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Sarb OF, Sarb AD, Iacobescu M, Vlad IM, Milaciu MV, Ciurmarnean L, Vacaras V, Tantau AI. From Gut to Brain: Uncovering Potential Serum Biomarkers Connecting Inflammatory Bowel Diseases to Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5676. [PMID: 38891863 PMCID: PMC11171869 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are characterized by chronic gastrointestinal inflammation due to abnormal immune responses to gut microflora. The gut-brain axis is disrupted in IBDs, leading to neurobiological imbalances and affective symptoms. Systemic inflammation in IBDs affects the brain's inflammatory response system, hormonal axis, and blood-brain barrier integrity, influencing the gut microbiota. This review aims to explore the association between dysregulations in the gut-brain axis, serum biomarkers, and the development of cognitive disorders. Studies suggest a potential association between IBDs and the development of neurodegeneration. The mechanisms include systemic inflammation, nutritional deficiency, GBA dysfunction, and the effect of genetics and comorbidities. The objective is to identify potential correlations and propose future research directions to understand the impact of altered microbiomes and intestinal barrier functions on neurodegeneration. Serum levels of vitamins, inflammatory and neuronal damage biomarkers, and neuronal growth factors have been investigated for their potential to predict the development of neurodegenerative diseases, but current results are inconclusive and require more studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliviu-Florentiu Sarb
- Department of Neuroscience, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.-F.S.); (I.-M.V.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, 4th Medical Clinic, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.-V.M.); (L.C.); (A.-I.T.)
| | - Adriana-Daniela Sarb
- Department of Internal Medicine, Heart Institute, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Maria Iacobescu
- Department of Proteomics and Metabolomics, MEDFUTURE Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Irina-Maria Vlad
- Department of Neuroscience, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.-F.S.); (I.-M.V.)
| | - Mircea-Vasile Milaciu
- Department of Internal Medicine, 4th Medical Clinic, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.-V.M.); (L.C.); (A.-I.T.)
| | - Lorena Ciurmarnean
- Department of Internal Medicine, 4th Medical Clinic, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.-V.M.); (L.C.); (A.-I.T.)
| | - Vitalie Vacaras
- Department of Neuroscience, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.-F.S.); (I.-M.V.)
| | - Alina-Ioana Tantau
- Department of Internal Medicine, 4th Medical Clinic, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.-V.M.); (L.C.); (A.-I.T.)
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Garbers C, Lokau J. Cytokines of the interleukin-6 family as emerging targets in inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2024; 28:57-65. [PMID: 38217849 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2024.2306341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an umbrella term that includes different chronic inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, most commonly Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. IBD affects more than 6 million people worldwide and constitutes not only a debilitating disease for the patients, but also a significant factor for society due to costs for health care and reduced working capacity. Despite the introduction of biologicals for the treatment of IBD, the identification of novel targets that could lead to novel therapeutics is still needed. AREAS COVERED In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the interleukin-6 family of cytokines as potential therapeutic targets for improving the therapy of patients with IBD. We discuss cytokines like IL-6 itself for which therapeutics such as inhibitory monoclonal antibodies have already entered the clinics, but also focus on other family members whose therapeutic potential has not been explored yet. EXPERT OPINION The different cytokines of the IL-6 family offer multiple therapeutic targets that can potentially be used to treat patients with inflammatory bowel disease, but unwanted side effects like inhibition of epithelial regeneration have to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Garbers
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Juliane Lokau
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Mami W, Znaidi-Marzouki S, Doghri R, Ben Ahmed M, Znaidi S, Messadi E. Inflammatory Bowel Disease Increases the Severity of Myocardial Infarction after Acute Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Mice. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2945. [PMID: 38001946 PMCID: PMC10669621 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Increased risk of myocardial infarction (MI) has been linked to several inflammatory conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the relationship between IBD and MI remains unclear. Here, we implemented an original mouse model combining IBD and MI to determine IBD's impact on MI severity and the link between the two diseases. (2) Methods: An IBD model was established by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) administration in drinking water, alone or with oral C. albicans (Ca) gavage. IBD severity was assessed by clinical/histological scores and intestinal/systemic inflammatory biomarker measurement. Mice were subjected to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR), and MI severity was assessed by quantifying infarct size (IS) and serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) levels. (3) Results: IBD mice exhibited elevated fecal lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) and IL-6 levels. DSS mice exhibited almost two-fold increase in IS compared to controls, with serum cTnI levels strongly correlated with IS. Ca inoculation tended to worsen DSS-induced systemic inflammation and IR injury, an observation which is not statistically significant. (4) Conclusions: This is the first proof-of-concept study demonstrating the impact of IBD on MI severity and suggesting mechanistic aspects involved in the IBD-MI connection. Our findings could pave the way for MI therapeutic approaches based on identified IBD-induced inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Mami
- Plateforme de Physiologie et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaires (P2C), Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Venins et Applications Théranostiques (LR20IPT01), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia;
| | - Soumaya Znaidi-Marzouki
- Laboratoire de Transmission, Contrôle et Immunobiologie des Infections (LR16IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia; (S.Z.-M.); (M.B.A.)
| | - Raoudha Doghri
- Département d’Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Institut Salah-Azaeiz, Université El-Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia;
| | - Melika Ben Ahmed
- Laboratoire de Transmission, Contrôle et Immunobiologie des Infections (LR16IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia; (S.Z.-M.); (M.B.A.)
| | - Sadri Znaidi
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Moléculaire, Vaccinologie et Développement Biotechnologique (LR16IPT01), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia;
- Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Département Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, INRA, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Erij Messadi
- Plateforme de Physiologie et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaires (P2C), Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Venins et Applications Théranostiques (LR20IPT01), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia;
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Blake MK, O'Connell P, Pepelyayeva Y, Godbehere S, Aldhamen YA, Amalfitano A. ERAP1 is a critical regulator of inflammasome-mediated proinflammatory and ER stress responses. BMC Immunol 2022; 23:9. [PMID: 35246034 PMCID: PMC8895631 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-022-00481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In addition to its role in antigen presentation, recent reports establish a new role for endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) in innate immunity; however, the mechanisms underlying these functions are not fully defined. We previously confirmed that loss of ERAP1 functions resulted in exaggerated innate immune responses in a murine in vivo model. Here, we investigated the role of ERAP1 in suppressing inflammasome pathways and their dependence on ER stress responses. Results Using bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), we found that loss of ERAP1 in macrophages resulted in exaggerated production of IL-1β and IL-18 and augmented caspase-1 activity, relative to wild type macrophages. Moreover, an in vivo colitis model utilizing dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) confirmed increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the colon of DSS treated ERAP1−/− mice as compared to identically stimulated WT mice. Interestingly, stimulated ERAP1−/− BMDMs and CD4+ T cells simultaneously demonstrated exaggerated ER stress, assessed by increased expression of ER stress-associated genes, a state that could be reverted to WT levels with use of the ER stress inhibitor Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA). Conclusions Together, these results not only suggest that ERAP1 is important for regulating inflammasome dependent innate immune response pathways in vivo, but also propose a mechanism that underlies these changes, that may be associated with increased ER stress due to lack of normal ERAP1 functions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12865-022-00481-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja K Blake
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Patrick O'Connell
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Yuliya Pepelyayeva
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Sarah Godbehere
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Yasser A Aldhamen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Andrea Amalfitano
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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5
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New insights into IL-6 family cytokines in metabolism, hepatology and gastroenterology. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 18:787-803. [PMID: 34211157 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-021-00473-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IL-6 family cytokines are defined by the common use of the signal-transducing receptor chain glycoprotein 130 (gp130). Increasing evidence indicates that these cytokines are essential in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis as well as in the pathophysiology of multiple gastrointestinal and liver disorders, thus making them attractive therapeutic targets. Over the past few years, therapies modulating gp130 signalling have grown exponentially in several clinical settings including obesity, cancer and inflammatory bowel disease. A newly engineered gp130 cytokine, IC7Fc, has shown promising preclinical results for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, obesity and liver steatosis. Moreover, drugs that modulate gp130 signalling have shown promise in refractory inflammatory bowel disease in clinical trials. A deeper understanding of the main roles of the IL-6 family of cytokines during homeostatic and pathological conditions, their signalling pathways, sources of production and target cells will be crucial to the development of improved treatments. Here, we review the current state of the role of these cytokines in hepatology and gastroenterology and discuss the progress achieved in translating therapeutics targeting gp130 signalling into clinical practice.
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Datsi A, Steinhoff M, Ahmad F, Alam M, Buddenkotte J. Interleukin-31: The "itchy" cytokine in inflammation and therapy. Allergy 2021; 76:2982-2997. [PMID: 33629401 DOI: 10.1111/all.14791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine interleukin-31 has been implicated in the pathophysiology of multiple atopic disorders such as atopic dermatitis (AD), allergic rhinitis, and airway hyper-reactivity. In AD, IL-31 has been identified as one of the main "drivers" of its cardinal symptom, pruritus. Here, we summarize the mechanisms by which IL-31 modulates inflammatory and allergic diseases. TH 2 cells play a central role in AD and release high levels of TH 2-associated cytokines including IL-31, thereby mediating inflammatory responses, initiating immunoregulatory circuits, stimulating itch, and neuronal outgrowth through activation of the heterodimeric receptor IL-31 receptor A (IL31RA)/Oncostatin M receptor (OSMRβ). IL31RA expression is found on human and murine dorsal root ganglia neurons, epithelial cells including keratinocytes and various innate immune cells. IL-31 is a critical cytokine involved in neuroimmune communication, which opens new avenues for cytokine modulation in neuroinflammatory diseases including AD/pruritus, as validated by recent clinical trials using an anti-IL-31 antibody. Accordingly, inhibition of IL-31-downstream signaling may be a beneficial approach for various inflammatory diseases including prurigo. However, as to whether downstream JAK inhibitors directly block IL-31-mediated-signaling needs to be clarified. Targeting the IL-31/IL31RA/OSMRβ axis appears to be a promising approach for inflammatory, neuroinflammatory, and pruritic disorders in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Datsi
- Institute for Transplantational Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics University Hospital Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Martin Steinhoff
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
- Translational Research InstituteAcademic Health SystemHamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
- Dermatology Institute Academic Health SystemHamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
- Department of Dermatology Weill Cornell Medicine‐Qatar Doha Qatar
- Qatar UniversityCollege of Medicine Doha Qatar
| | - Fareed Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
- Translational Research InstituteAcademic Health SystemHamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
- Dermatology Institute Academic Health SystemHamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
| | - Majid Alam
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
- Translational Research InstituteAcademic Health SystemHamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
- Dermatology Institute Academic Health SystemHamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
| | - Joerg Buddenkotte
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
- Translational Research InstituteAcademic Health SystemHamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
- Dermatology Institute Academic Health SystemHamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
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7
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Ali FEM, M Elfiky M, Fadda WA, Ali HS, Mahmoud AR, Mohammedsaleh ZM, Abd-Elhamid TH. Regulation of IL-6/STAT-3/Wnt axis by nifuroxazide dampens colon ulcer in acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis model: Novel mechanistic insight. Life Sci 2021; 276:119433. [PMID: 33794250 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a common intestinal problem characterized by the diffusion of colon inflammation and immunity dysregulation. Nifuroxazide, a potent STAT-3 inhibitor, exhibits diverse pharmacological properties. The present study aimed to elucidate a novel anti-colitis mechanism of nifuroxazide against the acetic acid-induced UC model. METHODS Rats were grouped into control (received vehicle), UC (2 ml of 5% acetic acid by intrarectal infusion), UC plus sulfasalazine (100 mg/kg/day, P.O.), UC plus nifuroxazide (25 mg/kg/day, P.O.), and UC plus nifuroxazide (50 mg/kg/day, P.O.) and lasted for 6 days. RESULTS The present study revealed that nifuroxazide significantly reduced UC measures, hematological changes, and histological alteration. In addition, treatment with nifuroxazide significantly down-regulated serum CRP as well as the colonic expressions of MPO, IL-6, TNF-α, TLR-4, NF-κB-p65, JAK1, STAT-3, DKK1 in a dose-dependent manner. Besides, our results showed that the colonic Wnt expression was up-regulated with nifuroxazide treatment. In a dose-dependent manner, nifuroxazide markedly alleviated acetic acid-induced cellular infiltration and improved ulcer healing by increasing intestinal epithelial cell regeneration. SIGNIFICANCE Our results collectively indicate that nifuroxazide is an effective anti-colitis agent through regulation of colon inflammation and proliferation via modulation IL-6/STAT-3/Wnt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fares E M Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed M Elfiky
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin ElKoum-Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Walaa A Fadda
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin ElKoum-Menoufia, Egypt; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Howaida S Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amany Refaat Mahmoud
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zuhair M Mohammedsaleh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarek Hamdy Abd-Elhamid
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
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8
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Esnault S, Khosravi M, Kelly EA, Liu LY, Bochkov YA, Tattersall MC, Jarjour NN. Increased IL-6 and Potential IL-6 trans-signalling in the airways after an allergen challenge. Clin Exp Allergy 2021; 51:564-573. [PMID: 33471392 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In asthma, IL-6 is a potential cause of enhanced inflammation, tissue damage and airway dysfunction. IL-6 signalling is regulated by its receptor, which is composed of two proteins, IL-6R and GP130. In addition to their membrane form, these two proteins may be found as extracellular soluble forms. The interaction of IL-6 with soluble IL-6R (sIL-6R) can trigger IL-6 trans-signalling in cells lacking IL-6R. Conversely, the soluble form of GP130 (sGP130) competes with its membrane form to inhibit IL-6 trans-signalling. OBJECTIVES We aimed to analyse IL-6 trans-signalling proteins in the airways of subjects after an allergen challenge. METHODS We used a model of segmental bronchoprovocation with an allergen (SBP-Ag) in human subjects with allergy. Before and 48 h after SBP-Ag, bronchoalveolar lavages (BALs) allowed for the analysis of proteins in BAL fluids (BALFs) by ELISA, and membrane proteins on the surface of BAL cells by flow cytometry. In addition, we performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and used proteomic data to further inform on the expression of the IL-6R subunits by eosinophils, bronchial epithelial cells and lung fibroblasts. Finally, we measured the effect of IL-6 trans-signalling on bronchial fibroblasts, in vitro. RESULTS IL-6, sIL-6R, sGP130 and the molar ratio of sIL-6R/sGP130 increased in the airways after SBP-Ag, suggesting the potential for enhanced IL-6 trans-signalling activity. BAL lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils displayed IL-6R on their surface and were all possible providers of sIL-6R, whereas GP130 was highly expressed in bronchial epithelial cells and lung fibroblasts. Finally, bronchial fibroblasts activated by IL-6 trans-signalling produced enhanced amounts of the chemokine, MCP-1 (CCL2). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE After a bronchial allergen challenge, we found augmentation of the elements of IL-6 trans-signalling. Allergen-induced IL-6 trans-signalling activity can activate fibroblasts to produce chemokines that can further enhance inflammation and lung dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Esnault
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mehdi Khosravi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Kelly
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lin Ying Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yury A Bochkov
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Matthew C Tattersall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nizar N Jarjour
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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Amaro F, Chiarelli F. Growth and Puberty in Children with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8110458. [PMID: 33138015 PMCID: PMC7692295 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are gastrointestinal tract pathologies of unknown etiology; they have an alternating trend, with active and silent phases. IBD are classified in two main forms: ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). Both have chronic and recurrent course, gastrointestinal symptoms, and extraintestinal manifestations. The altered immune response role seems to be important both in UC and CD. In the majority of cases, CD begins with abdominal pain, diarrhea, decrease in appetite, and weight loss; there can be also perianal fistulas, rhagades, and perianal recurrent abscesses. In addition, retarded growth and delayed puberty can precede the development of the disease or can even be predominant at onset. Growth retardation is found in 40% of IBD patients, but the underlying mechanism of this and other extra-intestinal manifestations are partially known: the main hypotheses are represented by malnutrition and inflammatory response during the active phase of the disease. The increased level of pro-inflammatory cytokines can influence growth, but also the onset of puberty and its progression. In addition, it could be essential to clarify the role and the possible effects of all the currently used treatments concerning growth failure and delayed puberty.
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10
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Harbour SN, DiToro DF, Witte SJ, Zindl CL, Gao M, Schoeb TR, Jones GW, Jones SA, Hatton RD, Weaver CT. T H17 cells require ongoing classic IL-6 receptor signaling to retain transcriptional and functional identity. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/49/eaaw2262. [PMID: 32680955 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aaw2262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acting in concert with TGF-β, interleukin-6 (IL-6) signaling induces T helper 17 (TH17) cell development by programming TH17-related genes via signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3). A role for IL-6 signaling beyond the inductive phase of TH17 cell development has not been defined because IL-23 signaling downstream of TH17 cell induction also activates STAT3 and is thought responsible for TH17 cell maintenance. Here, we find that IL-6 signaling is required for both induction and maintenance of mouse TH17 cells; IL-6Rα-deficient TH17 cells rapidly lost their TH17 phenotype and did not cause disease in two models of colitis. Cotransfer of wild-type TH17 cells with IL-6Rα-deficient TH17 cells induced colitis but was unable to rescue phenotype loss of the latter. High IL-6 expression in the colon promoted classic, or cis, rather than transreceptor signaling that was required for maintenance of TH17 cells. Thus, ongoing classic IL-6 signaling underpins the TH17 program and is required for TH17 cell maintenance and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey N Harbour
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Daniel F DiToro
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Steven J Witte
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Carlene L Zindl
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.,Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Trenton R Schoeb
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Gareth W Jones
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, UK.,Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, UK
| | - Simon A Jones
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, UK.,Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, UK
| | - Robin D Hatton
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Casey T Weaver
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Abstract
In 1973, IL-6 was identified as a soluble factor that is secreted by T cells and is important for antibody production by B cells. Since its discovery more than 40 years ago, the IL-6 pathway has emerged as a pivotal pathway involved in immune regulation in health and dysregulation in many diseases. Targeting of the IL-6 pathway has led to innovative therapeutic approaches for various rheumatic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, adult-onset Still’s disease, giant cell arteritis and Takayasu arteritis, as well as other conditions such as Castleman disease and cytokine release syndrome. Targeting this pathway has also identified avenues for potential expansion into several other indications, such as uveitis, neuromyelitis optica and, most recently, COVID-19 pneumonia. To mark the tenth anniversary of anti-IL-6 receptor therapy worldwide, we discuss the history of research into IL-6 biology and the development of therapies that target IL-6 signalling, including the successes and challenges and with an emphasis on rheumatic diseases. In this Perspective article, the authors recount the earliest stages of translational research into IL-6 biology and the subsequent development of therapeutic IL-6 pathway inhibitors for the treatment of autoimmune rheumatic diseases and potentially numerous other indications.
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12
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Polymorphisms in IL-2 and IL-6R increase serum levels of the respective interleukins in differentiated thyroid cancer. Meta Gene 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2019.100621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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13
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The Role of Immune Cells and Cytokines in Intestinal Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20236097. [PMID: 31816903 PMCID: PMC6929186 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal wound healing is a complicated process that not only involves epithelial cells but also immune cells. In this brief review, we will focus on discussing the contribution and regulation of four major immune cell types (neutrophils, macrophages, regulatory T cells, and innate lymphoid cells) and four cytokines (interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, and interleukin-22) to the wound repair process in the gut. Better understanding of these immune factors will be important for developing novel targeted therapy.
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14
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Kou H, Fu Y, He Y, Jiang J, Gao X, Zhao H. Chronic lead exposure induces histopathological damage, microbiota dysbiosis and immune disorder in the cecum of female Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 183:109588. [PMID: 31450035 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is one of the most hazardous metals to human and wildlife and it also has multiple negative impacts on birds. However, its influences on bird gut morphology and intestinal microbiota were still unclear. We used female Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) to examine the effects of chronic lead exposure (0, 50 ppm and 1000 ppm) on cecal histology, microbial communities and immune function. The results showed 50 ppm lead exposure caused subtle damages of cecum cell structure. However, 1000 ppm lead exposure caused severe cecum histopathological changes characterized by mucosa abscission, Lieberkühn glands destruction and lymphocyte proliferation. Moreover, both lead concentrations induced ultrastructural damages featured by nucleus pyknosis, mitochondrial vacuolation and microvilli contraction. Meanwhile, microbial community structure, species diversity, taxonomic compositions and taxa abundance in the cecum were affected by lead exposure. Furthermore, the mRNA relative expression of immunity-related genes such as interleukin 2 (IL-2) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) was significantly downregulated while that of interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and natural killer kappa B (NF-κB) was significantly upregulated in the cecum of 50 and 1000 ppm lead exposure groups. We concluded that lead exposure may cause gut health impairment of female Japanese quails by inducing cecal histopathological changes, microbiota dysbiosis and cecal immune disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Kou
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yuchen Fu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yu He
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Junxia Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Xuebin Gao
- Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hongfeng Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China. ,cn
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15
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Jin H, Guo J, Liu J, Lyu B, Foreman RD, Shi Z, Yin J, Chen JDZ. Autonomically mediated anti-inflammatory effects of electrical stimulation at acupoints in a rodent model of colonic inflammation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13615. [PMID: 31117153 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acupuncture has been widely accepted for treatments of many diseases. This study was performed to determine effects and mechanisms of electroacupuncture (EA) by chronically implanted electrodes at acupoint ST36 on colonic inflammation induced by TNBS in rats. METHODS After intrarectal administration of TNBS, the rats were treated with sham-EA, EA1/EA2 (two sets of parameters) for 3 weeks. Disease activity index (DAI), macroscopic and microscopic lesions, plasma levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were observed as evaluation of inflammatory responses. The autonomic function was assessed by analysis of the heart rate variability. RESULTS (a) Vagal activity was significantly increased with both acute and chronic EA1/EA2; (b) DAI was significantly decreased with both chronic EA1 and EA2, and EA2 was more potent than EA1 (P < 0.05); (c) The macroscopic score was 6.4 ± 0.6 with sham-EA and reduced to 4.9 ± 0.1 with EA1 (P < 0.05) and 4.0 ± 0.2 with EA2 (all P < 0.05). The histological score was 4.05 ± 0.58 with sham-EA and remained unchanged (3.71 ± 0.28) with EA1 (P > 0.05) but reduced to 3.0 ± 0.3 with EA2 (P < 0.01); (d) The plasma levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were significantly decreased with EA2. CONCLUSIONS Electrical stimulation at ST36 improves colonic inflammation in TNBS-treated rats by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines via the autonomic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Jin
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Veterans Research and Education Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China.,University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jie Guo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The First Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiemin Liu
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou, Guiyang, China
| | - Bin Lyu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Robert D Foreman
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Zhaohong Shi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The First Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | - Jieyun Yin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jiande D Z Chen
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Veterans Research and Education Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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16
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Bin Dhuban K, Bartolucci S, d'Hennezel E, Piccirillo CA. Signaling Through gp130 Compromises Suppressive Function in Human FOXP3 + Regulatory T Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1532. [PMID: 31379810 PMCID: PMC6657659 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The CD4+FOXP3+ regulatory T cell (Treg) subset is an indispensable mediator of immune tolerance. While high and stable expression of the transcription factor FOXP3 is considered a hallmark feature of Treg cells, our previous studies have demonstrated that the human FOXP3+ subset is functionally heterogeneous, whereby a sizeable proportion of FOXP3+ cells in healthy individuals have a diminished capacity to suppress the proliferation and cytokine production of responder cells. Notably, these non-suppressive cells are indistinguishable from suppressive Treg cells using conventional markers of human Treg. Here we investigate potential factors that underlie loss of suppressive function in human Treg cells. We show that high expression of the IL-6 family cytokine receptor subunit gp130 identifies Treg cells with reduced suppressive capacity ex vivo and in primary FOXP3+ clones. We further show that two gp130-signaling cytokines, IL-6 and IL-27, impair the suppressive capacity of human Treg cells. Finally, we show that gp130 signaling reduces the expression of the transcription factor Helios, whose expression is essential for stable Treg function. These results highlight the role of gp130 in regulating human Treg function, and suggest that modulation of gp130 signaling may serve as a potential avenue for the therapeutic manipulation of human Treg function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Bin Dhuban
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sabrina Bartolucci
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Eva d'Hennezel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ciriaco A Piccirillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology, Montreal, QC, Canada
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17
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Bamidele AO, Svingen PA, Sagstetter MR, Sarmento OF, Gonzalez M, Braga Neto MB, Kugathasan S, Lomberk G, Urrutia RA, Faubion WA. Disruption of FOXP3-EZH2 Interaction Represents a Pathobiological Mechanism in Intestinal Inflammation. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 7:55-71. [PMID: 30510991 PMCID: PMC6260395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background & Aims Forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3)+ regulatory T cell (Treg) dysfunction is associated with autoimmune diseases; however, the mechanisms responsible for inflammatory bowel disease pathophysiology are poorly understood. Here, we tested the hypothesis that a physical interaction between transcription factor FOXP3 and the epigenetic enzyme enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is essential for gene co-repressive function. Methods Human FOXP3 mutations clinically relevant to intestinal inflammation were generated by site-directed mutagenesis. T lymphocytes were isolated from mice, human blood, and lamina propria of Crohn's disease (CD) patients and non-CD controls. We performed proximity ligation or a co-immunoprecipitation assay in FOXP3-mutant+, interleukin 6 (IL6)-treated or CD-CD4+ T cells to assess FOXP3-EZH2 protein interaction. We studied IL2 promoter activity and chromatin state of the interferon γ locus via luciferase reporter and chromatin-immunoprecipitation assays, respectively, in cells expressing FOXP3 mutants. Results EZH2 binding was abrogated by inflammatory bowel disease-associated FOXP3 cysteine 232 (C232) mutation. The C232 mutant showed impaired repression of IL2 and diminished EZH2-mediated trimethylation of histone 3 at lysine 27 on interferon γ, indicative of compromised Treg physiologic function. Generalizing this mechanism, IL6 impaired FOXP3-EZH2 interaction. IL6-induced effects were reversed by Janus kinase 1/2 inhibition. In lamina propria-derived CD4+T cells from CD patients, we observed decreased FOXP3-EZH2 interaction. Conclusions FOXP3-C232 mutation disrupts EZH2 recruitment and gene co-repressive function. The proinflammatory cytokine IL6 abrogates FOXP3-EZH2 interaction. Studies in lesion-derived CD4+ T cells have shown that reduced FOXP3-EZH2 interaction is a molecular feature of CD patients. Destabilized FOXP3-EZH2 protein interaction via diverse mechanisms and consequent Treg abnormality may drive gastrointestinal inflammation.
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Key Words
- C232, cysteine 232
- CD, Crohn’s disease
- ChIP, chromatin-immunoprecipitation
- Crohn’s Disease
- EED, embryonic ectoderm development
- EZH2, enhancer of zeste homolog 2
- Epigenetics
- FCS, fetal calf serum
- FOXP3, forkhead domain-containing X-chromosome–encoded protein
- H3K27me3, trimethylated histone H3 at lysine 27
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- IL, interleukin
- IPEX, immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked
- JAK, Janus kinase
- LZ, leucine zipper
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PLA, proximity ligation assay
- PMA, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate
- PRC2, polycomb repressive complex 2
- Proinflammatory Cytokine
- Regulatory T Cells
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- SUZ12, suppressor of zeste
- Th, T helper
- Treg, regulatory T cell
- WT, wild-type
- co-IP, co-immunoprecipitation
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Affiliation(s)
- Adebowale O Bamidele
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Translational Epigenomic Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Phyllis A Svingen
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Translational Epigenomic Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mary R Sagstetter
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Translational Epigenomic Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Olga F Sarmento
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Translational Epigenomic Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Michelle Gonzalez
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Translational Epigenomic Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Manuel B Braga Neto
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Translational Epigenomic Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Subra Kugathasan
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Gwen Lomberk
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Raul A Urrutia
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - William A Faubion
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Translational Epigenomic Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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18
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Catalan-Serra I, Brenna Ø. Immunotherapy in inflammatory bowel disease: Novel and emerging treatments. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:2597-2611. [PMID: 29624476 PMCID: PMC6314405 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1461297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disabling inflammatory process that affects young individuals, with growing incidence. The etiopathogenesis of IBD remains poorly understood. A combination of genetic and environmental factors triggers an inadequate immune response against the commensal intestinal flora in IBD patients. Thus, a better understanding of the immunological mechanisms involved in IBD pathogenesis is central to the development of new therapeutic options. Current pharmacological treatments used in clinical practice like thiopurines or anti-TNF are effective but can produce significant side effects and their efficacy may diminish over time. In fact, up to one third of the patients do not have a satisfactory response to these therapies. Consequently, the search for new therapeutic strategies targeting alternative immunological pathways has intensified. Several new oral and parenteral substances are in the pipeline for IBD. In this review we discuss novel therapies targeting alternative pro-inflammatory pathways like IL-12/23 axis, IL-6 pathway or Janus Kinase inhibitors; as well as others modulating anti-inflammatory signalling pathways like transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). We also highlight new emerging therapies targeting the adhesion and migration of leukocytes into the inflamed intestinal mucosa by blocking selectively different subunits of α4β7 integrins or binding alternative adhesion molecules like MAdCAM-1. Drugs reducing the circulating lymphocytes by sequestering them in secondary lymphoid organs (sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulators) are also discussed. Finally, the latest advances in cell therapies using mesenchymal stem cells or engineered T regs are reviewed. In addition, we provide an update on the current status in clinical trials of these new immune-regulating therapies that open a new era in the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Catalan-Serra
- a Department of Medicine , Gastroenterology, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust , Levanger , Norway.,b Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , Trondheim , Norway.,c Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), NTNU , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Øystein Brenna
- a Department of Medicine , Gastroenterology, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust , Levanger , Norway
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19
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Ramos GP, Faubion WA, Papadakis KA. Targeting Specific Immunologic Pathways in Crohn's Disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2017; 46:577-588. [PMID: 28838416 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the immunologic pathways in intestinal inflammation is crucial for the development of new therapies that can maximize patient response and minimize toxicity. Targeting integrins and cytokines is intended to control leukocyte migration to effector sites or inhibit the action of proinflammatory cytokines. New approaches to preventing leukocyte migration may target integrin receptors expressed on the intestinal vascular endothelium. The interleukin (IL)-12/IL-23 pathway has been a therapeutic target of interest in controlling active Crohn's disease (CD). New therapeutic approaches in CD may involve the enhancement of anti-inflammatory cytokine pathways and modulation of cellular responses and intranuclear signals associated with intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Piovezani Ramos
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - William A Faubion
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Konstantinos A Papadakis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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20
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Coskun M, Vermeire S, Nielsen OH. Novel Targeted Therapies for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 38:127-142. [PMID: 27916280 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Our growing understanding of the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has opened new avenues for developing targeted therapies. These advances in treatment options targeting different mechanisms of action offer new hope for personalized management. In this review we highlight emerging novel and easily administered therapeutics that may be viable candidates for the management of IBD, such as antibodies against interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-12/23, small molecules including Janus kinase inhibitors, antisense oligonucleotide against SMAD7 mRNA, and inhibitors of leukocyte trafficking to intestinal sites of inflammation (e.g., sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulators). We also provide an update on the current status in clinical development of these new classes of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Coskun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Severine Vermeire
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ole Haagen Nielsen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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21
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Chen YL, Chen YT, Lo CF, Hsieh CI, Chiu SY, Wu CY, Yeh YS, Hung SH, Cheng PH, Su YH, Jiang ST, Chin HJ, Su YC. Early Detection of T cell Transfer-induced Autoimmune Colitis by In Vivo Imaging System. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35635. [PMID: 27762297 PMCID: PMC5071899 DOI: 10.1038/srep35635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic and progressive inflammatory intestinal disease that includes two major types, namely ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease (CD). CD is characterized by intestinal epithelial hyperplasia and inflammatory cell infiltration. Transfer of CD25−CD45RBhiCD4+ (naïve) T cells into immunodeficiency mice induces autoimmune colitis with pathological lesions similar to CD and loss of body weight 4 weeks after cell transfer. However, weight loss neither has sufficient sensitivity nor totally matches the pathological findings of CD. To establish an early and sensitive indicator of autoimmune colitis model, the transferred T cell-induced colitis mouse model was modified by transferring luciferase-expressing donor T cells and determining the colitis by in vivo imaging system (IVIS). Colitis was detected with IVIS 7–10 days before the onset of body weight loss and diarrhea. IVIS was also applied in the dexamethasone treatment trial, and was a more sensitive indicator than body weight changes. All IVIS signals were parallel to the pathological abnormalities of the gut and immunological analysis results. In summary, IVIS provides both sensitive and objective means to monitor the disease course of transferred T cell-induced CD and fulfills the 3Rs principle of humane care of laboratory animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Chen
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Feng Lo
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-I Hsieh
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Yi Chiu
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Yen Wu
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shan Yeh
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hsuan Hung
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hao Cheng
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Su
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Si-Tse Jiang
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsian-Jean Chin
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chia Su
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan
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22
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Téllez-Bañuelos MC, Haramati J, Franco-Topete K, Peregrina-Sandoval J, Franco-Topete R, Zaitseva GP. Chronic exposure to endosulfan induces inflammation in murine colon via β-catenin expression and IL-6 production. J Immunotoxicol 2016; 13:842-849. [PMID: 27494533 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2016.1206998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosulfan (ENDO) is a widely used organochlorine (OC) pesticide and persistent organo-pollutant. Epidemiological studies have shown that high levels of OC exposure were related to colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate histological changes in the colon, as well as in in situ expression of β-catenin and P-selectin, and serum levels of select pro-inflammatory cytokines in mice administered ENDO; there is a relationship between increased serum IL-6 and P-selectin levels in CRC patients and aberrant β-catenin signaling is important in initiation/maintenance of most CRCs. Mice were exposed to ENDO (at dose < LD50) orally once a week for up to 24 weeks, and monitored (inclusive) for a total of 42 weeks. The experiment was comprised of three groups, one that did not receive ENDO (olive oil vehicle), one administered 2 mg ENDO/kg/week and a positive control (for induction of CRC) given a weekly 20 mg 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)/kg injection. The results indicated that oral administration of ENDO provoked moderate inflammation starting at six weeks, and severe colonic inflammation with an appearance of dysplastic formations (aberrant crypts) in mice treated with ENDO (or DMH) for 12 weeks or longer. Serum IL-6 levels significantly increased starting at six weeks and rose to a peak of 15-fold higher than in controls at 42 weeks; TNFα levels likewise significantly increased, with a later peak (≈four-fold higher than controls) at 30-42 weeks. Immunohistochemical analysis of the colon also showed that expression of β-catenin and P-selectin increased with length of exposure to ENDO. Taken together, the results indicate that continued repeated oral exposure to ENDO induces increased expression of β-catenin and P-selectin, inflammation in the colon, and, ultimately, local tissue dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Cecilia Téllez-Bañuelos
- a Departamento de Biologia Celular y Molecular , Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara , Jalisco , Mexico
| | - Jesse Haramati
- a Departamento de Biologia Celular y Molecular , Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara , Jalisco , Mexico
| | - Karina Franco-Topete
- a Departamento de Biologia Celular y Molecular , Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara , Jalisco , Mexico
| | - Jorge Peregrina-Sandoval
- a Departamento de Biologia Celular y Molecular , Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara , Jalisco , Mexico
| | - Ramon Franco-Topete
- b Departamento de Microbiologia y Patologia , Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara , Jalisco , Mexico
| | - Galina P Zaitseva
- a Departamento de Biologia Celular y Molecular , Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara , Jalisco , Mexico
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23
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Galien R. Janus kinases in inflammatory bowel disease: Four kinases for multiple purposes. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:789-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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24
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Gómez-Gómez GJ, Masedo &A, Yela C, Martínez-Montiel MDP, Casís B. Current stage in inflammatory bowel disease: What is next? World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:11282-11303. [PMID: 26525013 PMCID: PMC4616205 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i40.11282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been on the rise, extending to countries where it was infrequent in the past. As a result, the gap between high and low incidence countries is decreasing. The disease, therefore, has an important economic impact on the healthcare system. Advances in recent years in pharmacogenetics and clinical pharmacology have allowed for the development of treatment strategies adjusted to the patient profile. Concurrently, new drugs aimed at inflammatory targets have been developed that may expand future treatment options. This review examines advances in the optimization of existing drug treatments and the development of novel treatment options for IBD.
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25
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Nguyen PM, Putoczki TL, Ernst M. STAT3-Activating Cytokines: A Therapeutic Opportunity for Inflammatory Bowel Disease? J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 35:340-50. [PMID: 25760898 PMCID: PMC4426323 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is lined by a single layer of epithelial cells that secrete mucus toward the lumen, which collectively separates the immune sentinels in the underlying lamina propria from the intestinal microflora to prevent aberrant immune responses. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) describes a group of autoimmune diseases that arise from defects in epithelial barrier function and, as a consequence, aberrant production of inflammatory cytokines. Among these, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-11, and IL-22 are elevated in human IBD patients and corresponding mouse models and, through activation of the JAK/STAT3 pathway, can both propagate and ameliorate disease. In particular, cytokine-mediated activation of STAT3 in the epithelial lining cells affords cellular protection, survival, and proliferation, thereby affording therapeutic opportunities for the prevention and treatment of colitis. In this review, we focus on recent insights gained from therapeutic modulation of the activities of IL-6, IL-11, and IL-22 in models of IBD and advocate a cautionary approach with these cytokines to minimize their tumor-promoting activities on neoplastic epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Nguyen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tracy L. Putoczki
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matthias Ernst
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Yamashita M, Ukibe K, Uenishi H, Hosoya T, Sakai F, Kadooka Y. Lactobacillus helveticus SBT2171, a cheese starter, regulates proliferation and cytokine production of immune cells. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:4772-9. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Polymorphism of the NFKB1 affects the serum inflammatory levels of IL-6 in Hashimoto thyroiditis in a Turkish population. Immunobiology 2014; 219:531-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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28
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Waldner MJ, Neurath MF. Master regulator of intestinal disease: IL-6 in chronic inflammation and cancer development. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:75-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Lashinger LM, Ford NA, Hursting SD. Interacting inflammatory and growth factor signals underlie the obesity-cancer link. J Nutr 2014; 144:109-13. [PMID: 24285690 PMCID: PMC3901418 DOI: 10.3945/jn.113.178533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity, an established risk factor for many chronic diseases (including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and several types of cancer), has risen steadily for the past several decades in the United States and many parts of the world. Today, ∼70% of U.S. adults and 30% of children are at an unhealthy weight. The evidence on key biologic mechanisms underlying the obesity-cancer link, with an emphasis on local and systemic inflammatory processes and their crosstalk with energy-sensing growth factor signaling pathways, will be discussed. Understanding the influence and underlying mechanisms of obesity on chronic inflammation and cancer will identify promising mechanistic targets and strategies for disrupting the obesity-cancer link and provide important lessons regarding the associations between obesity, inflammation, and other chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Lashinger
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX; and
| | - Nikki A. Ford
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX; and
| | - Stephen D. Hursting
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX; and,Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas–MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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30
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Glauben R, Sonnenberg E, Wetzel M, Mascagni P, Siegmund B. Histone deacetylase inhibitors modulate interleukin 6-dependent CD4+ T cell polarization in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:6142-51. [PMID: 24421314 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.517599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have been associated primarily with an anti-proliferative effect in vitro and in vivo. Recent data provide evidence for an anti-inflammatory potency of HDAC inhibitors in models of experimental colitis. Because the balance of T cell subpopulations is critical for the balance of the mucosal immune system, this study explores the regulatory potency of HDAC inhibitors on T cell polarization as a mechanistic explanation for the observed anti-inflammatory effects. Although HDAC inhibition suppressed the polarization toward the pro-inflammatory T helper 17 (Th17) cells, it enhanced forkhead box P3 (FoxP3)(+) regulatory T cell polarization in vitro and in vivo at the site of inflammation in the lamina propria. This was paralleled by a down-regulation of the interleukin 6 receptor (IL-6R) on naïve CD4(+) T cells on the mRNA as well as on the protein level and changes in the chromatin acetylation at the IL6R gene and its promoter. Downstream of the IL-6R, HDAC inhibition was followed by a decrease in STAT3 phosphorylation as well as retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γT (RORγT) expression, thus identifying the IL-6/STAT3/IL-17 pathway as an important target of HDAC inhibitors. These results directly translated to experimental colitis, where IL-6R expression was suppressed in naïve T cells, paralleled by a significant reduction of Th17 cells in the lamina propria of ITF2357-treated animals, resulting in the amelioration of disease. This study indicates that, in experimental colitis, inhibition of HDAC exerts an anti-inflammatory potency by directing T helper cell polarization via targeting the IL-6 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Glauben
- From the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Medical Department I, 12200 Berlin, Germany and
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31
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Behm BW, Bickston SJ. Medical management of Crohn's disease: current therapy and recent advances. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 2:109-20. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2.1.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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32
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Yao X, Huang J, Zhong H, Shen N, Faggioni R, Fung M, Yao Y. Targeting interleukin-6 in inflammatory autoimmune diseases and cancers. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 141:125-39. [PMID: 24076269 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine with significant functions in the regulation of the immune system. As a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-6 plays a pivotal role in host defense against pathogens and acute stress. However, increased or deregulated expression of IL-6 significantly contributes to the pathogenesis of various human diseases. Numerous preclinical and clinical studies have revealed the pathological roles of the IL-6 pathway in inflammation, autoimmunity, and cancer. Based on the rich body of studies on biological activities of IL-6 and its pathological roles, therapeutic strategies targeting the IL-6 pathway are in development for cancers, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Several anti-IL-6/IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibodies developed for targeted therapy have demonstrated promising results in both preclinical studies and clinical trials. Tocilizumab, an anti-IL-6 receptor antibody, is effective in the treatment of various autoimmune and inflammatory conditions notably rheumatoid arthritis. It is the only IL-6 pathway targeting agent approved by the regulatory agencies for clinical use. Siltuximab, an anti-IL-6 antibody, has been shown to have potential benefits treating various human cancers either as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy drugs. Several other anti-IL-6-based therapies are also under clinical development for various diseases. IL-6 antagonism has been shown to be a potential therapy for these disorders refractory to conventional drugs. New strategies, such as combination of IL-6 blockade with inhibition of other signaling pathways, may further improve IL-6-targeted immunotherapy of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yao
- MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | | | | | - Nan Shen
- Joint Molecular Rheumatology Laboratory of Institute of Health Sciences and Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Yihong Yao
- MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
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Rychlik A, Nieradka R, Kander M, Nowicki M, Wdowiak M, Kołodziejska-Sawerska A. The effectiveness of natural and synthetic immunomodulators in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease in dogs. Acta Vet Hung 2013; 61:297-308. [PMID: 23921342 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2013.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the usefulness of immunomodulators in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in dogs. Twenty-eight dogs diagnosed with IBD took part in the study. The animals received a food containing extruded immunomodulators: β-1,3/1,6-D-glucan, β-hydroxy-β-methyl-butyrate (HMB) and levamisole for 42 days. Whole blood samples were analysed before and after therapy assessing changes in phagocyte activity (respiratory burst activity, RBA and potential killing activity, PKA), evaluation of proliferation response of mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes and serum gamma globulin levels, lysozyme activity, ceruloplasmin levels and interleukin activity (IL-6 and IL-10). In this experiment, β-1,3/1,6-D-glucan delivered the highest level of treatment efficacy by producing the quickest therapeutic effect, lowering Canine Inflammatory Bowel Disease Activity Index (CIBDAI) values to below 3, improving histopathological parameters, decreasing IL-6 levels, increasing IL-10 concentrations, and producing remission periods longer than six months. HMB and levamisole were also effective in lowering CIBDAI scores, but the abatement of clinical symptoms was slower and less pronounced in comparison with β-1,3/1,6-D-glucan. The results indicate that β-1,3/1,6-D-glucan can be useful in the treatment of canine IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Rychlik
- 1 University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Oczapowskiego 14 10-957 Olsztyn Poland
| | - Renata Nieradka
- 1 University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Oczapowskiego 14 10-957 Olsztyn Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kander
- 1 University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Oczapowskiego 14 10-957 Olsztyn Poland
| | - Marcin Nowicki
- 1 University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Oczapowskiego 14 10-957 Olsztyn Poland
| | - Michał Wdowiak
- 1 University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Oczapowskiego 14 10-957 Olsztyn Poland
| | - Anna Kołodziejska-Sawerska
- 1 University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Oczapowskiego 14 10-957 Olsztyn Poland
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Tanaka T, Ogata A, Narazaki M. Tocilizumab: An Updated Review of Its Use in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Its Application for Other Immune-Mediated Diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4137/cmt.s9282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6), produced by a variety of cells, is a typical cytokine featuring redundancy and pleiotropic activity. IL-6 is promptly and transiently synthesized in response to infections or injuries, and participates in host defense by inducing immune responses, hematopoiesis, and acute-phase reactions. However, since its abnormal persistent production of mostly unknown etiology plays an important pathological role in the development of various immune-mediated diseases, a humanized anti-IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody, tocilizumab, was developed and is now used as an innovative biologic for rheumatoid arthritis in more than 90 countries. Several factors strongly suggest that a IL-6 blockade strategy may have a broad application for the treatment of various immune-mediated diseases. These factors include favorable results of pilot or case studies with off-label use of tocilizumab, pathological analyses of the contribution of IL-6 to the development of immune-mediated diseases, and the potential capability of tocilizumab to both repair an imbalance of effector T cell subsets and to suppress pathologic autoantibody production. However, clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tocilizumab for these diseases are essential. Furthermore, clarification of the cell source of IL-6 production and of the mechanisms through which dysregulated continuous IL-6 synthesis is induced constitutes an important issue for future studies into the pathogenesis of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Application of Biologics, Osaka University of Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
- Department of Immunopathology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University
| | - Atsushi Ogata
- Department of Immunopathology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Diseases, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masashi Narazaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Diseases, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Lee T, Lee E, Irwin R, Lucas PC, McCabe LR, Parameswaran N. β-Arrestin-1 deficiency protects mice from experimental colitis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:1114-23. [PMID: 23395087 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
β-Arrestins are intracellular scaffolding proteins that modulate specific cell signaling pathways. Recent studies, in both cell culture and in vivo models, have demonstrated an important role for β-arrestin-1 in inflammation. However, the role of β-arrestin-1 in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is not known. Our goal was to investigate the role of β-arrestin-1 in IBD using mouse models of colitis. To this end, we subjected wild-type (WT) and β-arrestin-1 knockout (β-arr-1(-/-)) mice to colitis induced by trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid or dextran sulfate sodium and examined the clinical signs, gross pathology, and histopathology of the colon, as well as inflammatory components. The β-arr-1(-/-) mice displayed significantly attenuated colitis, compared with WT mice, in both models. Consistent with the phenotypic observations, histological examination of the colon revealed attenuated disease pathology in the β-arr-1(-/-) mice. Our results further demonstrate that β-arr-1(-/-) mice are deficient in IL-6 expression in the colon, but have higher expression of the anti-inflammatory IL-10 family of cytokines. Our results also demonstrate diminished ERK and NFκB pathways in the colons of β-arr-1(-/-) mice, compared with WT mice. Taken together, our results demonstrate that decreased IL-6 production and enhanced IL-10 and IL-22 production in β-arrestin-1-deficient mice likely lead to attenuated gut inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehyung Lee
- Division of Human Pathology, Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Lv Y, Yang X, Huo Y, Tian H, Li S, Yin Y, Hao Z. Adenovirus-mediated hepatocarcinoma-intestine-pancreas/pancreatitis-associated protein suppresses dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute ulcerative colitis in rats. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18:1950-60. [PMID: 22419609 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.22887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although increased expression of hepatocarcinoma-intestine-pancreas/pancreatitis-associated protein (HIP/PAP) has been reported in ulcerative colitis (UC), its role in UC remains unclear. This study was designed to assess the function of HIP/PAP in experimental UC and further to explore its underlying mechanisms. METHODS Recombinant adenovirus was prepared to mediate ectopic expression of HIP/PAP in the colon of rats. The effect of HIP/PAP on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis was assessed by disease activity index (DAI), macroscopic, and histological evaluations. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production were determined in colonic mucosa. Proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was immunostained to reflect the proliferation of colonic epithelia. The effects of HIP/PAP on proliferation and H(2)O(2) -induced apoptosis of SW480 and LoVo colonic adenocarcinoma cells were also determined. Gene expression profiles in SW480 after HIP/PAP overexpression were analyzed by microarray analysis. RESULTS The protective effect of HIP/PAP against DSS-induced colitis in rats was confirmed. Ectopic expression of HIP/PAP resulted in attenuation of oxidative damage, reduction of TNF-α and IL-6 expression, and elevation of epithelial proliferation in colonic mucosa and led to decreased apoptosis and increased proliferation in colonic adenocarcinoma cells. Microarray analysis revealed altered expression of inflammation-related molecules, growth factors, proliferation-related molecules, and antioxidant enzymes under overexpression of HIP/PAP. CONCLUSIONS HIP/PAP has a protective effect against DSS-induced colitis in rats via inhibiting inflammation, alleviating oxidative damage, and promoting colonic epithelium regeneration. HIP/PAP might represent a new promising therapeutic strategy in UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Abstract
IL-6 is a cytokine featuring redundancy and pleiotropic activity. While IL-6 contributes to host defense against acute environmental stress, continuous IL-6 production plays a significant pathological role in various autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases. To counter this drawback, tocilizumab, a humanized anti-IL-6 receptor antibody, was developed. Clinical trials have verified the efficacy of tocilizumab for patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Castleman's disease and systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis, resulting in approval of this innovative biologic for their treatment. Moreover, a considerable number of case reports and pilot studies have indicated the beneficial effects of tocilizumab on other autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases. Further clinical studies to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tocilizumab for these diseases are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Tanaka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy & Rheumatic Diseases, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Silva MA, Menezes J, Dionne S, Levy E, Amre DK, Seidman EG. Herpes simplex virus-1 infection of colonic explants as a model of viral-induced activation of Crohn's disease. J Crohns Colitis 2012; 6:454-63. [PMID: 22398063 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2011.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The exogenous triggers responsible for Crohn's disease (CD) relapses are not often identified. Cytomegalovirus and other members of the herpesvirus family have been implicated in precipitating relapses. However, the role of viral infections in the immunopathogenesis of CD remains poorly understood. We describe an ex-vivo model of primary viral infection of CD tissue with Herpes Simplex Virus type I (HSV-1). IL-6 and CD68 served as markers for CD inflammation, type I IFNs for viral infection. Colonic explants obtained from CD resections were infected via the luminal or the submucosal compartments with HSV-1 or mock virus solution, at varying concentrations for up to 20 h. Serial tissue sections were assayed for expression of HSV-1 specific antigens, CD-68, IL-6 and DC-SIGN. Culture supernatants were tested for IL-6 and type I IFN production. Positive immunostaining for HSV-1 specific antigens was consistently detectable using 11×10(6)PFU from 13 h onwards, mainly on cells located in the submucosa, and in the perivascular area. CD68 was up-regulated in lamina propria macrophages from mildly and non-inflamed CD tissue after HSV-1 infection. IL-6+ cells in the infected tissues were mainly submucosal DC-SIGN+ dendritic cells. IL-6 and IFN-β levels were higher in the supernatants from HSV-1-infected explants compared to controls after 20 h of culture (p<0.01). These data show increased expression of inflammatory markers during the initial stages of HSV-1 primary infection using CD colonic explants. This in vitro model appears promising to study the immunoregulatory changes induced by microbial infection in reactivation of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Silva
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic disabling diseases with significant morbidity. A deregulated immune response towards the intestinal microbiota is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of IBD, and thus biological therapies targeting key molecules such as cytokines have been designed. Several anti-TNF-α agents are currently being used to treat Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Although these molecules dramatically improved the treatment of patients, side effects and the development of antidrug antibodies limits their application. There is thus an urgent need for alternative approaches to decrease inflammation and limit immunogenicity. Small neutralizing molecules, active immunization, gene silencing, selective transcription inhibitors and delivery of agents through the oral route are some of the currently developed strategies to meet these needs. In parallel, neutralizing antibodies targeting other pathways of the immune system have been developed and tested. Antibodies targeting IL-12/IL-23 pathways, and proinflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ, IL-17A, IL-2 and IL-6 often showed an initial promising result, but for none of these agents efficacy has unequivocally been established. Administration of the regulatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-11 also failed to induce reproducible clinical effects. This article focuses on the anti-TNF therapies and the current challenges with monoclonal antibody therapies, discusses the innovative strategies targeting cytokine pathways to decrease inflammation in the bowel, and summarizes the recently developed agents neutralizing proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Perrier
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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The anti-TNF-α antibody infliximab indirectly regulates PECAM-1 gene expression in two models of in vitro blood cell activation. J Transl Med 2012; 92:166-77. [PMID: 22042082 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2011.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory bowel diseases can be successfully treated with antibodies against the acute phase mediator TNF-α. The process of activation and of extravasation of inflammatory cells from the blood into the 'stressed' tissue site is controlled by cytokines and chemokines, which attract leukocytes and by adhesion molecules, which mediate their attachment and transmigration toward the affected cell(s). The changes in the gene expression of adhesion molecules taking place in those cells before attachment have been less investigated. Changes of PECAM-1, ICAM-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) gene expression were studied in phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)- and lipolysaccharide (LPS)-treated human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs), granulocytes and the human monocyte cell line U-937. Cells were treated either with PHA or with LPS in the presence or absence of infliximab and incubated with TNF-α, IFN-γ and/or transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and treated as above. Activation of PBLs by PHA or LPS treatment triggered a sharp upregulation of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 gene expression and a time-dependent downregulation of PECAM-1 gene expression reaching a minimum 4 h from start of the experiment. The anti-TNF-α antibody infliximab, by neutralizing TNF-α and IFN-γ production, completely reversed PECAM-1 mRNA downregulation and ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 upregulation. Immunostaining of PBLs cytospins with antibodies against PECAM-1 and ICAM-1 confirmed RT-PCR and western blot results. PBLs IFN-γ or TNF-α treatment downregulated PECAM-1 in parallel with the upregulation of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 gene expression, whereas TGF-β upregulated PECAM-1- and downregulated ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 gene expression counteracting the effect of TNF-α or IFN-γ. Similar results were obtained in human U937 cells and in granulocyte cultures by TNF-α or IFN-γ treatment. Taken together, these results suggest that infliximab, blocking TNF-α and IFN-γ production, exerts its anti-inflammatory effect through inhibiting downregulation of PECAM-1 gene expression and upregulation of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in leukocytes of the peripheral blood. These results also suggest that TGF-β may thus be of therapeutic importance as an anti-inflammatory agent.
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Tanaka T, Hagihara K, Shima Y, Narazaki M, Ogata A, Kumanogoh A. Tocilizumab, a humanized anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody, for the treatment of autoimmune disorders. Drug Dev Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Harvey AE, Lashinger LM, Hursting SD. The growing challenge of obesity and cancer: an inflammatory issue. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1229:45-52. [PMID: 21793838 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06096.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity, an established risk factor for many cancers, has risen steadily for the past several decades in the United States and in many parts of the world. This review synthesizes the evidence on key biological mechanisms underlying the obesity-cancer link, with particular emphasis on the impact of energy balance modulation, such as diet-induced obesity and calorie restriction, on growth factor signaling pathways and inflammatory processes. Particular attention is placed on the proinflammatory environment associated with the obese state, specifically highlighting the involvement of obesity-associated hormones/growth factors in crosstalk between macrophages, adipocytes, and epithelial cells in many cancers. Understanding the contribution of obesity to growth factor signaling and chronic inflammation provides mechanistic targets for disrupting the obesity-cancer link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison E Harvey
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
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Ng SC, Benjamin JL, McCarthy NE, Hedin CRH, Koutsoumpas A, Plamondon S, Price CL, Hart AL, Kamm MA, Forbes A, Knight SC, Lindsay JO, Whelan K, Stagg AJ. Relationship between human intestinal dendritic cells, gut microbiota, and disease activity in Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:2027-37. [PMID: 21910165 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered intestinal dendritic cell (DC) function underlies dysregulated T-cell responses to bacteria in Crohn's disease (CD) but it is unclear whether composition of the intestinal microbiota impacts local DC function. We assessed the relationship between DC function with disease activity and intestinal microbiota in patients with CD. METHODS Surface expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, TLR-4, and spontaneous intracellular interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12p40, IL-6 production by freshly isolated DC were analyzed by multicolor flow cytometry of cells extracted from rectal tissue of 10 controls and 28 CD patients. Myeloid DC were identified as CD11c(+) HLA-DR(+lin-/dim) cells (lin = anti-CD3, CD14, CD16, CD19, CD34). Intestinal microbiota were analyzed by fluorescent in situ hybridization of fecal samples with oligonucleotide probes targeting 16S rRNA of bifidobacteria, bacteroides-prevotella, C. coccoides-E. rectale, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. RESULTS DC from CD produced higher amounts of IL-12p40 and IL-6 than control DC. IL-6(+) DC were associated with the CD Activity Index (r = 0.425; P = 0.024) and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) (r = 0.643; P = 0.004). DC expression of TLR-4 correlated with disease activity. IL-12p40(+) DC correlated with ratio of bacteroides: bifidobacteria (r = 0.535, P = 0.003). IL-10(+) DC correlated with bifidobacteria, and IL-6(+) DC correlated negatively with F. prausnitzii (r = -0.50; P = 0.008). The amount of TLR-4 on DC correlated negatively with the concentration of F. prausnitzii. CONCLUSIONS IL-6 production by intestinal DC is increased in CD and correlates with disease activity and CRP. Bacterially driven local IL-6 production by intestinal DC may overcome regulatory activity, resulting in unopposed effector function and tissue damage. Intestinal DC function may be influenced by the composition of the commensal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Ng
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, St Mark's Hospital, London, UK
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Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-6 is a typical cytokine featuring redundancy and pleiotropic activity. It contributes to host defense against pathogens, but dysregulation of IL-6 production plays a significant pathological role in various autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Because IL-6 blockade was expected to constitute a novel strategy for the treatment of such diseases, tocilizumab, a humanized anti-IL-6 receptor antibody (anti-IL-6RAb), was developed. Clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of anti-IL-6RAb for patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Castleman's disease, and juvenile idiopathic arthritis, resulting in approval of this innovative biologic for the treatment of these diseases, and it can be expected to become a novel drug for various other autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. In murine models of autoimmune diseases, anti-IL-6RAb induces Treg and inhibits Th17 and/or Th1 differentiation, indicating that anti-IL-6RAb may be able to repair Th17/Treg imbalance in human diseases as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Tanaka
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, and Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
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Tanaka T, Narazaki M, Kishimoto T. Anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody, tocilizumab, for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:3699-709. [PMID: 21419125 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-6 is a cytokine with multiple biological activities. It contributes to host defense against pathogens, whereas accelerated production of IL-6 plays a significant pathological role in various diseases. Clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of tocilizumab, a humanized anti-IL-6 receptor antibody, for patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Castleman's disease or juvenile idiopathic arthritis, leading to approval of this innovative drug for the treatment of these diseases. Since IL-6 has been demonstrated to play a significant role in the development of various other autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, tocilizumab can be expected to become a novel drug for such diseases as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Tanaka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Diseases, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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46
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Abstract
Understanding of biological activities of cytokines and exquisite mechanism to regulate their functions has facilitated the therapeutic concept to restore the disequilibrium between pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines or cytokine inhibitors in some autoimmune inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and Crohn's disease. The application of molecular biology techniques to design monoclonal antibodies, soluble receptors, or receptor antagonists as therapeutic biologic agents made it possible to regulate the cytokine signals for the treatment of the diseases refractory to conventional therapies. Japanese researchers have contributed considerably to the establishment of cytokine signal regulation in autoimmune diseases. In this article, Japanese studies of cytokine signal regulation, particularly for Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in autoimmune diseases are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Nishimoto
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Japan.
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Hoffman-Goetz L, Pervaiz N, Guan J. Voluntary exercise training in mice increases the expression of antioxidant enzymes and decreases the expression of TNF-alpha in intestinal lymphocytes. Brain Behav Immun 2009; 23:498-506. [PMID: 19486647 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute exercise in mice induces intestinal lymphocyte (IL) apoptosis. Freewheel running reduces apoptosis and forced exercise training increases splenocyte antioxidant levels. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of freewheel running and acute exercise on mouse IL numbers and concentrations of apoptosis and antioxidant proteins and pro-inflammatory cytokines in IL. Female C57BL/6 mice had access to in-cage running wheels (RW) or cages without wheels (NRW) for 16 weeks and were randomized at the end of training to no exercise control (TC) or to treadmill exercise with sacrifice after 90 min of running (TREAD; 30 min, 22 m min(-1); 30 min, 25 m min(-1); 30 min, 28 m min(-1); 2 degrees slope). IL were analyzed for pro-(caspase 3 and 7) and anti-(Bcl-2) apoptotic proteins, endogenous antioxidants (glutathione peroxidase: GPx; catalase: CAT) and the pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNF-alpha. RW mice had higher cytochrome oxidase (p<0.001) and citrate synthase (p<0.01) activities in plantaris and soleus muscles and higher GPx and CAT expression in IL (p<0.05) (indicative of training) compared with NRW mice. TNF-alpha expression was lower (p<0.05) and IL numbers higher (p<0.05) in RW vs. NRW mice. No training effect was observed for apoptotic protein expression, although TREAD resulted in higher caspase and lower Bcl-2. These results suggest that freewheel running in mice for 16 weeks enhances antioxidant and reduces TNF-alpha expression in IL but does not reduce pro-apoptotic protein expression after acute exercise. Results are discussed in terms of implications for inflammatory bowel diseases where apoptotic proteins and TNF-alpha levels are elevated.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hoffman-Goetz
- Department of Health Studies and Gerontology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ont., Canada.
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Urbanska AM, Bhathena J, Martoni C, Prakash S. Estimation of the potential antitumor activity of microencapsulated Lactobacillus acidophilus yogurt formulation in the attenuation of tumorigenesis in Apc(Min/+) mice. Dig Dis Sci 2009; 54:264-73. [PMID: 18633708 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-008-0363-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is a strong correlation between orally administered probiotics and suppression of the low-grade inflammation that can lead to restoration of normal local immune functions. We studied the potential immunomodulatory and antitumorigenic properties of microencapsulated probiotic bacterial cells in a yogurt formulation in Min mice carrying a germline APC mutation. Daily oral administration of microencapsulated Lactobacillus acidophilus bacterial cells in the yogurt formulation mice resulted in significant suppression of colon tumor incidence, tumor multiplicity, and reduced tumor size. Results show that oral administration of microencapsulated L. acidophilus contributed to the stabilization of animal body weight and decreased the release of bile acids. Histopathological analyses revealed fewer adenomas in treated versus untreated animals. Furthermore, treated animals exhibited fewer gastrointestinal intra-epithelial neoplasias with a lower grade of dysplasia in detected tumors. Results suggest that oral administration of microencapsulated probiotic L. acidophilus exerts anti-tumorous activity, which consequently leads to reduced tumor outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Malgorzata Urbanska
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Abstract
Extracellular adenosine is produced in a coordinated manner from cells following cellular challenge or tissue injury. Once produced, it serves as an autocrine- and paracrine-signaling molecule through its interactions with seven-membrane-spanning G-protein-coupled adenosine receptors. These signaling pathways have widespread physiological and pathophysiological functions. Immune cells express adenosine receptors and respond to adenosine or adenosine agonists in diverse manners. Extensive in vitro and in vivo studies have identified potent anti-inflammatory functions for all of the adenosine receptors on many different inflammatory cells and in various inflammatory disease processes. In addition, specific proinflammatory functions have also been ascribed to adenosine receptor activation. The potent effects of adenosine signaling on the regulation of inflammation suggest that targeting specific adenosine receptor activation or inactivation using selective agonists and antagonists could have important therapeutic implications in numerous diseases. This review is designed to summarize the current status of adenosine receptor signaling in various inflammatory cells and in models of inflammation, with an emphasis on the advancement of adenosine-based therapeutics to treat inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Blackburn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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50
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Microfluidic immunosensor design for the quantification of interleukin-6 in human serum samples. Anal Biochem 2008; 380:262-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Revised: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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