrupted nuclear accumulation of HbMYB8-like and suppressed HbMYB8-like induced cell death, which is mediated by the salicylic acid (SA) signal pathway. This study suggested a new strategy whereby C. gloeosporioides exploited the CgNLP1 effector to affect invasion and suppress a host defense regulator HbMYB8-like to facilitate infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyong Yang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Wenfeng Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Liping Feng
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Bang An
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Qiannan Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Chaozu He
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Hongli Luo
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
- *Correspondence: Hongli Luo
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16
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Midgley KA, van den Berg N, Swart V. Unraveling Plant Cell Death during Phytophthora Infection. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061139. [PMID: 35744657 PMCID: PMC9229607 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oomycetes form a distinct phylogenetic lineage of fungus-like eukaryotic microorganisms, of which several hundred organisms are considered among the most devastating plant pathogens—especially members of the genus Phytophthora. Phytophthora spp. have a large repertoire of effectors that aid in eliciting a susceptible response in host plants. What is of increasing interest is the involvement of Phytophthora effectors in regulating programed cell death (PCD)—in particular, the hypersensitive response. There have been numerous functional characterization studies, which demonstrate Phytophthora effectors either inducing or suppressing host cell death, which may play a crucial role in Phytophthora’s ability to regulate their hemi-biotrophic lifestyle. Despite several advances in techniques used to identify and characterize Phytophthora effectors, knowledge is still lacking for some important species, including Phytophthora cinnamomi. This review discusses what the term PCD means and the gap in knowledge between pathogenic and developmental forms of PCD in plants. We also discuss the role cell death plays in the virulence of Phytophthora spp. and the effectors that have so far been identified as playing a role in cell death manipulation. Finally, we touch on the different techniques available to study effector functions, such as cell death induction/suppression.
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17
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Rafiqi M, Jelonek L, Diouf AM, Mbaye A, Rep M, Diarra A. Profile of the in silico secretome of the palm dieback pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis, a fungus that puts natural oases at risk. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0260830. [PMID: 35617325 PMCID: PMC9135196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding biotic changes that occur alongside climate change constitute a research priority of global significance. Here, we address a plant pathogen that poses a serious threat to life on natural oases, where climate change is already taking a toll and severely impacting human subsistence. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis is a pathogen that causes dieback disease on date palms, a tree that provides several critical ecosystem services in natural oases; and consequently, of major importance in this vulnerable habitat. Here, we assess the current state of global pathogen spread, we annotate the genome of a sequenced pathogen strain isolated from the native range and we analyse its in silico secretome. The palm dieback pathogen secretes a large arsenal of effector candidates including a variety of toxins, a distinguished profile of secreted in xylem proteins (SIX) as well as an expanded protein family with an N-terminal conserved motif [SG]PC[KR]P that could be involved in interactions with host membranes. Using agrobiodiversity as a strategy to decrease pathogen infectivity, while providing short term resilient solutions, seems to be widely overcome by the pathogen. Hence, the urgent need for future mechanistic research on the palm dieback disease and a better understanding of pathogen genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rafiqi
- Plant Pathology Program, Agrobiosciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Lukas Jelonek
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Aliou Moussa Diouf
- Plant Pathology Program, Agrobiosciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - AbdouLahat Mbaye
- Plant Pathology Program, Agrobiosciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Martijn Rep
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alhousseine Diarra
- Digital 4 Research Labs, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben Guerir, Morocco
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18
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Cordelier S, Crouzet J, Gilliard G, Dorey S, Deleu M, Dhondt-Cordelier S. Deciphering the role of plant plasma membrane lipids in response to invasion patterns: how could biology and biophysics help? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2765-2784. [PMID: 35560208 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants have to constantly face pathogen attacks. To cope with diseases, they have to detect the invading pathogen as early as possible via the sensing of conserved motifs called invasion patterns. The first step of perception occurs at the plasma membrane. While many invasion patterns are perceived by specific proteinaceous immune receptors, several studies have highlighted the influence of the lipid composition and dynamics of the plasma membrane in the sensing of invasion patterns. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on how some microbial invasion patterns could interact with the lipids of the plasma membrane, leading to a plant immune response. Depending on the invasion pattern, different mechanisms are involved. This review outlines the potential of combining biological with biophysical approaches to decipher how plasma membrane lipids are involved in the perception of microbial invasion patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Cordelier
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, RIBP EA 4707, USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Jérôme Crouzet
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, RIBP EA 4707, USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Guillaume Gilliard
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire aux Interfaces, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, TERRA Research Center, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, 2 Passage des Déportés, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Stéphan Dorey
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, RIBP EA 4707, USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Magali Deleu
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire aux Interfaces, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, TERRA Research Center, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, 2 Passage des Déportés, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Dhondt-Cordelier
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, RIBP EA 4707, USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 51100 Reims, France
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SsNEP2 Contributes to the Virulence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040446. [PMID: 35456121 PMCID: PMC9026538 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a notorious soilborne fungal pathogen that causes serious economic losses globally. The necrosis and ethylene-inducible peptide 1 (NEP1)-like proteins (NLPs) were previously shown to play an important role in pathogenicity in fungal and oomycete pathogens. Here, we generated S. sclerotiorum necrosis and ethylene-inducible peptide 2 (SsNEP2) deletion mutant through homologous recombination and found that SsNEP2 contributes to the virulence of S. sclerotiorum without affecting the development of mycelia, the formation of appressoria, or the secretion of oxalic acid. Although knocking out SsNEP2 did not affect fungal sensitivity to oxidative stress, it did lead to decreased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in S. sclerotiorum. Furthermore, Ssnlp24SsNEP2 peptide derived from SsNEP2 triggered host mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, increased defense marker gene expression, and enhanced resistance to Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis Noco2. Taken together, our data suggest that SsNEP2 is involved in fungal virulence by affecting ROS levels in S. sclerotiorum. It can serve as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) and trigger host pattern triggered immunity to promote the necrotrophic lifestyle of S. sclerotiorum.
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20
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Yang K, Chen C, Wang Y, Li J, Dong X, Cheng Y, Zhang H, Zhai Y, Ai G, Song Q, Wang B, Liu W, Yin Z, Peng H, Shen D, Fang S, Dou D, Jing M. Nep1-Like Proteins From the Biocontrol Agent Pythium oligandrum Enhance Plant Disease Resistance Independent of Cell Death and Reactive Oxygen Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:830636. [PMID: 35310640 PMCID: PMC8931738 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.830636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Microbial necrosis and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1)-like proteins (NLPs) act as cytolytic toxins and immunogenic patterns in plants. Our previous work shows that cytolytic NLPs (i.e., PyolNLP5 and PyolNLP7) from the biocontrol agent Pythium oligandrum enhance plant resistance against Phytophthora pathogens by inducing the expression of plant defensins. However, the relevance between PyolNLP-induced necrosis and plant resistance activation is still unclear. Here, we find that the necrosis-inducing activity of PyolNLP5 requires amino acid residues D127 and E129 within the conserved "GHRHDLE" motif. However, PyolNLP5-mediated plant disease resistance is irrelevant to its necrosis-inducing activity and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, we reveal the positive role of non-cytotoxic PyolNLPs in enhancing plant resistance against Phytophthora pathogens and the fugal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Similarly, non-cytotoxic PyolNLPs also activate plant defense in a cell death-independent manner and induce defensin expression. The functions of non-cytotoxic PyolNLP13/14 rely on their conserved nlp24-like peptide pattern. Synthetic Pyolnlp24s derived from both cytotoxic and non-cytotoxic PyolNLPs can induce plant defensin expression. Unlike classic nlp24, Pyolnlp24s lack the ability of inducing ROS burst in plants with the presence of Arabidopsis nlp24 receptor RLP23. Taken together, our work demonstrates that PyolNLPs enhance plant resistance in an RLP23-independent manner, which requires the conserved nlp24-like peptide pattern but is uncoupled with ROS burst and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, China
| | - Jialu Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohua Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Cheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, China
| | - Huanxin Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Zhai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Gan Ai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, China
| | | | | | - Wentao Liu
- Shandong Linyi Tobacco Co., Ltd., Linyi, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yin
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Danyu Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, China
| | - Song Fang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, China
| | - Maofeng Jing
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, China
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Jin J, Shew HD. Impacts of Continued Exposure to a Susceptible Host Genotype on Aggressiveness of Phytophthora nicotianae Isolates Adapted to Multiple Sources of Partial Resistance. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:373-381. [PMID: 34282925 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-20-1972-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen adaptation can threaten the durability of partial resistance. Mixed plantings of susceptible and partially resistant varieties may prolong the effectiveness of partial resistance, but little is known about how continued exposure to a susceptible genotype can change the aggressiveness of pathogen isolates adapted to a source of partial resistance. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of continued exposure to a highly susceptible tobacco genotype on isolates of Phytophthora nicotianae that had been adapted to partial resistance. Isolates of P. nicotianae previously adapted to two sources of partial resistance were continually exposed to either the original host of adaptation or a susceptible host. After six generations of host exposure, isolates obtained from the partially resistant and the susceptible hosts were compared for their aggressiveness on the resistant host and for differences in expression of genes associated with pathogenicity and aggressiveness. Results suggested that exposure to the susceptible tobacco genotype reduced aggressiveness of isolates adapted to partial resistance in K 326 Wz/- but not of isolates adapted to partial resistance in Fla 301. Quantification of pathogenicity-associated gene expression using qRT-PCR suggested the rapid change in aggressiveness of isolates adapted to Wz-sourced partial resistance may have resulted from modification in gene expression in multiple genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - H David Shew
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
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22
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Huang Z, Li H, Zhou Y, Bao Y, Duan Z, Wang C, Powell CA, Chen B, Zhang M, Yao W. Predication of the Effector Proteins Secreted by Fusarium sacchari Using Genomic Analysis and Heterogenous Expression. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8010059. [PMID: 35049998 PMCID: PMC8780550 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the causative agents of pokkah boeng disease (PBD), which affects sugarcane crops globally, is the fungus Fusarium sacchari. These fungal infections reduce sugar quality and yield, resulting in severe economic losses. Effector proteins play important roles in the interactions between pathogenic fungi and plants. Here, we used bioinformatic prediction approaches to identify 316 candidate secreted effector proteins (CSEPs) in the complete genome of F. sacchari. In total, 95 CSEPs contained known conserved structures, representing 40 superfamilies and 18 domains, while an additional 91 CSEPs contained seven known motifs. Of the 130 CSEPs containing no known domains or motifs, 14 contained one of four novel motifs. A heterogeneous expression system in Nicotiana benthamiana was used to investigate the functions of 163 CSEPs. Seven CSEPs suppressed BAX-triggered programmed cell death in N. benthamiana, while four caused cell death in N. benthamiana. The expression profiles of these eleven CSEPs during F. sacchari infection suggested that they may be involved in sugarcane-F. sacchari interaction. Our results establish a basis for further studies of the role of effector molecules in pathogen–sugarcane interactions, and provide a framework for future predictions of pathogen effector molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Huang
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (Z.H.); (H.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.B.); (Z.D.); (C.W.); (B.C.)
| | - Huixue Li
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (Z.H.); (H.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.B.); (Z.D.); (C.W.); (B.C.)
| | - Yuming Zhou
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (Z.H.); (H.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.B.); (Z.D.); (C.W.); (B.C.)
| | - Yixue Bao
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (Z.H.); (H.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.B.); (Z.D.); (C.W.); (B.C.)
| | - Zhenzhen Duan
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (Z.H.); (H.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.B.); (Z.D.); (C.W.); (B.C.)
| | - Caixia Wang
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (Z.H.); (H.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.B.); (Z.D.); (C.W.); (B.C.)
| | | | - Baoshan Chen
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (Z.H.); (H.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.B.); (Z.D.); (C.W.); (B.C.)
| | - Muqing Zhang
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (Z.H.); (H.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.B.); (Z.D.); (C.W.); (B.C.)
- IRREC-IFAS, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA;
- Correspondence: (M.Z.); (W.Y.)
| | - Wei Yao
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (Z.H.); (H.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.B.); (Z.D.); (C.W.); (B.C.)
- IRREC-IFAS, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA;
- Correspondence: (M.Z.); (W.Y.)
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23
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Chiang YW, Su CH, Sun HY, Chen SP, Chen CJ, Chen WY, Chang CC, Chen CM, Kuan YH. Bisphenol A induced apoptosis via oxidative stress generation involved Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and mitochondrial dependent pathways in human retinal pigment epithelium (ARPE-19) cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:131-141. [PMID: 34664771 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an estrogen-like compound, and an environmental hormone, that is commonly used in daily life. Therefore, it may enter the human body through food or direct contact, causing BPA residues in blood and urine. Because most studies focused on the analysis of BPA in reproductive cells or tissues, regarding evidence the effect of BPA on human retinal pigment epithelium (ARPE-19) cells unavailable. Accordingly, the present study explored the cytotoxicity of BPA on ARPE-19 cells. After BPA treatment, the expression of Bcl-XL an antiapoptotic protein, in the mitochondria decreased, and the expression of Bax, a proapoptotic protein increased. Then the mitochondrial membrane potential was affected. BPA changed in mitochondrial membrane potential led to the release of cytochrome C, which activated caspase-9 to promote downstream caspase-3 leading to cytotoxicity. The nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) pathway play a major role in age-related macular degeneration. Our results showed that expression of HO-1 and Nrf2 suppressed by BPA. Superoxide dismutase and catalase, which Nrf2 downstream antioxidants, were degraded by BPA. AMP-activated kinase (AMPK), which can regulate the phosphorylation of Nrf2, and the phosphorylation of AMPK expression was reduced by BPA. Finally, BPA-induced ROS generation and cytotoxicity were reduced by N-acetyl-l-cysteine. Taken together, these results suggest that BPA induced ARPE-19 cells via oxidative stress, which was associated with down regulated Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, and the mitochondria dependent apoptotic signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Wei Chiang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Optometry, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Su
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Han-Yin Sun
- Department of Optometry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Pin Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ying Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Che Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Mu Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Kuan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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24
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Duhan D, Gajbhiye S, Jaswal R, Singh RP, Sharma TR, Rajarammohan S. Functional Characterization of the Nep1-Like Protein Effectors of the Necrotrophic Pathogen - Alternaria brassicae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:738617. [PMID: 34764943 PMCID: PMC8576325 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.738617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternaria brassicae is an important necrotrophic pathogen that infects the Brassicaceae family. A. brassicae, like other necrotrophs, also secretes various proteinaceous effectors and metabolites that cause cell death to establish itself in the host. However, there has been no systematic study of A. brassicae effectors and their roles in pathogenesis. The availability of the genome sequence of A. brassicae in public domain has enabled the search for effectors and their functional characterization. Nep1-like proteins (NLPs) are a superfamily of proteins that induce necrosis and ethylene biosynthesis. They have been reported from a variety of microbes including bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes. In this study, we identified two NLPs from A. brassicae viz. AbrNLP1 and AbrNLP2 and functionally characterized them. Although both AbrNLPs were found to be secretory in nature, they localized differentially inside the plant. AbrNLP2 was found to induce necrosis in both host and non-host species, while AbrNLP1 could not induce necrosis in both species. Additionally, AbrNLP2 was shown to induce pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity in both host and non-host species. Overall, our study indicates that AbrNLPs are functionally and spatially (subcellular location) distinct and may play different but important roles during the pathogenesis of A. brassicae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Duhan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Shivani Gajbhiye
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Rajdeep Jaswal
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Ravindra Pal Singh
- Nutritional Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Tilak Raj Sharma
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Division of Crop Science, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi, India
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25
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Askani L, Schumacher S, Fuchs R. Sequence and Gene Expression Analysis of Recently Identified NLP from Plasmopara viticola. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9071453. [PMID: 34361889 PMCID: PMC8311650 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapevine downy mildew, evoked by the obligate biotrophic oomycete Plasmopara viticola, is one of the most challenging diseases in viticulture. P. viticola establishes an infection by circumvention of plant immunity, which is achieved by the secretion of effector molecules. One family of potential effectors are the necrosis- and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1)-like proteins (NLP). NLP are most abundant in plant pathogenic microorganisms and exist in cytotoxic and non-cyctotoxic forms. Cytotoxic NLP often act as virulence factors and are synthesized in necrotrophic or hemibiotrophic pathogens during the transition from biotrophic to necrotrophic growth. In addition to these cytotoxic NLP, many non-cytotoxic NLP have been identified; their function in biotrophic pathogens is still unknown. In 2020, eight different NLP coding genes were identified in P. viticola and named PvNLP1 to PvNLP8 (Plasmopara viticolaNLP 1–8). In the present study, PvNLP4 to PvNLP8 were characterized by using qPCR analysis and transient expression in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. Gene expression analysis showed high PvNLP expression during the early stages of infection. Necrosis-inducing activity of PvNLP was not observed in the nonhost N. benthamiana.
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26
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Dvořák Tomaštíková E, Hafrén A, Trejo-Arellano MS, Rasmussen SR, Sato H, Santos-González J, Köhler C, Hennig L, Hofius D. Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 and KRYPTONITE regulate pathogen-induced programmed cell death in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:2003-2021. [PMID: 33566101 PMCID: PMC8133635 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) is well-known for its role in controlling developmental transitions by suppressing the premature expression of key developmental regulators. Previous work revealed that PRC2 also controls the onset of senescence, a form of developmental programmed cell death (PCD) in plants. Whether the induction of PCD in response to stress is similarly suppressed by the PRC2 remained largely unknown. In this study, we explored whether PCD triggered in response to immunity- and disease-promoting pathogen effectors is associated with changes in the distribution of the PRC2-mediated histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) modification in Arabidopsis thaliana. We furthermore tested the distribution of the heterochromatic histone mark H3K9me2, which is established, to a large extent, by the H3K9 methyltransferase KRYPTONITE, and occupies chromatin regions generally not targeted by PRC2. We report that effector-induced PCD caused major changes in the distribution of both repressive epigenetic modifications and that both modifications have a regulatory role and impact on the onset of PCD during pathogen infection. Our work highlights that the transition to pathogen-induced PCD is epigenetically controlled, revealing striking similarities to developmental PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Dvořák Tomaštíková
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
- Present address: Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences; Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Šlechtitelů 31, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Anders Hafrén
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Minerva S Trejo-Arellano
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
- Present address: Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Sheena Ricafranca Rasmussen
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hikaru Sato
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Juan Santos-González
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Claudia Köhler
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Hennig
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel Hofius
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
- Author for communication:
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27
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Pirc K, Hodnik V, Snoj T, Lenarčič T, Caserman S, Podobnik M, Böhm H, Albert I, Kotar A, Plavec J, Borišek J, Damuzzo M, Magistrato A, Brus B, Sosič I, Gobec S, Nürnberger T, Anderluh G. Nep1-like proteins as a target for plant pathogen control. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009477. [PMID: 33857257 PMCID: PMC8078777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of efficient methods to control the major diseases of crops most important to agriculture leads to huge economic losses and seriously threatens global food security. Many of the most important microbial plant pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes, secrete necrosis- and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1)-like proteins (NLPs), which critically contribute to the virulence and spread of the disease. NLPs are cytotoxic to eudicot plants, as they disturb the plant plasma membrane by binding to specific plant membrane sphingolipid receptors. Their pivotal role in plant infection and broad taxonomic distribution makes NLPs a promising target for the development of novel phytopharmaceutical compounds. To identify compounds that bind to NLPs from the oomycetes Pythium aphanidermatum and Phytophthora parasitica, a library of 587 small molecules, most of which are commercially unavailable, was screened by surface plasmon resonance. Importantly, compounds that exhibited the highest affinity to NLPs were also found to inhibit NLP-mediated necrosis in tobacco leaves and Phytophthora infestans growth on potato leaves. Saturation transfer difference-nuclear magnetic resonance and molecular modelling of the most promising compound, anthranilic acid derivative, confirmed stable binding to the NLP protein, which resulted in decreased necrotic activity and reduced ion leakage from tobacco leaves. We, therefore, confirmed that NLPs are an appealing target for the development of novel phytopharmaceutical agents and strategies, which aim to directly interfere with the function of these major microbial virulence factors. The compounds identified in this study represent lead structures for further optimization and antimicrobial product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Pirc
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vesna Hodnik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tina Snoj
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tea Lenarčič
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simon Caserman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marjetka Podobnik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Hannah Böhm
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Isabell Albert
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anita Kotar
- Slovenian NMR Center, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Plavec
- Slovenian NMR Center, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jure Borišek
- Theory Department, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martina Damuzzo
- CNR-IOM-Democritos at International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandra Magistrato
- CNR-IOM-Democritos at International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Boris Brus
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Izidor Sosič
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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28
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Ebert MK, Rangel LI, Spanner RE, Taliadoros D, Wang X, Friesen TL, de Jonge R, Neubauer JD, Secor GA, Thomma BPHJ, Stukenbrock EH, Bolton MD. Identification and characterization of Cercospora beticola necrosis-inducing effector CbNip1. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:301-316. [PMID: 33369055 PMCID: PMC7865086 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cercospora beticola is a hemibiotrophic fungus that causes cercospora leaf spot disease of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris). After an initial symptomless biotrophic phase of colonization, necrotic lesions appear on host leaves as the fungus switches to a necrotrophic lifestyle. The phytotoxic secondary metabolite cercosporin has been shown to facilitate fungal virulence for several Cercospora spp. However, because cercosporin production and subsequent cercosporin-initiated formation of reactive oxygen species is light-dependent, cell death evocation by this toxin is only fully ensured during a period of light. Here, we report the discovery of the effector protein CbNip1 secreted by C. beticola that causes enhanced necrosis in the absence of light and, therefore, may complement light-dependent necrosis formation by cercosporin. Infiltration of CbNip1 protein into sugar beet leaves revealed that darkness is essential for full CbNip1-triggered necrosis, as light exposure delayed CbNip1-triggered host cell death. Gene expression analysis during host infection shows that CbNip1 expression is correlated with symptom development in planta. Targeted gene replacement of CbNip1 leads to a significant reduction in virulence, indicating the importance of CbNip1 during colonization. Analysis of 89 C. beticola genomes revealed that CbNip1 resides in a region that recently underwent a selective sweep, suggesting selection pressure exists to maintain a beneficial variant of the gene. Taken together, CbNip1 is a crucial effector during the C. beticola-sugar beet disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malaika K. Ebert
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research CenterUSDA Agricultural Research ServiceFargoNorth DakotaUSA
- Department of Plant PathologyNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNorth DakotaUSA
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityWageningenNetherlands
- Present address:
Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Lorena I. Rangel
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research CenterUSDA Agricultural Research ServiceFargoNorth DakotaUSA
| | - Rebecca E. Spanner
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research CenterUSDA Agricultural Research ServiceFargoNorth DakotaUSA
- Department of Plant PathologyNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNorth DakotaUSA
| | - Demetris Taliadoros
- Environmental Genomics GroupMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary BiologyPlönGermany
- Christian‐Albrechts University of KielKielGermany
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research CenterUSDA Agricultural Research ServiceFargoNorth DakotaUSA
- Present address:
Institute of BiotechnologyCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Timothy L. Friesen
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research CenterUSDA Agricultural Research ServiceFargoNorth DakotaUSA
- Department of Plant PathologyNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNorth DakotaUSA
| | - Ronnie de Jonge
- Plant‐Microbe InteractionsDepartment of BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
- Department of Plant Systems BiologyVIBGhentBelgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Jonathan D. Neubauer
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research CenterUSDA Agricultural Research ServiceFargoNorth DakotaUSA
| | - Gary A. Secor
- Department of Plant PathologyNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNorth DakotaUSA
| | - Bart P. H. J. Thomma
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityWageningenNetherlands
- University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)CologneGermany
| | - Eva H. Stukenbrock
- Environmental Genomics GroupMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary BiologyPlönGermany
- Christian‐Albrechts University of KielKielGermany
| | - Melvin D. Bolton
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research CenterUSDA Agricultural Research ServiceFargoNorth DakotaUSA
- Department of Plant PathologyNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNorth DakotaUSA
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29
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Fang Y, Wang Z, Zhang S, Peng Q, Liu X. Characterization and proteome analysis of the extracellular vesicles of Phytophthora capsici. J Proteomics 2021; 238:104137. [PMID: 33548507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important for the transport of biomolecular materials and intercellular communication in eukaryotes. Recent research has revealed that they are involved in plant-pathogen interaction and pathogenesis of infected cells. Phytophthora capsici is a highly devastating oomycete pathogen with a broad host range. To increase infection and facilitate colonization, it secretes effector proteins during interaction with plants. In this study, we characterize for the first time the EVs from pathogen P. capsici through transmission electron microscopy. For the biological study of EVs, results showed that mixing high concentrations of EVs with zoospores could enhance the virulence of P. capsici. By sequencing the protein composition of EVs by liquid chromatography in tandem with mass spectrometry we found that there are many proteins related to metabolism, oxidation/reduction, and transport in EVs, indicating that they have important roles in pathogenesis and immunological processes within the host. SIGNIFICANCE: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important both at normal physiological processes as well as pathological progression during pathogen and host interaction. In this paper we first establish the extraction method of EVs from the important oomycete pathogen Phytophthora capsici. Bioinformatics analysis of EV proteomics revealed a variety of pathogenic-related proteins, like oxidation/reduction-related proteins, stress response proteins as well as elicitors. Our results will help better understanding the biological function of the EVs during plant and P. capsici interaction and providing the evidence for the role of EVs in pathogenesis of the P. capsici.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sicong Zhang
- China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xili Liu
- China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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Perrine-Walker F. Phytophthora palmivora-Cocoa Interaction. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6030167. [PMID: 32916858 PMCID: PMC7558484 DOI: 10.3390/jof6030167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora palmivora (Butler) is an hemibiotrophic oomycete capable of infecting over 200 plant species including one of the most economically important crops, Theobroma cacao L. commonly known as cocoa. It infects many parts of the cocoa plant including the pods, causing black pod rot disease. This review will focus on P. palmivora’s ability to infect a plant host to cause disease. We highlight some current findings in other Phytophthora sp. plant model systems demonstrating how the germ tube, the appressorium and the haustorium enable the plant pathogen to penetrate a plant cell and how they contribute to the disease development in planta. This review explores the molecular exchange between the oomycete and the plant host, and the role of plant immunity during the development of such structures, to understand the infection of cocoa pods by P. palmivora isolates from Papua New Guinea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Perrine-Walker
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, LEES Building (F22), Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia;
- The University of Sydney Institute of Agriculture, 1 Central Avenue, Australian Technology Park, Eveleigh, NSW 2015, Australia
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Independent Whole-Genome Duplications Define the Architecture of the Genomes of the Devastating West African Cacao Black Pod Pathogen Phytophthora megakarya and Its Close Relative Phytophthora palmivora. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:2241-2255. [PMID: 32354704 PMCID: PMC7341134 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora megakarya and P. palmivora are oomycete pathogens that cause black pod rot of cacao (Theobroma cacao), the most economically important disease on cacao globally. While P. palmivora is a cosmopolitan pathogen, P. megakarya, which is more aggressive on cacao than P. palmivora, has been reported only in West and Central Africa where it has been spreading and devastating cacao farms since the 1950s. In this study, we reconstructed the complete diploid genomes of multiple isolates of both species using single-molecule real-time sequencing. Thirty-one additional genotypes were sequenced to analyze inter- and intra-species genomic diversity. The P. megakarya genome is exceptionally large (222 Mbp) and nearly twice the size of P. palmivora (135 Mbp) and most known Phytophthora species (∼100 Mbp on average). Previous reports pointed toward a whole-genome duplication (WGD) in P. palmivora In this study, we demonstrate that both species underwent independent and relatively recent WGD events. In P. megakarya we identified a unique combination of WGD and large-scale transposable element driven genome expansion, which places this genome in the upper range of Phytophthora genome sizes, as well as effector pools with 1,382 predicted RxLR effectors. Finally, this study provides evidence of adaptive evolution of effectors like RxLRs and Crinklers, and discusses the implications of effector expansion and diversification.
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Li Y, Han Y, Qu M, Chen J, Chen X, Geng X, Wang Z, Chen S. Apoplastic Cell Death-Inducing Proteins of Filamentous Plant Pathogens: Roles in Plant-Pathogen Interactions. Front Genet 2020; 11:661. [PMID: 32676100 PMCID: PMC7333776 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous pathogens, such as phytopathogenic oomycetes and fungi, secrete a remarkable diversity of apoplastic effector proteins to facilitate infection, many of which are able to induce cell death in plants. Over the past decades, over 177 apoplastic cell death-inducing proteins (CDIPs) have been identified in filamentous oomycetes and fungi. An emerging number of studies have demonstrated the role of many apoplastic CDIPs as essential virulence factors. At the same time, apoplastic CDIPs have been documented to be recognized by plant cells as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The recent findings of extracellular recognition of apoplastic CDIPs by plant leucine-rich repeat-receptor-like proteins (LRR-RLPs) have greatly advanced our understanding of how plants detect them and mount a defense response. This review summarizes the latest advances in identifying apoplastic CDIPs of plant pathogenic oomycetes and fungi, and our current understanding of the dual roles of apoplastic CDIPs in plant-filamentous pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Li
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yijuan Han
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mengyu Qu
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xueqing Geng
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Songbiao Chen
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
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Wang X, Zhao Z, Guo N, Wang H, Zhao J, Xing H. Comparative Proteomics Analysis Reveals That Lignin Biosynthesis Contributes to Brassinosteroid-Mediated Response to Phytophthora sojae in Soybeans. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:5496-5506. [PMID: 32302119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a group of steroid plant hormones regulating normal growth, development, and stress response in plants. However, the mechanisms by which BRs interfere with the resistance of soybean to Phytophthora sojae (P. sojae) remain largely unknown. The present study analyzed the role of BRs in soybean response against P. sojae by comparative proteomic approaches. A total of 52,381 peptides were obtained by trypsin digestion of 9,680 proteins, among which 6,640 proteins were quantified, and 402 proteins were identified as differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Further analysis revealed that DEPs were significantly involved in the lignin biosynthesis pathway. The expression of the majority of key enzymes involved in lignin biosynthesis was upregulated by BR-pretreatment and P. sojae infection, and lignin accumulation was faster in BR-pretreated soybeans than in untreated controls. Additionally, accumulation of lignin was consistent with these enzyme expressions levels and resistance phenotype. These findings advance the understanding of the role of BRs in the interaction between soybeans and P. sojae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfang Wang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zisu Zhao
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Na Guo
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haitang Wang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jinming Zhao
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Han Xing
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Klein J, Neilen M, van Verk M, Dutilh BE, Van den Ackerveken G. Genome reconstruction of the non-culturable spinach downy mildew Peronospora effusa by metagenome filtering. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0225808. [PMID: 32396560 PMCID: PMC7217449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Peronospora effusa (previously known as P. farinosa f. sp. spinaciae, and here referred to as Pfs) is an obligate biotrophic oomycete that causes downy mildew on spinach (Spinacia oleracea). To combat this destructive many disease resistant cultivars have been bred and used. However, new Pfs races rapidly break the employed resistance genes. To get insight into the gene repertoire of Pfs and identify infection-related genes, the genome of the first reference race, Pfs1, was sequenced, assembled, and annotated. Due to the obligate biotrophic nature of this pathogen, material for DNA isolation can only be collected from infected spinach leaves that, however, also contain many other microorganisms. The obtained sequences can, therefore, be considered a metagenome. To filter and obtain Pfs sequences we utilized the CAT tool to taxonomically annotate ORFs residing on long sequences of a genome pre-assembly. This study is the first to show that CAT filtering performs well on eukaryotic contigs. Based on the taxonomy, determined on multiple ORFs, contaminating long sequences and corresponding reads were removed from the metagenome. Filtered reads were re-assembled to provide a clean and improved Pfs genome sequence of 32.4 Mbp consisting of 8,635 scaffolds. Transcript sequencing of a range of infection time points aided the prediction of a total of 13,277 gene models, including 99 RxLR(-like) effector, and 14 putative Crinkler genes. Comparative analysis identified common features in the predicted secretomes of different obligate biotrophic oomycetes, regardless of their phylogenetic distance. Their secretomes are generally smaller, compared to hemi-biotrophic and necrotrophic oomycete species. We observe a reduction in proteins involved in cell wall degradation, in Nep1-like proteins (NLPs), proteins with PAN/apple domains, and host translocated effectors. The genome of Pfs1 will be instrumental in studying downy mildew virulence and for understanding the molecular adaptations by which new isolates break spinach resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Klein
- Department of Biology, Plant-Microbe Interactions, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Manon Neilen
- Department of Biology, Plant-Microbe Interactions, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel van Verk
- Department of Biology, Plant-Microbe Interactions, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Crop Data Science, KeyGene, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas E. Dutilh
- Department of Biology, Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Van den Ackerveken
- Department of Biology, Plant-Microbe Interactions, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Nazar Pour F, Cobos R, Rubio Coque JJ, Serôdio J, Alves A, Félix C, Ferreira V, Esteves AC, Duarte AS. Toxicity of Recombinant Necrosis and Ethylene-Inducing Proteins (NLPs) from Neofusicoccum parvum. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E235. [PMID: 32272814 PMCID: PMC7232490 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neofusicoccum parvum is a fungal pathogen associated with a wide range of plant hosts. Despite being widely studied, the molecular mechanism of infection of N. parvum is still far from being understood. Analysis of N. parvum genome lead to the identification of six putative genes encoding necrosis and ethylene-inducing proteins (NLPs). The sequence of NLPs genes (NprvNep 1-6) were analyzed and four of the six NLP genes were successfully cloned, expressed in E. coli and purified by affinity chromatography. Pure recombinant proteins were characterized according to their phytotoxic and cytotoxic effects to tomato leaves and to mammalian Vero cells, respectively. These assays revealed that all NprvNeps tested are cytotoxic to Vero cells and also induce cell death in tomato leaves. NprvNep2 was the most toxic to Vero cells, followed by NprvNep1 and 3. NprvNep4 induced weaker, but, nevertheless, still significant toxic effects to Vero cells. A similar trend of toxicity was observed in tomato leaves: the most toxic was NprvNep 2 and the least toxic NprvNep 4. This study describes for the first time an overview of the NLP gene family of N. parvum and provides additional insights into its pathogenicity mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Nazar Pour
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (F.N.P.); (J.S.); (A.A.); (C.F.); (V.F.)
| | - Rebeca Cobos
- Instituto de Investigación de la Viña y el Vino (IIVV), Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria, Universidad de León, Avda. Portugal, 41, 24009 León, Spain; (R.C.); (J.J.R.C.)
| | - Juan José Rubio Coque
- Instituto de Investigación de la Viña y el Vino (IIVV), Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria, Universidad de León, Avda. Portugal, 41, 24009 León, Spain; (R.C.); (J.J.R.C.)
| | - João Serôdio
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (F.N.P.); (J.S.); (A.A.); (C.F.); (V.F.)
| | - Artur Alves
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (F.N.P.); (J.S.); (A.A.); (C.F.); (V.F.)
| | - Carina Félix
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (F.N.P.); (J.S.); (A.A.); (C.F.); (V.F.)
| | - Vanessa Ferreira
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (F.N.P.); (J.S.); (A.A.); (C.F.); (V.F.)
| | - Ana Cristina Esteves
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Estrada da Circunvalação, 3504-505 Viseu, Spain;
| | - Ana Sofia Duarte
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Estrada da Circunvalação, 3504-505 Viseu, Spain;
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Zhang Q, Li W, Yang J, Xu J, Meng Y, Shan W. Two Phytophthora parasitica cysteine protease genes, PpCys44 and PpCys45, trigger cell death in various Nicotiana spp. and act as virulence factors. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:541-554. [PMID: 32077241 PMCID: PMC7060141 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Proteases secreted by pathogens have been shown to be important virulence factors modifying plant immunity, and cysteine proteases have been demonstrated to participate in different pathosystems. However, the virulence functions of the cysteine proteases secreted by Phytophthora parasitica are poorly understood. Using a publicly available genome database, we identified 80 cysteine proteases in P. parasitica, 21 of which were shown to be secreted. Most of the secreted cysteine proteases are conserved among different P. parasitica strains and are induced during infection. The secreted cysteine protease proteins PpCys44/45 (proteases with identical protein sequences) and PpCys69 triggered cell death on the leaves of different Nicotiana spp. A truncated mutant of PpCys44/45 lacking a signal peptide failed to trigger cell death, suggesting that PpCys44/45 functions in the apoplastic space. Analysis of three catalytic site mutants showed that the enzyme activity of PpCys44/45 is required for its ability to trigger cell death. A virus-induced gene silencing assay showed that PpCys44/45 does not induce cell death on NPK1 (Nicotiana Protein Kinase 1)-silenced Nicotiana benthamiana plants, indicating that the cell death phenotype triggered by PpCys44/45 is dependent on NPK1. PpCys44- and PpCys45-deficient double mutants showed decreased virulence, suggesting that PpCys44 and PpCys45 positively promote pathogen virulence during infection. PpCys44 and PpCys45 are important virulence factors of P. parasitica and trigger NPK1-dependent cell death in various Nicotiana spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Weiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Jiapeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Junjie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Yuling Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Weixing Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
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Schumacher S, Grosser K, Voegele RT, Kassemeyer HH, Fuchs R. Identification and Characterization of Nep1-Like Proteins From the Grapevine Downy Mildew Pathogen Plasmopara viticola. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:65. [PMID: 32117400 PMCID: PMC7031652 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The obligate biotrophic oomycete Plasmopara viticola causes tremendous problems in viticulture by evoking grapevine downy mildew. P. viticola, like other plant pathogens, achieves infection by suppression of plant innate immunity by secretion of effector molecules into its host plant. An ever-expanding family of proteins with effector-like characteristics is formed by the "Necrosis and Ethylene inducing peptide 1 (Nep1)-like proteins" (NLPs). NLPs can be divided into two groups by their ability to induce necrosis. While cytotoxic NLPs may act as virulence factors for a necrotrophic or hemibiotrophic plant pathogen, the role of non-cytotoxic NLPs is so far unknown. In this study, we identified eight independent NLPs in P. viticola and selected three for functional analysis. While one was identified as a putative pseudo gene, two contain all so far described critical key elements for necrosis formation except for an N-terminal signal peptide. Further characterization revealed that none of the putative necrosis elicitors was able to actually induce necrosis, neither in several susceptible or resistant Vitis species nor in the dicot model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. This inability exists independently of the presence or absence of a signal peptide. However, any possible mechanism for the suppression of the ability to induce necrosis in planta was not detected. Interestingly, expression analysis of the presumed pseudo gene revealed remarkable differences between pure sporangia solution and sporangia in the presence of leaf material. To our knowledge, this is the first report of this kind of regulation that suggests an important function of so far nonfunctional "pseudo" NLP genes during the first hours of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schumacher
- Section of Phytopathology and Diagnosis, Department of Biology, State Institute for Viticulture and Enology, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Grosser
- Section of Phytopathology and Diagnosis, Department of Biology, State Institute for Viticulture and Enology, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Thomas Voegele
- Department of Phytopathology, Institute of Phytomedicine (360), Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hanns-Heinz Kassemeyer
- Section of Phytopathology and Diagnosis, Department of Biology, State Institute for Viticulture and Enology, Freiburg, Germany
| | - René Fuchs
- Section of Phytopathology and Diagnosis, Department of Biology, State Institute for Viticulture and Enology, Freiburg, Germany
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Zhao H, Zhou T, Xie J, Cheng J, Jiang D, Fu Y. Host Transcriptional Response of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Induced by the Mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:183. [PMID: 32117180 PMCID: PMC7026392 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans parasitizes specifically the mycelia or sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, a worldwidely spread plant fungal pathogen causing serious diseases on crops. The interaction of C. minitans with S. sclerotiorum remains reciprocal and complex and little is known, especially on the side of the host (S. sclerotiorum). In this study, the early transcriptional response of S. sclerotiorum to the mycoparasitism by C. minitans was explored and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed. Based on GO ontology, KEGG pathway and fungal categories database, 887 up-regulated DEGs were enriched in the growth related function (i.e., rRNA processing, ribosome biogenesis, binding and transport), while the 546 down-regulated DEGs were enriched in the stress-related functions (i.e., oxidoreductase, response to stress and heat and the chorismate biosynthetic process). The expression of shikimate pathway and the biosynthesis of phenylalanine involving genes was significantly suppressed. Furthermore, 581 unenriched DEGs were explored in the parasitizing process and were mapped on the Pfam domains of redox enzymes, Alpha/Beta hydrolase, haloacid dehalogenase, and other universal conserved domain containing proteins. Thirty-two DEGs encoding candidate effectors, with 16 up-regulated and 16 down-regulated, were observed with diverse function. SS1G_11912 (encoding SsNEP2) was significantly up-regulated and may function in the parasitism. The involving of the shikimate pathway of phenylalanine biosynthesis and effector candidates were discussed. The results provide a basal understand on the interaction of S. sclerotiorum and C. minitans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanping Fu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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La Spada F, Stracquadanio C, Riolo M, Pane A, Cacciola SO. Trichoderma Counteracts the Challenge of Phytophthora nicotianae Infections on Tomato by Modulating Plant Defense Mechanisms and the Expression of Crinkler, Necrosis-Inducing Phytophthora Protein 1, and Cellulose-Binding Elicitor Lectin Pathogenic Effectors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:583539. [PMID: 33250912 PMCID: PMC7672019 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.583539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Decoding the mechanisms of plant defense against plant pathogens in a scenario where antagonistic activity and the plant growth-promoting effects of useful organisms intervene simultaneously is a new frontier of plant pathology. Here, we demonstrated that (i) two selected strains of Trichoderma asperellum and Trichoderma atroviride promoted tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) growth and reduced the severity of disease caused by the oomycete Phytophthora nicotianae and (ii) the genetic patterns of the components of the experimental model system tomato-Trichoderma spp.-P. nicotianae were differentially expressed. The beneficial effects in both the promotion of the growth of host plant and the biological control of the pathogen by two selected strains of different Trichoderma species were tested both in planta and in vitro. In both respects, T. atroviride demonstrated to be more effective than T. asperellum. Additionally, the simultaneous transcriptional reprogramming of several plant defense-related genes, pathogen effectors, and mycoparasitism-related genes in tomato, P. nicotianae, and Trichoderma spp., respectively, was evaluated during the three-component interaction. Results support the hypothesis that Trichoderma spp. elicit the expression of plant defense-related genes. As expected, a mycoparasitism-related gene was significantly up-regulated in Trichoderma-colonizing tomato plants infected by P. nicotianae. Finally, a marked up-regulation of the genes encoding two necrosis-inducing effectors was observed in P. nicotianae infecting tomato plants colonized by Trichoderma. In conclusion, this study is a contribution toward understanding the genetic pathways related with the ability of Trichoderma spp. to counteract the challenge of P. nicotianae infections on tomato. Additionally, the experiments revealed the beneficial effects in the tomato growth promotion of a new T. atroviride strain and its good antagonistic effectiveness in the biological control of root and crown rot incited by P. nicotianae, confirming that Trichoderma spp. can be a powerful tool in integrated pest management strategies of Phytophthora diseases of horticultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico La Spada
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Claudia Stracquadanio
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Department of Agriculture, University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Mario Riolo
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Department of Agriculture, University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
- Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economy Analysis, Research Centre for Olive, Citrus and Tree Fruit-Rende CS (CREA-OFA), Rende, Italy
| | - Antonella Pane
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- *Correspondence: Antonella Pane,
| | - Santa Olga Cacciola
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Santa Olga Cacciola,
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Ökmen B, Bachmann D, de Wit PJ. A conserved GH17 glycosyl hydrolase from plant pathogenic Dothideomycetes releases a DAMP causing cell death in tomato. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:1710-1721. [PMID: 31603622 PMCID: PMC6859711 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
To facilitate infection, pathogens deploy a plethora of effectors to suppress basal host immunity induced by exogenous microbe-associated or endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). In this study, we have characterized family 17 glycosyl hydrolases of the tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum (CfGH17) and studied their role in infection. Heterologous expression of CfGH17-1 to 5 by potato virus X in different tomato cultivars showed that CfGH17-1 and CfGH17-5 enzymes induce cell death in Cf-0, Cf-1 and Cf-5 but not in Cf-Ecp3 tomato cultivars or tobacco. Moreover, CfGH17-1 orthologues from other phytopathogens, including Dothistroma septosporum and Mycosphaerella fijiensis, also trigger cell death in tomato. CfGH17-1 and CfGH17-5 are predicted to be β-1,3-glucanases and their enzymatic activity is required for the induction of cell death. CfGH17-1 hydrolyses laminarin, a linear 1,3-β-glucan with 1,6-β linkages. CfGH17-1 expression is down-regulated during the biotrophic phase of infection and up-regulated during the necrotrophic phase. Deletion of CfGH17-1 in C. fulvum did not reduce virulence on tomato, while constitutive expression of CfGH17-1 decreased virulence, suggesting that abundant presence of CfGH17-1 during biotrophic growth may release a DAMP that activates plant defence responses. Under natural conditions CfGH17-1 is suggested to play a role during saprophytic growth when the fungus thrives on dead host tissue, which is in line with its high levels of expression at late stages of infection when host tissues have become necrotic. We suggest that CfGH17-1 releases a DAMP from the host cell wall that is recognized by a yet unknown host plant receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Ökmen
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityWageningenNetherlands
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)University of CologneBio Center, Zuelpicher Str. 47a50674CologneGermany
| | - Daniel Bachmann
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityWageningenNetherlands
- Strickhof Fachstelle GemueseRiedhofstrasse62 CH‐8408Winterthur‐WülflingenSwitzerland
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Ali SS, Asman A, Shao J, Balidion JF, Strem MD, Puig AS, Meinhardt LW, Bailey BA. Genome and transcriptome analysis of the latent pathogen Lasiodiplodia theobromae, an emerging threat to the cacao industry. Genome 2019; 63:37-52. [PMID: 31580730 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2019-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl., a member of the family Botryosphaeriaceae, is becoming a significant threat to crops and woody plants in many parts of the world, including the major cacao growing areas. While attempting to isolate Ceratobasidium theobromae, a causal agent of vascular streak dieback (VSD), from symptomatic cacao stems, 74% of isolated fungi were Lasiodiplodia spp. Sequence-based identification of 52 putative isolates of L. theobromae indicated that diverse species of Lasiodiplodia were associated with cacao in the studied areas, and the isolates showed variation in aggressiveness when assayed using cacao leaf discs. The present study reports a 43.75 Mb de novo assembled genome of an isolate of L. theobromae from cacao. Ab initio gene prediction generated 13 061 protein-coding genes, of which 2862 are unique to L. theobromae, when compared with other closely related Botryosphaeriaceae. Transcriptome analysis revealed that 11 860 predicted genes were transcriptionally active and 1255 were more highly expressed in planta compared with cultured mycelia. The predicted genes differentially expressed during infection were mainly those involved in carbohydrate, pectin, and lignin catabolism, cytochrome P450, necrosis-inducing proteins, and putative effectors. These findings significantly expand our knowledge of the genome of L. theobromae and the genes involved in virulence and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin S Ali
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.,Department of Viticulture & Enology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Asman Asman
- Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Cocoa Research Group, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | | | - Johnny F Balidion
- Institute of Weed Science, Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of the Philippines, Los Banos, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Mary D Strem
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Alina S Puig
- Subtropical Horticultural Research Station, USDA/ARS, Miami, FL 33158, USA
| | - Lyndel W Meinhardt
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Bryan A Bailey
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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Cloning, characterization, in vitro and in planta expression of a necrosis-inducing Phytophthora protein 1 gene npp1 from Phytophthora cinnamomi. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:6453-6462. [PMID: 31571106 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05091-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The soil-borne oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi is a highly destructive Phytophthora species associated with the decline of forest. This pathogen secretes a novel class of necrosis-inducing proteins known as Nep1-like proteins (NLPs). In this work, we report the sequencing and molecular characterization of one of these proteins, more specifically the necrosis-inducing Phytophthora protein 1 (NPP1). The ORF of the npp1 gene (EMBL database AM403130) has 768 bp encoding a putative peptide of 256 amino acids with a molecular weight of approximately 25 kD. In order to understand its function, in vitro gene expression was studied during growth in different carbon sources (glucose, cellulose, and sawdust), and at different times of infection, in vivo by RT-qPCR. The highest expression of the npp1 gene occurred in glucose medium followed by sawdust. In vivo infection of Castanea sativa roots with P. cinnamomi revealed a decrease in npp1 expression from 12 to 24 h; at 36 h its expression increased suggesting the existence of a complex mechanism of defense/attack interaction between the pathogen and the host. Expression of recombinant npp1 gene was achieved in Pichia pastoris and assessed by SDS-PAGE analysis of the protein secreted into the culture supernatant, revealing the presence of the NPP1 protein.
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43
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Wang Y, Tyler BM, Wang Y. Defense and Counterdefense During Plant-Pathogenic Oomycete Infection. Annu Rev Microbiol 2019; 73:667-696. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-020518-120022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plant-pathogenic oomycetes include numerous species that are ongoing threats to agriculture and natural ecosystems. Understanding the molecular dialogs between oomycetes and plants is instrumental for sustaining effective disease control. Plants respond to oomycete infection by multiple defense actions including strengthening of physical barriers, production of antimicrobial molecules, and programmed cell death. These responses are tightly controlled and integrated via a three-layered immune system consisting of a multiplex recognition layer, a resilient signal-integration layer, and a diverse defense-action layer. Adapted oomycete pathogens utilize apoplastic and intracellular effector arsenals to counter plant immunity mechanisms within each layer, including by evasion or suppression of recognition, interference with numerous signaling components, and neutralization or suppression of defense actions. A coevolutionary arms race continually drives the emergence of new mechanisms of plant defense and oomycete counterdefense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;,
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Brett M. Tyler
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;,
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
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Lenarčič T, Pirc K, Hodnik V, Albert I, Borišek J, Magistrato A, Nürnberger T, Podobnik M, Anderluh G. Molecular basis for functional diversity among microbial Nep1-like proteins. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007951. [PMID: 31479498 PMCID: PMC6743777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrosis and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1)-like proteins (NLPs) are secreted by several phytopathogenic microorganisms. They trigger necrosis in various eudicot plants upon binding to plant sphingolipid glycosylinositol phosphorylceramides (GIPC). Interestingly, HaNLP3 from the obligate biotroph oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis does not induce necrosis. We determined the crystal structure of HaNLP3 and showed that it adopts the NLP fold. However, the conformations of the loops surrounding the GIPC headgroup-binding cavity differ from those of cytotoxic Pythium aphanidermatum NLPPya. Essential dynamics extracted from μs-long molecular dynamics (MD) simulations reveals a limited conformational plasticity of the GIPC-binding cavity in HaNLP3 relative to toxic NLPs. This likely precludes HaNLP3 binding to GIPCs, which is the underlying reason for the lack of toxicity. This study reveals that mutations at key protein regions cause a switch between non-toxic and toxic phenotypes within the same protein scaffold. Altogether, these data provide evidence that protein flexibility is a distinguishing trait of toxic NLPs and highlight structural determinants for a potential functional diversification of non-toxic NLPs utilized by biotrophic plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Lenarčič
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Pirc
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vesna Hodnik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Isabell Albert
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jure Borišek
- CNR-IOM-Democritos at International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandra Magistrato
- CNR-IOM-Democritos at International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
| | - Marjetka Podobnik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail: (MP); (GA)
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail: (MP); (GA)
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Seidl MF, Van den Ackerveken G. Activity and Phylogenetics of the Broadly Occurring Family of Microbial Nep1-Like Proteins. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 57:367-386. [PMID: 31283435 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Necrosis- and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1)-like proteins (NLP) have an extremely broad taxonomic distribution; they occur in bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes. NLPs come in two forms, those that are cytotoxic to eudicot plants and those that are noncytotoxic. Cytotoxic NLPs bind to glycosyl inositol phosphoryl ceramide (GIPC) sphingolipids that are abundant in the outer leaflet of plant plasma membranes. Binding allows the NLP to become cytolytic in eudicots but not monocots. The function of noncytotoxic NLPs remains enigmatic, but the expansion of NLP genes in oomycete genomes suggests they are important. Several plant species have evolved the capacity to recognize NLPs as molecular patterns and trigger plant immunity, e.g., Arabidopsis thaliana detects nlp peptides via the receptor-like protein RLP23. In this review, we provide a historical perspective from discovery to understanding of molecular mechanisms and describe the latest developments in the NLP field to shed light on these fascinating microbial proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Seidl
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Van den Ackerveken
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands;
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46
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Wang W, Jiao F. Effectors of Phytophthora pathogens are powerful weapons for manipulating host immunity. PLANTA 2019; 250:413-425. [PMID: 31243548 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the interactions between Phytophthora effectors and plant immune system components, which form a cross-linked complex network that regulates plant pathogen resistance. Pathogens secrete numerous effector proteins into plants to promote infections. Several Phytophthora species (e.g., P. infestans, P. ramorum, P. sojae, P. capsici, P. cinnamomi, and P. parasitica) are notorious pathogens that are extremely damaging to susceptible plants. Analyses of genomic data revealed that Phytophthora species produce a large group of effector proteins, which are critical for pathogenesis. And, the targets and functions of many identified Phytophthora effectors have been investigated. Phytophthora effectors can affect various aspects of plant immune systems, including plant cell proteases, phytohormones, RNAs, the MAPK pathway, catalase, the ubiquitin proteasome pathway, the endoplasmic reticulum, NB-LRR proteins, and the cell membrane. Clarifying the effector-plant interactions is important for unravelling the functions of Phytophthora effectors during pathogenesis. In this article, we review the effectors identified in recent decades and provide an overview of the effector-directed regulatory network in plants following infections by Phytophthora species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring, Controlling and Integrated Management, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 11 Forth Longitudinal Keyuan Rd, Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fangchan Jiao
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021, People's Republic of China
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47
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Leonard G, Labarre A, Milner DS, Monier A, Soanes D, Wideman JG, Maguire F, Stevens S, Sain D, Grau-Bové X, Sebé-Pedrós A, Stajich JE, Paszkiewicz K, Brown MW, Hall N, Wickstead B, Richards TA. Comparative genomic analysis of the 'pseudofungus' Hyphochytrium catenoides. Open Biol 2019; 8:rsob.170184. [PMID: 29321239 PMCID: PMC5795050 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic microbes have three primary mechanisms for obtaining nutrients and energy: phagotrophy, photosynthesis and osmotrophy. Traits associated with the latter two functions arose independently multiple times in the eukaryotes. The Fungi successfully coupled osmotrophy with filamentous growth, and similar traits are also manifested in the Pseudofungi (oomycetes and hyphochytriomycetes). Both the Fungi and the Pseudofungi encompass a diversity of plant and animal parasites. Genome-sequencing efforts have focused on host-associated microbes (mutualistic symbionts or parasites), providing limited comparisons with free-living relatives. Here we report the first draft genome sequence of a hyphochytriomycete ‘pseudofungus’; Hyphochytrium catenoides. Using phylogenomic approaches, we identify genes of recent viral ancestry, with related viral derived genes also present on the genomes of oomycetes, suggesting a complex history of viral coevolution and integration across the Pseudofungi. H. catenoides has a complex life cycle involving diverse filamentous structures and a flagellated zoospore with a single anterior tinselate flagellum. We use genome comparisons, drug sensitivity analysis and high-throughput culture arrays to investigate the ancestry of oomycete/pseudofungal characteristics, demonstrating that many of the genetic features associated with parasitic traits evolved specifically within the oomycete radiation. Comparative genomics also identified differences in the repertoire of genes associated with filamentous growth between the Fungi and the Pseudofungi, including differences in vesicle trafficking systems, cell-wall synthesis pathways and motor protein repertoire, demonstrating that unique cellular systems underpinned the convergent evolution of filamentous osmotrophic growth in these two eukaryotic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Leonard
- Living Systems Institute, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Aurélie Labarre
- Living Systems Institute, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - David S Milner
- Living Systems Institute, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Adam Monier
- Living Systems Institute, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Darren Soanes
- Living Systems Institute, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Jeremy G Wideman
- Living Systems Institute, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Finlay Maguire
- Living Systems Institute, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Sam Stevens
- Living Systems Institute, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Divya Sain
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92506, USA
| | - Xavier Grau-Bové
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-UPF, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Jason E Stajich
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92506, USA
| | - Konrad Paszkiewicz
- Living Systems Institute, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Matthew W Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.,Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Neil Hall
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Bill Wickstead
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Thomas A Richards
- Living Systems Institute, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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48
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Huang G, Liu Z, Gu B, Zhao H, Jia J, Fan G, Meng Y, Du Y, Shan W. An RXLR effector secreted by Phytophthora parasitica is a virulence factor and triggers cell death in various plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:356-371. [PMID: 30320960 PMCID: PMC6637884 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
RXLR effectors encoded by Phytophthora species play a central role in pathogen-plant interactions. An understanding of the biological functions of RXLR effectors is conducive to the illumination of the pathogenic mechanisms and the development of disease control strategies. However, the virulence function of Phytophthora parasitica RXLR effectors is poorly understood. Here, we describe the identification of a P. parasitica RXLR effector gene, PPTG00121 (PpE4), which is highly transcribed during the early stages of infection. Live cell imaging of P. parasitica transformants expressing a full-length PpE4 (E4FL)-mCherry protein indicated that PpE4 is secreted and accumulates around haustoria during plant infection. Silencing of PpE4 in P. parasitica resulted in significantly reduced virulence on Nicotiana benthamiana. Transient expression of PpE4 in N. benthamiana in turn restored the pathogenicity of the PpE4-silenced lines. Furthermore, the expression of PpE4 in both N. benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana consistently enhanced plant susceptibility to P. parasitica. These results indicate that PpE4 contributes to pathogen infection. Finally, heterologous expression experiments showed that PpE4 triggers non-specific cell death in a variety of plants, including tobacco, tomato, potato and A. thaliana. Virus-induced gene silencing assays revealed that PpE4-induced cell death is dependent on HSP90, NPK and SGT1, suggesting that PpE4 is recognized by the plant immune system. In conclusion, PpE4 is an important virulence RXLR effector of P. parasitica and recognized by a wide range of host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
- College of Life SciencesNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Zhirou Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Biao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Hong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Jinbu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
- Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of BiologySouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China
| | - Guangjin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Yuling Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
- College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Yu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
- College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Weixing Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
- College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
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49
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Wang H, He H, Qi Y, McLellan H, Tian Z, Birch PRJ, Tian Z. The oomycete microbe-associated molecular pattern Pep-13 triggers SERK3/BAK1-independent plant immunity. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2019; 38:173-182. [PMID: 30488097 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2359-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Oomycetes MAMP Pep-13 can trigger SERK3/BAK1-independent PTI. Silencing of SERK3/BAK1 in solanaceous plants resulted in reduced expression of brassinosteroid marker genes and enhanced PTI transcriptional responses to Pep-13 treatment. To prevent disease, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are responsible for detecting microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) to switch on plant innate immunity. SOMATIC EMBROYOGENESIS KINASE 3 (SERK3)/BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 (BAK1) is a well-characterized receptor-like kinase (RLK) that serves as a pivotal co-receptor with PRRs to activate immunity following recognition of MAMPs including flg22, EF-Tu, INF1 and XEG1. However, the requirement for SERK3/BAK1 in many pattern-triggered immune (PTI) signaling pathways is not yet known. Pep-13 is an oomycete MAMP that consists of a highly conserved motif (an oligopeptide of 13 amino acids) shared in Phytophthora transglutaminases. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis reveals that the transcripts of three PTI marker genes (WRKY7, WRKY8 and ACRE31) rapidly accumulate in response to three different MAMPs: flg22, chitin and Pep-13. Whereas silencing of SERK3/BAK1 in Nicotiana benthamiana or potato compromised transcript accumulation in response to flg22, it did not attenuate WRKY7, WRKY8 and ACRE31 up-regulation in response to chitin or Pep-13. This indicates that Pep-13 triggers immunity in a SERK3/BAK1-independent manner, similar to chitin. Surprisingly, silencing of SERK3/BAK1 led to significantly increased accumulation of PTI marker gene transcripts following Pep-13 or chitin treatment, compared to controls. This was accompanied by reduced expression of brassinosteroid (BR) marker genes StSTDH, StEXP8 and StCAB50 and StCHL1, which is a negative regulator of PTI, supporting previous reports that SERK3/BAK1-dependent BR signaling attenuates plant immunity. We provide Pep-13 as an alternative to chitin as a trigger of SERK3/BAK1-independent immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at James Hutton Institute), Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Huan He
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yetong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at James Hutton Institute), Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Zhejuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at James Hutton Institute), Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Zhendong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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The repertoire of effector candidates in Colletotrichum lindemuthianum reveals important information about Colletotrichum genus lifestyle. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:2295-2309. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09639-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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