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Taraszkiewicz A, Sinkiewicz I, Sommer A, Staroszczyk H. The biological role of prolyl oligopeptidase and the procognitive potential of its peptidic inhibitors from food proteins. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-14. [PMID: 36798052 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2170973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) is a conserved serine protease belonging to proline-specific peptidases. It has both enzymatic and non-enzymatic activity and is involved in numerous biological processes in the human body, playing a role in e.g., cellular growth and differentiation, inflammation, as well as the development of some neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. This article describes the physiological and pathological aspects of POP activity and the state-of-art of its peptidic inhibitors originating from food proteins, with a particular focus on their potential as cognition-enhancing agents. Although some milk, meat, fish, and plant protein-derived peptides have the potential to be applied as natural, procognitive nutraceuticals, their effectiveness requires further evaluation, especially in clinical trials. We demonstrated that the important features of the most promising POP-inhibiting peptides are very short sequence, high content of hydrophobic amino acids, and usually the presence of proline residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Taraszkiewicz
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Izabela Sinkiewicz
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agata Sommer
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Hanna Staroszczyk
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
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Baharin A, Ting TY, Goh HH. Post-Proline Cleaving Enzymes (PPCEs): Classification, Structure, Molecular Properties, and Applications. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1330. [PMID: 35631755 PMCID: PMC9147577 DOI: 10.3390/plants11101330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Proteases or peptidases are hydrolases that catalyze the breakdown of polypeptide chains into smaller peptide subunits. Proteases exist in all life forms, including archaea, bacteria, protozoa, insects, animals, and plants due to their vital functions in cellular processing and regulation. There are several classes of proteases in the MEROPS database based on their catalytic mechanisms. This review focuses on post-proline cleaving enzymes (PPCEs) from different peptidase families, as well as prolyl endoprotease/oligopeptidase (PEP/POP) from the serine peptidase family. To date, most PPCEs studied are of microbial and animal origins. Recently, there have been reports of plant PPCEs. The most common PEP/POP are members of the S9 family that comprise two conserved domains. The substrate-limiting β-propeller domain prevents unwanted digestion, while the α/β hydrolase catalyzes the reaction at the carboxyl-terminal of proline residues. PPCEs display preferences towards the Pro-X bonds for hydrolysis. This level of selectivity is substantial and has benefited the brewing industry, therapeutics for celiac disease by targeting proline-rich substrates, drug targets for human diseases, and proteomics analysis. Protein engineering via mutagenesis has been performed to improve heat resistance, pepsin-resistant capability, specificity, and protein turnover of PPCEs for pharmacological applications. This review aims to synthesize recent structure-function studies of PPCEs from different families of peptidases to provide insights into the molecular mechanism of prolyl cleaving activity. Despite the non-exhaustive list of PPCEs, this is the first comprehensive review to cover the biochemical properties, biological functions, and biotechnological applications of PPCEs from the diverse taxa.
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Mamun AA, Pidaný F, Hulcová D, Maříková J, Kučera T, Schmidt M, Catapano MC, Hrabinová M, Jun D, Múčková L, Kuneš J, Janoušek J, Andrýs R, Nováková L, Peřinová R, Maafi N, Soukup O, Korábečný J, Cahlíková L. Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids of Norbelladine-Type as Inspiration for Development of Highly Selective Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors: Synthesis, Biological Activity Evaluation, and Docking Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8308. [PMID: 34361074 PMCID: PMC8348983 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative condition of the central nervous system (CNS) that is currently treated by cholinesterase inhibitors and the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist, memantine. Emerging evidence strongly supports the relevance of targeting butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) in the more advanced stages of AD. Within this study, we have generated a pilot series of compounds (1-20) structurally inspired from belladine-type Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, namely carltonine A and B, and evaluated their acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and BuChE inhibition properties. Some of the compounds exhibited intriguing inhibition activity for human BuChE (hBuChE), with a preference for BuChE over AChE. Seven compounds were found to possess a hBuChE inhibition profile, with IC50 values below 1 µM. The most potent one, compound 6, showed nanomolar range activity with an IC50 value of 72 nM and an excellent selectivity pattern over AChE, reaching a selectivity index of almost 1400. Compound 6 was further studied by enzyme kinetics, along with in-silico techniques, to reveal the mode of inhibition. The prediction of CNS availability estimates that all the compounds in this survey can pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), as disclosed by the BBB score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Mamun
- ADINACO Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (A.A.M.); (F.P.); (D.H.); (J.M.); (R.P.); (N.M.)
| | - Filip Pidaný
- ADINACO Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (A.A.M.); (F.P.); (D.H.); (J.M.); (R.P.); (N.M.)
| | - Daniela Hulcová
- ADINACO Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (A.A.M.); (F.P.); (D.H.); (J.M.); (R.P.); (N.M.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Jana Maříková
- ADINACO Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (A.A.M.); (F.P.); (D.H.); (J.M.); (R.P.); (N.M.)
- Department of Bioorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Tomáš Kučera
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (T.K.); (M.H.); (D.J.); (L.M.); (O.S.)
| | - Monika Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (M.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Maria Carmen Catapano
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (M.C.C.); (L.N.)
| | - Martina Hrabinová
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (T.K.); (M.H.); (D.J.); (L.M.); (O.S.)
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (T.K.); (M.H.); (D.J.); (L.M.); (O.S.)
| | - Lubica Múčková
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (T.K.); (M.H.); (D.J.); (L.M.); (O.S.)
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kuneš
- Department of Bioorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Jiří Janoušek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Rudolf Andrýs
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (M.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (M.C.C.); (L.N.)
| | - Rozálie Peřinová
- ADINACO Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (A.A.M.); (F.P.); (D.H.); (J.M.); (R.P.); (N.M.)
| | - Negar Maafi
- ADINACO Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (A.A.M.); (F.P.); (D.H.); (J.M.); (R.P.); (N.M.)
| | - Ondřej Soukup
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (T.K.); (M.H.); (D.J.); (L.M.); (O.S.)
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korábečný
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (T.K.); (M.H.); (D.J.); (L.M.); (O.S.)
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Cahlíková
- ADINACO Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (A.A.M.); (F.P.); (D.H.); (J.M.); (R.P.); (N.M.)
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Myöhänen TT, Mertens F, Norrbacka S, Cui H. Deletion or inhibition of prolyl oligopeptidase blocks lithium-induced phosphorylation of GSK3b and Akt by activation of protein phosphatase 2A. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 129:287-296. [PMID: 34196102 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) activity have been connected, for example, with bipolar and major depressive disorder, and several studies have reported that lack or inhibition of PREP blocks the effects of lithium on inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3 ) levels. However, the impact of PREP modulation on other intracellular targets of lithium, such as glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3b) or protein kinase B (Akt), has not been studied. We recently found that PREP regulates protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), and because GSK3b and Akt are PP2A substrates, we studied if PREP-related lithium insensitivity is dependent on PP2A. To assess this, HEK-293 and SH-SY5Y cells with PREP deletion or PREP inhibition (KYP-2047) were exposed to lithium, and thereafter, the phosphorylation levels of GSK3b and Akt were measured by Western blot. As expected, PREP deletion and inhibition blocked the lithium-induced phosphorylation on GSK3b and Akt in both cell lines. When lithium exposure was combined with okadaic acid, a PP2A inhibitor, KYP-2047 did not have effect on lithium-induced GSK3b and Akt phosphorylation. Therefore, we conclude that PREP deletion or inhibition blocks the intracellular effects of lithium on GSK3b and Akt via PP2A activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo T Myöhänen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy/Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology Unit, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Freke Mertens
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy/Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susanna Norrbacka
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy/Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hengjing Cui
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy/Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Pharmacy, Ruijin hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Nano PR, Johnson TK, Kudo T, Mooney NA, Ni J, Demeter J, Jackson PK, Chen JK. Structure-activity mapping of ARHGAP36 reveals regulatory roles for its GAP homology and C-terminal domains. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251684. [PMID: 33999959 PMCID: PMC8128262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
ARHGAP36 is an atypical Rho GTPase-activating protein (GAP) family member that drives both spinal cord development and tumorigenesis, acting in part through an N-terminal motif that suppresses protein kinase A and activates Gli transcription factors. ARHGAP36 also contains isoform-specific N-terminal sequences, a central GAP-like module, and a unique C-terminal domain, and the functions of these regions remain unknown. Here we have mapped the ARHGAP36 structure-activity landscape using a deep sequencing-based mutagenesis screen and truncation mutant analyses. Using this approach, we have discovered several residues in the GAP homology domain that are essential for Gli activation and a role for the C-terminal domain in counteracting an N-terminal autoinhibitory motif that is present in certain ARHGAP36 isoforms. In addition, each of these sites modulates ARHGAP36 recruitment to the plasma membrane or primary cilium. Through comparative proteomics, we also have identified proteins that preferentially interact with active ARHGAP36, and we demonstrate that one binding partner, prolyl oligopeptidase-like protein, is a novel ARHGAP36 antagonist. Our work reveals multiple modes of ARHGAP36 regulation and establishes an experimental framework that can be applied towards other signaling proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia R. Nano
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Taylor K. Johnson
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Takamasa Kudo
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Nancie A. Mooney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jun Ni
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Janos Demeter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Peter K. Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - James K. Chen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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6
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Rostami J, Jäntti M, Cui H, Rinne MK, Kukkonen JP, Falk A, Erlandsson A, Myöhänen T. Prolyl oligopeptidase inhibition by KYP-2407 increases alpha-synuclein fibril degradation in neuron-like cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110788. [PMID: 33152946 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence emphasizes insufficient clearance of pathological alpha-synuclein (αSYN) aggregates in the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Consequently, cellular degradation pathways represent a potential therapeutic target. Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) is highly expressed in the brain and has been suggested to increase αSYN aggregation and negatively regulate the autophagy pathway. Inhibition of PREP with a small molecule inhibitor, KYP-2407, stimulates autophagy and reduces the oligomeric species of αSYN aggregates in PD mouse models. However, whether PREP inhibition has any effects on intracellular αSYN fibrils has not been studied before. In this study, the effect of KYP2407 on αSYN preformed fibrils (PFFs) was tested in SH-SY5Y cells and human astrocytes. Immunostaining analysis revealed that both cell types accumulated αSYN PFFs intracellularly but KYP-2047 decreased intracellular αSYN deposits only in SH-SY5Y cells, as astrocytes did not show any PREP activity. Western blot analysis confirmed the reduction of high molecular weight αSYN species in SH-SY5Y cell lysates, and secretion of αSYN from SH-SY5Y cells also decreased in the presence of KYP-2407. Accumulation of αSYN inside the SH-SY5Y cells resulted in an increase of the auto-lysosomal proteins p62 and LC3BII, as well as calpain 1 and 2, which have been shown to be associated with PD pathology. Notably, treatment with KYP-2407 significantly reduced p62 and LC3BII levels, indicating an increased autophagic flux, and calpain 1 and 2 levels returned to normal in the presence of KYP-2407. Our findings indicate that PREP inhibition can potentially be used as therapy to reduce the insoluble intracellular αSYN aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinar Rostami
- Molecular Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Jäntti
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy/Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, P.O. Box 56, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hengjing Cui
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy/Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, P.O. Box 56, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maiju K Rinne
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology/Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jyrki P Kukkonen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, P.O. Box 63, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Falk
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Anna Erlandsson
- Molecular Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Timo Myöhänen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy/Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, P.O. Box 56, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland; Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology Unit, Institute of Biomedicine, 20014, University of Turku, Finland.
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Sobolova K, Hrabinova M, Hepnarova V, Kucera T, Kobrlova T, Benkova M, Janockova J, Dolezal R, Prchal L, Benek O, Mezeiova E, Jun D, Soukup O, Korabecny J. Discovery of novel berberine derivatives with balanced cholinesterase and prolyl oligopeptidase inhibition profile. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 203:112593. [PMID: 32688201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Berberine, a naturally occurring compound, possesses an interesting multipotent pharmacological profile potentially applicable for Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment. In this study, a series of novel 22 berberine derivatives was developed and tested in vitro. Berberine core was substituted at position 9-O of its aromatic ring region. All the hybrids under the study revealed multi-targeted profile inhibiting prolyl oligopeptidase, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase highlighting 4a, 4g, 4j, 4l and 4s possessing balanced activities in the micromolar range. The top-ranked candidates in terms of the most pronounced potency against POP, AChE and BChE can be classified as 4d, 4u and 4v, bearing 4-methylbenzyl, (naphthalen-2-yl)methylene and 1-phenoxyethyl moieties, respectively. In vitro data were corroborated by detailed kinetic analysis of the selected lead molecules. 4d, 4u and 4v were also inspected for their potential to inhibit aggregation of two abberant proteins in AD, namely amyloid beta and tau, indicating their potential disease-modifying properties. To explain the results of our study, we carried out docking simulation to the active sites of the respective enzyme with the best berberine derivatives, along with QSAR study. We also investigated compounds' potential permeability through blood-brain barrier by applying parallel artificial membrane permeation assay and addressed their cytotoxicity profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Sobolova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Department of Military Medical Service Organisation and Management, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Hrabinova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Department of Military Medical Service Organisation and Management, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Hepnarova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Department of Military Medical Service Organisation and Management, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Kucera
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Department of Military Medical Service Organisation and Management, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Kobrlova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Department of Military Medical Service Organisation and Management, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Benkova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Janockova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rafael Dolezal
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Prchal
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Benek
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Mezeiova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Department of Military Medical Service Organisation and Management, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Department of Military Medical Service Organisation and Management, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Department of Military Medical Service Organisation and Management, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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8
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Hulcová D, Maříková J, Korábečný J, Hošťálková A, Jun D, Kuneš J, Chlebek J, Opletal L, De Simone A, Nováková L, Andrisano V, Růžička A, Cahlíková L. Amaryllidaceae alkaloids from Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. cv. Dutch Master as potential drugs in treatment of Alzheimer's disease. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 165:112055. [PMID: 31261031 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-one known Amaryllidaceae alkaloids of various structural types and one undescribed alkaloid, named narcimatuline, have been isolated from fresh bulbs of Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. cv. Dutch Master. The chemical structures were elucidated by combination of MS, HRMS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques, and by comparison with literature data. Narcimatuline amalgamates two basic scaffolds of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids in its core, namely galanthamine and galanthindole. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their in vitro acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), prolyl oligopeptidase (POP), and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) inhibitory activities. The most interesting biological profile was demonstrated by newly isolated alkaloid narcimatuline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Hulcová
- ADINACO Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Maříková
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korábečný
- Department of Toxicoloxy and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Třebešská 1575, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; Department Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Hošťálková
- ADINACO Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Department of Toxicoloxy and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Třebešská 1575, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kuneš
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Chlebek
- ADINACO Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Opletal
- ADINACO Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Angela De Simone
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Corso D'Augusto 237, 47921, Rimini, Italy
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Vincenza Andrisano
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Corso D'Augusto 237, 47921, Rimini, Italy
| | - Aleš Růžička
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 95, 532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Cahlíková
- ADINACO Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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9
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Study on PREP localization in mouse seminal vesicles and its possible involvement during regulated exocytosis. ZYGOTE 2019; 27:160-165. [PMID: 31060637 DOI: 10.1017/s0967199419000194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SummaryProlyl endopeptidase (PREP) is a post-proline cleaving enzyme. It is involved in the regulation of multiple inositol polyphosphate phosphatase activity implicated in the pathway of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, resulting in the modulation of cytosolic Ca2+ levels. Besides its peptidase activity, PREP was identified as a binding partner of tubulin, suggesting that it may participate in microtubule-associate processes. In this paper, we evaluated the expression of PREP mRNA and protein by polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses and its co-localization with tubulin by immunofluorescence in adult mouse seminal vesicles. We showed that both proteins are cytoplasmic: tubulin is localized at the apical half part of the cell, while PREP has a more diffuse localization, showing a prominent distribution at the apical cytoplasm. These findings support our hypothesis of a specific role for PREP in cytoskeletal rearrangement that occurs during the exocytosis of secretory vesicles, and in particular its association with tubulin filaments. Moreover, it may regulate Ca2+ levels, and promote the final step of vesicular exocytosis, namely the fusion of the vesicles with the plasma membrane. These results strongly suggest that there is a pivotal role for PREP in vesicle exocytosis, as well as in the physiology of mouse seminal vesicles.
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10
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Hostalkova A, Marikova J, Opletal L, Korabecny J, Hulcova D, Kunes J, Novakova L, Perez DI, Jun D, Kucera T, Andrisano V, Siatka T, Cahlikova L. Isoquinoline Alkaloids from Berberis vulgaris as Potential Lead Compounds for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:239-248. [PMID: 30701972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Three new alkaloids, bersavine (3), muraricine (4), and berbostrejdine (8), together with seven known isoquinoline alkaloids (1-2, 5-7, 9, and 10) were isolated from an alkaloidal extract of the root bark of Berberis vulgaris. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods, including 1D and 2D NMR techniques, HRMS, and optical rotation, and by comparison of the obtained data with those in the literature. The NMR data of berbamine (5), aromoline (6), and obamegine (7) were completely assigned employing 2D NMR experiments. Alkaloids isolated in sufficient amounts were evaluated for their in vitro acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), prolyl oligopeptidase, and glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitory activities. Selected compounds were studied for their ability to permeate through the blood-brain barrier. Significant human BuChE ( hBuChE) inhibitory activity was demonstrated by 6 (IC50 = 0.82 ± 0.10 μM). The in vitro data were further supported by computational analysis that showed the accommodation of 6 in the active site of hBuChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hostalkova
- ADINACO Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy , Charles University , Heyrovskeho 1203 , 500 05 Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
| | - Jana Marikova
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Charles University , Heyrovskeho 1203 , 500 05 Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
| | - Lubomir Opletal
- ADINACO Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy , Charles University , Heyrovskeho 1203 , 500 05 Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Department of Toxicoloxy and Military Pharmacy , Trebesska 1575 , 500 05 Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Centre , University Hospital Hradec Kralove , Sokolska 581 , 500 05 Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Hulcova
- ADINACO Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy , Charles University , Heyrovskeho 1203 , 500 05 Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Charles University , Heyrovskeho 1203 , 500 05 Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Kunes
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Charles University , Heyrovskeho 1203 , 500 05 Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Novakova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Charles University , Heyrovskeho 1203 , 500 05 Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
| | - Daniel I Perez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas-CSIC , Avenida Ramiro de Maeztu 9 , 28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - Daniel Jun
- Department of Toxicoloxy and Military Pharmacy , Trebesska 1575 , 500 05 Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Centre , University Hospital Hradec Kralove , Sokolska 581 , 500 05 Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Kucera
- Department of Toxicoloxy and Military Pharmacy , Trebesska 1575 , 500 05 Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
| | - Vincenza Andrisano
- Department for Life Quality Studies , University of Bologna , Corso D'Augusto 237 , 47921 Rimini , Italy
| | - Tomas Siatka
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Charles University , Heyrovskeho 1203 , 500 05 Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Cahlikova
- ADINACO Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy , Charles University , Heyrovskeho 1203 , 500 05 Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
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11
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New tricks of prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitors - A common drug therapy for several neurodegenerative diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 161:113-120. [PMID: 30660495 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Changes in prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) expression levels, protein distribution, and activity correlate with aging and are reported in many neurodegenerative conditions. Together with decreased neuropeptide levels observed in aging and neurodegeneration, and PREP's ability to cleave only small peptides, PREP was identified as a druggable target. Known PREP non-enzymatic functions were disregarded or attributed to PREP enzymatic activity, and several potent small molecule PREP inhibitors were developed during early stages of PREP research. These showed a lot of potential but with variable results in experimental memory models, however, the initial excitement was short-lived and all of the clinical trials were discontinued in either Phase I or II clinical trials for unknown reasons. Recently, PREP's ability to form protein-protein interactions, alter cell proliferation and autophagy has gained more attention than earlier recognized catalytical activity. Of new findings, particularly the aggregation of alpha-synuclein (aSyn) that is seen in the presence of PREP is especially interesting because PREP inhibitors are capable of altering aSyn-PREP interaction in a manner that reduces the aSyn dimerization process. Therefore, it is possible that PREP inhibitors that are altering interactions could have different characteristics than those aimed for strong inhibition of catalytic activity. Moreover, PREP co-localization with aSyn, tau, and amyloid-beta hints to PREP's possible role not only in the synucleinopathies but in other neurodegenerative diseases as well. This commentary will focus on less well-acknowledged non-enzymatic functions of PREP that may provide a better approach for the development of PREP inhibitors for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Becker B, Nazir FH, Brinkmalm G, Camporesi E, Kvartsberg H, Portelius E, Boström M, Kalm M, Höglund K, Olsson M, Zetterberg H, Blennow K. Alzheimer-associated cerebrospinal fluid fragments of neurogranin are generated by Calpain-1 and prolyl endopeptidase. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:47. [PMID: 30157938 PMCID: PMC6116393 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0279-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neurogranin (Ng) is a small 7.6 kDa postsynaptic protein that has been detected at elevated concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), both as a full-length molecule and as fragments from its C-terminal half. Ng is involved in postsynaptic calcium (Ca) signal transduction and memory formation via binding to calmodulin in a Ca-dependent manner. The mechanism of Ng secretion from neurons to CSF is currently unknown, but enzymatic cleavage of Ng may be of relevance. Therefore, the aim of the study was to identify the enzymes responsible for the cleavage of Ng, yielding the Ng fragment pattern of C-terminal fragments detectable and increased in CSF of AD patients. Methods Fluorigenic quenched FRET probes containing sequences of Ng were utilized to identify Ng cleaving activities among enzymes known to have increased activity in AD and in chromatographically fractionated mouse brain extracts. Results Human Calpain-1 and prolyl endopeptidase were identified as the candidate enzymes involved in the formation of endogenous Ng peptides present in CSF, cleaving mainly in the central region of Ng, and between amino acids 75_76 in the Ng sequence, respectively. The cleavage by Calpain-1 affects the IQ domain of Ng, which may deactivate or change the function of Ng in Ca2+/calmodulin -dependent signaling for synaptic plasticity. While shorter Ng fragments were readily cleaved in vitro by prolyl endopeptidase, the efficiency of cleavage on larger Ng fragments was much lower. Conclusions Calpain-1 and prolyl endopeptidase cleave Ng in the IQ domain and near the C-terminus, respectively, yielding specific fragments of Ng in CSF. These fragments may give clues to the roles of increased activities of these enzymes in the pathophysiology of AD, and provide possible targets for pharmacologic intervention. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13024-018-0279-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Becker
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Faisal Hayat Nazir
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Brinkmalm
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Elena Camporesi
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Hlin Kvartsberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Erik Portelius
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Martina Boström
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie Kalm
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kina Höglund
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Maria Olsson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
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Kumar R, Bavi R, Jo MG, Arulalapperumal V, Baek A, Rampogu S, Kim MO, Lee KW. New compounds identified through in silico approaches reduce the α-synuclein expression by inhibiting prolyl oligopeptidase in vitro. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10827. [PMID: 28883518 PMCID: PMC5589771 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) is a serine protease that is responsible for the maturation and degradation of short neuropeptides and peptide hormones. The inhibition of POP has been demonstrated in the treatment of α-synucleinopathies and several neurological conditions. Therefore, ligand-based and structure-based pharmacophore models were generated and validated in order to identify potent POP inhibitors. Pharmacophore-based and docking-based virtual screening of a drug-like database resulted in 20 compounds. The in vitro POP assays indicated that the top scoring compounds obtained from virtual screening, Hit 1 and Hit 2 inhibit POP activity at a wide range of concentrations from 0.1 to 10 µM. Moreover, treatment of the hit compounds significantly reduced the α-synuclein expression in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells, that is implicated in Parkinson’s disease. Binding modes of Hit 1 and Hit 2 compounds were explored through molecular dynamics simulations. A detailed investigation of the binding interactions revealed that the hit compounds exhibited hydrogen bond interactions with important active site residues and greater electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions compared to those of the reference inhibitors. Finally, our findings indicated the potential of the identified compounds for the treatment of synucleinopathies and CNS related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Rohit Bavi
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Gi Jo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Venkatesh Arulalapperumal
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Ayoung Baek
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Shailima Rampogu
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Ok Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Woo Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Prolyl oligopeptidase and its role in the organism: attention to the most promising and clinically relevant inhibitors. Future Med Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase (POP), also called prolyl endopeptidase, is a cytosolic enzyme investigated by several research groups. It has been proposed to play an important role in physiological processes such as modulation of the levels of several neuronal peptides and hormones containing a proline residue. Due to its proteolytic activity and physiological role in cell signaling pathways, inhibition of POP offers an emerging approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases as well as other diseases related to cognitive impairment. Furthermore, it may also represent an interesting target for treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, and as an antiangiogenesis or antineoplastic agent. In this review paper, we summarized naturally occurring POP inhibitors together with peptide-like inhibitors and their biological effects. Some of them have shown promising results and interesting pharmacological profiles. However, to date, there is no POP inhibitor available on the market although several clinical trials have been undertaken.
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15
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Männistö PT, García-Horsman JA. Mechanism of Action of Prolyl Oligopeptidase (PREP) in Degenerative Brain Diseases: Has Peptidase Activity Only a Modulatory Role on the Interactions of PREP with Proteins? Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:27. [PMID: 28261087 PMCID: PMC5306367 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the aging brain, the correct balance of neural transmission and its regulation is of particular significance, and neuropeptides have a significant role. Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) is a protein highly expressed in brain, and evidence indicates that it is related to aging and in neurodegenration. Although PREP is regarded as a peptidase, the physiological substrates in the brain have not been defined, and after intense research, the molecular mechanisms where this protein is involved have not been defined. We propose that PREP functions as a regulator of other proteins though peptide gated direct interaction. We speculate that, at least in some processes where PREP has shown to be relevant, the peptidase activity is only a consequence of the interactions, and not the main physiological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka T Männistö
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Arturo García-Horsman
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
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16
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Jaako K, Waniek A, Parik K, Klimaviciusa L, Aonurm-Helm A, Noortoots A, Anier K, Van Elzen R, Gérard M, Lambeir AM, Roßner S, Morawski M, Zharkovsky A. Prolyl endopeptidase is involved in the degradation of neural cell adhesion molecules in vitro. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:3792-3802. [PMID: 27566163 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.181891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-associated glycoprotein neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and its polysialylated form (PSA-NCAM) play an important role in brain plasticity by regulating cell-cell interactions. Here, we demonstrate that the cytosolic serine protease prolyl endopeptidase (PREP) is able to regulate NCAM and PSA-NCAM. Using a SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line with stable overexpression of PREP, we found a remarkable loss of PSA-NCAM, reduced levels of NCAM180 and NCAM140 protein species, and a significant increase in the NCAM immunoreactive band migrating at an apparent molecular weight of 120 kDa in PREP-overexpressing cells. Moreover, increased levels of NCAM fragments were found in the concentrated medium derived from PREP-overexpressing cells. PREP overexpression selectively induced an activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), which could be involved in the observed degradation of NCAM, as MMP-9 neutralization reduced the levels of NCAM fragments in cell culture medium. We propose that increased PREP levels promote epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling, which in turn activates MMP-9. In conclusion, our findings provide evidence for newly-discovered roles for PREP in mechanisms regulating cellular plasticity through NCAM and PSA-NCAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Külli Jaako
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Alexander Waniek
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Keiti Parik
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Linda Klimaviciusa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Anu Aonurm-Helm
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Aveli Noortoots
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Kaili Anier
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Roos Van Elzen
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp B-2610, Belgium
| | - Melanie Gérard
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre KU Leuven-Kortrijk, Kortrijk B-8500, Belgium
| | - Anne-Marie Lambeir
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp B-2610, Belgium
| | - Steffen Roßner
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Markus Morawski
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Alexander Zharkovsky
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
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17
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Dethe S, Deepak M, Agarwal A. Elucidation of Molecular Mechanism(s) of Cognition Enhancing Activity of Bacomind ®: A Standardized Extract of Bacopa Monnieri. Pharmacogn Mag 2016; 12:S482-S487. [PMID: 27761079 PMCID: PMC5068128 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.191464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst., commonly known as Brahmi, is renowned in Indian traditional system for its potent memory enhancing activity, which has been validated by various scientific studies. Objective: The objective of this study was to understand the molecular mechanism of memory enhancing activity of BacoMind® (BM), a standardized extract of B. monnieri. Materials and Methods: BM was screened in vitro in a panel of cell-free and receptor-transfected cell assays. The purified enzymes/membrane homogenates/cells were incubated with substrate/standard ligand in the absence or presence of the test compound. The IC50 values and EC50 values were determined by nonlinear regression analysis of the concentration–response curves generated with mean replicate values using Hill equation curve fitting. Results: BM was found to inhibit three enzymes; Catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT), Prolyl endopeptidase (PEP), and Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). It also had an antagonistic effect on serotonin 6 and 2A (5-HT6 and 5-HT2A) receptors, known to influence the different neurological pathways, associated with memory and learning disorders, age-associated memory impairment. Conclusion: BM was found to inhibit three enzymes namely, Catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT), Prolyl endopeptidase (PEP), and Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). It also exhibited an antagonistic effect on 5-HT6 and 5-HT2A receptors. SUMMARY This study was conducted to understand the molecular mechanism of memory enhancing activity of a standardized extract of B. monnieri by was screening it in vitro in a panel of cell-free and receptor-transfected cell assays. The purified enzymes/membrane homogenates/cells were incubated with substrate/standard ligand in the absence or presence of the test compound. BM was found to inhibit three enzymes; Catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT), Prolyl endopeptidase (PEP), and Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). It also had an antagonistic effect on serotonin6 and2A (5-HT6 and 5-HT2A) receptors, known to influence the different neurological pathways, associated with memory and learning disorders, age-associated memory impairment. Abbreviations used: HTRF: Homogenous time resolved fluorescence, cAMP: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, CHO: Chinese hamster ovary, RFU: Relative fluorescence unit, pNP: Para nitro phenol, AMC: 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin, ELISA: Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, Z-Pro-Pro-CHO: Z-prolyl-prolinal, HEK: Human embryonic kidney, TE: Trolox equivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shekhar Dethe
- Natural Remedies R and D Centre No. 5B, Veerasandra, Bangalore, India
| | - M Deepak
- Natural Remedies R and D Centre No. 5B, Veerasandra, Bangalore, India
| | - Amit Agarwal
- Natural Remedies R and D Centre No. 5B, Veerasandra, Bangalore, India
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18
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Khlebnikova NN, Kushnareva EY, Kudrin VS, Krupina NA. The effects of imipramine and the inhibitor of prolylendopeptidase benzyloxycarbonyl-methionyl-2(S)-cyanopyrrolidine on the levels of monoamines and their metabolites in the brain of rats with an experimental anxious-depressive state. NEUROCHEM J+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712414040059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hypothalamic prolyl endopeptidase (PREP) regulates pancreatic insulin and glucagon secretion in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:11876-81. [PMID: 25071172 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1406000111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolyl endopeptidase (PREP) has been implicated in neuronal functions. Here we report that hypothalamic PREP is predominantly expressed in the ventromedial nucleus (VMH), where it regulates glucose-induced neuronal activation. PREP knockdown mice (Prep(gt/gt)) exhibited glucose intolerance, decreased fasting insulin, increased fasting glucagon levels, and reduced glucose-induced insulin secretion compared with wild-type controls. Consistent with this, central infusion of a specific PREP inhibitor, S17092, impaired glucose tolerance and decreased insulin levels in wild-type mice. Arguing further for a central mode of action of PREP, isolated pancreatic islets showed no difference in glucose-induced insulin release between Prep(gt/gt) and wild-type mice. Furthermore, hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp studies showed no difference between Prep(gt/gt) and wild-type control mice. Central PREP regulation of insulin and glucagon secretion appears to be mediated by the autonomic nervous system because Prep(gt/gt) mice have elevated sympathetic outflow and norepinephrine levels in the pancreas, and propranolol treatment reversed glucose intolerance in these mice. Finally, re-expression of PREP by bilateral VMH injection of adeno-associated virus-PREP reversed the glucose-intolerant phenotype of the Prep(gt/gt) mice. Taken together, our results unmask a previously unknown player in central regulation of glucose metabolism and pancreatic function.
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Teixidó M, Zurita E, Mendieta L, Oller-Salvia B, Prades R, Tarragó T, Giralt E. Dual system for the central nervous system targeting and blood-brain barrier transport of a selective prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitor. Biopolymers 2013; 100:662-74. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Teixidó
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona); Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10 Barcelona 08028 Spain
| | - Esther Zurita
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona); Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10 Barcelona 08028 Spain
| | - Laura Mendieta
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona); Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10 Barcelona 08028 Spain
| | - Benjamí Oller-Salvia
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona); Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10 Barcelona 08028 Spain
| | - Roger Prades
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona); Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10 Barcelona 08028 Spain
| | - Teresa Tarragó
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona); Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10 Barcelona 08028 Spain
| | - Ernest Giralt
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona); Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10 Barcelona 08028 Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Barcelona; Martí i Franquès 1-11 Barcelona 08028 Spain
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Hu P, Li B, Zhang W, Li Y, Li G, Jiang X, Wdzieczak-Bakala J, Liu J. AcSDKP regulates cell proliferation through the PI3KCA/Akt signaling pathway. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79321. [PMID: 24244481 PMCID: PMC3820705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural tetrapeptide acetyl-N-Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro (AcSDKP) is generated from the N-terminus of thymosin-β4 through enzymatic cleavage by prolyl oligopeptidase (POP). AcSDKP regulation of proliferation of different cells is implicated in hematopoiesis and angiogenesis. This tetrapeptide present in almost all cells was recently detected at elevated concentrations in neoplastic diseases. However, previously reported in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that AcSDKP does not contribute to the pathogenesis of cancers. Here we show that exogenous AcSDKP exerts no effect on the proliferation of actively dividing malignant cells. Using S17092, a specific POP inhibitor (POPi), to suppress the biosynthesis of AcSDKP in U87-MG glioblastoma cells characterized by high intracellular levels of this peptide, we found that all tested doses of POPi resulted in an equally effective depletion of AcSDKP, which was not correlated with the dose-dependent decreases in the proliferation rate of treated cells. Interestingly, addition of exogenous AcSDKP markedly reversed the reduction in the proliferation of U87-MG cells treated with the highest dose of POPi, and this effect was associated with activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway. However, extracellular-regulated protein kinase (ERK) activation was unaltered by S17092 and AcSDKP co-treatment. Knockdown of individual PI3K catalytic subunits revealed that p110α and p110β contributed differently to AcSDKP regulation of U87-MG cell proliferation. Disruption of p110α expression by small interfering RNA (siRNA) abrogated AcSDKP-stimulated Akt phosphorylation, whereas knockdown of p110β expression exhibited no such effect. Our findings indicate for the first time that the PI3KCA/Akt pathway mediates AcSDKP regulation of cell proliferation and suggest a role for this ubiquitous intracellular peptide in cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Hu
- Sino-France Laboratory for Drug Screening, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bin Li
- Sino-France Laboratory for Drug Screening, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- Sino-France Laboratory for Drug Screening, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yijian Li
- Sino-France Laboratory for Drug Screening, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guang Li
- Sino-France Laboratory for Drug Screening, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xinnong Jiang
- Sino-France Laboratory for Drug Screening, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | | | - Jianmiao Liu
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR2301, Gif sur Yvette, France
- * E-mail:
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Peptide POP inhibitors for the treatment of the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:1509-23. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a serious life-long disease that affects a significant part of the adult population. Although there is considerably effective medication for the positive symptoms of the disease, none are available for the associated cognitive deficits. These deficits are a core feature of schizophrenia, and they severely impair the functionality and social integration of patients. POP is a promising target for the treatment of the cognitive deficits of schizophrenia. Inhibitors of this peptidase show cognition-enhancing properties, act through a complex mechanism and have suitable pharmacological properties. Nevertheless, several studies must be carried out in order to improve the design and clinical evaluation of these substances. Permeability to the brain, appropriate animal models and suitable indications are the main issues that must be addressed. However, current information supports the potential of POP as an interesting drug target for the treatment of the cognitive deficits related to schizophrenia.
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Hannula M, Myöhänen T, Tenorio-Laranga J, Männistö P, Garcia-Horsman J. Prolyl oligopeptidase colocalizes with α-synuclein, β-amyloid, tau protein and astroglia in the post-mortem brain samples with Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. Neuroscience 2013; 242:140-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Morawski M, Nuytens K, Juhasz T, Zeitschel U, Seeger G, Waelkens E, Regal L, Schulz I, Arendt T, Szeltner Z, Creemers J, Rossner S. Cellular and ultra structural evidence for cytoskeletal localization of prolyl endopeptidase-like protein in neurons. Neuroscience 2013; 242:128-39. [PMID: 23485813 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The biochemical properties and subcellular localization of prolyl endopeptidase (PREP) in brain are well characterized and its implications in the realization of cognitive processes and in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders are a matter of intensive investigation. In contrast, very little is known about its homolog, the PREP-like protein (PREPL). In order to obtain initial hints about the involvement of PREPL in physiological processes, a differential proteomic screen was performed with human skin fibroblasts from controls and patients with PREPL deficiency (hypotonia-cystinuria syndrome). The majority of affected proteins represented cytoskeletal proteins, including caldesmon, tropomyosin α3 chain, lamin A, β-actin, γ-actin, vimentin and zyxin. Therefore, the analysis of PREPL subcellular localization by confocal laser scanning and electron microscopy in mouse neurons was focused on the cytoskeleton. The co-localization of PREPL with cytoskeletal marker proteins such as β-actin and microtubulin-associated protein-2 was observed, in addition to the presence of PREPL within Golgi apparatus and growth cones. In the mouse brain, PREPL is neuronally expressed and highly abundant in neocortex, substantia nigra and locus coeruleus. This mirrors to some extent the distribution pattern of PREP and points toward redundant functions of both proteins. In the human neocortex, PREPL immunostaining was found in the cytoplasm and in neuropil, in particular of layer V pyramidal neurons. This staining was reduced in the neocortex of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Moreover, in AD brains, PREPL immunoreactivity was observed in the nucleus and in varicose neuritic processes. Our data indicate physiological functions of PREPL associated with the cytoskeleton, which may be affected under conditions of cytoskeletal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Morawski
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, 04109 Leipzig, Jahnallee 59, Germany
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Alsaif M, Haenisch F, Guest PC, Rahmoune H, Bahn S. Challenges in drug target discovery in bipolar disorder. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:565-77. [PMID: 23419165 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.771169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Misdiagnosis and subsequent inappropriate treatment of patients with bipolar disorder (BD) can worsen their clinical condition and outcome. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the therapeutic targets which have been implicated in BD, including the glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) and phosphoinositide signaling pathways. In addition, evidence is presented for potential new molecular strategies which involve targeting neuropeptide-converting endopeptidases, glutamatergic excitotoxicity, insulin signaling and dysfunctions in mitochondrial metabolism. Current limitations in study design, molecular platforms, preclinical and cellular models in the context of BD drug target discovery, suggest that there are many areas for improvement. EXPERT OPINION For the future outlook, this review outlines the importance of developments such as the use of BD patient-derived cellular models for providing better understanding of the BD etiology and robust translational drug screening tools in combination with developments in the fields of bioinformatics and systems biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murtada Alsaif
- University of Cambridge, Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QT, Cambridgeshire, UK
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The loops facing the active site of prolyl oligopeptidase are crucial components in substrate gating and specificity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:98-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Van der Veken P, Fülöp V, Rea D, Gerard M, Van Elzen R, Joossens J, Cheng JD, Baekelandt V, De Meester I, Lambeir AM, Augustyns K. P2-substituted N-acylprolylpyrrolidine inhibitors of prolyl oligopeptidase: biochemical evaluation, binding mode determination, and assessment in a cellular model of synucleinopathy. J Med Chem 2012; 55:9856-67. [PMID: 23121075 DOI: 10.1021/jm301060g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the effect of regiospecifically introducing substituents in the P2 part of the typical dipeptide derived basic structure of PREP inhibitors. This hitherto unexplored modification type can be used to improve target affinity, selectivity, and physicochemical parameters in drug discovery programs focusing on PREP inhibitors. Biochemical evaluation of the produced inhibitors identified several substituent types that significantly increase target affinity, thereby reducing the need for an electrophilic "warhead" functionality. Pronounced PREP specificity within the group of Clan SC proteases was generally observed. Omission of the P1 electrophilic function did not affect the overall binding mode of three representative compounds, as studied by X-ray crystallography, while the P2 substituents were demonstrated to be accommodated in a cavity of PREP that, to date, has not been probed by inhibitors. Finally, we report on results of selected inhibitors in a SH-SY5Y cellular model of synucleinopathy and demonstrate a significant antiaggregation effect on α-synuclein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Van der Veken
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
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D'Agostino G, Kim JD, Liu ZW, Jeong JK, Suyama S, Calignano A, Gao XB, Schwartz M, Diano S. Prolyl endopeptidase-deficient mice have reduced synaptic spine density in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, impaired LTP, and spatial learning and memory. Cereb Cortex 2012; 23:2007-14. [PMID: 22767632 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolyl endopeptidase (PREP) is a phylogenetically conserved serine protease and, in humans and rodents, is highly expressed in the brain. Several neuropeptides associated with learning and memory and neurodegenerative disorders have been proposed to be the substrates for PREP, suggesting a possible role for PREP in these processes. However, its physiological function remains elusive. Combining genetic, anatomical, electrophysiological, and behavioral approaches, we show that PREP genetrap mice have decreased synaptic spine density in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, reduced hippocampal long-term potentiation, impaired hippocampal-mediated learning and memory, and reduced growth-associated protein-43 levels when compared with wild-type controls. These observations reveal a role for PREP in mediating hippocampal plasticity and spatial memory formation, with implications for its pharmacological manipulation in diseases related to cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe D'Agostino
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Myöhänen TT, Pyykkö E, Männistö PT, Carpen O. Distribution of prolyl oligopeptidase in human peripheral tissues and in ovarian and colorectal tumors. J Histochem Cytochem 2012; 60:706-15. [PMID: 22740343 DOI: 10.1369/0022155412453051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) is a serine protease that hydrolyzes peptides shorter than 30-mer, and it has been connected with multiple physiological and pathological conditions. PREP has been mostly studied in the brain, but significant PREP activities have been measured in peripheral tissues. Moreover, increased PREP activities have been found in tumors. In this study, the authors studied the immunohistochemical distribution of PREP protein in human peripheral tissues and in ovarian and colorectal tumors. PREP was found to be widely distributed in human peripheral tissues and specifically in certain cells. The most intense PREP expression was seen in the testis, ovaries, liver, and some parts of the skin. At the cellular level, high PREP levels were seen as a rule in secreting epithelial cells and cells involved in reproduction. Increased PREP expression was seen in most of the tumors studied. PREP expression was higher in malignant than benign tumors, and in ovarian epithelial cancers, there was a trend for increased PREP staining with increased malignancy grade. Results suggest that PREP may be associated with secretory processes as well as in reproduction. A more abundant expression of PREP in malignant than benign tumors suggests that PREP may be associated with expansion and metastasis of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo T Myöhänen
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Effect of Imipramine and Prolyl Endopeptidase Inhibitor Benzyloxycarbonyl-Methionyl-2(S)-Cyanopyrrolidine on Activity of Proline-Specific Peptidases in the Brain of Rats with Experimental Anxious-Depressive Syndrome. Bull Exp Biol Med 2012; 152:409-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-012-1540-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Klimaviciusa L, Jain RK, Jaako K, Van Elzen R, Gerard M, van Der Veken P, Lambeir AM, Zharkovsky A. In situ prolyl oligopeptidase activity assay in neural cell cultures. J Neurosci Methods 2012; 204:104-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Harwood AJ. Prolyl oligopeptidase, inositol phosphate signalling and lithium sensitivity. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2012; 10:333-9. [PMID: 21222625 PMCID: PMC3267164 DOI: 10.2174/187152711794653779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of prolyl oligopeptidase (PO) elevates inositol phosphate (IP) signalling and reduces cell sensitivity to lithium (Li+). This review discusses recent evidence that shows PO acts via the multiple inositol polyphosphate phosphatase (MIPP) to regulate gene expression. As a consequence, PO inhibition causes both a transient, rapid increase in I(1,4,5)P3 and a long-term elevation of IP signalling. This pathway is evolutionary conserved, being present in both the social amoeba Dictyostelium and human cell systems, and has potential implications for mental health.
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Jalkanen AJ, Piepponen TP, Hakkarainen JJ, De Meester I, Lambeir AM, Forsberg MM. The effect of prolyl oligopeptidase inhibition on extracellular acetylcholine and dopamine levels in the rat striatum. Neurochem Int 2011; 60:301-9. [PMID: 22210165 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP, EC 3.4.21.26) inhibitors have potential as cognition enhancers, but the mechanism of action behind the cognitive effects remains unclear. Since acetylcholine (ACh) and dopamine (DA) are known to be associated with the regulation of cognitive processes, we investigated the effects of two PREP inhibitors on the extracellular levels of ACh and DA in the rat striatum using in vivo microdialysis. KYP-2047 and JTP-4819 were administered either as a single systemic dose (50 μmol/kg∼17 mg/kg i.p.) or directly into the striatum by retrodialysis via the microdialysis probe (12.5, 37.5 or 125 μM at 1.5 μl/min for 60 min). PREP inhibitors had no significant effect on striatal DA levels after systemic administration. JTP-4819 significantly decreased ACh levels both after systemic (by ∼25%) and intrastriatal (by ∼30-50%) administration. KYP-2047 decreased ACh levels only after intrastriatal administration by retrodialysis (by ∼40-50%) when higher drug levels were reached, indicating that higher brain drug levels are needed to modulate ACh levels than to inhibit PREP. This result does not support the earlier hypothesis that the positive cognitive effects of PREP inhibitors in rodents would be mediated through the cholinergic system. In vitro specificity studies did not reveal any obvious off-targets that could explain the observed effect of KYP-2047 and JTP-4819 on ACh levels, instead confirming the concept that these compounds have a high selectivity towards PREP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaro J Jalkanen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Schulz I, Engel C, Niestroj AJ, Zeitschel U, Menge K, Kehlen A, Meyer A, Rossner S, Demuth HU. Heteroarylketones inhibit astroglial interleukin-6 expression via a STAT3/NF-κB signaling pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:86. [PMID: 21801384 PMCID: PMC3161871 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Elevated brain levels of the pleiotropic cytokine interleukin-6, which is mainly secreted from activated local astrocytes, contribute to pathological events including neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Thus, inhibition of pathological IL-6 expression provides a rationale strategy for targeting the onset or further progression of neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and traumatic brain injury. The purpose of this study was to identify and to characterize new potent inhibitors of astrocytic IL-6 expression for further therapeutic development of novel anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective drugs. Methods Oncostatin M (OSM)-treated human glioma U343 cells were used as model for induction of astrocytic IL-6 expression. This model was characterized by immunoblotting, siRNA technique, ELISA and qRT-PCR and used to screen low molecular weight compound libraries for IL-6-lowering effects. To validate bioactive compounds identified from library screens, bacterial lipopolysaccharide was used to induce IL-6 expression in cultivated primary astrocytes and in mice in vivo. To dissect underlying molecular mechanisms, protein extracts from OSM-treated U343 cells were analyzed by phospho-specific immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry as well as by co-immunoprecipitation. Results OSM-treatment (100 ng/ml; 24 h) led to 30-fold increase of IL-6 secretion from U343 cells. The temporal profile of IL-6 mRNA induction displayed a biphasic induction pattern with peak synthesis at 1 h (6.5-fold) and 16 h (5.5-fold) post stimulation. IL-6 protein release did not show that biphasic pattern and was detected as early as 3 h post stimulation reaching a maximum at 24 h. The screen of compound libraries identified a set of heteroarylketones (HAKs) as potent inhibitors of IL-6 secretion. HAK compounds affected the second peak in IL-6 mRNA synthesis, whereas the first peak was insensitive to HAK treatment. HAK compounds also suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-6 expression in primary murine astrocytes as well as in brain and plasma samples from lipopolysaccharide-treated mice. Finally, HAK compounds were demonstrated to specifically suppress the OSM-induced phosphorylation of STAT3 at serine 727 and the physical interaction of pSTAT3S727 with p65. Conclusion Heteroarylketone compounds are potent inhibitors of IL-6 expression in vitro and in vivo and may represent a new class of potent anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Schulz
- Probiodrug AG, Weinbergweg 22, Halle/Saale, 06120, Germany
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35
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López A, Tarragó T, Giralt E. Low molecular weight inhibitors of Prolyl Oligopeptidase: a review of compounds patented from 2003 to 2010. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:1023-44. [PMID: 21539473 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.577416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prolyl Oligopeptidase (POP) is a serine peptidase that cleaves post-proline bonds in short peptides. Besides the direct hydrolytic regulation function over peptides, neuropeptides and peptide hormones, POP is probably involved in the regulation of the inositol pathway and participates in protein-protein interactions. Experimental data show that POP inhibitors have neuroprotective, anti-amnesic and cognition-enhancing properties. These compounds are considered therapeutic agents of interest for the treatment of cognitive deficits related to neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Recent findings pointed to the involvement of POP in angiogenesis, although the exact mechanism is still under study. AREAS COVERED This review comprises patents and patent applications involving POP inhibitors patented between 2003 and 2010, classified as peptidomimetics, heteroaryl ketones and alkaloids. The binding processes and the mechanisms of inhibition of these inhibitors are also discussed, together with their in vivo effects. EXPERT OPINION The major part of the repertory of POP inhibitors derived from systematical modification of the canonical compound benzyloxycarbonyl-prolyl-prolinal (ZPP). Nevertheless, only two of them have progressed into the clinical trials. One possible reason for this failure is the lack of studies concerning pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and toxicity, together with the absence of suitable animal models. Moreover, POP is still not a well-defined therapeutic target. Further studies are required for the elucidation of the biological role of POP and to validate the therapeutic action of inhibitors in cognitive processes. In contrast, the involvement of POP in protein-protein interactions together with the recent evidences in angiogenesis opens alternative approaches to the traditional active site-directed inhibitors, as well as new therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham López
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Barcelona, Spain
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Moreno-Baylach MJ, Puttonen KA, Tenorio-Laranga J, Venäläinen JI, Storvik M, Forsberg MM, García-Horsman JA. Prolyl endopeptidase is involved in cellular signalling in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Neurosignals 2011; 19:97-109. [PMID: 21487212 DOI: 10.1159/000326342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolyl endopeptidase (PREP), probably acting through the inositol cycle, has been implicated in memory and learning. However, the physiological role of PREP is unknown. It has been shown that PREP expression, regulated in cerebellar granule cells, has probably a role in cell proliferation and differentiation. Here, we report the levels and subcellular distribution of PREP in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells in proliferating conditions and under differentiation induced by retinoic acid (RA). We analysed the levels of cell signalling intermediates, growth behavior and gene expression, and differentiation morphology changes, upon PREP inhibition. After induction of differentiation, PREP activity was found decreased in the nucleus but increased to high levels in the cytoplasm, due in part to increased PREP transcription. The levels of inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate revealed no correlation with PREP activity, but phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 were decreased by PREP inhibition during early stages of differentiation. Morphological evaluation indicated that PREP inhibition retarded the onset of differentiation. PREP activity regulated gene expression of protein synthesis machinery, intracellular transport and kinase complexes. We conclude that PREP is a regulatory target and a regulatory element in cell signalling. This is the first report of a direct influence of a cell signalling molecule, RA, on PREP expression.
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Ludtmann MHR, Boeckeler K, Williams RSB. Molecular pharmacology in a simple model system: implicating MAP kinase and phosphoinositide signalling in bipolar disorder. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2010; 22:105-13. [PMID: 21093602 PMCID: PMC3032892 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of drug action has been the primary focus for pharmacological researchers, traditionally using rodent models. However, non-sentient model systems are now increasingly being used as an alternative approach to better understand drug action or targets. One of these model systems, the social amoeba Dictyostelium, enables the rapid ablation or over-expression of genes, and the subsequent use of isogenic cell culture for the analysis of cell signalling pathways in pharmacological research. The model also supports an increasingly important ethical view of research, involving the reduction, replacement and refinement of animals in biomedical research. This review outlines the use of Dictyostelium in understanding the pharmacological action of two commonly used bipolar disorder treatments (valproic acid and lithium). Both of these compounds regulate mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase and inositol phospholipid-based signalling by unknown means. Analysis of the molecular pathways targeted by these drugs in Dictyostelium and translation of discoveries to animal systems has helped to further understand the molecular mechanisms of these bipolar disorder treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe H R Ludtmann
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
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38
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King J, Keim M, Teo R, Weening KE, Kapur M, McQuillan K, Ryves J, Rogers B, Dalton E, Williams RSB, Harwood AJ. Genetic control of lithium sensitivity and regulation of inositol biosynthetic genes. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11151. [PMID: 20567601 PMCID: PMC2887444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium (Li(+)) is a common treatment for bipolar mood disorder, a major psychiatric illness with a lifetime prevalence of more than 1%. Risk of bipolar disorder is heavily influenced by genetic predisposition, but is a complex genetic trait and, to date, genetic studies have provided little insight into its molecular origins. An alternative approach is to investigate the genetics of Li(+) sensitivity. Using the social amoeba Dictyostelium, we previously identified prolyl oligopeptidase (PO) as a modulator of Li(+) sensitivity. In a link to the clinic, PO enzyme activity is altered in bipolar disorder patients. Further studies demonstrated that PO is a negative regulator of inositol(1,4,5)trisphosphate (IP(3)) synthesis, a Li(+) sensitive intracellular signal. However, it was unclear how PO could influence either Li(+) sensitivity or risk of bipolar disorder. Here we show that in both Dictyostelium and cultured human cells PO acts via Multiple Inositol Polyphosphate Phosphatase (Mipp1) to control gene expression. This reveals a novel, gene regulatory network that modulates inositol metabolism and Li(+) sensitivity. Among its targets is the inositol monophosphatase gene IMPA2, which has also been associated with risk of bipolar disorder in some family studies, and our observations offer a cellular signalling pathway in which PO activity and IMPA2 gene expression converge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason King
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie Keim
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Regina Teo
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Karin E. Weening
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mridu Kapur
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Karina McQuillan
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Ryves
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Rogers
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Dalton
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Robin S. B. Williams
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian J. Harwood
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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39
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Lawandi J, Gerber-Lemaire S, Juillerat-Jeanneret L, Moitessier N. Inhibitors of prolyl oligopeptidases for the therapy of human diseases: defining diseases and inhibitors. J Med Chem 2010; 53:3423-38. [PMID: 20058865 DOI: 10.1021/jm901104g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janice Lawandi
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2K6, Canada
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40
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Kichik N, Tarragó T, Giralt E. Simultaneous 19F NMR Screening of Prolyl Oligopeptidase and Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitors. Chembiochem 2010; 11:1115-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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41
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Increased prolyl endopeptidase activity in human neoplasia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 163:102-6. [PMID: 20362629 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Prolyl endopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26) (PEP) is a serine peptidase that converts several biologically active peptides. This enzyme has been linked to several neurological, digestive, cardiovascular and infectous disorders. However, little is known about its involvement in neoplastic processes. This study analyzes fluorimetrically cytosolic and membrane-bound PEP activity in a large series (n=122) of normal and neoplastic tissues from the kidney, colon, oral cavity, larynx, thyroid gland and testis. Cytosolic PEP activity significantly increased in clear cell renal cell carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Both cytosolic and membrane-bound PEP activity were also increased in colorectal adenomatous polyps. These data suggest the involvement of PEP in some mechanisms that underlie neoplastic processes.
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Agirregoitia N, Bizet P, Agirregoitia E, Boutelet I, Peralta L, Vaudry H, Jégou S. Prolyl endopeptidase mRNA expression in the central nervous system during rat development. J Chem Neuroanat 2010; 40:53-62. [PMID: 20304043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Prolyl endopeptidase (PEP) is a serine protease that cleaves small peptides at the carboxyl side of L-proline. PEP has been reported to have important functions in the brain being implicated in learning and memory processes, psychological disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Several PEP substrates have been shown to play a role during brain development and this observation led us to investigate the expression of PEP mRNA in the rat brain and spinal cord, from embryo to adult stages. In situ hybridization revealed that PEP mRNA is expressed early, from embryonic day 15, notably in germinative areas including the neocortical, hippocampal, pallidal, thalamic, anterior hypothalamic, tectal, cerebellar, pontine and medullary neuroepithelia. PEP mRNA was also found in the differentiating fields of the olfactory bulb, the orbital and cingulate cortex, the hippocampal formation, the cortical plate and the subventricular zone of the cortex. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis in various brain areas and the spinal cord showed that PEP mRNA levels are more abundant during the perinatal stages, coinciding with a period of neuronal migration and differentiation. From then on, PEP mRNA expression decreased, reaching its lowest levels at adulthood. Overall, the present data support the possibility that PEP exerts specific functions related to neurodevelopment besides those proposed to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Agirregoitia
- INSERM U413/U982, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
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43
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Sabidó E, Tarragó T, Niessen S, Cravatt BF, Giralt E. Activity-based probes for monitoring postproline protease activity. Chembiochem 2010; 10:2361-6. [PMID: 19688784 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Postproline proteases constitute a subset of serine proteases involved in the regulation of many signaling events and are emerging as promising therapeutic targets for prevalent diseases, such as diabetes and cancer. Therefore, monitoring their activity in different tissues and diverse physiological states would certainly facilitate the elucidation of their physiological role and the establishment of new therapeutic targets. Here, we have synthesized a dipeptidyl phosphonate activity-based probe that has proved to be highly selective for a specific postproline protease, prolyl oligopeptidase (POP). Its high sensitivity allows the detection of the endogenous activity of POP both by in-gel analysis and mass spectrometry. The evidence provided by mass spectrometry for the high selectivity of the synthesized probe opens the possibility of using dipeptidyl phosphonates not only for activity-based profiling (ABP), but also for other ABP applications like substrate-based protease identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Sabidó
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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44
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Peltonen I, Jalkanen AJ, Sinervä V, Puttonen KA, Männistö PT. Different effects of scopolamine and inhibition of prolyl oligopeptidase on mnemonic and motility functions of young and 8- to 9-month-old rats in the radial-arm maze. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2009; 106:280-7. [PMID: 20041878 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00484.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) has been connected to memory and mood through regulation of the brain levels of its biologically active peptide substrates and phosphatidylinositol system. This is the first study in a radial-arm maze of the effects of a single dose of a novel potent prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitor, KYP-2047 (5 mg/kg, dissolved in 5% Tween 80), on memory and learning of scopolamine-treated (0.4 mg/kg, dissolved in saline) rats. Habituated (days 1 and 2) and trained (days 3-11) young (3 months) and old (8-9 months) male Wistar rats were given (i) saline + Tween, (ii) saline + KYP-2047, (iii) scopolamine + Tween or (iv) scopolamine + KYP-2047 30 min. prior to testing their memory. Food rewards located in four randomly chosen arms of the maze. The rat had 10 min. to find and eat the rewards. Time spent in the maze, visits to each arm and number of eaten rewards were measured. Old rats made generally more errors, spent more time and visited fewer arms per minute in the maze than young rats. The memory- and function-impairing effects of scopolamine were also seen more clearly in old than young rats. KYP-2047 had no or only a marginal effect on memory of either age group, but when given without scopolamine, it slightly increased the maze motility of young rats and decreased the motility of old rats. In a separate locomotor activity test, KYP-2047 enhanced the motility of young rats supporting a suggested role of POP in motor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iida Peltonen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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45
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A new side opening on prolyl oligopeptidase revealed by electron microscopy. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:3344-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and inositol depletion as a cellular target of mood stabilizers. Biochem Soc Trans 2009; 37:1110-4. [DOI: 10.1042/bst0371110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lithium (Li+) is the mood stabilizer most frequently used in the treatment of bipolar mood disorder; however, its therapeutic mechanism is unknown. In the 1980s, Berridge and colleagues proposed that Li+ treatment acts via inhibition of IMPase (inositol monophosphatase) to deplete the cellular concentration of myo-inositol. Inositol depletion is also seen with the alternative mood stabilizers VPA (valproic acid) and CBZ (carbamazepine), suggesting a common therapeutic action. All three drugs cause changes in neuronal cell morphology and cell chemotaxis; however, it is unclear how reduced cellular inositol modulates these changes in cell behaviour. It is often assumed that reduced inositol suppresses Ins(1,4,5)P3, a major intracellular signal molecule, but there are other important phosphoinostide-based signal molecules in the cell. In the present paper, we discuss evidence that Li+ has a substantial effect on PtdIns(3,4,5)P3, an important signal molecule within the nervous system. As seen for Ins(1,4,5)P3 signalling, suppression of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 signalling also occurs via an inositol-depletion mechanism. This has implications for the cellular mechanisms controlling phosphoinositide signalling, and offers insight into the genetics underlying risk of bipolar mood disorder.
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47
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Myöhänen TT, García-Horsman JA, Tenorio-Laranga J, Männistö PT. Issues about the physiological functions of prolyl oligopeptidase based on its discordant spatial association with substrates and inconsistencies among mRNA, protein levels, and enzymatic activity. J Histochem Cytochem 2009; 57:831-48. [PMID: 19687473 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2009.953711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) is a serine endopeptidase that hydrolyses proline-containing peptides shorter than 30 amino acids. POP may be associated with cognitive functions, possibly via the cleavage of neuropeptides. Recent studies have also suggested novel non-hydrolytic and non-catalytic functions for POP. Moreover, POP has also been proposed as a regulator of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate signaling and several other functions such as cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as signal transduction in the central nervous system, and it is suspected to be involved in pathological conditions such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases and cancer. POP inhibitors have been developed to restore the depleted neuropeptide levels encountered in aging or in neurodegenerative disorders. These compounds have shown some antiamnesic effects in animal models. However, the mechanisms of these hypothesized actions are still far from clear. Moreover, the physiological role of POP has remained unknown, and a lack of basic studies, including its distribution, is obvious. The aim of this review is to gather information about POP and to propose some novel roles for this enzyme based on its distribution and its discordant spatial association with its best known substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo T Myöhänen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kuopio, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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48
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Sabidó E, Tarragó T, Giralt E. Using peptidyl aldehydes in activity-based proteomics. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:3752-5. [PMID: 19477641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.04.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The broad inhibitory spectrum of aldehydes and the possibility that amino acid residues modulate their specificity point to the potential of using peptidyl aldehydes as activity-based probes. Here, we establish the potential of peptidyl aldehydes in activity-based proteomics by synthesizing different probes and using them to specifically label a well-known serine protease in an activity-dependent manner. From our results, peptidyl aldehydes emerge as promising activity-based probes that enable multiple enzymatic-class detection by substrate recognition and can be used in diverse activity-based proteomics applications like protein identification and activity profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Sabidó
- Universitat de Barcelona, Departament de Química Orgànica, Barcelona, Spain
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49
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Di Daniel E, Glover CP, Grot E, Chan MK, Sanderson TH, White JH, Ellis CL, Gallagher KT, Uney J, Thomas J, Maycox PR, Mudge AW. Prolyl oligopeptidase binds to GAP-43 and functions without its peptidase activity. Mol Cell Neurosci 2009; 41:373-82. [PMID: 19332125 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of the enzyme prolyl oligopeptidase (PO) improve performance in rodent learning and memory tasks. PO inhibitors are also implicated in the action of drugs used to treat bipolar disorder: they reverse the effects of three mood stabilizers on the dynamic behaviour of neuronal growth cones. PO cleaves prolyl bonds in short peptides, suggesting that neuropeptides might be its brain substrates. PO is located in the cytosol, however, where it would not contact neuropeptides. Here, we show that mice with a targeted PO null-mutation have altered growth cone dynamics. The wild-type phenotype is restored by PO cDNAs encoding either native or a catalytically-dead enzyme. In addition, we show that PO binds to the growth-associated protein GAP-43, which is a key regulator of synaptic plasticity. Taken together, our results show that peptidase activity is not required for PO function in neurons and suggest that PO instead acts by binding to cytosolic proteins that control growth cone and synaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Di Daniel
- Psychiatry Discovery Technology Group, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Harlow, Essex, UK
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50
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Kánai K, Arányi P, Böcskei Z, Ferenczy G, Harmat V, Simon K, Bátori S, Náray-Szabó G, Hermecz I. Prolyl Oligopeptidase Inhibition by N-Acyl-pro-pyrrolidine-type Molecules. J Med Chem 2008; 51:7514-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800944x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Károly Kánai
- CHINOIN, Ltd, H-1045 Budapest, Tó u. 1-5, Hungary, Protein Modeling Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Pázmány Péter u. 1a, Hungary, and Co-operation Research Center for Molecular Design, Semmelweis University, H-1062 Budapest, Rippl-Rónai u. 37, Hungary
| | - Péter Arányi
- CHINOIN, Ltd, H-1045 Budapest, Tó u. 1-5, Hungary, Protein Modeling Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Pázmány Péter u. 1a, Hungary, and Co-operation Research Center for Molecular Design, Semmelweis University, H-1062 Budapest, Rippl-Rónai u. 37, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Böcskei
- CHINOIN, Ltd, H-1045 Budapest, Tó u. 1-5, Hungary, Protein Modeling Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Pázmány Péter u. 1a, Hungary, and Co-operation Research Center for Molecular Design, Semmelweis University, H-1062 Budapest, Rippl-Rónai u. 37, Hungary
| | - György Ferenczy
- CHINOIN, Ltd, H-1045 Budapest, Tó u. 1-5, Hungary, Protein Modeling Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Pázmány Péter u. 1a, Hungary, and Co-operation Research Center for Molecular Design, Semmelweis University, H-1062 Budapest, Rippl-Rónai u. 37, Hungary
| | - Veronika Harmat
- CHINOIN, Ltd, H-1045 Budapest, Tó u. 1-5, Hungary, Protein Modeling Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Pázmány Péter u. 1a, Hungary, and Co-operation Research Center for Molecular Design, Semmelweis University, H-1062 Budapest, Rippl-Rónai u. 37, Hungary
| | - Kálmán Simon
- CHINOIN, Ltd, H-1045 Budapest, Tó u. 1-5, Hungary, Protein Modeling Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Pázmány Péter u. 1a, Hungary, and Co-operation Research Center for Molecular Design, Semmelweis University, H-1062 Budapest, Rippl-Rónai u. 37, Hungary
| | - Sándor Bátori
- CHINOIN, Ltd, H-1045 Budapest, Tó u. 1-5, Hungary, Protein Modeling Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Pázmány Péter u. 1a, Hungary, and Co-operation Research Center for Molecular Design, Semmelweis University, H-1062 Budapest, Rippl-Rónai u. 37, Hungary
| | - Gábor Náray-Szabó
- CHINOIN, Ltd, H-1045 Budapest, Tó u. 1-5, Hungary, Protein Modeling Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Pázmány Péter u. 1a, Hungary, and Co-operation Research Center for Molecular Design, Semmelweis University, H-1062 Budapest, Rippl-Rónai u. 37, Hungary
| | - István Hermecz
- CHINOIN, Ltd, H-1045 Budapest, Tó u. 1-5, Hungary, Protein Modeling Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Pázmány Péter u. 1a, Hungary, and Co-operation Research Center for Molecular Design, Semmelweis University, H-1062 Budapest, Rippl-Rónai u. 37, Hungary
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