1
|
Anticancer Effects of Propolis Extracts Obtained with the Cold Separation Method on PC-3 and DU-145 Prostate Cancer Cell Lines. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238245. [PMID: 36500338 PMCID: PMC9736172 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant extracts are increasingly tested for their biological activity and interactions with neoplastic cells. One of such sources of biologically active substances is propolis. This product has been known for thousands of years and is widely used in alternative, folk medicine. Articles describing its effects on the metabolism and cell signaling pathways of neoplastic cells derived from different organs are also published more and more frequently. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the biological activity of propolis extract produced with the cold separation method into hormone-dependent and hormone-independent prostate cancer cell lines. In our study, the propolis extracts showed at least an inhibitory effect on the growth of PC-3 and DU-145 neoplastic cells. Our results suggest that propolis extracts obtained with the cold separation method may be considered as promising compounds for the production of health-promoting supplements.
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang D, Wang Y, Liu L, Li Z, Yang S, Zhao W, Wang X, Liao H, Zhou S. Establishment and evaluation of ectopic and orthotopic prostate cancer models using cell sheet technology. Lab Invest 2022; 20:381. [PMID: 36038939 PMCID: PMC9422158 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03575-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Background The traditional prostate cancer (PCa) model is established by injecting cell suspension and is associated with a low tumor formation rate. Cell sheet technology is one of the advancements in tissue engineering for 3D cell-based therapy. In this study, we established ectopic and orthotopic PCa models by cell sheet technology, and then compared the efficiency of tumor formation with cell suspension injection. Methods DU145 cells were seeded on 35 mm temperature-sensitive dishes to form PCa cell sheets, while the cell suspension with the same cell density was prepared. After transplanting into the nude mice, the tumor volumes were measured every 3 days and the tumor growth curves were conducted. At the time points of 2 weeks and 4 weeks after the transplantation, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to evaluate the transplanting site and distant metastasis. Finally, the mice were sacrificed, and the related tissues were harvested for the further histological evaluation. Results The orthotopic tumor formation rate of the cell sheet injection group was obviously better than that in cell suspension injection group (100% vs 67%). Compared with cell suspension injection, the tumors of DU145 cell sheet fragments injection had the higher density of micro-vessels, more collagen deposition, and lower apoptosis rate. There was no evidence of metastasis in forelimb, lung and liver was found by MRI and histological tests. Conclusion We successfully cultured the DU145 cell sheet and can be used to establish ectopic and orthotopic PCa tumor-bearing models, which provide an application potential for preclinical drug development, drug-resistance mechanisms and patient individualized therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongliang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Eastern Institute of Urologic Reconstruction, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Urology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zeng Li
- Department of Urology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shengke Yang
- Department of Urology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Weixin Zhao
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Department of Urology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Shukui Zhou
- Department of Urology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sharma S, Cwiklinski K, Sykes DE, Mahajan SD, Chevli K, Schwartz SA, Aalinkeel R. Use of Glycoproteins-Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen and Galectin-3 as Primary Tumor Markers and Therapeutic Targets in the Management of Metastatic Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112704. [PMID: 35681683 PMCID: PMC9179331 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Prostate specific membrane antigen and galectins are proteins expressed on cell surface and their expression is associated with cancer growth and spread. The goal of this research was to look at the pattern of these two glycoproteins in the human prostate cancer microenvironment. Prostate specific membrane antigen and galectins-1,3 and 8 were the most frequently detected glycoproteins in various phases of this disease. Furthermore, prostate specific membrane antigen and galectin-3 expression are good indicators of tumor aggressiveness, and their combined expression can be valuable tool for prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment in future. Together, our findings reveal a tightly regulated “Prostate specific membrane antigen-galectin-pattern” that accompanies disease in prostate cancer and point to a key role for combined prostate specific membrane antigen and galectin-3 inhibitors in prostate cancer treatment along with standard chemotherapy. Abstract Galectins and prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) are glycoproteins that are functionally implicated in prostate cancer (CaP). We undertook this study to analyze the “PSMA-galectin pattern” of the human CaP microenvironment with the overarching goal of selecting novel-molecular targets for prognostic and therapeutic purposes. We examined CaP cells and biopsy samples representing different stages of the disease and found that PSMA, Gal-1, Gal-3, and Gal-8 are the most abundantly expressed glycoproteins. In contrast, other galectins such as Gal-2, 4–7, 9–13, were uniformly expressed at lower levels across all cell lines. However, biopsy samples showed markedly higher expression of PSMA, Gal-1 and Gal-3. Independently PSA and Gleason score at diagnosis correlated with the expression of PSMA, Gal-3. Additionally, the combined index of PSMA and Gal-3 expression positively correlated with Gleason score and was a better predictor of tumor aggressiveness. Together, our results recognize a tightly regulated “PSMA-galectin- pattern” that accompanies disease in CaP and highlight a major role for the combined PSMA and Gal-3 inhibitors along with standard chemotherapy for prostate cancer treatment. Inhibitor combination studies show enzalutamide (ENZ), 2-phosphonomethyl pentanedioic acid (2-PMPA), and GB1107 as highly cytotoxic for LNCaP and LNCaP-KD cells, while Docetaxel (DOC) + GB1107 show greater efficacy in PC-3 cells. Overall, 2-PMPA and GB1107 demonstrate synergistic cytotoxic effects with ENZ and DOC in various CaP cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satish Sharma
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Clinical and Translational Research Center, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (S.S.); (K.C.); (D.E.S.); (S.D.M.); (S.A.S.)
- Department of Urology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA;
| | - Katherine Cwiklinski
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Clinical and Translational Research Center, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (S.S.); (K.C.); (D.E.S.); (S.D.M.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Donald E. Sykes
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Clinical and Translational Research Center, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (S.S.); (K.C.); (D.E.S.); (S.D.M.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Supriya D. Mahajan
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Clinical and Translational Research Center, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (S.S.); (K.C.); (D.E.S.); (S.D.M.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Kent Chevli
- Department of Urology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA;
| | - Stanley A. Schwartz
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Clinical and Translational Research Center, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (S.S.); (K.C.); (D.E.S.); (S.D.M.); (S.A.S.)
- Department of Urology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA;
| | - Ravikumar Aalinkeel
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Clinical and Translational Research Center, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (S.S.); (K.C.); (D.E.S.); (S.D.M.); (S.A.S.)
- Department of Urology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-716-888-4778
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Quan Y, Zhang X, Butler W, Du Z, Wang M, Liu Y, Ping H. The role of N-cadherin/c-Jun/NDRG1 axis in the progression of prostate cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:3288-3304. [PMID: 34512147 PMCID: PMC8416735 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.63300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The dysregulation of androgen receptor (AR) signaling is a critical event in the progression of prostate cancer (PCa) and hormone therapy consisting of androgen deprivation (ADT) or AR inhibition is therefore used to treat advanced cases. It is known that N-cadherin becomes upregulated following ADT and can directly induce PCa transformation to the castration-resistant stage (CRPC). However, the relationship between AR and N-cadherin is unclear and may promote better understanding of CRPC pathogenesis and progression. Here, we demonstrate a new axis of N-cadherin/c-Jun/N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) that N-cadherin promotes c-Jun expression and suppresses NDRG1 to promote invasion and migration of PCa cells through epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Targeting N-cadherin in combination with enzalutamide (ENZ) treatment synergistically suppressed PC3 cell proliferation in vivo and in vitro. Further studies showed that compared to lower Gleason score (GS) (GS < 7) cases, high GS (GS > 7) cases exhibited elevated N-cadherin expression and reduced NDRG1 expression, corroborating our in vitro observations. We further demonstrate that c-Jun, AR, and DNA methyltransferase-1 (DNMT1) form a complex in the 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) response elements (TREs) region of the NDRG1 promoter, which suppresses NDRG1 transcription through DNA hypermethylation. In conclusion, we demonstrate an underlying mechanism for how N-cadherin collaborates with AR and NDRG1 to promote CRPC progression. Controlling N-cadherin/c-Jun/NDRG1 axis may help to overcome resistance to commonly used hormone therapy to improve long-term patient outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Quan
- Department of Urology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - William Butler
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC 27710, USA
| | - Zhen Du
- Department of Urology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Mingdong Wang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yuexin Liu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hao Ping
- Department of Urology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
Rutz J, Thaler S, Maxeiner S, Chun FKH, Blaheta RA. Sulforaphane Reduces Prostate Cancer Cell Growth and Proliferation In Vitro by Modulating the Cdk-Cyclin Axis and Expression of the CD44 Variants 4, 5, and 7. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228724. [PMID: 33218199 PMCID: PMC7699211 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer patients whose tumors develop resistance to conventional treatment often turn to natural, plant-derived products, one of which is sulforaphane (SFN). This study was designed to determine whether anti-tumor properties of SFN, identified in other tumor entities, are also evident in cultivated DU145 and PC3 prostate cancer cells. The cells were incubated with SFN (1–20 µM) and tumor cell growth and proliferative activity were evaluated. Having found a considerable anti-growth, anti-proliferative, and anti-clonogenic influence of SFN on both prostate cancer cell lines, further investigation into possible mechanisms of action were performed by evaluating the cell cycle phases and cell-cycle-regulating proteins. SFN induced a cell cycle arrest at the S- and G2/M-phase in both DU145 and PC3 cells. Elevation of histone H3 and H4 acetylation was also evident in both cell lines following SFN exposure. However, alterations occurring in the Cdk-cyclin axis, modification of the p19 and p27 proteins and changes in CD44v4, v5, and v7 expression because of SFN exposure differed in the two cell lines. SFN, therefore, does exert anti-tumor properties on these two prostate cancer cell lines by histone acetylation and altering the intracellular signaling cascade, but not through the same molecular mechanisms.
Collapse
|
7
|
Cellular and Molecular Progression of Prostate Cancer: Models for Basic and Preclinical Research. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092651. [PMID: 32957478 PMCID: PMC7563251 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The molecular progression of prostate cancer is complex and elusive. Biological research relies heavily on in vitro and in vivo models that can be used to examine gene functions and responses to the external agents in laboratory and preclinical settings. Over the years, several models have been developed and found to be very helpful in understanding the biology of prostate cancer. Here we describe these models in the context of available information on the cellular and molecular progression of prostate cancer to suggest their potential utility in basic and preclinical prostate cancer research. The information discussed herein should serve as a hands-on resource for scholars engaged in prostate cancer research or to those who are making a transition to explore the complex biology of prostate cancer. Abstract We have witnessed noteworthy progress in our understanding of prostate cancer over the past decades. This basic knowledge has been translated into efficient diagnostic and treatment approaches leading to the improvement in patient survival. However, the molecular pathogenesis of prostate cancer appears to be complex, and histological findings often do not provide an accurate assessment of disease aggressiveness and future course. Moreover, we also witness tremendous racial disparity in prostate cancer incidence and clinical outcomes necessitating a deeper understanding of molecular and mechanistic bases of prostate cancer. Biological research heavily relies on model systems that can be easily manipulated and tested under a controlled experimental environment. Over the years, several cancer cell lines have been developed representing diverse molecular subtypes of prostate cancer. In addition, several animal models have been developed to demonstrate the etiological molecular basis of the prostate cancer. In recent years, patient-derived xenograft and 3-D culture models have also been created and utilized in preclinical research. This review is an attempt to succinctly discuss existing information on the cellular and molecular progression of prostate cancer. We also discuss available model systems and their tested and potential utility in basic and preclinical prostate cancer research.
Collapse
|
8
|
Quantitative Phase Dynamics of Cancer Cell Populations Affected by Blue Light. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10072597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Increased exposition to blue light may induce many changes in cell behavior and significantly affect the critical characteristics of cells. Here we show that multimodal holographic microscopy (MHM) within advanced image analysis is capable of correctly distinguishing between changes in cell motility, cell dry mass, cell density, and cell death induced by blue light. We focused on the effect of blue light with a wavelength of 485 nm on morphological and dynamical parameters of four cell lines, malignant PC-3, A2780, G361 cell lines, and the benign PNT1A cell line. We used MHM with blue light doses 24 mJ/cm2, 208 mJ/cm2 and two kinds of expositions (500 and 1000 ms) to acquire real-time quantitative phase information about cellular parameters. It has been shown that specific doses of the blue light significantly influence cell motility, cell dry mass and cell density. These changes were often specific for the malignant status of tested cells. Blue light dose 208 mJ/cm2 × 1000 ms affected malignant cell motility but did not change the motility of benign cell line PNT1A. This light dose also significantly decreased proliferation activity in all tested cell lines but was not so deleterious for benign cell line PNT1A as for malignant cells. Light dose 208 mJ/cm2 × 1000 ms oppositely affected cell mass in A2780 and PC-3 cells and induced different types of cell death in A2780 and G361 cell lines. Cells obtained the least damage on lower doses of light with shorter time of exposition.
Collapse
|
9
|
Banskota S, Saha S, Bhattacharya J, Kirmani N, Yousefpour P, Dzuricky M, Zakharov N, Li X, Spasojevic I, Young K, Chilkoti A. Genetically Encoded Stealth Nanoparticles of a Zwitterionic Polypeptide-Paclitaxel Conjugate Have a Wider Therapeutic Window than Abraxane in Multiple Tumor Models. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:2396-2409. [PMID: 32125864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b05094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Small-molecule therapeutics demonstrate suboptimal pharmacokinetics and bioavailability due to their hydrophobicity and size. One way to overcome these limitations-and improve their efficacy-is to use "stealth" macromolecular carriers that evade uptake by the reticuloendothelial system. Although unstructured polypeptides are of increasing interest as macromolecular drug carriers, current recombinant polypeptides in the clinical pipeline typically lack stealth properties. We address this challenge by developing new unstructured polypeptides, called zwitterionic polypeptides (ZIPPs), that exhibit "stealth" behavior in vivo. We show that conjugating paclitaxel to a ZIPP imparts amphiphilicity to the polypeptide chain that is sufficient to drive its self-assembly into micelles. This in turn increases the half-life of paclitaxel by 17-fold compared to free paclitaxel, and by 1.6-fold compared to the nonstealth control, i.e., ELP-paclitaxel. Treatment of mice bearing highly aggressive prostate or colon cancer with a single dose of ZIPP-paclitaxel nanoparticles leads to near-complete eradication of the tumor, and these nanoparticles have a wider therapeutic window than Abraxane, an FDA-approved taxane nanoformulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samagya Banskota
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Soumen Saha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Jayanta Bhattacharya
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Nadia Kirmani
- Department of Biology, Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Parisa Yousefpour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Michael Dzuricky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Nikita Zakharov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Xinghai Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Ivan Spasojevic
- Department of Medicine, Pharmaceutical Research PK/PD Core Laboratory, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Kenneth Young
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Ashutosh Chilkoti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
The Quantitative-Phase Dynamics of Apoptosis and Lytic Cell Death. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1566. [PMID: 32005874 PMCID: PMC6994697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58474-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell viability and cytotoxicity assays are highly important for drug screening and cytotoxicity tests of antineoplastic or other therapeutic drugs. Even though biochemical-based tests are very helpful to obtain preliminary preview, their results should be confirmed by methods based on direct cell death assessment. In this study, time-dependent changes in quantitative phase-based parameters during cell death were determined and methodology useable for rapid and label-free assessment of direct cell death was introduced. The goal of our study was distinction between apoptosis and primary lytic cell death based on morphologic features. We have distinguished the lytic and non-lytic type of cell death according to their end-point features (Dance of Death typical for apoptosis versus swelling and membrane rupture typical for all kinds of necrosis common for necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis and accidental cell death). Our method utilizes Quantitative Phase Imaging (QPI) which enables the time-lapse observation of subtle changes in cell mass distribution. According to our results, morphological and dynamical features extracted from QPI micrographs are suitable for cell death detection (76% accuracy in comparison with manual annotation). Furthermore, based on QPI data alone and machine learning, we were able to classify typical dynamical changes of cell morphology during both caspase 3,7-dependent and -independent cell death subroutines. The main parameters used for label-free detection of these cell death modalities were cell density (pg/pixel) and average intensity change of cell pixels further designated as Cell Dynamic Score (CDS). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study introducing CDS and cell density as a parameter typical for individual cell death subroutines with prediction accuracy 75.4% for caspase 3,7-dependent and -independent cell death.
Collapse
|
11
|
Katsogiannou M, Boyer JB, Valdeolivas A, Remy E, Calzone L, Audebert S, Rocchi P, Camoin L, Baudot A. Integrative proteomic and phosphoproteomic profiling of prostate cell lines. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224148. [PMID: 31675377 PMCID: PMC6824562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer is a major public health issue, mainly because patients relapse after androgen deprivation therapy. Proteomic strategies, aiming to reflect the functional activity of cells, are nowadays among the leading approaches to tackle the challenges not only of better diagnosis, but also of unraveling mechanistic details related to disease etiology and progression. Methods We conducted here a large SILAC-based Mass Spectrometry experiment to map the proteomes and phosphoproteomes of four widely used prostate cell lines, namely PNT1A, LNCaP, DU145 and PC3, representative of different cancerous and hormonal status. Results We identified more than 3000 proteins and phosphosites, from which we quantified more than 1000 proteins and 500 phosphosites after stringent filtering. Extensive exploration of this proteomics and phosphoproteomics dataset allowed characterizing housekeeping as well as cell-line specific proteins, phosphosites and functional features of each cell line. In addition, by comparing the sensitive and resistant cell lines, we identified protein and phosphosites differentially expressed in the resistance context. Further data integration in a molecular network highlighted the differentially expressed pathways, in particular migration and invasion, RNA splicing, DNA damage repair response and transcription regulation. Conclusions Overall, this study proposes a valuable resource toward the characterization of proteome and phosphoproteome of four widely used prostate cell lines and reveals candidates to be involved in prostate cancer progression for further experimental validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Katsogiannou
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
- Obstetrics and Gynecology department, Hôpital Saint Joseph, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Boyer
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Alberto Valdeolivas
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, I2M, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, MMG, Marseille, France
- ProGeLife, Marseille, France
| | - Elisabeth Remy
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, I2M, Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Calzone
- Mines Paris Tech, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Audebert
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Palma Rocchi
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
- * E-mail: (PR); (LC); (AB)
| | - Luc Camoin
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
- * E-mail: (PR); (LC); (AB)
| | - Anaïs Baudot
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, I2M, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, MMG, Marseille, France
- * E-mail: (PR); (LC); (AB)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Olson A, Le V, Aldahl J, Yu EJ, Hooker E, He Y, Lee DH, Kim WK, Cardiff RD, Geradts J, Sun Z. The comprehensive role of E-cadherin in maintaining prostatic epithelial integrity during oncogenic transformation and tumor progression. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008451. [PMID: 31658259 PMCID: PMC6816545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
E-cadherin complexes with the actin cytoskeleton via cytoplasmic catenins and maintains the functional characteristics and integrity of the epithelia in normal epithelial tissues. Lost expression of E-cadherin disrupts this complex resulting in loss of cell polarity, epithelial denudation and increased epithelial permeability in a variety of tissues. Decreased expression of E-cadherin has also been observed in invasive and metastatic human tumors. In this study, we investigated the effect of E-cadherin loss in prostatic epithelium using newly developed genetically engineered mouse models. Deletion of E-cadherin in prostatic luminal epithelial cells with modified probasin promoter driven Cre (PB-Cre4) induced the development of mouse prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). An increase in levels of cytoplasmic and nuclear β-catenin appeared in E-cadherin deleted atypical cells within PIN lesions. Using various experimental approaches, we further demonstrated that the knockdown of E-cadherin expression elevated free cytoplasmic and nuclear β-catenin and enhanced androgen-induced transcription and cell growth. Intriguingly, pathological changes representing prostatic epithelial cell denudation and increased apoptosis accompanied the above PIN lesions. The essential role of E-cadherin in maintaining prostatic epithelial integrity and organization was further demonstrated using organoid culture approaches. To directly assess the role of loss of E-cadherin in prostate tumor progression, we generated a new mouse model with bigenic Cdh1 and Pten deletion in prostate epithelium. Early onset, aggressive tumor phenotypes presented in the compound mice. Strikingly, goblet cell metaplasia was observed, intermixed within prostatic tumor lesions of the compound mice. This study provides multiple lines of novel evidence demonstrating a comprehensive role of E-cadherin in maintaining epithelial integrity during the course of prostate oncogenic transformation, tumor initiation and progression. The biological significance of E-cadherin in maintaining prostatic epithelial integrity and related molecular mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, using mouse genetic tools, we directly address this important and unresolved question. Conditional deletion of E-cadherin in mouse prostatic epithelia resulted in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) development but no prostatic tumor formation. Both in vivo and in vitro data showed that loss of E-cadherin modulates the cellular localization of β-catenin, elevates its cytoplasmic and nuclear levels, and enhances its activity in transcription and cell proliferation. Intriguingly, in addition to PIN lesions, increased epithelial denudation and cell apoptosis also appeared within PIN lesions. This implicates that although lost E-cadherin is sufficient to introduce oncogenic transformation in prostatic epithelia, it also induces cell apoptosis and disrupts epithelial structure, preventing atypical PIN cells from progressing to tumor cells. Simultaneous deletion of Pten, a tumor suppressor, and E-cadherin in prostatic epithelia resulted in early onset, invasive prostatic tumors with admixture of goblet cells. These results demonstrate a critical role of E-cadherin in promoting prostatic tumor transdifferentiation and progression. This study further elucidates the dynamic role of E-cadherin in maintaining prostatic epithelial integrity during tumor initiation and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Olson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Vien Le
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph Aldahl
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Eun-Jeong Yu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Erika Hooker
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Yongfeng He
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Dong-Hong Lee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Won Kyung Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Robert D. Cardiff
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph Geradts
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Zijie Sun
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Raudenska M, Kratochvilova M, Vicar T, Gumulec J, Balvan J, Polanska H, Pribyl J, Masarik M. Cisplatin enhances cell stiffness and decreases invasiveness rate in prostate cancer cells by actin accumulation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1660. [PMID: 30733487 PMCID: PMC6367361 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We focused on the biomechanical and morphological characteristics of prostate cancer cells and their changes resulting from the effect of docetaxel, cisplatin, and long-term zinc supplementation. Cell population surviving the treatment was characterized as follows: cell stiffness was assessed by atomic force microscopy, cell motility and invasion capacity were determined by colony forming assay, wound healing assay, coherence-controlled holographic microscopy, and real-time cell analysis. Cells of metastatic origin exhibited lower height than cells derived from the primary tumour. Cell dry mass and CAV1 gene expression followed similar trends as cell stiffness. Docetaxel- and cisplatin-surviving cells had higher stiffness, and decreased motility and invasive potential as compared to non-treated cells. This effect was not observed in zinc(II)-treated cells. We presume that cell stiffness changes may represent an important overlooked effect of cisplatin-based anti-cancer drugs. Atomic force microscopy and confocal microscopy data images used in our study are available for download in the Zenodo repository ( https://zenodo.org/ , Digital Object Identifiers:10.5281/zenodo.1494935).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Raudenska
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University/Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Kratochvilova
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University/Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Vicar
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University/Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromir Gumulec
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University/Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University/Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Balvan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University/Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University/Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Polanska
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University/Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Pribyl
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University/Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Masarik
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University/Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University/Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tassinari M, Cimino-Reale G, Nadai M, Doria F, Butovskaya E, Recagni M, Freccero M, Zaffaroni N, Richter SN, Folini M. Down-Regulation of the Androgen Receptor by G-Quadruplex Ligands Sensitizes Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Cells to Enzalutamide. J Med Chem 2018; 61:8625-8638. [PMID: 30188709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Stabilization of the G-quadruplexes (G4s) within the androgen receptor (AR) gene promoter to block transcription may represent an innovative approach to interfere with aberrant AR signaling in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). A library of differently functionalized naphthalene diimides (NDIs) was screened for their ability to stabilize AR G4s: the core-extended NDI (7) stood out as the most promising ligand. AR-positive cells were remarkably sensitive to 7 in comparison to AR-negative CRCP or normal prostate epithelial cells; 7 induced remarkable impairment of AR mRNA and protein amounts and significant perturbations in the expression levels of KLK3 and of genes involved in the activation of AR program via feedback mechanisms. Moreover, 7 synergistically interacted with Enzalutamide, an inhibitor of AR signaling used in second-line therapies. Overall, our data show that stabilization of AR G4s may represent an alternative treatment options for CRPC and other malignancies relying on aberrant androgen signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Tassinari
- Department of Molecular Medicine , University of Padua , via A. Gabelli 63 , 35121 Padua , Italy
| | - Graziella Cimino-Reale
- Department of Applied Research and Technological Development , Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano , Via G. A. Amadeo 42 , 20133 Milan , Italy
| | - Matteo Nadai
- Department of Molecular Medicine , University of Padua , via A. Gabelli 63 , 35121 Padua , Italy
| | - Filippo Doria
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pavia , v. le Taramelli 10 , 27100 , Pavia , Italy
| | - Elena Butovskaya
- Department of Molecular Medicine , University of Padua , via A. Gabelli 63 , 35121 Padua , Italy
| | - Marta Recagni
- Department of Applied Research and Technological Development , Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano , Via G. A. Amadeo 42 , 20133 Milan , Italy
| | - Mauro Freccero
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pavia , v. le Taramelli 10 , 27100 , Pavia , Italy
| | - Nadia Zaffaroni
- Department of Applied Research and Technological Development , Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano , Via G. A. Amadeo 42 , 20133 Milan , Italy
| | - Sara N Richter
- Department of Molecular Medicine , University of Padua , via A. Gabelli 63 , 35121 Padua , Italy
| | - Marco Folini
- Department of Applied Research and Technological Development , Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano , Via G. A. Amadeo 42 , 20133 Milan , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
N��ez-Iglesias M, Novio S, Garc�a-Santiago C, Cartea M, Soengas P, Velasco P, Freire-Garabal M. Effects of 3-butenyl isothiocyanate on phenotypically different prostate cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:2213-2223. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M.j. N��ez-Iglesias
- Screening of New Libraries Laboratory, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 A Coru�a, Spain
| | - S. Novio
- Screening of New Libraries Laboratory, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 A Coru�a, Spain
| | - C. Garc�a-Santiago
- Screening of New Libraries Laboratory, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 A Coru�a, Spain
| | - M.e. Cartea
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Biological Mission of Galicia, CSIC, 36143 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - P. Soengas
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Biological Mission of Galicia, CSIC, 36143 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - P. Velasco
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Biological Mission of Galicia, CSIC, 36143 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - M. Freire-Garabal
- Screening of New Libraries Laboratory, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 A Coru�a, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shan X, Danet-Desnoyers G, Aird F, Kandela I, Tsui R, Perfito N, Iorns E. Replication study: androgen receptor splice variants determine taxane sensitivity in prostate cancer. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4661. [PMID: 29682426 PMCID: PMC5907780 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2015, as part of the Prostate Cancer Foundation–Movember Foundation Reproducibility Initiative, we published a Registered Report (Shan et al., 2015) that described how we intended to replicate selected experiments from the paper “Androgen Receptor Splice Variants Determine Taxane Sensitivity in Prostate Cancer” (Thadani-Mulero et al., 2014). Here we report the results of those experiments. Growth of tumor xenografts from two prostate cancer xenograft lines, LuCaP 86.2, which expresses wild-type androgen receptor (AR) and AR variant 567, and LuCaP 23.1, which expresses wild-type AR and AR variant 7, were not affected by docetaxel treatment. The LuCaP 23.1 tumor xenografts grew slower than in the original study. This result is different from the original study, which reported significant reduction of tumor growth in the LuCaP 86.2. Furthermore, we were unable to detect ARv7 in the LuCaP 23.1, although we used the antibody as stated in the original study and ensured that it was detecting ARv7 via a known positive control (22rv1, Hörnberg et al., 2011). Finally, we report a meta-analysis of the result.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Shan
- Stem Cell and Xenograft Core, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Fraser Aird
- Developmental Therapeutics Core, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Irawati Kandela
- Developmental Therapeutics Core, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Rachel Tsui
- Science Exchange and The Prostate Cancer Foundation-Movember Foundation Reproducibility Initiative, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Perfito
- Science Exchange and The Prostate Cancer Foundation-Movember Foundation Reproducibility Initiative, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Iorns
- Science Exchange and The Prostate Cancer Foundation-Movember Foundation Reproducibility Initiative, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mincione G, Di Marcantonio MC, Tarantelli C, Savino L, Ponti D, Marchisio M, Lanuti P, Sancilio S, Calogero A, Di Pietro R, Muraro R. Identification of the zinc finger 216 (ZNF216) in human carcinoma cells: a potential regulator of EGFR activity. Oncotarget 2016; 7:74947-74965. [PMID: 27732953 PMCID: PMC5342714 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), a member of the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) proteins, is aberrantly expressed or deregulated in tumors and plays pivotal roles in cancer onset and metastatic progression. ZNF216 gene has been identified as one of Immediate Early Genes (IEGs) induced by RTKs. Overexpression of ZNF216 protein sensitizes 293 cell line to TNF-α induced apoptosis. However, ZNF216 overexpression has been reported in medulloblastomas and metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinomas. Thus, the role of this protein is still not clearly understood. In this study, the inverse correlation between EGFR and ZNF216 expression was confirmed in various human cancer cell lines differently expressing EGFR. EGF treatment of NIH3T3 cells overexpressing both EGFR and ZNF216 (NIH3T3-EGFR/ZNF216), induced a long lasting activation of EGFR in the cytosolic fraction and an accumulation of phosphorylated EGFR (pEGFR) more in the nuclear than in the cytosolic fraction compared to NIH3T3-EGFR cells. Moreover, EGF was able to stimulate an increased expression of ZNF216 in the cytosolic compartment and its nuclear translocation in a time-dependent manner in NIH3T3-EGFR/ZNF216. A similar trend was observed in A431 cells endogenously expressing the EGFR and transfected with Znf216. The increased levels of pEGFR and ZNF216 in the nuclear fraction of NIH3T3-EGFR/ZNF216 cells were paralleled by increased levels of phospho-MAPK and phospho-Akt. Surprisingly, EGF treatment of NIH3T3-EGFR/ZNF216 cells induced a significant increase of apoptosis thus indicating that ZNF216 could sensitize cells to EGF-induced apoptosis and suggesting that it may be involved in the regulation and effects of EGFR signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Mincione
- 1 Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- 2 Center for Aging Science and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Tarantelli
- 1 Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- 6 Current Address: Lymphoma and Genomics Research Program, IOR Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Luca Savino
- 1 Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Donatella Ponti
- 3 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome Sapienza, Latina, Italy
| | - Marco Marchisio
- 2 Center for Aging Science and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), Chieti, Italy
- 4 Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Paola Lanuti
- 2 Center for Aging Science and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), Chieti, Italy
- 4 Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Silvia Sancilio
- 5 Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Antonella Calogero
- 3 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome Sapienza, Latina, Italy
| | - Roberta Di Pietro
- 4 Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Raffaella Muraro
- 1 Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- 2 Center for Aging Science and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), Chieti, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sharma V, Kumar L, Mohanty SK, Maikhuri JP, Rajender S, Gupta G. Sensitization of androgen refractory prostate cancer cells to anti-androgens through re-expression of epigenetically repressed androgen receptor - Synergistic action of quercetin and curcumin. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 431:12-23. [PMID: 27132804 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic repression of Androgen Receptor (AR) gene by hypermethylation of its promoter causes resistance in prostate cancer (CaP) to androgen deprivation therapy with anti-androgens. Some dietary phytocompounds like quercetin (Q) and curcumin (C) with reported DNMT-inhibitory activity were tested for their ability to re-express the AR in AR-negative CaP cell lines PC3 and DU145. Combined treatment with Q+C was much more effective than either Q or C in inhibiting DNMT, causing global hypomethylation, restoring AR mRNA and protein levels and causing apoptosis via mitochondrial depolarization of PC3 and DU145. The functional AR protein expressed in Q+C treated cells sensitized them to dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-induced proliferation, bicalutamide-induced apoptosis, bound to androgen response element to increase luciferase activity in gene reporter assay and was susceptible to downregulation by AR siRNA. Bisulfite sequencing revealed high methylation of AR promoter CpG sites in AR-negative DU145 and PC3 cell lines that was significantly demethylated by Q+C treatment, which restored AR expression. Notable synergistic effects of Q+C combination in re-sensitizing androgen refractory CaP cells to AR-mediated apoptosis, their known safety in clinical use, and epidemiological evidences relating their dietary consumption with lower cancer incidences indicate their potential for use in chemoprevention of androgen resistance in prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Sharma
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Lokesh Kumar
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sujit K Mohanty
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Jagdamba P Maikhuri
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Singh Rajender
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Gopal Gupta
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Domińska K, Ochędalski T, Kowalska K, Matysiak-Burzyńska ZE, Płuciennik E, Piastowska-Ciesielska AW. A common effect of angiotensin II and relaxin 2 on the PNT1A normal prostate epithelial cell line. J Physiol Biochem 2016; 72:381-92. [PMID: 27119161 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-016-0489-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prostate gland is a part of the male reproductive tract which produces both angiotensin II (Ang II) and relaxin 2 (RLN2). The present study analyzes the effect of both these peptide hormones at concentration 10(-8)M on viability, proliferation, adhesion, migration, and invasion of normal prostate epithelial cells (PNT1A). Improved survival in two- and three-dimensional cell cultures was noted as well as visual changes in colony size and structure in Geltrex™. Stimulatory influence on cell viability of each peptide applied single was lower than in combination. Enhanced survival of PNT1A cells appears to be associated with increased BCL2/BAX messenger RNA (mRNA) expression ratio. Modulation of cell spreading and cell-extracellular matrix adhesion dynamics were also altered as an influence of tested hormone application. However, long-term Ang II and RLN2 effects may lead to an increase of normal prostate cell migration and invasion abilities. Moreover, gelatin zymography revealed that both gelatinases A and B were augmented by Ang II treatment, whereas RLN2 significantly stimulated only MMP-9 secretion. These results support the hypothesis that deregulation of locally secreted peptide hormones such as Ang II and RLN2 may take part in the development of certain cancers, including prostate cancer. Moreover, the observed ability of relaxin 2 to act as a regulator of mRNA expression levels not only LGR7 but also classic angiotensin receptors suggested that renin-angiotensin system and relaxin family peptide system are functionally linked.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Domińska
- Department of Comparative Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Ochędalski
- Department of Comparative Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | - Karolina Kowalska
- Department of Comparative Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | - Zuzanna E Matysiak-Burzyńska
- Department of Comparative Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Płuciennik
- Department of Molecular Cancerogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Araujo CL, Quintero IB, Ovaska K, Herrala AM, Hautaniemi S, Vihko PT. Transmembrane prostatic acid phosphatase (TMPAP) delays cells in G1 phase of the cell cycle. Prostate 2016; 76:151-62. [PMID: 26419820 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate adenocarcinoma is the most common form of prostate cancer. We have previously shown in a murine model that prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) deficiency leads to increased cell proliferation and development of prostate adenocarcinoma. The association between PAP and prostate cancer has been reported. Indeed, high PAP enzymatic activity is detected in the serum of patients with metastatic disease while its expression is reduced in prostate cancer tissue. However, the molecular mechanisms behind the onset of the disease remains poorly understood. We previously identified a novel transmembrane prostatic acid phosphatase (TMPAP) isoform, which interacts with snapin. TMPAP is expressed on the plasma membrane, as well as endosomal/lysosomal and exosomal membrane vesicles by means of a tyrosine-based lysosomal targeting motif (Yxxϕ). METHODS We used stable overexpression of the secreted isoform (SPAP) and TMPAP in LNCaP cells, live cell imaging, microarray and qRT-PCR analyses, and fluid phase uptake of HRP and transferrin. RESULTS Our results indicate that the stable overexpression of TMPAP, but not SPAP in LNCaP cells reduces cell growth while increasing endo/exocytosis and cell size. Specifically, cells overexpressing TMPAP accumulate in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, and show altered gene expression profile. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggests that TMPAP may function as a non-canonical tumor suppressor by delaying cell growth in G1 phase of the cell cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- César L Araujo
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ileana B Quintero
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristian Ovaska
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-scale Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annakaisa M Herrala
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sampsa Hautaniemi
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-scale Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirkko T Vihko
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Watson PA, Arora VK, Sawyers CL. Emerging mechanisms of resistance to androgen receptor inhibitors in prostate cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2015; 15:701-11. [PMID: 26563462 PMCID: PMC4771416 DOI: 10.1038/nrc4016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 946] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During the past 10 years, preclinical studies implicating sustained androgen receptor (AR) signalling as the primary driver of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) have led to the development of novel agents targeting the AR pathway that are now in widespread clinical use. These drugs prolong the survival of patients with late-stage prostate cancer but are not curative. In this Review, we highlight emerging mechanisms of acquired resistance to these contemporary therapies, which fall into the three broad categories of restored AR signalling, AR bypass signalling and complete AR independence. This diverse range of resistance mechanisms presents new challenges for long-term disease control, which may be addressable through early use of combination therapies guided by recent insights from genomic landscape studies of CRPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Watson
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Vivek K Arora
- Division of Medical Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Charles L Sawyers
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Xu Y, Zhang S, Niu H, Ye Y, Hu F, Chen S, Li X, Luo X, Jiang S, Liu Y, Chen Y, Li J, Xiang R, Li N. STIM1 accelerates cell senescence in a remodeled microenvironment but enhances the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11754. [PMID: 26257076 PMCID: PMC4530453 DOI: 10.1038/srep11754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) and the role of its key molecular regulators, STIM1 and ORAI1, in the development of cancer are emerging. Here, we report an unexpected dual function of SOCE in prostate cancer progression by revealing a decrease in the expression of STIM1 in human hyperplasia and tumor tissues of high histological grade and by demonstrating that STIM1 and ORAI1 inhibit cell growth by arresting the G0/G1 phase and enhancing cell senescence in human prostate cancer cells. In addition, STIM1 and ORAI1 inhibited NF-κB signaling and remodeled the tumor microenvironment by reducing the formation of M2 phenotype macrophages, possibly creating an unfavorable tumor microenvironment and inhibiting cancer development. However, STIM1 also promoted cell migration and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by activating TGF-β, Snail and Wnt/β-Catenin pathways. Thus, our study revealed novel regulatory effects and the mechanisms by which STIM1 affects cell senescence, tumor migration and the tumor microenvironment, revealing that STIM1 has multiple functions in prostate cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingxi Xu
- 1] School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China [2] State Key Lab of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Haiying Niu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Central Hospital Clinic Institute, Tianjin Medical University, 24 Fukang Road, Tianjin 300192 China
| | - Yujie Ye
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Fen Hu
- School of Physics, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Si Chen
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xuefei Li
- Beijing Health Vocational College, 94 Nanhengxijie Street, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Xiaohe Luo
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yanhua Liu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yanan Chen
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Junying Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Central Hospital Clinic Institute, Tianjin Medical University, 24 Fukang Road, Tianjin 300192 China
| | - Rong Xiang
- 1] School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China [2] Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Tianjin 300071, China [3] Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Na Li
- 1] School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China [2] Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Tianjin 300071, China [3] Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lee SH, Johnson DT, Luong R, Yu EJ, Cunha GR, Nusse R, Sun Z. Wnt/β-Catenin-Responsive Cells in Prostatic Development and Regeneration. Stem Cells 2015. [PMID: 26220362 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The precise role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling during prostatic development and tumorigenesis is unclear. Axin2 is a direct transcriptional target of β-catenin. Recent studies have shown that Axin2-expressing cells have stem/progenitor cell properties in a variety of mouse tissues. Here, we genetically labeled Axin2-expressing cells at various time points and tracked their cellular behavior at different developmental and mature stages. We found that prostatic Axin2-expressing cells mainly express luminal epithelial cell markers and are able to expand luminal cell lineages during prostatic development and maturation. They can also survive androgen withdrawal and regenerate prostatic luminal epithelial cells following androgen replacement. Deletion of β-catenin or expression of stabilized β-catenin in these Axin2-expressing cells results in abnormal development or oncogenic transformation, respectively. Our study uncovers a critical role of Wnt/β-catenin-responsive cells in prostatic development and regeneration, and that dysregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in these cells contributes to prostatic developmental defects and tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suk Hyung Lee
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Daniel T Johnson
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Richard Luong
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Eun Jeong Yu
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gerald R Cunha
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Roel Nusse
- Department of Developmental Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Zijie Sun
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kanaoka R, Kushiyama A, Seno Y, Nakatsu Y, Matsunaga Y, Fukushima T, Tsuchiya Y, Sakoda H, Fujishiro M, Yamamotoya T, Kamata H, Matsubara A, Asano T. Pin1 Inhibitor Juglone Exerts Anti-Oncogenic Effects on LNCaP and DU145 Cells despite the Patterns of Gene Regulation by Pin1 Differing between These Cell Lines. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127467. [PMID: 26039047 PMCID: PMC4454534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer initially develops in an androgen-dependent manner but, during its progression, transitions to being androgen-independent in the advanced stage. Pin1, one of the peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases, is reportedly overexpressed in prostate cancers and is considered to contribute to accelerated cell growth, which may be one of the major factors contributing to their androgen-independent growth. Thus, we investigated how Pin1 modulates the gene expressions in both androgen-dependent and androgen-independent prostate cancer cell lines using microarray analysis. In addition, the effects of Juglone, a commercially available Pin1 inhibitor were also examined. Methods Two prostate cancer cell-lines, LNCaP (androgen-dependent) and DU145 (androgen-independent), were treated with Pin1 siRNA and its effects on gene expressions were analyzed by microarray. Individual gene regulations induced by Pin1 siRNA or the Pin1 inhibitor Juglone were examined using RT-PCR. In addition, the effects of Juglone on the growth of LNCaP and DU145 transplanted into mice were investigated. Results Microarray analysis revealed that transcriptional factors regulated by Pin1 differed markedly between LNCaP and DU145 cells, the only exception being that Nrf was regulated in the same way by Pin1 siRNA in both cell lines. Despite this marked difference in gene regulations, Pin1 siRNA and Juglone exert a strong inhibitory effect on both the LNCaP and the DU145 cell line, suppressing in vitro cell proliferation as well as tumor enlargement when transplanted into mice. Conclusions Despite Pin1-regulated gene expressions differing between these two prostate cancer cell-lines, LNCaP (androgen-dependent) and DU145 (androgen-independent), Pin1 inhibition suppresses proliferation of both cell-lines. These findings suggest the potential effectiveness of Pin1 inhibitors as therapeutic agents for prostate cancers, regardless of their androgen sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuhei Kanaoka
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Division of Molecular Medical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima Japan
| | - Akifumi Kushiyama
- Division of Diabetes and Metabolism, The Institute for Adult Diseases, Asahi Life Foundation, 1-6-1 Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Seno
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Division of Molecular Medical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakatsu
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Division of Molecular Medical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima Japan
| | - Yasuka Matsunaga
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Division of Molecular Medical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima Japan
| | - Toshiaki Fukushima
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Division of Molecular Medical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Division of Molecular Medical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima Japan
| | - Hideyuki Sakoda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Midori Fujishiro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamamotoya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kamata
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Division of Molecular Medical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima Japan
| | - Akio Matsubara
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomoichiro Asano
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Division of Molecular Medical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima Japan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hirsch GE, Parisi MM, Martins LAM, Andrade CMB, Barbé-Tuana FM, Guma FTCR. γ-Oryzanol reduces caveolin-1 and PCGEM1 expression, markers of aggressiveness in prostate cancer cell lines. Prostate 2015; 75:783-97. [PMID: 25619388 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is a leading cause of death among men due to the limited number of treatment strategies available for advanced disease. γ-oryzanol is a component of rice bran, rich in phytosterols, known for its antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic and endocrinological effects. It is known that γ-oryzanol may affect prostate cancer cells through the down regulation of the antioxidant genes and that phytosterols have anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects. There are evidences showing that some of the components of γ-oryzanol can modulate genes involved in the development and progression of prostate cancer, as caveolin-1 (Cav-1) and prostate specific androgen-regulated gene (PCGEM1). METHODS To determine the effects of γ-oryzanol on prostate cancer cell survival we evaluated the cell viability and biomass by MTT and sulforhodamine B assays, respectively. Cell death, cell cycle and pERK1/2 activity were assessed by flow cytometry. The changes in gene expression involved in the survival and progression of prostate cancer cav-1 and PCGEM1 genes were evaluated by quantitative real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and cav-1 protein by immunofluorescence followed by confocal microscopy analysis. RESULTS We found that γ-oryzanol decreases cell viability and culture biomass by apoptosis and/or necrosis death in androgen unresponsive (PC3 and DU145) and responsive (LNCaP) cell lines, and signals through pERK1/2 in LNCaP and DU145 cells. γ-oryzanol also appears to block cell cycle progression at the G2/M in PC3 and LNCaP cells and at G0/G1 in DU145 cells. These effects were accompanied by a down regulation in the expression of the cav-1 in both androgen unresponsive cell lines and PCGEM1 gene in DU145 and LNCaP cells. CONCLUSION In summary, we used biochemical and genetics approaches to demonstrate that γ-oryzanol show a promising adjuvant role in the treatment of prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela E Hirsch
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Höll M, Koziel R, Schäfer G, Pircher H, Pauck A, Hermann M, Klocker H, Jansen-Dürr P, Sampson N. ROS signaling by NADPH oxidase 5 modulates the proliferation and survival of prostate carcinoma cells. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:27-39. [PMID: 25559363 PMCID: PMC4949723 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and second leading cause of male cancer death in Western nations. Thus, new treatment modalities are urgently needed. Elevated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by NADPH oxidase (Nox) enzymes is implicated in tumorigenesis of the prostate and other tissues. However, the identity of the Nox enzyme(s) involved in prostate carcinogenesis remains largely unknown. Analysis of radical prostatectomy tissue samples and benign and malignant prostate epithelial cell lines identified Nox5 as an abundantly expressed Nox isoform. Consistently, immunohistochemical staining of a human PCa tissue microarray revealed distinct Nox5 expression in epithelial cells of benign and malignant prostatic glands. shRNA‐mediated knockdown of Nox5 impaired proliferation of Nox5‐expressing (PC‐3, LNCaP) but not Nox5‐negative (DU145) PCa cell lines. Similar effects were observed upon ROS ablation via the antioxidant N‐acetylcysteine confirming ROS as the mediators. In addition, Nox5 silencing increased apoptosis of PC‐3 cells. Concomitantly, protein kinase C zeta (PKCζ) protein levels and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation were reduced. Moreover, the effect of Nox5 knockdown on PC‐3 cell proliferation could be mimicked by pharmacological inhibition of JNK. Collectively, these data indicate that Nox5 is expressed at functionally relevant levels in the human prostate and clinical PCa. Moreover, findings herein suggest that Nox5‐derived ROS and subsequent depletion of PKCζ and JNK inactivation play a critical role in modulating intracellular signaling cascades involved in the proliferation and survival of PCa cells. © 2014 The Authors. Molecular Carcinogenesis published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Höll
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rafal Koziel
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Georg Schäfer
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Haymo Pircher
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander Pauck
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Hermann
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Helmut Klocker
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Pidder Jansen-Dürr
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Natalie Sampson
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Coll-Bastus N, Mao X, Young BD, Sheer D, Lu YJ. DNA replication-dependent induction of gene proximity by androgen. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:963-71. [PMID: 25281662 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The male hormone androgen, working through the androgen receptor (AR), plays a major role in physiological process and disease development. Previous studies of AR mainly focus on its transcriptional activity. Here, we found that androgen-induced TMPRSS2 and ERG gene proximity is mediated by AR control of DNA replication rather than gene transcription. We demonstrate that, in both AR transactivation-positive and -negative prostate cells, androgen regulates DNA replication and androgen-induced gene proximity relies on both DNA replication-licensing and actual DNA replication activity. Androgen stimulation advances DNA replication timing of certain genomic regions, which may potentially increase gene proximity through sharing the same replication factory at a similar time. Therefore, we have revealed novel mechanisms of AR biological function, which will stimulate new research directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bryan D Young
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK and
| | - Denise Sheer
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Eastburn DJ, Sciambi A, Abate AR. Identification and genetic analysis of cancer cells with PCR-activated cell sorting. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:e128. [PMID: 25030902 PMCID: PMC4176366 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell sorting is a central tool in life science research for analyzing cellular heterogeneity or enriching rare cells out of large populations. Although methods like FACS and FISH-FC can characterize and isolate cells from heterogeneous populations, they are limited by their reliance on antibodies, or the requirement to chemically fix cells. We introduce a new cell sorting technology that robustly sorts based on sequence-specific analysis of cellular nucleic acids. Our approach, PCR-activated cell sorting (PACS), uses TaqMan PCR to detect nucleic acids within single cells and trigger their sorting. With this method, we identified and sorted prostate cancer cells from a heterogeneous population by performing >132 000 simultaneous single-cell TaqMan RT-PCR reactions targeting vimentin mRNA. Following vimentin-positive droplet sorting and downstream analysis of recovered nucleic acids, we found that cancer-specific genomes and transcripts were significantly enriched. Additionally, we demonstrate that PACS can be used to sort and enrich cells via TaqMan PCR reactions targeting single-copy genomic DNA. PACS provides a general new technical capability that expands the application space of cell sorting by enabling sorting based on cellular information not amenable to existing approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Eastburn
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Adam Sciambi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Adam R Abate
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Membrane androgen receptor sensitive Na+/H+ exchanger activity in prostate cancer cells. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:1571-9. [PMID: 24607544 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Membrane androgen receptors (mAR) are expressed in several tumors. mAR activation by testosterone albumin conjugates (TAC) suppresses tumor growth and migration. mAR signaling involves phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) and Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK). PI3K stimulates serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase SGK1, which in turn activates Na(+)/H(+)-exchangers (NHE). In prostate cancer cells cytosolic pH (pHi) was determined utilizing 2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein-fluorescence and NHE-activity utilizing Na(+)-dependent cytosolic realkalinization following an ammonium pulse. TAC (100 nM) significantly increased pHi and NHE-activity, effects abrogated by NHE1-inhibitor cariporide (10 μM), SGK1-inhibitors EMD638683 (50 μM) and GSK650349 (10 μM) and ROCK-inhibitors Y-27632 (10 μM) and fasudil (100 μM). TAC treatment rapidly and significantly increased cell volume and actin polymerization, effects abolished in the presence of cariporide. Thus, mAR-activation activates cariporide-sensitive Na(+)/H(+)-exchangers, an effect requiring SGK1 and ROCK activity.
Collapse
|
30
|
miR-200b inhibits prostate cancer EMT, growth and metastasis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83991. [PMID: 24391862 PMCID: PMC3877136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
miRNA regulate gene expression at post-transcriptional level and fine-tune the key biological processes, including cancer progression. Here, we demonstrate the involvement of miR-200 b in the metastatic spread of prostate cancer. We identified miR-200 b as a downstream target of androgen receptor and linked its expression to decreased tumorigenicity and metastatic capacity of the prostate cancer cells. Overexpression of miR-200 b in PC-3 cells significantly inhibited their proliferation and the formation of subcutaneous tumors. Moreover, in an orthotopic model, miR-200 b blocked spontaneous metastasis and angiogenesis by PC-3 cells. This decreased metastatic potential was likely due to the reversal of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, as was evidenced by increased pan-epithelial marker E-cadherin and specific markers of prostate epithelium, cytokeratins 8 and 18. In contrast, mesenchymal markers, fibronectin and vimentin, were significantly downregulated by miR-200 b. Our results suggest an important role for miR-200 b in prostate cancer progression and indicate its potential utility for prostate cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
31
|
Glowa C, Peschke P, Karger CP, Hahn EW, Huber PE, Debus J, Ehemann V. Flow cytometric characterization of tumor subpopulations in three sublines of the Dunning R3327 rat prostate tumor model. Prostate 2013; 73:1710-20. [PMID: 23853045 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subsets of tumor cells were characterized by mapping DNA ploidy patterns in correlation with established cell surface markers in three non-treated sublines of the Dunning R3327 prostate tumor system representing different progressional stages. METHODS Flow cytometry was used to analyze DNA-index, cell cycle distribution as well as multiparametric aquisition of single and combined cell surface markers in single cell suspensions of frozen tumor tissues. RESULTS The three Dunning prostate tumor sublines clearly differ in their ploidy status. In addition each tumor subline displays a characteristic cell surface marker profile, which is correlated with the cell cycle phase and the amount of genomic alterations. CONCLUSIONS In a feasibility study we have shown that cross-reacting antibodies to human cell surface markers stain discrete tumor subpopulations in three sublines of the Dunning tumor model. Although it remains presently uncertain, which cell surface markers are most suitable for cell sorting to display cancer initiating (CIC) properties following subcutaneous or orthotopic grafting, the model may be useful for mechanistic investigations of putative stem-like tumor subpopulations and their significance in response to radio- or chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christin Glowa
- Department of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tung MC, Hsieh SC, Yang SF, Cheng CW, Tsai RT, Wang SC, Huang MH, Hsieh YH. Knockdown of lipocalin-2 suppresses the growth and invasion of prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2013; 73:1281-90. [PMID: 23775308 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is a member of the lipocalin superfamily, and it has an important role in the regulation of cellular oncogenesis and apoptosis. However, the role for LCN2 in prostate cancer remains unclear. METHOD LCN2 expression has been determined by Western blotting, qRT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry in the human prostate cell lines PC3, DU145, LNCaP, and 22Rv, and in human prostate tissue array. In this study, we identified shRNA-LCN2 to determine the role of LCN2 in prostate-cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Cell proliferative ability was measured by MTT, colony-formation, and cell-cycle analysis. The role of LCN2 in prostate-cancer cell migration and invasion was analyzed by cell-migration assay and Matrigel invasion assay. The effect of LCN2 knockdown on prostate tumor growth was assessed in a subcutaneous xenograft model. RESULTS LCN2 protein and mRNA expression are higher in PC3 and DU145 cells than in LNCaP and 22Rv cells, and prostate cancer tissue correlated significantly with tumor differentiation (P < 0.017) and Gleason's grade (P < 0.02). LCN2 knockdown in PC3 and DU145 cells decreased cell proliferation, colony formation, cell cycle arrest, migration, and invasion. Conversely, LCN2 overexpression in 22Rv cells produced the opposite effect. Subcutaneous xenografts in mice models showed decreased tumor growth in the LCN2-knockdown mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that LCN2 might play an important role in regulation of proliferation and invasion of human prostate cancer, and that it can be a valuable marker of prostate cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Che Tung
- Department of Surgery, Tungs' Taichung Metro Harbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Anagnostopoulou V, Pediaditakis I, Alkahtani S, Alarifi SA, Schmidt EM, Lang F, Gravanis A, Charalampopoulos I, Stournaras C. Differential effects of dehydroepiandrosterone and testosterone in prostate and colon cancer cell apoptosis: the role of nerve growth factor (NGF) receptors. Endocrinology 2013; 154:2446-56. [PMID: 23696568 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-2249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumor growth is fostered by inhibition of cell death, which involves the receptiveness of tumor to growth factors and hormones. We have recently shown that testosterone exerts proapoptotic effects in prostate and colon cancer cells through a membrane-initiated mechanism. In addition, we have recently reported that dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can control cell fate, activating nerve growth factor (NGF) receptors, namely tropomyosin-related kinase (Trk)A and p75 neurotrophin receptor, in primary neurons and in PC12 tumoral cells. NGF was recently involved in cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis. In the present study, we explored the cross talk between androgens (testosterone and DHEA) and NGF in regulating apoptosis of prostate and colon cancer cells. DHEA and NGF strongly blunted serum deprivation-induced apoptosis, whereas testosterone induced apoptosis of both cancer cell lines. The antiapoptotic effect of both DHEA and NGF was completely reversed by testosterone. In line with this, DHEA or NGF up-regulated, whereas testosterone down-regulated, the expression of TrkA receptor. The effects of androgens were abolished in both cell lines in the presence of TrkA inhibitor. DHEA induced the phosphorylation of TrkA and the interaction of p75 neurotrophin receptor with its effectors, Rho protein GDP dissociation inhibitor and receptor interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2. Conversely, testosterone was unable to activate both receptors. Testosterone acted as a DHEA and NGF antagonist, by blocking the activation of both receptors by DHEA or NGF. Our findings suggest that androgens may influence hormone-sensitive tumor cells via their cross talk with NGF receptors. The interplay between steroid hormone and neurotrophins signaling in hormone-dependent tumors offers new insights in the pathophysiology of these neoplasias.
Collapse
|
34
|
Lang F, Alevizopoulos K, Stournaras C. Targeting membrane androgen receptors in tumors. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:951-63. [PMID: 23746222 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.806491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the last decade androgen actions that are originated from non-genomic, rapid signaling have been described in a large number of cell models and tissues. These effects are initiated through the stimulation of membrane androgen-binding sites or receptors (mAR). Although the molecular identity of mARs remains elusive, their activation is known to trigger multiple non-genomic signaling cascades and to regulate numerous cell responses. In recent years specific interest is being paid to the role of mARs in tumors. Specifically, it was demonstrated that mAR activation by non-permeable testosterone conjugates induced potent anti-tumorigenic responses in prostate, breast, colon and glial tumors. In addition, in vivo animal studies further emphasized the potential clinical importance of these receptors. AREAS COVERED This review will summarize the current knowledge on the mAR-induced non-genomic, rapid androgen actions. It will focus on the molecular signaling pathways governed by mAR activation, discuss latest attempts to elucidate the molecular identity of mAR, address the plethora of cell responses initiated by mAR and evaluate the potential role of mAR and mAR-specific signaling as possible therapeutic targets in tumors. EXPERT OPINION mAR and mAR-induced specific signaling may represent novel therapeutic targets in tumors through the development of specific testosterone analogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lang
- University of Tübingen, Department of Physiology, Gmelin Str. 5, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Valiante S, Liguori G, Tafuri S, Campese R, Monaco R, Paino S, Laforgia V, Staiano N, Vittoria A. Expression of orexin A and its receptor 1 in the human prostate. J Anat 2013; 222:473-80. [PMID: 23425077 PMCID: PMC3610039 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptides orexin A (OXA) and orexin B, deriving from the cleavage of the precursor molecule prepro-orexin, bind two G-coupled transmembrane receptors, named as receptor 1 (OX1R) and receptor 2 for orexin, showing different affinity-binding properties. First discovered in the rat hypothalamus, orexins and their receptors have been also found in many peripheral tissues where they exert neuroendocrine, autocrine and paracrine functions. Because inconclusive data on their localization in the mammalian prostate are reported, the aim of this study was to investigate the presence of prepro-orexin, OXA and OX1R in the human normal and hyperplastic gland. Immunohistochemistry revealed the localization of both OXA and OX1R in the cytoplasm of the follicular exocrine epithelium of all tested normal and hyperplastic prostates. Positive immunostaining was mainly observed in the basal cells of the stratified epithelium, and only rarely in the apical cells. The expression of mRNAs coding for prepro-orexin and OX1R and of proteins in the tissues was also ascertained by polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analysis, respectively. In order to gain insights into the functional activity of OXA in the prostate, we administered different concentrations of OXA to cultured prostatic epithelial cells PNT1A. We first demonstrated that PNT1A cells express OX1R. The addition of OXA did not affect PNT1A cell proliferation, while it enhanced cAMP synthesis and Ca(2+) release from intracellular storage. Overall, our results definitely demonstrate the expression of OXA and OX1R in the human prostate, and suggest an active role for them in the metabolism of the gland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanna Liguori
- Department of Biological Structures, Functions and Technologies, University of Naples Federico IINaples, Italy
| | - Simona Tafuri
- Department of Biological Structures, Functions and Technologies, University of Naples Federico IINaples, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Monaco
- Department of Pathology, Cardarelli HospitalNaples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Paino
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of BasilicataPotenza, Italy
| | - Vincenza Laforgia
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico IINaples, Italy
| | - Norma Staiano
- Department of Biological Structures, Functions and Technologies, University of Naples Federico IINaples, Italy
| | - Alfredo Vittoria
- Department of Biological Structures, Functions and Technologies, University of Naples Federico IINaples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
SOX2 promotes tumor metastasis by stimulating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via regulation of WNT/β-catenin signal network. Cancer Lett 2013; 336:379-89. [PMID: 23545177 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SOX2 was reported to promote metastasis in various tumor tissues; however the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we disclosed that SOX2 improves metastasis of breast and prostate cancer cells by promoting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through WNT/β-catenin, but not TGF-β or Snail1 signaling. Dual luciferase assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed activation and binding of SOX2 on promoter region of β-catenin. In addition, SOX2 affects the protein expression levels of DKK3, DVL1 and DVL3, which are regulators or downstream molecules of WNT signaling. Taken together, our findings demonstrated β-catenin as one of vital downstream molecules that mediate the EMT induced by SOX2.
Collapse
|
37
|
Ferreira LB, Palumbo A, de Mello KD, Sternberg C, Caetano MS, de Oliveira FL, Neves AF, Nasciutti LE, Goulart LR, Gimba ERP. PCA3 noncoding RNA is involved in the control of prostate-cancer cell survival and modulates androgen receptor signaling. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:507. [PMID: 23130941 PMCID: PMC3544699 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PCA3 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) that is highly expressed in prostate cancer (PCa) cells, but its functional role is unknown. To investigate its putative function in PCa biology, we used gene expression knockdown by small interference RNA, and also analyzed its involvement in androgen receptor (AR) signaling. METHODS LNCaP and PC3 cells were used as in vitro models for these functional assays, and three different siRNA sequences were specifically designed to target PCA3 exon 4. Transfected cells were analyzed by real-time qRT-PCR and cell growth, viability, and apoptosis assays. Associations between PCA3 and the androgen-receptor (AR) signaling pathway were investigated by treating LNCaP cells with 100 nM dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and with its antagonist (flutamide), and analyzing the expression of some AR-modulated genes (TMPRSS2, NDRG1, GREB1, PSA, AR, FGF8, CdK1, CdK2 and PMEPA1). PCA3 expression levels were investigated in different cell compartments by using differential centrifugation and qRT-PCR. RESULTS LNCaP siPCA3-transfected cells significantly inhibited cell growth and viability, and increased the proportion of cells in the sub G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle and the percentage of pyknotic nuclei, compared to those transfected with scramble siRNA (siSCr)-transfected cells. DHT-treated LNCaP cells induced a significant upregulation of PCA3 expression, which was reversed by flutamide. In siPCA3/LNCaP-transfected cells, the expression of AR target genes was downregulated compared to siSCr-transfected cells. The siPCA3 transfection also counteracted DHT stimulatory effects on the AR signaling cascade, significantly downregulating expression of the AR target gene. Analysis of PCA3 expression in different cell compartments provided evidence that the main functional roles of PCA3 occur in the nuclei and microsomal cell fractions. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the ncRNA PCA3 is involved in the control of PCa cell survival, in part through modulating AR signaling, which may raise new possibilities of using PCA3 knockdown as an additional therapeutic strategy for PCa control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Bueno Ferreira
- Instituto Nacional do Câncer/Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular and Programa de Pós Graduação Stricto Sensu em Oncologia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Yamamichi F, Matsuoka T, Shigemura K, Kawabata M, Shirakawa T, Fujisawa M. Potential Establishment of Lung Metastatic Xenograft Model of Androgen Receptor-positive and Androgen-independent Prostate Cancer (C4-2B). Urology 2012; 80:951.e1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2012.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
39
|
El-Haibi CP, Singh R, Gupta P, Sharma PK, Greenleaf KN, Singh S, Lillard JW. Antibody Microarray Analysis of Signaling Networks Regulated by Cxcl13 and Cxcr5 in Prostate Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 5:177-184. [PMID: 24009409 DOI: 10.4172/jpb.1000232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Advanced prostate cancer (PCa) often spreads to distant organs, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. It is now well established that chemokines and their cognate receptors play a crucial role in the multi-step process of metastasis. We have previously identified CXCR5 to be highly expressed by PCa tissues and cell lines and its specific ligand, CXCL13, is significantly elevated in the serum of patients with PCa and differentiated PCa cases with other benign prostatic diseases. CXCR5:CXCL13 interactions promote PCa cell invasion, migration, and differential matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression. Thus, it is important to understand the molecular and cellular processes that mediate these events. In this study, we quantified changes in apoptosis, cell cycle, and cytoskeleton rearrangement biological pathways from CXCL13-treated hormone refractory PCa cell line (PC3) to better elucidate the signaling pathways activated by CXCL13:CXCR5 interaction. Using antibody arrays that displayed 343 different protein- and phosphorylation-specific antibodies, regulatory networks that control cancer progression signaling cascades were identified. Three regulatory networks were dramatically induced by CXCL13: Akt1/2-cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk1/2)-Cdk inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B), Integrinβ3-focal adhesion kinase (Fak)/Src-Paxillin(PXN), and Akt-Jun-cAMP response-element binding protein (CREB1). In general, phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt and stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK)/c-jun kinase (JNK) were the major signaling pathways modulated by CXCL13 in PCa cells. This cluster analysis revealed proteins whose activation patterns can be attributed to CXCL13:CXCR5 interaction in the androgen-independent PC3 cell line. Taken together, these results suggest that CXCL13 contributes to cell-signaling cascades that regulate advanced PCa cell invasion, growth, and/or survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christelle P El-Haibi
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Arbini AA, Greco M, Yao JL, Bourne P, Marra E, Hsieh JT, di Sant'agnese PA, Moro L. Skp2 overexpression is associated with loss of BRCA2 protein in human prostate cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:2367-76. [PMID: 21514447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BRCA2 (breast cancer 2, early onset) is a tumor suppressor gene that confers increased susceptibility for prostate cancer (PCa). Previous in vitro experiments demonstrated that Skp2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase aberrantly overexpressed in PCa, is involved in the proteolytic degradation of BRCA2 in PCa cells, suggesting that the BRCA2-Skp2 interaction may play a role in prostate tumorigenesis. Herein, we investigated BRCA2 and Skp2 expression during PCa development using a prostate TMA. Although luminal and basal benign prostate epithelium exhibited moderate to strong nuclear BRCA2 immunostaining, the intensity and number of positive nuclei decreased significantly in high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and PCa. Decreased frequency and intensity of nuclear BRCA2 labeling were inversely correlated with Skp2 expression in high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and PCa. To functionally assess the effects of BRCA2 and Skp2 expression on prostate malignant transformation, we overexpressed Skp2 in normal immortalized prostate cells. Skp2 overexpression reduced BRCA2 protein and promoted cell growth and migration. A similar phenotype was observed after reduction of BRCA2 protein levels using specific BRCA2 small-interfering RNA. Forced BRCA2 expression in Skp2-overexpressing stable transfectants inhibited the migratory and growth properties by >60%. These results show that loss of BRCA2 expression during prostate tumor development is strongly correlated with both migratory behavior and cancer growth and include Skp2 as a BRCA2 proteolytic partner in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaldo A Arbini
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Khatik GL, Kaur J, Kumar V, Tikoo K, Venugopalan P, Nair VA. Aldol derivatives of Thioxoimidazolidinones as potential anti-prostate cancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:3291-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
42
|
Intracellular signaling cascades triggered by the NK1 fragment of hepatocyte growth factor in human prostate epithelial cell line PNT1A. Cell Signal 2011; 23:1961-71. [PMID: 21777671 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF)/c-MET signaling has an emerging role in promoting cell proliferation, survival, migration, wound repair and branching in a variety of cell types. HGF plays a crucial role as a mediator of stromal-epithelial interactions in the normal prostate but the precise biological function of HGF/c-Met interaction in the normal prostate and in prostate cancer is not clear. HGF has two naturally occurring splice variants and NK1, the smallest of these HGF variants, consists of the HGF amino terminus through the first kringle domain. We evaluated the intracellular signaling cascades and the morphological changes triggered by NK1 in human prostate epithelial cell line PNT1A which shows molecular and biochemical properties close to the normal prostate epithelium. We demonstrated that these cells express a functional c-MET, and cell exposure to NK1 induces the phosphorylation of tyrosines 1313/1349/1356 residues of c-MET which provide docking sites for signaling molecules. We observed an increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2, Akt, c-Src, p125FAK, SMAD2/3, and STAT3, down-regulation of the expression of epithelial cell-cell adhesion marker E-cadherin, and enhanced expression levels of mesenchymal markers vimentin, fibronectin, vinculin, α-actinin, and α-smooth muscle actin. This results in cell proliferation, in the appearance of a mesenchymal phenotype, in morphological changes resembling cell scattering and in wound healing. Our findings highlight the function of NK1 in non-tumorigenic human prostatic epithelial cells and provide a picture of the signaling pathways triggered by NK1 in a unique cell line.
Collapse
|
43
|
El-Haibi CP, Singh R, Sharma PK, Singh S, Lillard JW. CXCL13 mediates prostate cancer cell proliferation through JNK signalling and invasion through ERK activation. Cell Prolif 2011; 44:311-9. [PMID: 21645150 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2011.00757.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The focus of this study was to determine the dedicator of cytokinesis 2 (DOCK2), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase-1 (JNK) and Akt signals involved in CXCL13-mediated prostate cancer (PCa) cell invasion and proliferation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Androgen-sensitive (LNCaP), hormone-refractory (PC3) cells and normal cells (RWPE-1) were used to determine CXCL13-mediated PCa cell invasion and proliferation. Immuno-blotting, fast activated cell-based (FACE) ELISA, caspase activity, cell invasion and proliferation assays were performed to ascertain some of the signalling events involved in PCa cell proliferation and invasion. RESULTS Unlike androgen-sensitive LNCaP cells, we report for the first time that the hormone-refractory cell line, PC3, expresses DOCK2. CXCL13-mediated LNCaP and PC3 cell invasion was regulated by Akt and ERK1/2 activation in a DOCK2-independent fashion. CXCL13 also promoted LNCaP cell proliferation in a JNK-dependent fashion even in the absence of DOCK2. In contrast, CXCL13 induced PC3 cell proliferation through JNK activation, which required DOCK2. CONCLUSIONS Our results show CXCL13-mediated PCa cell invasion requires Akt and ERK1/2 activation and suggests a new role for DOCK2 in proliferation of hormone-refractory CXCR5-positive PCa cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C P El-Haibi
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Allam AB, Alvarez S, Brown MB, Reyes L. Ureaplasma parvum infection alters filamin A dynamics in host cells. BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11:101. [PMID: 21507248 PMCID: PMC3107797 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ureaplasmas are among the most common bacteria isolated from the human urogenital tract. Ureaplasmas can produce asymptomatic infections or disease characterized by an exaggerated inflammatory response. Most investigations have focused on elucidating the pathogenic potential of Ureaplasma species, but little attention has been paid to understanding the mechanisms by which these organisms are capable of establishing asymptomatic infection. Methods We employed differential proteome profiling of bladder tissues from rats experimentally infected with U. parvum in order to identify host cell processes perturbed by colonization with the microbe. Tissues were grouped into four categories: sham inoculated controls, animals that spontaneously cleared infection, asymptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI), and complicated UTI. One protein that was perturbed by infection (filamin A) was used to further elucidate the mechanism of U. parvum-induced disruption in human benign prostate cells (BPH-1). BPH-1 cells were evaluated by confocal microscopy, immunoblotting and ELISA. Results Bladder tissue from animals actively colonized with U. parvum displayed significant alterations in actin binding proteins (profilin 1, vinculin, α actinin, and filamin A) that regulate both actin polymerization and cell cytoskeletal function pertaining to focal adhesion formation and signal transduction (Fisher's exact test, P < 0.004; ANOVA, P < 0.02). This phenomenon was independent of clinical profile (asymptomatic vs. complicated UTI). We selected filamin A as a target for additional studies. In the BPH-1 model, we confirmed that U. parvum perturbed the regulation of filamin A. Specifically, infected BPH-1 cells exhibited a significant increase in filamin A phosphorylated at serine2152 (P ≤ 0.01), which correlated with impaired proteolysis of the protein and its normal intracellular distribution. Conclusion Filamin A dynamics were perturbed in both models of infection. Phosphorylation of filamin A occurs in response to various cell signaling cascades that regulate cell motility, differentiation, apoptosis and inflammation. Thus, this phenomenon may be a useful molecular marker for identifying the specific host cell pathways that are perturbed during U. parvum infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayman B Allam
- Department of Infectious Disease & Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Jia X, Li X, Xu Y, Zhang S, Mou W, Liu Y, Liu Y, Lv D, Liu CH, Tan X, Xiang R, Li N. SOX2 promotes tumorigenesis and increases the anti-apoptotic property of human prostate cancer cell. J Mol Cell Biol 2011; 3:230-8. [PMID: 21415100 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjr002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SRY-related HMG-box gene 2 (SOX2) is one of the key regulatory genes that maintain the pluripotency and self-renewal properties in embryonic stem cells. Here we used immunohistochemistry to analyze the expression of SOX2 in human prostate tissues and found it contributed to tumorigenesis and correlated with histologic grade and Gleason score. We further investigated SOX2's function in cell growth and apoptosis process by using a human prostate cancer cell line DU145 with SOX2 overexpression or down-regulation. Cell cycle assay revealed that SOX2 promoted cell growth and increased the percentage of cells in S phase. In vitro and in vivo xenograft experiments in NOD/SCID mice further demonstrated that SOX2 increased the apoptosis-resistant properties of DU145 cells with decreased function of store-operated Ca(2+) entry and reduced expression of Orai1 at both mRNA and protein levels, suggesting a potential mechanism that contributes to the anti-apoptotic property of SOX2. To our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate SOX2's function in tumorigenesis and apoptosis of human prostate cancer and to elucidate its regulatory effect on the activity of store-operated Ca(2+) channels. Our results support the concept that SOX2 has the potential to be a significant marker to evaluate the progression of prostate cancer and serve as a potentially useful target for prostate cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianpei Jia
- Medical School of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Targeting Notch signalling by the conserved miR-8/200 microRNA family in development and cancer cells. EMBO J 2011; 30:756-69. [PMID: 21224847 PMCID: PMC3041954 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2010.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A genetic screen in Drosophila uncovers miR-8 as an inhibitor of Notch-induced overgrowth, and identifies a conserved regulatory network comprising the Notch pathway, ZEB1 and this miRNA regulating metastasis and proliferation in flies and cancer cells. See also Brabletz et al in this issue. Notch signalling is crucial for the correct development and growth of numerous organs and tissues, and when subverted it can cause cancer. Loss of miR-8/200 microRNAs (miRNAs) is commonly observed in advanced tumours and correlates with their invasion and acquisition of stem-like properties. Here, we show that this miRNA family controls Notch signalling activation in Drosophila and human cells. In an overexpression screen, we identified the Drosophila miR-8 as a potent inhibitor of Notch-induced overgrowth and tumour metastasis. Gain and loss of mir-8 provoked developmental defects reminiscent of impaired Notch signalling and we demonstrated that miR-8 directly inhibits Notch ligand Serrate. Likewise, miR-200c and miR-141 directly inhibited JAGGED1, impeding proliferation of human metastatic prostate cancer cells. It has been suggested that JAGGED1 may also be important for metastases. Although in metastatic cancer cells, JAGGED1 modestly regulated ZEB1, the miR-200c's target in invasion, studies in Drosophila revealed that only concurrent overexpression of Notch and Zfh1/ZEB1 induced tumour metastases. Together, these data define a new way to attenuate or boost Notch signalling that may have clinical interest.
Collapse
|
47
|
Siejka A, Schally AV, Block NL, Barabutis N. Mechanisms of inhibition of human benign prostatic hyperplasia in vitro by the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone antagonist cetrorelix. BJU Int 2010; 106:1382-8. [PMID: 20151966 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2010.09215.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the mechanism by which the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) antagonist cetrorelix exerts its effects in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), as it produces a long-lasting improvement in lower urinary tract symptoms that is only partly accounted for by the transient reduction in testosterone levels, and the beneficial results could be due to direct inhibitory effects of cetrorelix on the prostate exerted through prostatic LHRH receptors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using the BPH-1 cell line we evaluated the effects of cetrorelix in vitro on the proliferation and the expression of receptors for LHRH, epidermal growth factor (EGF), α(1A) -adrenergic receptor, STAT-3 transcription factor and the response to growth factors insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and -II and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2. RESULTS There was expression of LHRH receptors in the human BPH-1 cell line. Cetrorelix had inhibitory effects on the proliferation rate of BPH-1 cells, also reflected by the decrease in the expression of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Cetrorelix inhibited the stimulatory effect of the growth factors IGF-I and -II and FGF-2 on the proliferation of this line. Cetrorelix also downregulated the expression of the receptors for LHRH and EGF, as well as of α(1A) -adrenergic receptors, and inhibited the activation of the STAT3 transcription factor. CONCLUSIONS The results show that in vitro cetrorelix can directly inhibit the proliferation rate of the human BPH-1 cell line by counteracting growth factors like IGF-I and -II and FGF-2, and downregulating the LHRH receptor and α-adrenergic receptors, as well as transcription factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Siejka
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Pharmacological and functional properties of TRPM8 channels in prostate tumor cells. Pflugers Arch 2010; 461:99-114. [PMID: 21052713 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-010-0895-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 10/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is a major health problem in adult males. TRPM8, a cationic TRP channel activated by cooling and menthol is upregulated in PC. However, the precise role of TRPM8 in PC is still unclear. Some studies hypothesized that TRPM8-mediated transmembrane Ca(2+) fluxes play a key role in cellular proliferation of PC cells. In contrast, other findings suggest that high TRPM8 levels may reduce the metastatic potential of PC cells. A detailed understanding of the response of TRPM8 channels to pharmacological modulators of their activity is relevant when considering potential therapies, targeting this ion channel to treat PC. We characterized the pharmacological and functional properties of native TRPM8 channels in four human prostate cell lines, PNT1A, LNCaP, DU145, and PC3, commonly used as experimental models of PC. PNT1A is a non-tumoral prostate cell line while the other three correspond to different stages of PC. Here, we show that cold- and agonist-evoked [Ca(2+)](i) responses in PC cells are much less sensitive to well-characterized agonists (menthol and icilin) and antagonists (BCTC, clotrimazole, and DD01050) of TRPM8 channels, compared to TRPM8 channels in other tissues, suggesting a different molecular composition and/or spatial organization. In addition, the forced overexpression of human TRPM8 facilitated the trafficking of TRPM8 channels residing in the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane, leading to a marked potentiation in the efficacy of the different blockers. These results predict that blockers of canonical TRPM8 channels may be less effective in halting proliferation of PC cells than expected.
Collapse
|
49
|
Kortylewicz ZP, Nearman J, Baranowska-Kortylewicz J. Radiolabeled 5-iodo-3'-O-(17beta-succinyl-5alpha-androstan-3-one)-2'-deoxyuridine and its 5'-monophosphate for imaging and therapy of androgen receptor-positive cancers: synthesis and biological evaluation. J Med Chem 2010; 52:5124-43. [PMID: 19653647 DOI: 10.1021/jm9005803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
High levels of androgen receptor (AR) are often indicative of recurrent, advanced, or metastatic cancers. These conditions are also characterized by a high proliferative fraction. 5-Radioiodo-3'-O-(17beta-succinyl-5alpha-androstan-3-one)-2'-deoxyuridine 8 and 5-radioiodo-3'-O-(17beta-succinyl-5alpha-androstan-3-one)-2'-deoxyuridin-5'-yl monophosphate 13 target AR. They are also degraded intracellularly to 5-radioiodo-2'-deoxyuridine 1 and its monophosphate 20, respectively, which can participate in the DNA synthesis. Both drugs were prepared at the no-carrier-added level. Precursors and methods are readily adaptable to radiolabeling with various radiohalides suitable for SPECT and PET imaging, as well as endoradiotherapy. In vitro and in vivo studies confirm the AR-dependent interactions. Both drugs bind to sex hormone binding globulin. This binding significantly improves their stability in serum. Biodistribution and imaging studies show preferential uptake and retention of 8 and 13 in ip xenografts of human ovarian adenocarcinoma cells NIH:OVCAR-3, which overexpress AR. When these drugs are administered at therapeutic dose levels, a significant tumor growth arrest is observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew P Kortylewicz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, J. Bruce Henriksen Cancer Research Laboratories, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986850 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6850, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Karanikolas BD, Figueiredo ML, Wu L. Comprehensive evaluation of the role of EZH2 in the growth, invasion, and aggression of a panel of prostate cancer cell lines. Prostate 2010; 70:675-88. [PMID: 20087897 PMCID: PMC2848714 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although most prostate cancers respond well to initial treatments, a fraction of prostate cancers are more aggressive and will recur and metastasize. At that point, there are few treatment options available. Significant efforts have been made to identify biomarkers that will identify these more aggressive cancers to tailor a more vigorous treatment in order to improve outcome. Polycomb Group protein enhancer of zeste 2 (EZH2) was found to be overexpressed in metastatic prostate tumors, and is considered an excellent candidate for such a biomarker. Scattered studies have found that EZH2 overexpression causes neoplastic transformation, invasion, and growth of prostate cells. However, these studies utilized different systems and cell lines, and so are difficult to correlate with one another. METHODS In this study, a comprehensive evaluation of the phenotypic effects of EZH2 in a panel of five prostate cancer cell lines was performed. By using multiple cell lines, and examining overexpression and knockdown of EZH2 concurrently, a broad view of EZH2's role in prostate cancer was achieved. RESULTS Overexpression of EZH2 led to more aggressive behaviors in all prostate cell lines tested. In contrast, downregulation of EZH2 reduced invasion and tumorigenicity of androgen-independent (AI) cell lines CWR22Rv1, PC3, and DU145, but not of androgen-dependent (AD) cell lines LAPC4 and LNCaP. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this study suggest that AI prostate tumors are more dependent on EZH2 expression than AD tumors. Our observations provide an explanation for the strong correlation between EZH2 overexpression and advanced stage, aggressive prostate cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Breanne D.W. Karanikolas
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marxa L. Figueiredo
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, LA 70810 USA
| | - Lily Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Urology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|