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Wang Q, Qin B, Yu H, Yu H, Zhang X, Li M, Zhou Y, Diao L, Liu H. Dingxian pill alleviates hippocampal neuronal apoptosis in epileptic mice through TNF-α/TNFR1 signaling pathway inhibition. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 334:118579. [PMID: 39025165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Dingxian Pill (DXP), a famous traditional Chinese medicine prescription, and has been widely proven to have positive therapeutic effects on "Xianzheng" (the name of epilepsy in ancient China). However, the anti-epileptic molecular mechanisms of DXP are not yet fully understood and remain to be further investigated. AIM OF THE STUDY To elucidate the molecular mechanism of DXP's improvement in epileptic neuronal loss, damage and apoptosis by regulating TNF-α/TNFR1 signaling pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty Kunming mice were randomly divided in 6 groups: control group (equal volume of normal saline), model group (180 mg kg-1 pilocarpine hydrochloride - used to establish the epilepsy animal model), carbamazepine group (30 mg kg-1), and low, medium, and high-dose Dingxian Pill groups (4.08, 8.16, and 16.32 g kg-1, respectively - oral administration once daily for 2 weeks). Successful establishment of the epileptic mouse model was monitored with electroencephalography. Pathological changes in hippocampal tissue were analyzed with hematoxylin-eosin staining. Hippocampal neuronal apoptosis was analyzed with TUNEL staining. TNF-α, TNFR1, TRADD, FADD, and caspase-8 mRNA and protein expression levels in hippocampal tissue were analyzed with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot, respectively. Cleaved caspase-8 protein levels in hippocampal tissue were measured with immunohistochemistry and Western blot. RESULTS Compared to control, the model group showed an increase in continuous epileptic discharge waves on EEG, a damaged hippocampal neuron morphological structure, increased hippocampal neuronal apoptosis, and significantly increased TNF-α, TNFR1, TRADD, FADD, and caspase-8 mRNA and protein levels, and increased caspase-8 cleavage (P < 0.05). Compared to the model group, the carbamazepine group as well as the low-, medium-, and high-dose Dingxian Pill groups showed decreased epileptic discharges on EEG, an obvious hippocampal neuron morphological structure restoration, varying degrees of attenuated hippocampal neuronal apoptosis, and significantly decreased TNF-α, TNFR1, TRADD, FADD, and caspase-8 mRNA and protein levels as well as decreased caspase-8 cleavage (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Dingxian Pill exerts an anti-epileptic effect through inhibition of TNF-α/TNFR1 signaling pathway-mediated apoptosis in hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- The First Clinical School of Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 179 Mingxiu East Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530001, China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, No. 89-9 Dongge Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning, Guangxi, 530023, China
| | - Baijun Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing City Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 6, Panxi Seventh Branch Road, Jiangbei District, Chongqing, 400021, China
| | - Han Yu
- Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Haichun Yu
- Guangxi Technological College of Machinery and Electricity, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Brain Hospital, Liuzhou, Guangxi, 545005, China
| | - Mingfen Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530023, China
| | - Yanying Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, No. 89-9 Dongge Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning, Guangxi, 530023, China
| | - Limei Diao
- The First Clinical School of Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 179 Mingxiu East Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530001, China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, No. 89-9 Dongge Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning, Guangxi, 530023, China.
| | - Huihua Liu
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Brain Hospital, Liuzhou, Guangxi, 545005, China.
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Ildarabadi A, Mir Mohammad Ali SN, Rahmani F, Mosavari N, Pourbakhtyaran E, Rezaei N. Inflammation and oxidative stress in epileptic children: from molecular mechanisms to clinical application of ketogenic diet. Rev Neurosci 2024; 35:473-488. [PMID: 38347675 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Childhood epilepsy affects up to 1 % of children. It has been shown that 30 % of patients are resistant to drug treatments, making further investigation of other potential treatment strategies necessary. One such approach is the ketogenic diet (KD) showing promising results and potential benefits beyond the use of current antiepileptic drugs. This study aims to investigate the effects of KD on inflammation and oxidative stress, as one of the main suggested mechanisms of neuroprotection, in children with epilepsy. This narrative review was conducted using the Medline and Google Scholar databases, and by searching epilepsy, drug-resistant epilepsy, child, children, ketogenic, ketogenic diet, diet, ketogenic, keto, ketone bodies (BHB), PUFA, gut microbiota, inflammation, inflammation mediators, neurogenic inflammation, neuroinflammation, inflammatory marker, adenosine modulation, mitochondrial function, MTOR pathway, Nrf2 pathway, mitochondrial dysfunction, PPARɣ, oxidative stress, ROS/RNS, and stress oxidative as keywords. Compelling evidence underscores inflammation and oxidative stress as pivotal factors in epilepsy, even in cases with genetic origins. The ketogenic diet effectively addresses these factors by reducing ROS and RNS, enhancing antioxidant defenses, improving mitochondrial function, and regulating inflammatory genes. Additionally, KD curbs pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production by dampening NF-κB activation, inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome, increasing brain adenosine levels, mTOR pathway inhibition, upregulating PPARɣ expression, and promoting a healthy gut microbiota while emphasizing the consumption of healthy fats. KD could be considered a promising therapeutic intervention in patients with epilepsy particularly in drug-resistant epilepsy cases, due to its targeted approach addressing oxidative stress and inflammatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Ildarabadi
- Department of Nutrition Science, Science and Research Branch, Faculty of Medical Science and Technology, Islamic Azad University, Shodada Hesarak Blvd, Tehran 1477893855, Iran
- Network of Interdisciplinarity in Neonates and Infants (NINI), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Dr. Qarib St, Tehran 1419733151, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Nooshan Mir Mohammad Ali
- Network of Interdisciplinarity in Neonates and Infants (NINI), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Dr. Qarib St, Tehran 1419733151, Iran
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Fatemeh Rahmani
- Department of Nutrition Science, Science and Research Branch, Faculty of Medical Science and Technology, Islamic Azad University, Shodada Hesarak Blvd, Tehran 1477893855, Iran
- Network of Interdisciplinarity in Neonates and Infants (NINI), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Dr. Qarib St, Tehran 1419733151, Iran
| | - Narjes Mosavari
- Network of Interdisciplinarity in Neonates and Infants (NINI), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Dr. Qarib St, Tehran 1419733151, Iran
| | - Elham Pourbakhtyaran
- Network of Interdisciplinarity in Neonates and Infants (NINI), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Dr. Qarib St, Tehran 1419733151, Iran
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Qarib St, Tehran 1419733151, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Network of Interdisciplinarity in Neonates and Infants (NINI), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Dr. Qarib St, Tehran 1419733151, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Qarib St, Tehran 1419733151, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Pour Sina St, Tehran 1461884513, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Dr. Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran 14194, Iran
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Falsaperla R, Collotta AD, Marino SD, Sortino V, Leonardi R, Privitera GF, Pulvirenti A, Suppiej A, Vecchi M, Verrotti A, Farello G, Spalice A, Elia M, Spitaleri O, Micale M, Mailo J, Ruggieri M. Drug resistant epilepsies: A multicentre case series of steroid therapy. Seizure 2024; 117:115-125. [PMID: 38394725 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Our study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of corticosteroids on seizure control in drug-resistant epilepsies (DREs). Our primary goal was to assess the response to steroids for various underlying etiologies, interictal electroencephalographic (EEG) patterns and electroclinical seizure descriptions. Our second goal was to compare steroid responsiveness to different treatment protocols. METHODS This is a retrospective multicentre cohort study conducted according to the STROBE guidelines (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology). The following data were collected for each patient: epilepsy etiology, interictal EEG pattern, seizure types and type of steroid treatment protocol administered. RESULTS Thirty patients with DRE were included in the study. After 6 months of therapy, 62.7 % of patients experienced reduced seizure frequency by 50 %, and 6.6 % of patients experienced complete seizure cessation. Findings associated with favourable response to steroids included structural/lesional etiology of epilepsy, immune/infectious etiology and focal interictal abnormalities on EEG. Comparing four different steroid treatment protocols, the most effective for seizure control was treatment with methylprednisolone at the dose of 30 mg/kg/day administered for 3 days, leading to greater than 50 % seizure reduction at 6 months in 85.7 % of patients. Treatment with dexamethasone 6 mg/day for 5 days decreased seizure frequency in 71.4 % of patients. Hydrocortisone 10 mg/kg administered for 3 months showed a good response to treatment in 71 %. CONCLUSIONS In our study, two-thirds of patients with DRE experienced a significant seizure reduction following treatment with steroids. We suggest considering steroids as a potential therapeutic option in children with epilepsy not responding to conventional antiseizure medicines (ASM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Falsaperla
- Paediatric and Paediatric Emergency Department, University Hospital "Policlinico-San Marco", Catania, Italy; Unit of Intensive Care and Neonatology, University Hospital "Policlinico-San Marco", Catania, Italy.
| | - Ausilia Desiree Collotta
- Paediatric and Paediatric Emergency Department, University Hospital "Policlinico-San Marco", Catania, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Postgraduate Training Program in Pediatrics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | - Simona D Marino
- Paediatric and Paediatric Emergency Department, University Hospital "Policlinico-San Marco", Catania, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Sortino
- Paediatric and Paediatric Emergency Department, University Hospital "Policlinico-San Marco", Catania, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Postgraduate Training Program in Pediatrics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Roberta Leonardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Postgraduate Training Program in Pediatrics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Grete Francesca Privitera
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, c/o Viale A. Doria, 6, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Alfredo Pulvirenti
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, c/o Viale A. Doria, 6, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Agnese Suppiej
- Medical Science Department (D.O.), Maternal and Child Department, Ferrara University Hospital, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marilena Vecchi
- Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Alberto Verrotti
- Clinical Paediatric, University of Perugia, Hospital SM Della Misericordia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Farello
- Clinical Paediatric, University of Perugia, Hospital SM Della Misericordia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alberto Spalice
- Department of Paediatrics, Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Elia
- Unit of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiopathology, Oasi Research Institute, IRCCS, Troina, Italy
| | - Orazio Spitaleri
- Paediatric Neuropsychiatry Unit, Hospital " S.Marta e S.Venera", Acireale, Italy
| | - Marco Micale
- Paediatric Neuropsychiatry Unit, Maternal and Child Department, Arnas Civico, Palermo, Italy
| | - Janette Mailo
- Division of Paediatric Neurology, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Martino Ruggieri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Clinical Pediatrics, Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, University of Catania, Catania 95124, Italy
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Zhu J, Park S, Kim CH, Jeong KH, Kim WJ. Eugenol alleviates neuronal damage via inhibiting inflammatory process against pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:722-731. [PMID: 36802956 PMCID: PMC10408549 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231151976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the most common pathological outcomes in various neurological diseases. A growing body of evidence suggests that neuroinflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of epileptic seizures. Eugenol is the major phytoconstituent of essential oils extracted from several plants and possesses protective and anticonvulsant properties. However, it remains unclear whether eugenol exerts an anti-inflammatory effect to protect against severe neuronal damage induced by epileptic seizures. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory action of eugenol in an experimental epilepsy model of pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE). To examine the protective effect of eugenol via anti-inflammatory mechanisms, eugenol (200 mg/kg) was administrated daily for three days after pilocarpine-induced SE onset. The anti-inflammatory action of eugenol was evaluated by examining the expression of reactive gliosis, pro-inflammatory cytokines, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and the nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat with a pyrin-domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. Our results showed that eugenol reduced SE-induced apoptotic neuronal cell death, mitigated the activation of astrocytes and microglia, and attenuated the expression of interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor α in the hippocampus after SE onset. Furthermore, eugenol inhibited NF-κB activation and the formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the hippocampus after SE. These results suggest that eugenol is a potential phytoconstituent that suppresses the neuroinflammatory processes induced by epileptic seizures. Therefore, these findings provide evidence that eugenol has therapeutic potential for epileptic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojin Park
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Korea 21 Project, Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Hoon Jeong
- Epilepsy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Joo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Republic of Korea
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5
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Chen Y, Nagib MM, Yasmen N, Sluter MN, Littlejohn TL, Yu Y, Jiang J. Neuroinflammatory mediators in acquired epilepsy: an update. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:683-701. [PMID: 36745211 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01700-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a group of chronic neurological disorders that have diverse etiologies but are commonly characterized by spontaneous seizures and behavioral comorbidities. Although the mechanisms underlying the epileptic seizures mostly remain poorly understood and the causes often can be idiopathic, a considerable portion of cases are known as acquired epilepsy. This form of epilepsy is typically associated with prior neurological insults, which lead to the initiation and progression of epileptogenesis, eventually resulting in unprovoked seizures. A convergence of evidence in the past two decades suggests that inflammation within the brain may be a major contributing factor to acquired epileptogenesis. As evidenced in mounting preclinical and human studies, neuroinflammatory processes, such as activation and proliferation of microglia and astrocytes, elevated production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, blood-brain barrier breakdown, and upregulation of inflammatory signaling pathways, are commonly observed after seizure-precipitating events. An increased knowledge of these neuroinflammatory processes in the epileptic brain has led to a growing list of inflammatory mediators that can be leveraged as potential targets for new therapies of epilepsy and/or biomarkers that may provide valued information for the diagnosis and prognosis of the otherwise unpredictable seizures. In this review, we mainly focus on the most recent progress in understanding the roles of these inflammatory molecules in acquired epilepsy and highlight the emerging evidence supporting their candidacy as novel molecular targets for new pharmacotherapies of acquired epilepsy and the associated behavioral deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Marwa M Nagib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nelufar Yasmen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Madison N Sluter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Taylor L Littlejohn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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Zhang Y, Wang Z, Wang R, Xia L, Cai Y, Tong F, Gao Y, Ding J, Wang X. Conditional knockout of ASK1 in microglia/macrophages attenuates epileptic seizures and long-term neurobehavioural comorbidities by modulating the inflammatory responses of microglia/macrophages. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:202. [PMID: 35941644 PMCID: PMC9361603 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02560-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) not only causes neuronal programmed cell death via the mitochondrial pathway but also is an essential component of the signalling cascade during microglial activation. We hypothesize that ASK1 selective deletion modulates inflammatory responses in microglia/macrophages(Mi/Mϕ) and attenuates seizure severity and long-term cognitive impairments in an epileptic mouse model. Methods Mi/Mϕ-specific ASK1 conditional knockout (ASK1 cKO) mice were obtained for experiments by mating ASK1flox/flox mice with CX3CR1creER mice with tamoxifen induction. Epileptic seizures were induced by intrahippocampal injection of kainic acid (KA). ASK1 expression and distribution were detected by western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. Seizures were monitored for 24 h per day with video recordings. Cognition, social and stress related activities were assessed with the Y maze test and the three-chamber social novelty preference test. The heterogeneous Mi/Mϕ status and inflammatory profiles were assessed with immunofluorescence staining and real-time polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR). Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the proportion of Mi/Mϕ in contact with apoptotic neurons, as well as neuronal damage. Results ASK1 was highly expressed in Mi/Mϕ during the acute phase of epilepsy. Conditional knockout of ASK1 in Mi/Mϕ markedly reduced the frequency of seizures in the acute phase and the frequency of spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRSs) in the chronic phase. In addition, ASK1 conditional knockout mice displayed long-term neurobehavioral improvements during the Y maze test and the three-chamber social novelty preference test. ASK1 selective knockout mitigated neuroinflammation, as evidenced by lower levels of Iba1+/CD16+ proinflammatory Mi/Mϕ. Conditional knockout of ASK1 increased Mi/Mϕ proportion in contact with apoptotic neurons. Neuronal loss was partially restored by ASK1 selective knockout. Conclusion Conditional knockout of ASK1 in Mi/Mϕ reduced seizure severity, neurobehavioral impairments, and histological damage, at least via inhibiting proinflammatory microglia/macrophages responses. ASK1 in microglia/macrophages is a potential therapeutic target for inflammatory responses in epilepsy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02560-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiying Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhangyang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Rongrong Wang
- Department of the State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Xia
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yiying Cai
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Fangchao Tong
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yanqin Gao
- Department of the State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jing Ding
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of the State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Park S, Zhu J, Jeong KH, Kim WJ. Adjudin prevents neuronal damage and neuroinflammation via inhibiting mTOR activation against pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Brain Res Bull 2022; 182:80-89. [PMID: 35182690 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses in the brain play an etiological role in the development of epilepsy, suggesting that finding novel molecules for controlling neuroinflammation may have clinical value in developing the disease-modifying strategies for epileptogenesis. Adjudin, a multi-functional small molecule compound, has pleiotropic effects, including anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of adjudin on pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) and its role in the regulation of reactive gliosis and neuroinflammation. SE was induced in male C57BL/6 mice that were then treated with adjudin (50mg/kg) for 3 days after SE onset. Immunofluorescence staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining, and western blot analysis were used to evaluate the effects of adjudin treatment in the hippocampus after SE. Our results showed that adjudin treatment significantly mitigated apoptotic cell death in the hippocampus after SE onset. Moreover, adjudin treatment suppressed SE-induced glial activation and activation of mammalian target of rapamycin signaling in the hippocampus. Concomitantly, adjudin treatment significantly reduced SE-induced inflammatory processes, as confirmed by changes in the expression of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and arginase-1. In conclusion, these findings suggest that adjudin may serve as a potential neuroprotective agent for preventing pathological mechanisms implicated in epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soojin Park
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Hoon Jeong
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Epilepsy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Won-Joo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Zhu J, Park S, Jeong KH, Kim WJ. Withanolide-A treatment exerts a neuroprotective effect via inhibiting neuroinflammation in the hippocampus after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Epilepsy Res 2020; 165:106394. [PMID: 32540785 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2020.106394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is a medical emergency with high mortality and a risk factor for the development of chronic epilepsy. Given that effective treatments for the pathophysiology following SE are still lacking, suppressing pathophysiological mechanisms of SE may be important to inhibit epileptogenesis. Withanolide-A (WA), a major bioactive component of Withania somnifera, is a potential medicinal natural compound showing improvement of some neurological diseases, such as cerebral ischemia. In the present study, we examined whether administration of WA can exert the beneficial effects involved in neuroprotection and anti-inflammatory effects in a mouse model of pilocarpine-induced SE. Our results showed that WA treatment ameliorated SE-induced apoptotic neuronal cell death in the hippocampus. Moreover, WA treatment reduced immunoreactivity of both ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1-positive microglia/macrophage and glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive reactive astrocytes, and the SE-induced increase in both interleukin-1 β and tumor necrosis factor in the hippocampus, suggesting that inhibiting pro-inflammatory factors by WA treatment might induce neuroprotection after SE. These results suggest that WA may be useful in improving the treatment efficacy for pathophysiology following SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojin Park
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Hoon Jeong
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Won-Joo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Zhang W, Wang X, Yu M, Li JA, Meng H. The c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathway in epilepsy: activation, regulation, and therapeutics. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2019; 38:492-498. [PMID: 31038026 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2019.1590410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy affects approximately 50-70 million people worldwide and 30-40% of patients do not benefit from medication. Therefore, it is necessary to identify novel targets for epileptic treatments. c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family that activates diverse substrates, such as transcriptional factors, adaptor proteins, and signaling proteins, and has a wide variety of functions in both physiological and pathological conditions. The excessive activation of JNK is found not only in the acute phase of epilepsy, but also in the chronic phase, which potentiates it as a promising target in epilepsy control. In this review, we discuss the activation of the JNK pathway in epilepsy and its role in neuronal death, astrocyte activation, and mossy fiber sprouting (MFS) based on recent updates. Finally, we briefly introduce the current agents that target JNK signaling to control epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuqiong Zhang
- a Department of Neurology and Neuroscience center , The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , P. R. China
| | - Xue Wang
- a Department of Neurology and Neuroscience center , The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , P. R. China
| | - Miaomiao Yu
- a Department of Neurology and Neuroscience center , The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , P. R. China
| | - Jia-Ai Li
- a Department of Neurology and Neuroscience center , The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Meng
- a Department of Neurology and Neuroscience center , The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , P. R. China
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Activation of the Extrinsic and Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathways in Cerebellum of Kindled Rats. THE CEREBELLUM 2019; 18:750-760. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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11
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Qi AQ, Zhang YH, Qi QD, Liu YH, Zhu JL. Overexpressed HspB6 Underlines a Novel Inhibitory Role in Kainic Acid-Induced Epileptic Seizure in Rats by Activating the cAMP-PKA Pathway. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 39:111-122. [PMID: 30511325 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0637-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a commonly occurring neurological disease that has a large impact on the patient's daily life. Phosphorylation of heat shock protein B6 (HspB6) has been reported to protect the central nervous system. In this investigation, we explored whether HspB6 played a positive effect on epilepsy with the involvement of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate-protein kinase A (cAMP-PKA) pathway. The epileptic seizure was induced in rats by intraperitoneal injection of kainic acid (KA). The extent of HspB6 phosphorylation and expressions of HspB6, PKA, and inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were quantified along with neuronal apoptosis. To further understand the regulatory mechanism of the HspB6 in the hippocampus, we altered the expression and the extent of HspB6 phosphorylation to see whether the cAMP-PKA pathway was inactivated or not in hippocampal neurons of rats post KA. Results showed that HspB6 was poorly expressed, resulting in the inactivation of the cAMP-PKA pathway in rats post KA, as well as an aggravated inflammatory response and hippocampal neuronal apoptosis. HspB6 overexpression and the cAMP-PKA pathway activation decreased the expression of inflammatory factors and inhibited hippocampal neuronal apoptosis. Additionally, HspB6 phosphorylation further augments the inhibitory effects of HspB6 on the inflammatory response and hippocampal neuronal apoptosis. The cAMP-PKA pathway activation was found to result in increased HspB6 phosphorylation. HspB6 decreased apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) expression to inhibit inflammatory response and hippocampal neuronal apoptosis. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that activation of the cAMP-PKA pathway induces overexpression and partial phosphorylation of HspB6 lead to the inhibition of ASK1 expression. This in turn protects rats against epilepsy and provides a potential approach to prevent the onset of epileptic seizure in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Qin Qi
- Department of Neurology, Laiwu Hospital Affiliated to Taishan Medical University, No. 001, Xuehu Street, Changshao North Road, Laicheng District, Laiwu, 271199, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Hui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Haidian Hospital, Beijing, 100080, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin-De Qi
- Department of Neurology, Laiwu Hospital Affiliated to Taishan Medical University, No. 001, Xuehu Street, Changshao North Road, Laicheng District, Laiwu, 271199, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye-Hui Liu
- Department of Neurology, Laiwu Hospital Affiliated to Taishan Medical University, No. 001, Xuehu Street, Changshao North Road, Laicheng District, Laiwu, 271199, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Ling Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Laiwu Hospital Affiliated to Taishan Medical University, No. 001, Xuehu Street, Changshao North Road, Laicheng District, Laiwu, 271199, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Engel T, Gómez-Sintes R, Alves M, Jimenez-Mateos EM, Fernández-Nogales M, Sanz-Rodriguez A, Morgan J, Beamer E, Rodríguez-Matellán A, Dunleavy M, Sano T, Avila J, Medina M, Hernandez F, Lucas JJ, Henshall DC. Bi-directional genetic modulation of GSK-3β exacerbates hippocampal neuropathology in experimental status epilepticus. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:969. [PMID: 30237424 PMCID: PMC6147910 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0963-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is ubiquitously expressed throughout the brain and involved in vital molecular pathways such as cell survival and synaptic reorganization and has emerged as a potential drug target for brain diseases. A causal role for GSK-3, in particular the brain-enriched GSK-3β isoform, has been demonstrated in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s, and in psychiatric diseases. Recent studies have also linked GSK-3 dysregulation to neuropathological outcomes in epilepsy. To date, however, there has been no genetic evidence for the involvement of GSK-3 in seizure-induced pathology. Status epilepticus (prolonged, damaging seizure) was induced via a microinjection of kainic acid into the amygdala of mice. Studies were conducted using two transgenic mouse lines: a neuron-specific GSK-3β overexpression and a neuron-specific dominant-negative GSK-3β (GSK-3β-DN) expression in order to determine the effects of increased or decreased GSK-3β activity, respectively, on seizures and attendant pathological changes in the hippocampus. GSK-3 inhibitors were also employed to support the genetic approach. Status epilepticus resulted in a spatiotemporal regulation of GSK-3 expression and activity in the hippocampus, with decreased GSK-3 activity evident in non-damaged hippocampal areas. Consistent with this, overexpression of GSK-3β exacerbated status epilepticus-induced neurodegeneration in mice. Surprisingly, decreasing GSK-3 activity, either via overexpression of GSK-3β-DN or through the use of specific GSK-3 inhibitors, also exacerbated hippocampal damage and increased seizure severity during status epilepticus. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the brain has limited tolerance for modulation of GSK-3 activity in the setting of epileptic brain injury. These findings caution against targeting GSK-3 as a treatment strategy for epilepsy or other neurologic disorders where neuronal hyperexcitability is an underlying pathomechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Raquel Gómez-Sintes
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, C/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariana Alves
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Eva M Jimenez-Mateos
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Marta Fernández-Nogales
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Amaya Sanz-Rodriguez
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - James Morgan
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Edward Beamer
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Alberto Rodríguez-Matellán
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark Dunleavy
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Takanori Sano
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jesus Avila
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Medina
- CIEN Foundation-Queen Sofia Foundation Alzheimer Center and CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felix Hernandez
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - José J Lucas
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - David C Henshall
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland.,FutureNeuro Research Centre, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Li TR, Jia YJ, Wang Q, Shao XQ, Zhang P, Lv RJ. Correlation between tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA and microRNA-155 expression in rat models and patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain Res 2018; 1700:56-65. [PMID: 30006293 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Accumulative evidence demonstrates that there is an inseparable connection between inflammation and temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Some recent studies have found that the multifunctional microRNA-155 (miR-155) is a key regulator in controlling the neuroinflammatory response of TLE rodent animals and patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the dynamic expression pattern of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) as a pro-inflammatory cytokine and miR-155 as a posttranscriptional inflammation-related miRNA in the hippocampus of TLE rat models and patients. We performed real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) on the rat hippocampus 2 h, 7 days, 21 days and 60 days following kainic acid-induced status epilepticus (SE) and on hippocampi obtained from TLE patients and normal controls. To further characterize the relationship between TNF-α and miR-155, we examined the effect of antagonizing miR-155 on TNF-α secretion using its antagomir. Here, we found that TNF-α secretion and miR-155 expression levels were correlated after SE. The expression of TNF-α reached peak levels in the acute phase (2h post-SE) of seizure and then gradually decreased; however, it rose again in the chronic phase (60 days post-SE). miR-155 expression started to increase 2 h post-SE, reached peak levels in the latent phase (7 days post-SE) of seizure and then gradually decreased. The variation in the trend of miR-155 lagged behind that of TNF-α. In patients with TLE, the expression levels of both TNF-α and miR-155 were also significantly increased. Furthermore, antagonizing miR-155 inhibited the production of TNF-α in the hippocampal tissues of TLE rat models. Our findings demonstrate a critical role for miR-155 in the physiological regulation of the TNF-α pro-inflammatory response and elucidate the role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of TLE. Therefore, regulation of the miR-155/TNF-α axis may be a new therapeutic target for TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Ran Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang Medical University, 88 Road of JianKang, WeiHui, Xinxiang 453100, PR China; Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, 6 TianTanXiLi, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Yan-Jie Jia
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, 1 East Road of JianShe, Erqi District, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, 6 TianTanXiLi, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Shao
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, 6 TianTanXiLi, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang Medical University, 88 Road of JianKang, WeiHui, Xinxiang 453100, PR China
| | - Rui-Juan Lv
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, 6 TianTanXiLi, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, PR China.
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14
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Notch Signaling Regulates Microglial Activation and Inflammatory Reactions in a Rat Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1269-1282. [PMID: 29737480 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2544-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The inflammatory response mediated by microglia in the central nervous system is closely related to epilepsy. Notch signaling plays an important role in the microglial activation during hypoxia. This study aimed to investigate whether Notch signaling is involved in microglial activation and subsequent inflammation-related neuronal injury during the process of epileptogenesis in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy. By using western blotting, real-time quantitative PCR, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence labeling, we found that the expression of Notch signaling increased after status epilepticus and that a γ-secretase inhibitor could significantly inhibit the upregulation of Notch signaling, the activation of microglia, and the release of proinflammatory cytokines. Likewise, the neuronal apoptosis and loss in the hippocampus after SE were attenuated by the γ-secretase inhibitor. These results suggest that Notch signaling plays a key role in neuroinflammation and inflammation-related neuronal damage in epilepsy, and γ-secretase inhibitors may become a novel prospective therapeutic agent for epilepsy.
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15
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Chen X, Sun Y, Huang H, Liu W, Hu P, Huang X, Zou F, Liu J. Uncovering the proteome response of murine neuroblastoma cells against low-dose exposure to saxitoxin. Toxicol Mech Methods 2017; 28:335-344. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2017.1411413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ye Sun
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haiyan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Panpan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinfeng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fei Zou
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
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16
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Guo W, Shang DM, Cao JH, Feng K, He YC, Jiang Y, Wang S, Gao YF. Identifying and Analyzing Novel Epilepsy-Related Genes Using Random Walk with Restart Algorithm. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:6132436. [PMID: 28255556 PMCID: PMC5309434 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6132436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As a pathological condition, epilepsy is caused by abnormal neuronal discharge in brain which will temporarily disrupt the cerebral functions. Epilepsy is a chronic disease which occurs in all ages and would seriously affect patients' personal lives. Thus, it is highly required to develop effective medicines or instruments to treat the disease. Identifying epilepsy-related genes is essential in order to understand and treat the disease because the corresponding proteins encoded by the epilepsy-related genes are candidates of the potential drug targets. In this study, a pioneering computational workflow was proposed to predict novel epilepsy-related genes using the random walk with restart (RWR) algorithm. As reported in the literature RWR algorithm often produces a number of false positive genes, and in this study a permutation test and functional association tests were implemented to filter the genes identified by RWR algorithm, which greatly reduce the number of suspected genes and result in only thirty-three novel epilepsy genes. Finally, these novel genes were analyzed based upon some recently published literatures. Our findings implicate that all novel genes were closely related to epilepsy. It is believed that the proposed workflow can also be applied to identify genes related to other diseases and deepen our understanding of the mechanisms of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Department of Outpatient, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Dong-Mei Shang
- Department of Outpatient, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Jing-Hui Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Kaiyan Feng
- Department of Computer Science, Guangdong AIB Polytechnic, Guangzhou 510507, China
| | - Yi-Chun He
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Yang Jiang
- Department of Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - ShaoPeng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yu-Fei Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
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17
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Chen YC, Zhu GY, Wang X, Shi L, Jiang Y, Zhang X, Zhang JG. Deep brain stimulation of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus reverses the gene expression of cytokines and their receptors as well as neuronal degeneration in epileptic rats. Brain Res 2016; 1657:304-311. [PMID: 28027874 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep brain stimulation of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus (ANT-DBS) is effective in seizure control. However, the mechanisms remain unclear. METHODS Sixty-four rats were randomly assigned to the control group, the kainic acid (KA) group, the sham-DBS group and the DBS group. Video-electroencephalogram (EEG) was used to monitor seizures. Quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) was applied for detecting interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-1 receptor (IL-1R), IL-6, IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), gp130, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), TNF-receptor 1 (TNF-R1) and TNF-receptor 2 (TNF-R2) expression 12h after the establishment of an epileptic model. The neuronal structural degeneration in the hippocampus was evaluated with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) at this same time point. RESULTS The seizure frequency was 48.6% lower in the DBS group compared with the sham-DBS group (P<0.01). The expression of IL-1β, IL-1R, IL-6, IL-6R, gp130, TNF-α and TNF-R1 was elevated in both the KA and the sham group compared with the control group (all Ps<0.01). Additionally, ANT-DBS was able to reverse this gene expression pattern in the DBS group compared with the sham-DBS group (all Ps<0.01). There was no significant difference in TNF-R2 expression among the four groups. The neuronal structural degeneration in the KA group and the sham-DBS group was more severe than that in the control group (injury scores, all Ps<0.01). ANT-DBS was also capable of relieving the degeneration compared with the sham-DBS group (injury score, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that ANT-DBS can reduce seizure frequency in the early stage in epileptic rats as well as relieve the pro-inflammatory state and neuronal injury, which may be one of the most effective mechanisms of ANT-DBS against epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chuan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Guan-Yu Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Xiu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Yin Jiang
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurostimulation, Beijing 100050, China.
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EFHC1 variants in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: reanalysis according to NHGRI and ACMG guidelines for assigning disease causality. Genet Med 2016; 19:144-156. [PMID: 27467453 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2016.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE EFHC1 variants are the most common mutations in inherited myoclonic and grand mal clonic-tonic-clonic (CTC) convulsions of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). We reanalyzed 54 EFHC1 variants associated with epilepsy from 17 cohorts based on National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) and American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) guidelines for interpretation of sequence variants. METHODS We calculated Bayesian LOD scores for variants in coinheritance, unconditional exact tests and odds ratios (OR) in case-control associations, allele frequencies in genome databases, and predictions for conservation/pathogenicity. We reviewed whether variants damage EFHC1 functions, whether efhc1-/- KO mice recapitulate CTC convulsions and "microdysgenesis" neuropathology, and whether supernumerary synaptic and dendritic phenotypes can be rescued in the fly model when EFHC1 is overexpressed. We rated strengths of evidence and applied ACMG combinatorial criteria for classifying variants. RESULTS Nine variants were classified as "pathogenic," 14 as "likely pathogenic," 9 as "benign," and 2 as "likely benign." Twenty variants of unknown significance had an insufficient number of ancestry-matched controls, but ORs exceeded 5 when compared with racial/ethnic-matched Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC) controls. CONCLUSIONS NHGRI gene-level evidence and variant-level evidence establish EFHC1 as the first non-ion channel microtubule-associated protein whose mutations disturb R-type VDCC and TRPM2 calcium currents in overgrown synapses and dendrites within abnormally migrated dislocated neurons, thus explaining CTC convulsions and "microdysgenesis" neuropathology of JME.Genet Med 19 2, 144-156.
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Neuroprotective function of 14-3-3 proteins in neurodegeneration. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:564534. [PMID: 24364034 PMCID: PMC3865737 DOI: 10.1155/2013/564534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
14-3-3 proteins are abundantly expressed adaptor proteins that interact with a vast number of binding partners to regulate their cellular localization and function. They regulate substrate function in a number of ways including protection from dephosphorylation, regulation of enzyme activity, formation of ternary complexes and sequestration. The diversity of 14-3-3 interacting partners thus enables 14-3-3 proteins to impact a wide variety of cellular and physiological processes. 14-3-3 proteins are broadly expressed in the brain, and clinical and experimental studies have implicated 14-3-3 proteins in neurodegenerative disease. A recurring theme is that 14-3-3 proteins play important roles in pathogenesis through regulating the subcellular localization of target proteins. Here, we review the evidence that 14-3-3 proteins regulate aspects of neurodegenerative disease with a focus on their protective roles against neurodegeneration.
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20
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Tombini M, Squitti R, Cacciapaglia F, Ventriglia M, Assenza G, Benvenga A, Pellegrino G, Campana C, Assenza F, Siotto M, Pacifici L, Afeltra A, Rossini P. Inflammation and iron metabolism in adult patients with epilepsy: Does a link exist? Epilepsy Res 2013; 107:244-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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21
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Balosso S, Ravizza T, Aronica E, Vezzani A. The dual role of TNF-α and its receptors in seizures. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:267-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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22
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Weinberg MS, Blake BL, McCown TJ. Opposing actions of hippocampus TNFα receptors on limbic seizure susceptibility. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:429-37. [PMID: 23333565 PMCID: PMC3636186 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Resected epileptic tissues exhibit elements of chronic neuroinflammation that include elevated TNFα and increased TNFα receptor activation, but the seizure related consequences of chronic TNFα expression remain unknown. Twenty four hours after acute limbic seizures the rat hippocampus exhibited a rapid upregulation of TNFR1, but a simultaneous downregulation of TNFR2. These limbic seizures also evoked significant increases in measures of neuroinflammation and caused significant neuronal cell death in both the hilus and CA3 of the hippocampus. In order to mimic a state of chronic TNFα exposure, adeno-associated viral vectors were packaged with a TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) specific agonist, human TNFα, or a TNF receptor 1/2 agonist, rat TNFα. Subsequently, chronic hippocampal overexpression of either TNFR ligand caused microglial activation and blood-brain barrier compromise, a pattern similar to limbic seizure-induced neuroinflammation. However, no evidence was found for neuronal cell death or spontaneous seizure activity. Thus, chronic, in vivo TNFα expression and the subsequent neuroinflammation alone did not cause cell death or elicit seizure activity. In contrast, chronic hippocampal activation of TNFR1 alone significantly increased limbic seizure sensitivity in both amygdala kainic acid and electrical amygdala kindling models, while chronic activation of both TNFR1 and TNFR2 significantly attenuated the amygdala kindling rate. With regard to endogenous TNFα, chronic hippocampal expression of a TNFα decoy receptor significantly reduced seizure-induced cell death in the hippocampus, but did not alter seizure susceptibility. These findings suggest that blockade of endogenous TNFα could attenuate seizure related neuropathology, while selective activation of TNFR2 could exert beneficial therapeutic effects on in vivo seizure sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc S. Weinberg
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Bonita L. Blake
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Thomas J. McCown
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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23
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Integration of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1-mediated stress signaling with the Akt/protein kinase B-IκB kinase cascade. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:2252-9. [PMID: 23530055 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00047-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular processes are tightly controlled through well-coordinated signaling networks that respond to conflicting cues, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signals, and survival factors to ensure proper cell function. We report here a direct interaction between inhibitor of κB kinase (IKK) and apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), unveiling a critical node at the junction of survival, inflammation, and stress signaling networks. IKK can be activated by growth factor stimulation or tumor necrosis factor alpha engagement. IKK forms a complex with and phosphorylates ASK1 at a sensor site, Ser967, leading to the recruitment of 14-3-3, counteracts stress signal-triggered ASK1 activation, and suppresses ASK1-mediated functions. An inhibitory role of IKK in JNK signaling has been previously reported to depend on NF-κB-mediated gene expression. Our data suggest that IKK has a dual role: a transcription-dependent and a transcription-independent action in controlling the ASK1-JNK axis, coupling IKK to ROS and ER stress response. Direct phosphorylation of ASK1 by IKK also defines a novel IKK phosphorylation motif. Because of the intimate involvement of ASK1 in diverse diseases, the IKK/ASK1 interface offers a promising target for therapeutic development.
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24
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Brennan GP, Jimenez-Mateos EM, McKiernan RC, Engel T, Tzivion G, Henshall DC. Transgenic overexpression of 14-3-3 zeta protects hippocampus against endoplasmic reticulum stress and status epilepticus in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54491. [PMID: 23359526 PMCID: PMC3554740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
14-3-3 proteins are ubiquitous molecular chaperones that are abundantly expressed in the brain where they regulate cell functions including metabolism, the cell cycle and apoptosis. Brain levels of several 14-3-3 isoforms are altered in diseases of the nervous system, including epilepsy. The 14-3-3 zeta (ζ) isoform has been linked to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function in neurons, with reduced levels provoking ER stress and increasing vulnerability to excitotoxic injury. Here we report that transgenic overexpression of 14-3-3ζ in mice results in selective changes to the unfolded protein response pathway in the hippocampus, including down-regulation of glucose-regulated proteins 78 and 94, activating transcription factors 4 and 6, and Xbp1 splicing. No differences were found between wild-type mice and transgenic mice for levels of other 14-3-3 isoforms or various other 14-3-3 binding proteins. 14-3-3ζ overexpressing mice were potently protected against cell death caused by intracerebroventricular injection of the ER stressor tunicamycin. 14-3-3ζ overexpressing mice were also potently protected against neuronal death caused by prolonged seizures. These studies demonstrate that increased 14-3-3ζ levels protect against ER stress and seizure-damage despite down-regulation of the unfolded protein response. Delivery of 14-3-3ζ may protect against pathologic changes resulting from prolonged or repeated seizures or where injuries provoke ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary P. Brennan
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eva M. Jimenez-Mateos
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ross C. McKiernan
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Guri Tzivion
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - David C. Henshall
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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25
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Systems Analysis of Arrestin Pathway Functions. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 118:431-67. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394440-5.00017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Mercader JM, Puiggros M, Segrè AV, Planet E, Sorianello E, Sebastian D, Rodriguez-Cuenca S, Ribas V, Bonàs-Guarch S, Draghici S, Yang C, Mora S, Vidal-Puig A, Dupuis J, Florez JC, Zorzano A, Torrents D. Identification of novel type 2 diabetes candidate genes involved in the crosstalk between the mitochondrial and the insulin signaling systems. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1003046. [PMID: 23236286 PMCID: PMC3516534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a highly prevalent chronic metabolic disease with strong co-morbidity with obesity and cardiovascular diseases. There is growing evidence supporting the notion that a crosstalk between mitochondria and the insulin signaling cascade could be involved in the etiology of T2D and insulin resistance. In this study we investigated the molecular basis of this crosstalk by using systems biology approaches. We combined, filtered, and interrogated different types of functional interaction data, such as direct protein–protein interactions, co-expression analyses, and metabolic and signaling dependencies. As a result, we constructed the mitochondria-insulin (MITIN) network, which highlights 286 genes as candidate functional linkers between these two systems. The results of internal gene expression analysis of three independent experimental models of mitochondria and insulin signaling perturbations further support the connecting roles of these genes. In addition, we further assessed whether these genes are involved in the etiology of T2D using the genome-wide association study meta-analysis from the DIAGRAM consortium, involving 8,130 T2D cases and 38,987 controls. We found modest enrichment of genes associated with T2D amongst our linker genes (p = 0.0549), including three already validated T2D SNPs and 15 additional SNPs, which, when combined, were collectively associated to increased fasting glucose levels according to MAGIC genome wide meta-analysis (p = 8.12×10−5). This study highlights the potential of combining systems biology, experimental, and genome-wide association data mining for identifying novel genes and related variants that increase vulnerability to complex diseases. It has been shown that the crosstalk between insulin signaling and the mitochondria may be involved in the etiology of type 2 diabetes. In order to characterize the molecular basis of this crosstalk, we mined and filtered several interaction databases of different natures, including protein–protein interactions, gene co-expression, signaling, and metabolic pathway interactions, to identify reliable direct and indirect interactions between insulin signaling cascade and mitochondria genes. This allowed us to identify 286 genes that are associated simultaneously with insulin signaling and mitochondrial genes and therefore could act as a molecular bridge between both systems. We performed in vitro and in vivo experiments where the insulin signaling or the mitochondrial function were disrupted, and we found deregulation of these connecting genes. Finally, we found that common variants in genomic regions where these genes lie are enriched for genetic associations with type 2 diabetes and glycemic traits according to large genome-wide association meta-analyses. In summary, we reconstructed the network implicated in the crosstalk between the mitochondria and the insulin signaling and provide a list of genes connecting both systems. We also propose new potential type 2 diabetes candidate genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep M. Mercader
- Joint IRB–BSC Program on Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Montserrat Puiggros
- Joint IRB–BSC Program on Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Computational Bioinformatics, National Institute of Bioinformatics, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ayellet V. Segrè
- Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Evarist Planet
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eleonora Sorianello
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona, and CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Sebastian
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona, and CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Rodriguez-Cuenca
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories Institute of Metabolic Sciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Vicent Ribas
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona, and CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Bonàs-Guarch
- Joint IRB–BSC Program on Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sorin Draghici
- Department of Computer Science, Department of Clinical and Translational Science, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Intelligent Systems and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Chenjing Yang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sílvia Mora
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Antoni Vidal-Puig
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories Institute of Metabolic Sciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Josée Dupuis
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Jose C. Florez
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Diabetes Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research and Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Antonio Zorzano
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona, and CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Torrents
- Joint IRB–BSC Program on Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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27
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Venugopal AK, Sameer Kumar GS, Mahadevan A, Selvan LDN, Marimuthu A, Dikshit JB, Tata P, Ramachandra Y, Chaerkady R, Sinha S, Chandramouli B, Arivazhagan A, Satishchandra P, Shankar S, Pandey A. Transcriptomic Profiling of Medial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 5. [PMID: 23483634 DOI: 10.4172/jpb.1000210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most prevalent neurological disorders affecting ~1% of the population. Medial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is the most frequent type of epilepsy observed in adults who do not respond to pharmacological treatment. The reason for intractability in these patients has not been systematically studied. Further, no markers are available that can predict the subset of patients who will not respond to pharmacotherapy. To identify potential biomarkers of epileptogenicity, we compared the mRNA profiles of surgically resected tissue from seizure zones with non-seizure zones from cases of intractable MTLE. We identified 413 genes that exhibited ≥2-fold change that were statistically significant across these two groups. Several of these differentially expressed genes have not been previously described in the context of MTLE including claudin 11 (CLDN11) and bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type IB (BMPR1B). In addition, we found significant downregulation of a subset of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) associated genes. We also identified molecules such as BACH2 and ADAMTS15, which are already known to be associated with epilepsy. We validated one upregulated molecule, serine/threonine kinase 31 (STK31) and one downregulated molecule, SMARCA4, by immunohistochemical labeling of tissue sections. These molecules need to be further confirmed in large-scale studies to determine their potential use as diagnostic as well as prognostic markers in intractable MTLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilash K Venugopal
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India ; Department of Biotechnology, Kuvempu University, Shimoga, India ; McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA ; Departments of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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28
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Bozzi Y, Dunleavy M, Henshall DC. Cell signaling underlying epileptic behavior. Front Behav Neurosci 2011; 5:45. [PMID: 21852968 PMCID: PMC3151612 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a complex disease, characterized by the repeated occurrence of bursts of electrical activity (seizures) in specific brain areas. The behavioral outcome of seizure events strongly depends on the brain regions that are affected by overactivity. Here we review the intracellular signaling pathways involved in the generation of seizures in epileptogenic areas. Pathways activated by modulatory neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin), involving the activation of extracellular-regulated kinases and the induction of immediate early genes (IEGs) will be first discussed in relation to the occurrence of acute seizure events. Activation of IEGs has been proposed to lead to long-term molecular and behavioral responses induced by acute seizures. We also review deleterious consequences of seizure activity, focusing on the contribution of apoptosis-associated signaling pathways to the progression of the disease. A deep understanding of signaling pathways involved in both acute- and long-term responses to seizures continues to be crucial to unravel the origins of epileptic behaviors and ultimately identify novel therapeutic targets for the cure of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Bozzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento Trento, Italy
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29
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Li G, Bauer S, Nowak M, Norwood B, Tackenberg B, Rosenow F, Knake S, Oertel WH, Hamer HM. Cytokines and epilepsy. Seizure 2011; 20:249-56. [PMID: 21216630 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disorder affecting approximately 8 out of 1000 people. Its pathophysiology, however, has remained elusive in many regards. Consequently, adequate seizure control is still lacking in about one third of patients. Cytokines are soluble mediators of cell communication that are critical in immune regulation. In recent years, studies have shown that epileptic seizures can induce the production of cytokines, which in turn influence the pathogenesis and course of epilepsies. At the time of this review, the focus is mostly on interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding these cytokines and their potential roles in epilepsy. The focus concentrates on their expression and influence on induced seizures in animal models of epilepsy, as well as findings in human studies. Both proconvulsive and anticonvulsive effects have been reported for each of these molecules. One possible explanation for this phenomenon is that cytokines play dichotomous roles through multiple pathways, each of which is dependent on free concentration and available receptors. Furthermore, the immune-mediated leakage in the blood-brain-barrier also plays an important role in epileptogenesis. Nonetheless, these observations demonstrate the multifarious nature of cytokine networks and the complex relationship between the immune system and epilepsy. Future studies are warranted to further clarify the influence of the immune system on epilepsy and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Department of Neurology, University of Marburg, Rudolf-Bultmann-Str. 8, 35033 Marburg, Germany
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30
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Engel T, Caballero-Caballero A, Schindler CK, Plesnila N, Strasser A, Prehn JH, Henshall DC. BH3-only protein Bid is dispensable for seizure-induced neuronal death and the associated nuclear accumulation of apoptosis-inducing factor. J Neurochem 2010; 115:92-101. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06909.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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31
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Fu M, Sun ZH, Zuo HC. Neuroprotective Effect of Piperine on Primarily Cultured Hippocampal Neurons. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:598-603. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Fu
- Medical College, Tsinghua University
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32
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Vulnerability of postnatal hippocampal neurons to seizures varies regionally with their maturational stage. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 37:394-402. [PMID: 19879360 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of status epilepticus-induced neuronal death in the immature brain is not fully understood. In the present study, we examined the contribution of caspases in our lithium-pilocarpine model of status epilepticus in 14 days old rat pups. In CA1, upregulation of caspase-8, but not caspase-9, preceded caspase-3 activation in morphologically necrotic cells. Pretreatment with a pan-caspase inhibitor provided neuroprotection, showing that caspase activation was not an epiphenomenon but contributed to neuronal necrosis. By contrast, upregulation of active caspase-9 and caspase-3, but not caspase-8, was detected in apoptotic dentate gyrus neurons, which were immunoreactive for doublecortin and calbindin-negative, two features of immature neurons. These results suggest that, in cells which are aligned in series as parts of the same excitatory hippocampal circuit, the same seizures induce neuronal death through different mechanisms. The regional level of neuronal maturity may be a determining factor in the execution of a specific death program.
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33
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Andreeva AV, Kutuzov MA. PPEF/PP7 protein Ser/Thr phosphatases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:3103-10. [PMID: 19662497 PMCID: PMC11115641 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0110-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PPEF/PP7 represents one of the five subfamilies of the PPP protein Ser/Thr phosphatases. Studies published in recent years point to a role of plant PP7 at a crossroad of different pathways of light and stress signalling. In animals, PPEFs are highly expressed in sensory neurons, and Drosophila PPEF phosphatase, rdgC, is essential for dephosphorylation of rhodopsin. Expression profiling suggests that mammalian PPEF may play a role in stress-protective responses, cell survival, growth, proliferation, and oncogenesis. Despite structural similarities of the catalytic domains and the fact that some of these phosphatases are involved in light perception both in animals and in plants, the plant and non-plant representatives of this group have distinct domain architecture and appear not to be orthologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra V. Andreeva
- Department of Pharmacology (M/C 868), College of Medicine, University of Illinois, 909 S. Wolcott Ave., Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Mikhail A. Kutuzov
- Department of Pharmacology (M/C 868), College of Medicine, University of Illinois, 909 S. Wolcott Ave., Chicago, IL 60612 USA
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34
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Sanchez-Ortiz E, Hahm BK, Armstrong DL, Rossie S. Protein phosphatase 5 protects neurons against amyloid-beta toxicity. J Neurochem 2009; 111:391-402. [PMID: 19686245 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Abeta) is thought to promote neuronal cell loss in Alzheimer's disease, in part through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Protein phosphatase 5 (PP5) is a ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine phosphatase which has been implicated in several cell stress response pathways and shown to inactivate MAPK pathways through key dephosphorylation events. Therefore, we examined whether PP5 protects dissociated embryonic rat cortical neurons in vitro from cell death evoked by Abeta. As predicted, neurons in which PP5 expression was decreased by small-interfering RNA treatment were more susceptible to Abeta toxicity. In contrast, over-expression of PP5, but not the inactive mutant, PP5(H304Q), prevented MAPK phosphorylation and neurotoxicity induced by Abeta. PP5 also prevented cell death caused by direct treatment with H(2)O(2), but did not prevent Abeta-induced production of ROS. Thus, the neuroprotective effect of PP5 requires its phosphatase activity and lies downstream of Abeta-induced generation of ROS. In summary, our data indicate that PP5 plays a pivotal neuroprotective role against cell death induced by Abeta and oxidative stress. Consequently, PP5 might be an effective therapeutic target in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders in which oxidative stress is implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrain Sanchez-Ortiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Purdue Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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35
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Cell death and proliferation in acute slices and organotypic cultures of mammalian CNS. Prog Neurobiol 2009; 88:221-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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36
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Balosso S, Ravizza T, Pierucci M, Calcagno E, Invernizzi R, Di Giovanni G, Esposito E, Vezzani A. Molecular and functional interactions between tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptors and the glutamatergic system in the mouse hippocampus: Implications for seizure susceptibility. Neuroscience 2009; 161:293-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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37
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Nitric oxide utilizes NF-κB to signal its neuroprotective effect against alcohol toxicity. Neuropharmacology 2009; 56:716-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Revised: 12/06/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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38
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Martin B, Brenneman R, Golden E, Walent T, Becker KG, Prabhu VV, Wood W, Ladenheim B, Cadet JL, Maudsley S. Growth factor signals in neural cells: coherent patterns of interaction control multiple levels of molecular and phenotypic responses. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:2493-511. [PMID: 19038969 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804545200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Individual neurons express receptors for several different growth factors that influence the survival, growth, neurotransmitter phenotype, and other properties of the cell. Although there has been considerable progress in elucidating the molecular signal transduction pathways and physiological responses of neurons and other cells to individual growth factors, little is known about if and how signals from different growth factors are integrated within a neuron. In this study, we determined the interactive effects of nerve growth factor, insulin-like growth factor 1, and epidermal growth factor on the activation status of downstream kinase cascades and transcription factors, cell survival, and neurotransmitter production in neural cells that express receptors for all three growth factors. We document considerable differences in the quality and quantity of intracellular signaling and eventual phenotypic responses that are dependent on whether cells are exposed to a single or multiple growth factors. Dual stimulations that generated the greatest antagonistic or synergistic actions, compared with a theoretically neutral summation of their two activities, yielded the largest eventual change of neuronal phenotype indicated by the ability of the cell to produce norepinephrine or resist oxidative stress. Combined activation of insulin-like growth factor 1 and epidermal growth factor receptors was particularly notable for antagonistic interactions at some levels of signal transduction and norepinephrine production, but potentiation at other levels of signaling and cytoprotection. Our findings suggest that in true physiological settings where multiple growth factors are present, activation of one receptor type may result in molecular and phenotypic responses that are different from that observed in typical experimental paradigms in which cells are exposed to only a single growth factor at a time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwen Martin
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Research Resources Branch, NIA, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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39
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Vezzani A, Balosso S, Ravizza T. The role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. Brain Behav Immun 2008; 22:797-803. [PMID: 18495419 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2008.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings in experimental models and in the clinical setting highlight the possibility that inflammatory processes in the brain contribute to the etiopathogenesis of seizures and to the establishment of a chronic epileptic focus. Prototypical inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha and IL-6 have been shown to be overexpressed in experimental models of seizures in brain areas of seizure generation and propagation, prominently by glia and to a lesser extent by neurons. Cytokines receptors are also upregulated, and the related intracellular signalling is activated, in both cell populations highlighting autocrine and paracrine actions of cytokines in the brain. Cytokines have been shown to profoundly affect seizures in rodents; in particular, IL-1 beta is endowed of proconvulsant activity in a large variety of seizure models. The recent demonstration of functional interactions between cytokines and classical neurotransmitters such as glutamate and GABA, suggest the possibility that these interactions underlie the cytokine-mediated changes in neuronal excitability, thus promoting seizure phenomena and the associated neuropathology. These findings point out at novel glio-neuronal communications in diseased conditions and highlight potential new targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Vezzani
- Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Department of Neuroscience, Via G La Masa, 19 Milano, Italy.
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40
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Harry GJ, Lefebvre d'Hellencourt C, McPherson CA, Funk JA, Aoyama M, Wine RN. Tumor necrosis factor p55 and p75 receptors are involved in chemical-induced apoptosis of dentate granule neurons. J Neurochem 2008; 106:281-98. [PMID: 18373618 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05382.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Localized tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) elevation has diverse effects in brain injury often attributed to signaling via TNFp55 or TNFp75 receptors. Both dentate granule cells and CA pyramidal cells express TNF receptors (TNFR) at low levels in a punctate pattern. Using a model to induce selective death of dentate granule cells (trimethyltin; 2 mg/kg, i.p.), neuronal apoptosis [terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin in situ end labeling, active caspase 3 (AC3)] was accompanied by amoeboid microglia and elevated TNFalpha mRNA levels. TNFp55R (55 kDa type-1 TNFR) and TNFp75R (75 kDa type-2 TNFR) immunoreactivity in AC3(+) neurons displayed a pattern suggestive of receptor internalization and a temporal sequence of expression of TNFp55R followed by TNFp75R associated with the progression of apoptosis. A distinct ramified microglia response occurred around CA1 neurons and healthy dentate neurons that displayed an increase in the normal punctate pattern of TNFRs. Neuronal damage was decreased with i.c.v. injection of TNFalpha antibody and in TNFp55R-/-p75R-/- mice that showed higher constitutive mRNA levels for interleukin (IL-1alpha), macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha (MIP-1alpha), TNFalpha, transforming growth factor beta1, Fas, and TNFRSF6-assoicated via death domain (FADD). TNFp75R-/- mice showed exacerbated injury and elevated mRNA levels for IL-1alpha, MIP-1alpha, and TNFalpha. In TNFp55R-/- mice, constitutive mRNA levels for TNFalpha, IL-6, caspase 8, FADD, and Fas-associated phosphatase were higher; IL-1alpha, MIP-1alpha, and transforming growth factor beta1 lower. The mice displayed exacerbated neuronal death, delayed microglia response, increased FADD and TNFp75R mRNA levels, and co-expression of TNFp75R in AC3(+) neurons. The data demonstrate TNFR-mediated apoptotic death of dentate granule neurons utilizing both TNFRs and suggest a TNFp75R-mediated apoptosis in the absence of normal TNFp55R activity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/drug effects
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/genetics
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism
- Cytokines/drug effects
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Dentate Gyrus/immunology
- Dentate Gyrus/metabolism
- Dentate Gyrus/pathology
- Endocytosis/drug effects
- Endocytosis/physiology
- Fas-Associated Death Domain Protein/drug effects
- Fas-Associated Death Domain Protein/genetics
- Fas-Associated Death Domain Protein/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/immunology
- Nerve Degeneration/chemically induced
- Nerve Degeneration/immunology
- Nerve Degeneration/metabolism
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/immunology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurotoxins/toxicity
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/drug effects
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/drug effects
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/drug effects
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/metabolism
- Trimethyltin Compounds/toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- G Jean Harry
- Department of Health and Human Services, Neurotoxicology Group, Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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41
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Murphy N, Bonner HP, Ward MW, Murphy BM, Prehn JHM, Henshall DC. Depletion of 14-3-3 zeta elicits endoplasmic reticulum stress and cell death, and increases vulnerability to kainate-induced injury in mouse hippocampal cultures. J Neurochem 2008; 106:978-88. [PMID: 18466333 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05447.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
14-3-3 proteins are ubiquitous signalling molecules that regulate development and survival pathways in brain. Altered expression and cellular localization of 14-3-3 proteins has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases and in neuronal death after acute neurological insults, including seizures. Presently, we examined expression and function of 14-3-3 isoforms in vitro using mouse organotypic hippocampal cultures. Treatment of cultures with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stressor tunicamycin caused an increase in levels of 14-3-3 zeta within the ER-containing microsomal fraction, along with up-regulation of Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu-containing proteins and calnexin, and the selective death of dentate granule cells. Depletion of 14-3-3 zeta levels using small interfering RNA induced both ER stress proteins and death of granule cells. Treatment of hippocampal cultures with the excitotoxin kainic acid increased levels of Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu-containing proteins and microsomal 14-3-3 zeta levels and caused cell death within the CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Kainic acid-induced damage was significantly increased in each hippocampal subfield of cultures treated with small interfering RNA targeting 14-3-3 zeta. The present data indicate a role for 14-3-3 zeta in survival responses following ER stress and possibly protection against seizure injury to the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Murphy
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland, UK
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42
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Vashlishan AB, Madison JM, Dybbs M, Bai J, Sieburth D, Ch'ng Q, Tavazoie M, Kaplan JM. An RNAi Screen Identifies Genes that Regulate GABA Synapses. Neuron 2008; 58:346-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Revised: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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43
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Vezzani A, Ravizza T, Balosso S, Aronica E. Glia as a source of cytokines: implications for neuronal excitability and survival. Epilepsia 2008; 49 Suppl 2:24-32. [PMID: 18226169 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01490.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, preclinical studies have provided a better characterization of the homeostatic and maladaptive mechanisms occurring either during the process of epileptogenesis or after the permanent epileptic state has emerged. Experimental evidence supported by clinical observations highlighted the possibility that brain inflammation is a common factor contributing, or predisposing, to the occurrence of seizures and cell death, in various forms of epilepsy of different etiologies. Expression of proinflammatory cytokines, as a hallmark of brain inflammation, has been demonstrated in glia in various experimental models of seizures and in human epilepsies. Experimental studies in rodents with perturbed cytokine systems indicate that these inflammatory mediators can alter neuronal excitability and affect cell survival by activating transcriptional and posttranslational intracellular pathways. This paper will provide an overview on the current knowledge in this field to discuss mechanistic hypotheses into the study of pathogenesis of epilepsy and recognize new potential therapeutic options.
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44
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Abstract
The constitutive isoform of heme oxygenase, HO-2, is highly expressed in the brain and in cerebral vessels. HO-2 functions in the brain have been evaluated using pharmacological inhibitors of the enzyme and HO-2 gene deletion in in vivo animal models and in cultured cells (neurons, astrocytes, cerebral vascular endothelial cells). Rapid activation of HO-2 via post-translational modifications without upregulation of HO-2 expression or HO-1 induction coincides with the increase in cerebral blood flow aimed at maintaining brain homeostasis and neuronal survival during seizures, hypoxia, and hypotension. Pharmacological inhibition or gene deletion of brain HO-2 exacerbates oxidative stress induced by seizures, glutamate, and inflammatory cytokines, and causes cerebral vascular injury. Carbon monoxide (CO) and bilirubin, the end products of HO-catalyzed heme degradation, have distinct cytoprotective functions. CO, by binding to a heme prosthetic group, regulates the key components of cell signaling, including BK(Ca) channels, guanylyl cyclase, NADPH oxidase, and the mitochondria respiratory chain. Cerebral vasodilator effects of CO are mediated via activation of BK(Ca) channels and guanylyl cyclase. CO, by inhibiting the major components of endogenous oxidant-generating machinery, NADPH oxidase and the cytochrome C oxidase of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, blocks formation of reactive oxygen species. Bilirubin, via redox cycling with biliverdin, is a potent oxidant scavenger that removes preformed oxidants. Overall, HO-2 has dual housekeeping cerebroprotective functions by maintaining autoregulation of cerebral blood flow aimed at improving neuronal survival in a changing environment, and by providing an effective defense mechanism that blocks oxidant formation and prevents cell death caused by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Parfenova
- Laboratory for Research in Neonatal Physiology, Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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45
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Hauser KF, El-Hage N, Buch S, Nath A, Tyor WR, Bruce-Keller AJ, Knapp PE. Impact of opiate-HIV-1 interactions on neurotoxic signaling. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2007; 1:98-105. [PMID: 18040795 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-005-9000-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Opiate drug abuse exacerbates the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) in the central nervous system through direct actions on glia and neurons. Opiate abuse causes widespread disruption of astroglial and microglial function, and significant increases in astroglial-derived proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which likely contributes to neuronal dysfunction, death, and HIV encephalitis. Neurons are also directly affected by opiate-HIV-1 interactions. HIV-1 and the viral proteins gp120 and Tat activate multiple caspase-dependent and caspase-independent proapoptotic pathways in neurons involving phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3 kinase)/Akt, as well as p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and/or other mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Opiates appear to decrease the threshold for HIV-1-mediated neurotoxicity by sending convergent signals that exacerbate proapoptotic events induced by viral and cellular toxic products. The synergistic proinflammatory and neurotoxic effects of opiate drugs on glia and neurons are largely mediated through mu opioid receptors, which are expressed by subpopulations of astroglia, microglia, and neurons. Opiate abuse intrinsically modifies the host response to HIV-1. Identification of how this occurs is providing considerable insight toward understanding the mechanisms underlying HIV-1-associated dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA.
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46
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Ravizza T, Gagliardi B, Noé F, Boer K, Aronica E, Vezzani A. Innate and adaptive immunity during epileptogenesis and spontaneous seizures: evidence from experimental models and human temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2007; 29:142-60. [PMID: 17931873 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2007.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Revised: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the activation of the IL-1 beta system and markers of adaptive immunity in rat brain during epileptogenesis using models of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The same inflammatory markers were studied in rat chronic epileptic tissue and in human TLE with hippocampal sclerosis (HS). IL-1 beta was expressed by both activated microglia and astrocytes within 4 h from the onset of status epilepticus (SE) in forebrain areas recruited in epileptic activity; however, only astrocytes sustained inflammation during epileptogenesis. Activation of the IL-1 beta system during epileptogenesis was associated with neurodegeneration and blood-brain barrier breakdown. In rat and human chronic epileptic tissue, IL-1 beta and IL-1 receptor type 1 were broadly expressed by astrocytes, microglia and neurons. Granulocytes appeared transiently in rat brain during epileptogenesis while monocytes/macrophages were present in the hippocampus from 18 h after SE onset until chronic seizures develop, and they were found also in human TLE hippocampi. In rat and human epileptic tissue, only scarce B- and T-lymphocytes and NK cells were found mainly associated with microvessels. These data show that specific inflammatory pathways are chronically activated during epileptogenesis and they persist in chronic epileptic tissue, suggesting they may contribute to the etiopathogenesis of TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Ravizza
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milano, Italy
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47
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Taoufik E, Valable S, Müller GJ, Roberts ML, Divoux D, Tinel A, Voulgari-Kokota A, Tseveleki V, Altruda F, Lassmann H, Petit E, Probert L. FLIP(L) protects neurons against in vivo ischemia and in vitro glucose deprivation-induced cell death. J Neurosci 2007; 27:6633-46. [PMID: 17581950 PMCID: PMC6672692 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1091-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that underlie neuron death after stroke is important to allow the development of effective neuroprotective strategies. In this study, we investigated the contribution of death receptor signaling pathways to neuronal death after ischemia using in vitro and in vivo models of ischemic injury and transgenic mice that are deficient in tumor necrosis factor receptor I (TNFRI KO) or show neuron-specific overexpression of the long isoform of cellular Fas-associated death domain-like interleukin-1-beta-converting enzyme-inhibitory protein (FLIP(L)). Caspase 8 was activated in brain lesions after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) and in cortical neurons subjected to glucose deprivation (GD) and was necessary for GD-induced neuron death. Thus, neurons treated with zIETD-FMK peptide or overexpressing a dominant-negative caspase 8 mutant were fully protected against GD-induced death. The presence of the neuroprotective TNFRI was necessary for selectively sustaining p50/p65NF-kappaB activity and the expression of the p43 cleavage form of FLIP(L), FLIP(p43), an endogenous inhibitor of caspase 8, in pMCAO lesions and GD-treated neurons. Moreover, TNF pretreatment further upregulated p50/p65NF-kappaB activity and FLIP(p43) expression in neurons after GD. The knock-down of FLIP in wild-type (WT) neurons using a short hairpin RNA revealed that FLIP(L) is essential for TNF/TNFRI-mediated neuroprotection after GD. Furthermore, the overexpression of FLIP(L) was sufficient to rescue TNFRI KO neurons from GD-induced death and to enhance TNF neuroprotection in WT neurons, and neuron-specific expression of FLIP(L) in transgenic mice significantly reduced lesion volume after pMCAO. Our results identify a novel role for the TNFRI-NF-kappaB-FLIP(L) pathway in neuroprotection after ischemia and identify potential new targets for stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Era Taoufik
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Samuel Valable
- Universite de Caen, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6185, 14074 Caen, France
| | - Georg J. Müller
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Brain Research Institute, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Didier Divoux
- Universite de Caen, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6185, 14074 Caen, France
| | - Antoine Tinel
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland, and
| | - Anda Voulgari-Kokota
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Vivian Tseveleki
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Fiorella Altruda
- Dipartimento di Genetica, Biologia e Biochimica, Universita di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Brain Research Institute, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Edwige Petit
- Universite de Caen, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6185, 14074 Caen, France
| | - Lesley Probert
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
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48
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Kim EK, Noh KT, Yoon JH, Cho JH, Yoon KW, Dreyfuss G, Choi EJ. Positive regulation of ASK1-mediated c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase signaling pathway by the WD-repeat protein Gemin5. Cell Death Differ 2007; 14:1518-28. [PMID: 17541429 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Gemin5 is a 170-kDa WD-repeat-containing protein that was initially identified as a component of the survival of motor neurons (SMN) complex. We now show that Gemin5 facilitates the activation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) and downstream signaling. Gemin5 physically interacted with ASK1 as well as with the downstream kinases SEK1 and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK1), and it potentiated the H(2)O(2)-induced activation of each of these kinases in intact cells. Moreover, Gemin5 promoted the binding of ASK1 to SEK1 and to JNK1, as well as the ASK1-induced activation of JNK1. In comparison, Gemin5 did not physically associate with MKK7, MKK3, MKK6, or p38. Furthermore, depletion of endogenous Gemin5 by RNA interference (RNAi) revealed that Gemin5 contributes to the activation of ASK1 and JNK1, and to apoptosis induced by H(2)O(2) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) in HeLa cells. Together, our results suggest that Gemin5 functions as a scaffold protein for the ASK1-JNK1 signaling module and thereby potentiates ASK1-mediated signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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49
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Henshall DC. Apoptosis signalling pathways in seizure-induced neuronal death and epilepsy. Biochem Soc Trans 2007; 35:421-3. [PMID: 17371290 DOI: 10.1042/bst0350421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Delineating the molecular pathways underlying seizure-induced neuronal death may yield novel strategies for brain protection against prolonged or repetitive seizures. Glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity and necrosis is a primary contributing mechanism but seizures also activate programmed (apoptotic) cell death pathways. Apoptosis signalling pathways are typically initiated following perturbation of intracellular organelle function (intrinsic pathway) or by activated cell-surface-expressed death receptors (extrinsic pathway), with signalling cascades orchestrated in part by the Bcl-2 and caspase gene families. In this review, evidence for these pathways from experimental seizure modelling and clinical material from patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy is examined. Seizures cause mitochondrial dysfunction and activate intrinsic pathway components including pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins and caspases, processes that may be partly calcium-induced. The ER (endoplasmic reticulum) has emerged as a major intrinsic pathway trigger for apoptosis and its function may also be compromised following seizures and in epilepsy. The extrinsic, death-receptor-dependent pathway is also rapidly engaged following experimental seizures and in patient brain, supporting a previously unexpected apical role for a calcium-independent pathway. When considered alongside emerging functions of apoptosis-regulatory proteins in non-cell-death processes, including regulating intracellular calcium release and neuronal (re)structuring, apoptosis signalling pathways can be viewed as an important developing focus of research into how to obviate the deleterious impact of seizures on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Henshall
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
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50
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Lotocki G, de Rivero Vaccari JP, Perez ER, Alonso OF, Curbelo K, Keane RW, Dietrich WD. Therapeutic hypothermia modulates TNFR1 signaling in the traumatized brain via early transient activation of the JNK pathway and suppression of XIAP cleavage. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 24:2283-90. [PMID: 17074049 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays a critical role in pathomechanisms associated with secondary damage after traumatic brain injury (TBI). The TNF ligand-receptor system stimulates inflammation by activation of gene transcription through the IkappaB kinase (IKK)-NF-kappaB and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK)-AP-1 signaling cascades. TNF signaling following TBI involves both cell survival and apoptotic pathways, but the mechanism that accounts for the dual role of TNF remains unclear. Multiple studies have reported hypothermia to be protective following TBI, but the precise mechanism has not been clearly defined. Here, TNFR1 signaling pathways were investigated in the cerebral cortex of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to moderate fluid-percussion TBI and of naïve controls. Another group was subjected to moderate TBI with 30 min of pre- and post-traumatic hypothermia (33 degrees C). Rapid and marked increases in protein expression of TNFR1 and signaling intermediates in both the IKK-NF-kappaB and JNK pathways were induced in traumatized cortices. Hypothermia decreased TNFR1 protein expression acutely in traumatized cortices and stimulated early activation of signaling intermediates in the JNK, but not the IKK-NF-kappaB, signaling pathways. Hypothermia promoted a rapid activation of caspase-3 acutely after injury but suppressed caspase-3 activation at later time points. Moreover, hypothermia treatment suppressed cleavage of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) into fragments induced by TBI. These data suggest that hypothermia may regulate both the JNK signaling cascade via XIAP and the preconditioning pathways that activate caspases. Thus, hypothermia mediates TNFR1 responses via early activation of the JNK signaling pathway and caspase-3, leading to endogenous neuroprotective events.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Lotocki
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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