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Arfaei R, Mikaeili N, Daj F, Boroumand A, Kheyri A, Yaraghi P, Shirzad Z, Keshavarz M, Hassanshahi G, Jafarzadeh A, Shahrokhi VM, Khorramdelazad H. Decoding the role of the CCL2/CCR2 axis in Alzheimer's disease and innovating therapeutic approaches: Keeping All options open. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 135:112328. [PMID: 38796962 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), as a neurodegenerative disorder, distresses the elderly in large numbers and is characterized by β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation, elevated tau protein levels, and chronic inflammation. The brain's immune system is aided by microglia and astrocytes, which produce chemokines and cytokines. Nevertheless, dysregulated expression can cause hyperinflammation and lead to neurodegeneration. CCL2/CCR2 chemokines are implicated in neurodegenerative diseases exacerbating. Inflicting damage on nerves and central nervous system (CNS) cells is the function of this axis, which recruits and migrates immune cells, including monocytes and macrophages. It has been shown that targeting the CCL2/CCR2 axis may be a therapeutic option for inflammatory diseases. Using the current knowledge about the involvement of the CCL2/CCR2 axis in the immunopathogenesis of AD, this comprehensive review synthesizes existing information. It also explores potential therapeutic options, including modulation of the CCL2/CCR2 axis as a possible strategy in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Arfaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Narges Mikaeili
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Daj
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Armin Boroumand
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Abbas Kheyri
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Pegah Yaraghi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Zahra Shirzad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Keshavarz
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Hassanshahi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Vahid Mohammadi Shahrokhi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
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Zhao Z, Gao Y, Pei X, Wang W, Zhang H. Causal role of immune cells in Hashimoto's thyroiditis: Mendelian randomization study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1352616. [PMID: 38803479 PMCID: PMC11128540 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1352616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is a common autoimmune disease whose etiology involves a complex interplay between genetics and environment. Previous studies have demonstrated an association between immune cells and HT. However, the casual relationship was not clear. We aimed to explore the causal associations between signatures of immune cells and HT. Methods In this study, bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted to investigate the potential causal relationship between 731 immune cell signatures and HT by using genome-wide association study (GWAS) data. Heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy were detected through extensive sensitivity analyses. Results The increased levels of six immune phenotypes were observed to be causally associated with increased risk of HT P < 0.01, which were CD3 on CM CD8br, CD3 on CD39+ secreting Treg, HLA DR on CD33dim HLA DR+ CD11b-, CD3 on CD4 Treg, CD62L- plasmacytoid DC %DC, and CD3 on CD45RA+ CD4+. In addition, the levels of FSC-A on HLA DR+ T cell and CD62L on monocyte were associated with disease risk of HT P < 0.01. In addition, HT also had causal effects on CD3 on CM CD8br, CCR2 on monocyte, CD25 on CD39+ resting Treg, and CCR2 on CD62L+ myeloid DC P < 0.05. Conclusions In this study, we demonstrated the genetic connection between immune cell traits and HT, thereby providing guidance and direction for future treatment and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Huawei Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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3
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Cencioni MT, Magliozzi R, Palmisano I, Suwan K, Mensi A, Fuentes-Font L, Villar LM, Fernández-Velasco JI, Migallón NV, Costa-Frossard L, Monreal E, Ali R, Romozzi M, Mazarakis N, Reynolds R, Nicholas R, Muraro PA. Soluble CD27 is an intrathecal biomarker of T-cell-mediated lesion activity in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:91. [PMID: 38609999 PMCID: PMC11015621 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03077-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Soluble CD27 is a promising cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory biomarker in multiple sclerosis. In this study, we investigate relevant immune and neuro-pathological features of soluble CD27 in multiple sclerosis. METHODS Protein levels of soluble CD27 were correlated to inflammatory cell subpopulations and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines detected in cerebrospinal fluid of 137 patients with multiple sclerosis and 47 patients with inflammatory and non-inflammatory neurological disease from three independent cohorts. Production of soluble CD27 was investigated in cell cultures of activated T and B cells and CD27-knockout T cells. In a study including matched cerebrospinal fluid and post-mortem brain tissues of patients with multiple sclerosis and control cases, levels of soluble CD27 were correlated with perivascular and meningeal infiltrates and with neuropathological features. RESULTS We demonstrate that soluble CD27 favours the differentiation of interferon-γ-producing T cells and is released through a secretory mechanism activated by TCR engagement and regulated by neutral sphingomyelinase. We also show that the levels of soluble CD27 correlate with the representation of inflammatory T cell subsets in the CSF of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and with the magnitude of perivascular and meningeal CD27 + CD4 + and CD8 + T cell infiltrates in post-mortem central nervous system tissue, defining a subgroup of patients with extensive active inflammatory lesions. INTERPRETATION Our results demonstrate that soluble CD27 is a biomarker of disease activity, potentially informative for personalized treatment and monitoring of treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T Cencioni
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road 160, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Roberta Magliozzi
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road 160, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Ilaria Palmisano
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road 160, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Neuroscience, Department of plastic and reconstructive surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, US
| | - Keittisak Suwan
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road 160, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Antonella Mensi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Laura Fuentes-Font
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road 160, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Luisa M Villar
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, REEM, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Enric Monreal
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rehiana Ali
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road 160, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Marina Romozzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Universita'Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Organi di Senso e Torace, Fondazione Policlinico Universtario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicholas Mazarakis
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road 160, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Richard Reynolds
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road 160, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Richard Nicholas
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road 160, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Paolo A Muraro
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road 160, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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Grabarczyk M, Ksiazek-Winiarek D, Glabinski A, Szpakowski P. Dietary Polyphenols Decrease Chemokine Release by Human Primary Astrocytes Responding to Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2294. [PMID: 37765263 PMCID: PMC10537369 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are considered to be the dominant cell fraction of the central nervous system. They play a supportive and protective role towards neurons, and regulate inflammatory processes; they thus make suitable targets for drugs and supplements, such as polyphenolic compounds. However, due to their wide range, knowledge of their anti-inflammatory potential remains relatively incomplete. The aim of this study was therefore to determine whether myricetin and chrysin are able to decrease chemokine release in reactive astrocytes. To assess the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of polyphenols, human primary astrocytes were cultured in the presence of a reactive and neurotoxic astrocyte-inducing cytokine mixture (TNF-α, IL-1a, C1q), either alone or in the presence of myricetin or chrysin. The examined polyphenols were able to modify the secretion of chemokines by human cortical astrocytes, especially CCL5 (chrysin), CCL1 (myricetin) and CCL2 (both), while cell viability was not affected. Surprisingly, the compounds did not demonstrate any antioxidant properties in the astrocyte cultures.
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Blandford SN, Fudge NJ, Moore CS. CXCL10 Is Associated with Increased Cerebrospinal Fluid Immune Cell Infiltration and Disease Duration in Multiple Sclerosis. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1204. [PMID: 37627269 PMCID: PMC10452246 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is an important sampling site for putative biomarkers and contains immune cells. CXCL10 is a multiple sclerosis (MS)-relevant chemokine that is present in the injured central nervous system and recruits CXCR3+ immune cells toward injured tissues. OBJECTIVE Perform a comprehensive evaluation to determine a potential relationship between CXCL10 and various immune cell subsets in the CNS of MS and control cases. METHODS In MS and control cases, CXCL10 was measured in the CSF and plasma by ELISA. Immune cells within both the CSF and peripheral blood were quantified by flow cytometry. RESULTS Compared to non-inflammatory neurological disease (NIND) cases, MS cases had significantly higher CXCL10 in CSF (p = 0.021); CXCL10 was also correlated with total cell numbers in CSF (p = 0.04) and T cell infiltrates (CD3+, p = 0.01; CD4+, p = 0.01; CD8+, p = 0.02); expression of CXCR3 on peripheral immune cell subsets was not associated with CSF CXCL10. CONCLUSIONS Elevated levels of CXCL10 in the CSF of MS cases are associated with increased T cells but appear to be independent of peripheral CXCR3 expression. These results support the importance of elevated CXCL10 in MS and suggest the presence of an alternative mechanism of CXCL10 outside of solely influencing immune cell trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N. Blandford
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Neva J. Fudge
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Craig S. Moore
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
- Health Sciences Centre, Room HSC4364, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John’s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
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Salwierak-Głośna K, Piątek P, Domowicz M, Świderek-Matysiak M. Effect of Multiple Sclerosis Cerebrospinal Fluid and Oligodendroglia Cell Line Environment on Human Wharton's Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells Secretome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042177. [PMID: 35216294 PMCID: PMC8878514 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disorder of autoimmune aetiology. Experimental therapies with the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a response to the unmet need for new treatment options. The unique immunomodulatory features of stem cells obtained from Wharton’s jelly (WJ-MSCs) make them an interesting research and therapeutic model. Most WJ-MSCs transplants for multiple sclerosis use intrathecal administration. We studied the effect of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained from MS patients on the secretory activity of WJ-MSCs and broaden this observation with WJ-MSCs interactions with human oligodendroglia cell line (OLs). Analysis of the WJ-MSCs secretory activity with use of Bio-Plex Pro™ Human Cytokine confirmed significant and diverse immunomodulatory potential. Our data reveal rich WJ-MSCs secretome with markedly increased levels of IL-6, IL-8, IP-10 and MCP-1 synthesis and a favourable profile of growth factors. The addition of MS CSF to the WJ-MSCs culture caused depletion of most proteins measured, only IL-12, RANTES and GM-CSF levels were increased. Most cytokines and chemokines decreased their concentrations in WJ-MSCs co-cultured with OLs, only eotaxin and RANTES levels were slightly increased. These results emphasize the spectrum of the immunomodulatory properties of WJ-MSCs and show how those effects can be modulated depending on the transplantation milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paweł Piątek
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (K.S.-G.); (P.P.); (M.D.)
- Department of Immunogenetics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Domowicz
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (K.S.-G.); (P.P.); (M.D.)
| | - Mariola Świderek-Matysiak
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (K.S.-G.); (P.P.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence:
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Tu Y, Gong X, Zhang Y, Peng J, Zhuo W, Yu X. The Correlation Among the Immunoglobulin G Synthesis Rate, IgG Index and Albumin Quotient in Guillain-Barré Syndrome and Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy: A Retrospective Case–Control Study. Front Neurol 2021; 12:746186. [PMID: 34975712 PMCID: PMC8718703 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.746186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The immunoglobulin G synthesis rate (IgG SR) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) index are indicators of abnormal intrathecal humoural immune responses, and the albumin quotient (QALB) is an indicator used to evaluate the completeness of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCB). No systematic reports regarding differences in Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) are available. We assessed differences in the IgG SR, IgG index and QALB between GBS and CIDP patients in a Chinese cohort. Methods: A total of 234 patients were retrospectively enrolled in this study, and 167 clinically confirmed GBS and CIDP patients were selected. Meanwhile, 67 non-GBS and non-CIDP patients requiring cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination were enrolled as the control group. The IgG SR, IgG index and QALB were calculated using formulas. The relevant clinical data were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: Among the GBS and CIDP study groups and the control group, the QALB had the highest positive rate (80.00%) in the CIDP group (P < 0.01). The QALB stratification analysis showed that the ranges of 10 < QALB ≤ 30 were dominant in the GBS and CIDP groups, and the positive rate of CIDP was higher than that of GBS. Furthermore, a QALB ≤ 7 was dominant in the control group, and a QALB > 30 was dominant in the CIDP group. In receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis with the CIDP group as the trial group and the GBS group as the control group, the differences in the QALB were statistically significant (P < 0.01). To achieve a high specificity of 98~99%, the diagnostic cut-off value for the QALB was above 57.37 (sensitivity: 9.33%) or below 0.60 (sensitivity: 4.35%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the CIDP patients had a QALB higher than 57.37, and compared with that in the GBS patients, the difference in the QALB was statistically significant (P < 0.01). Conclusion: QALB elevation was associated with CIDP, while QALB values above 57.37 or below 0.60 had high specificity in differentiating between GBS and CIDP. In CIDP, the BCB is generally moderately to severely damaged; in GBS, the BCB is generally moderately damaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tu
- Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated With Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xuan Gong
- Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated With Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated With Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jiewei Peng
- Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated With Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Wenyan Zhuo
- Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated With Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xueying Yu
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xueying Yu
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8
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Chun BY, Kim JH, Jung YK, Choi YS, Kim G, Yonezawa T, Suk K. Protective Role of Limitrin in Experimental Autoimmune Optic Neuritis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:8. [PMID: 34232258 PMCID: PMC8267184 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.9.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study investigated the role of limitrin in the pathogenesis of demyelinating optic neuritis using an experimental autoimmune optic neuritis (EAON) model. Methods EAON was induced in mice via subcutaneous injection with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide. Limitrin protein and mRNA expression were examined in the optic nerve before and after EAON induction. Proinflammatory cytokine expression profiles and degree of glial activation were compared between wild-type (WT) and limitrin knockout mice by real-time PCR and histologic analysis, respectively, after EAON induction. Plasma limitrin levels in patients with optic neuritis and healthy controls were measured by ELISA. Results Limitrin expression, observed in astrocytes in the optic nerve of WT mice, was lower in EAON-induced than in naïve WT mice. A comparative analysis of WT and limitrin knockout mice revealed that limitrin deficiency induced more severe neuroinflammation and glial hyperactivation in the optic nerve after EAON induction. Limitrin-deficient astrocytes were more chemotactically responsive to neuroinflammatory stimulation than WT astrocytes. Patients with optic neuritis demonstrated higher plasma limitrin levels than healthy controls (P = 0.0001), which was negatively correlated with visual acuity at the nadir of the optic neuritis attack (r = 0.46, P = 0.036). Conclusions Limitrin deficiency induced severe neuroinflammation and reactive gliosis in the optic nerve after EAON induction. Our results imply that astrocyte-derived limitrin may protect against neuroinflammation by decreasing immune cell infiltration into the optic nerve. The plasma limitrin level may reflect the extent of blood–brain barrier disruption and provide a valuable biomarker reflecting the severity of optic neuritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Young Chun
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.,Brain Science & Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jong-Heon Kim
- Brain Science & Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Youn-Kwan Jung
- Biomedical Research Institute, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea
| | - Yoon Seok Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Gunwoo Kim
- Fatima Research Institute, Fatima Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Tomoko Yonezawa
- Gradulate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Brain Science & Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Ghafouri-Fard S, Honarmand K, Taheri M. A comprehensive review on the role of chemokines in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:375-406. [PMID: 33404937 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00648-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) as a chronic inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) is thought to be caused by the abnormal induction of immune responses. Chemokines as molecules that can engage leukocytes into the location of inflammation, actively participate in the pathogenesis of MS. Several members of this family of chemo attractants have been shown to be dysregulated in the peripheral blood, cerebrospinal fluid or CNS lesions of MS patients. Studies in animal models of MS particularly experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis have indicated the critical roles of chemokines in the pathophysiology of MS. In the current review, we summarize the data regarding the role of CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL11, CCL20, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL8, CXCL10, CXCL12 and CXCL13 in the pathogenesis of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kasra Honarmand
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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10
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Jaime-Pérez JC, Turrubiates-Hernández GA, López-Silva LJ, Salazar-Riojas R, Gómez-Almaguer D. Early changes in IL-21, IL-22, CCL2, and CCL4 serum cytokines after outpatient autologous transplantation for multiple sclerosis: A proof of concept study. Clin Transplant 2020; 34:e14114. [PMID: 33048389 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.14114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Changes in serum cytokines after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients were documented. Thirty-six consecutive MS patients who had their Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scored before AHSCT were prospectively enrolled. Cyclophosphamide (Cy) was infused at 200 mg/kg in two administrations given 10 days apart: the first dose for mobilization, the second as the conditioning regimen. Patients were mobilized with 10 µg/kg/day subcutaneous G-CSF. Serum was collected 14 days before and 14 after AHSCT. IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL 17-A, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, TNF-A, CCL2, CCL3, and CCL4 were measured by magnetic bead-based immunoassay. t Test and Wilcoxon test were used to compare cytokine levels before and after AHSCT. There were 28 women and 8 men with a median age of 46 (15-62) years, median duration of MS was 9.5 (1-32) years, and EDSS score was 5.7 (1.5-8.0). Patients had a decrement of pro-inflammatory IL-21 and IL-22 (p = .003 and p = .028) and an increment of anti-inflammatory CCL2 and CCL4 (p < .001 and p = .039) after AHSCT. Decrease of IL-21 and IL-22 coupled with an increment of CCL2 and CCL4 could reflect the immunomodulatory effect of auto-HSCT and be an early indicator of its efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- José C Jaime-Pérez
- Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine Division, Dr. José Eleuterio González University Hospital and School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Grecia A Turrubiates-Hernández
- Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine Division, Dr. José Eleuterio González University Hospital and School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Leslie J López-Silva
- Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine Division, Dr. José Eleuterio González University Hospital and School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Rosario Salazar-Riojas
- Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine Division, Dr. José Eleuterio González University Hospital and School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - David Gómez-Almaguer
- Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine Division, Dr. José Eleuterio González University Hospital and School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico
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11
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Zheng M, Gao Y, Liu S, Sun D, Yang F, Zong L, Zhang M, Tian Z, Xu Y, Sun H. Serum inflammatory factors are positively correlated with the production of specific antibodies in coronavirus disease 2019 patients. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:1180-1182. [PMID: 32963357 PMCID: PMC7506822 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00551-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Meijuan Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Yong Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fuyang Second People's Hospital, Fuyang, Anhui, China
| | - Siyu Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lu Zong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanhong Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Haoyu Sun
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. .,Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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12
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Paediatric onset of multiple sclerosis: Analysis of chemokine and cytokine levels in the context of the early clinical course. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 46:102467. [PMID: 32889374 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory activity in children with paediatric onset multiple sclerosis (POMS) is higher than that in adults with MS. Chemokine/cytokine profiling in children may provide new insights into the disease pathogenesis and clinical course. The levels of chemokines/cytokines and their roles in POMS remain largely unknown. OBJECTIVE To identify the possible utility of chemokines/cytokines in children with POMS, we analysed their levels at the time of disease diagnosis and in the context of subsequent clinical relapse. METHODS CC and CXC motif ligand chemokines (CCL2, CXCL8, CXCL10, and CXCL13), interleukin (IL)-4, IL-17A, interferon gamma and B cell-activating factor in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 34 POMS patients and 20 age-related controls were measured using Luminex multiplex bead and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques. Nonparametric tests were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS The CSF levels of CXCL8 (p = 0.002), CXCL10 (p = 0.001), and CXCL13 (p<0.0001) were higher in POMS than in controls; CXCL10 and CXCL13 correlated with pleocytosis and oligoclonal bands. A subsequent clinical relapse occurred in 17/34 of the children; the median time from the diagnosis of POMS was 6 months (range, 2-64 months). The follow-up period of patients who did not experience a clinical relapse was significantly longer than the time to first relapse (p = 0.003). The initial CCL2 level was lower in relapsing than in non-relapsing patients (p = 0.063) and correlated negatively with the CSF/serum albumin ratio and positively with the time to relapse (p<0.04). CONCLUSIONS Elevated CSF levels of CXL10 and CXCL13 in children with POMS at the time of disease diagnosis reflect inflammatory activity and suggest the involvement of adaptive immunity; elevated CXCL8 levels further indicate the involvement of innate immunity. An initial low CSF level of CCL2 may be associated with an unfavourable early MS course.
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13
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Fantuzzi L, Tagliamonte M, Gauzzi MC, Lopalco L. Dual CCR5/CCR2 targeting: opportunities for the cure of complex disorders. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4869-4886. [PMID: 31377844 PMCID: PMC6892368 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03255-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine system mediates acute inflammation by driving leukocyte migration to damaged or infected tissues. However, elevated expression of chemokines and their receptors can contribute to chronic inflammation and malignancy. Thus, great effort has been taken to target these molecules. The first hint of the druggability of the chemokine system was derived from the role of chemokine receptors in HIV infection. CCR5 and CXCR4 function as essential co-receptors for HIV entry, with the former accounting for most new HIV infections worldwide. Not by chance, an anti-CCR5 compound, maraviroc, was the first FDA-approved chemokine receptor-targeting drug. CCR5, by directing leukocytes to sites of inflammation and regulating their activation, also represents an important player in the inflammatory response. This function is shared with CCR2 and its selective ligand CCL2, which constitute the primary chemokine axis driving the recruitment of monocytes/macrophages to inflammatory sites. Both receptors are indeed involved in the pathogenesis of several immune-mediated diseases, and dual CCR5/CCR2 targeting is emerging as a more efficacious strategy than targeting either receptor alone in the treatment of complex human disorders. In this review, we focus on the distinctive and complementary contributions of CCR5 and CCR2/CCL2 in HIV infection, multiple sclerosis, liver fibrosis and associated hepatocellular carcinoma. The emerging therapeutic approaches based on the inhibition of these chemokine axes are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fantuzzi
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Tagliamonte
- Cancer Immunoregulation Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori- IRCCS-"Fond G. Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Lopalco
- Immunobiology of HIV Unit, Division Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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14
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Niu F, Liao K, Hu G, Sil S, Callen S, Guo ML, Yang L, Buch S. Cocaine-induced release of CXCL10 from pericytes regulates monocyte transmigration into the CNS. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:700-721. [PMID: 30626719 PMCID: PMC6363463 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201712011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine is known to facilitate the transmigration of inflammatory leukocytes into the brain, an important mechanism underlying neuroinflammation. Pericytes are well-recognized as important constituents of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), playing a key role in maintaining barrier integrity. In the present study, we demonstrate for the first time that exposure of human brain vascular pericytes to cocaine results in enhanced secretion of CXCL10, leading, in turn, to increased monocyte transmigration across the BBB both in vitro and in vivo. This process involved translocation of σ-1 receptor (σ-1R) and interaction of σ-1R with c-Src kinase, leading to activation of the Src-PDGFR-β-NF-κB pathway. These findings imply a novel role for pericytes as a source of CXCL10 in the pericyte-monocyte cross talk in cocaine-mediated neuroinflammation, underpinning their role as active components of the innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Niu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Ke Liao
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Guoku Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Susmita Sil
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Shannon Callen
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Ming-Lei Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Lu Yang
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
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15
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Differentiation of remitting neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders from multiple sclerosis by integrating parameters from serum proteins and lymphocyte subsets. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 318:45-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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van Langelaar J, van der Vuurst de Vries RM, Janssen M, Wierenga-Wolf AF, Spilt IM, Siepman TA, Dankers W, Verjans GMGM, de Vries HE, Lubberts E, Hintzen RQ, van Luijn MM. T helper 17.1 cells associate with multiple sclerosis disease activity: perspectives for early intervention. Brain 2018; 141:1334-1349. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie van Langelaar
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- MS Center ErasMS at Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roos M van der Vuurst de Vries
- MS Center ErasMS at Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Malou Janssen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- MS Center ErasMS at Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annet F Wierenga-Wolf
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- MS Center ErasMS at Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Isis M Spilt
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- MS Center ErasMS at Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theodora A Siepman
- MS Center ErasMS at Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wendy Dankers
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Georges M G M Verjans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonosis, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Helga E de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Lubberts
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier Q Hintzen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- MS Center ErasMS at Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marvin M van Luijn
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- MS Center ErasMS at Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Nakajima H, Sugino M, Kimura F, Hanafusa T, Ikemoto T, Shimizu A. Increased Intrathecal Chemokine Receptor CCR2 Expression in Multiple Sclerosis. Biomark Insights 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/117727190700200028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of CCR2, CXCR3 and CCR4 on CD4+ T or CD8+ T cells in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for multiple sclerosis (MS) was measured by 3-color flow cytometry, and compared to blood from healthy controls and CSF from patients with other inflammatory neurological diseases (INDs). CD4+CXCR3+/CD4+CCR4+ ratio (representing Th1/Th2 balance) was higher in both CSF and blood of MS patients than those of IND patients or healthy controls. Percentage of CCR2-positive T cells was significantly higher in CSF from MS patients. Increased CCR2 expression on T cells in CSF and Th1/Th2 imbalance may reflect the pathological processes involved in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideto Nakajima
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Osaka Medical College
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seikeikai Hospital, Sakai, Japan
| | - Masakazu Sugino
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Osaka Medical College
| | - Fumiharu Kimura
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Osaka Medical College
| | - Toshiaki Hanafusa
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Osaka Medical College
| | - Toshiyuki Ikemoto
- Department of Central Laboratory, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Akira Shimizu
- Department of Central Laboratory, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan
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18
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Actions of Thyroid Hormone Analogues on Chemokines. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:3147671. [PMID: 27493972 PMCID: PMC4967430 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3147671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular domain of plasma membrane integrin αvβ3 contains a receptor for thyroid hormone (L-thyroxine, T4; 3,5,3′-triiodo-L-thyronine, T3); this receptor also binds tetraiodothyroacetic acid (tetrac), a derivative of T4. Tetrac inhibits the binding of T4 and T3 to the integrin. Fractalkine (CX3CL1) is a chemokine relevant to inflammatory processes in the CNS that are microglia-dependent but also important to normal brain development. Expression of the CX3CL1 gene is downregulated by tetrac, suggesting that T4 and T3 may stimulate fractalkine expression. Independently of its specific receptor (CX3CR1), fractalkine binds to αvβ3 at a site proximal to the thyroid hormone-tetrac receptor and changes the physical state of the integrin. Tetrac also affects expression of the genes for other CNS-relevant chemokines, including CCL20, CCL26, CXCL2, CXCL3, and CXCL10. The chemokine products of these genes are important to vascularity of the brain, particularly of the choroid plexus, to inflammatory processes in the CNS and, in certain cases, to neuroprotection. Thyroid hormones are known to contribute to regulation of each of these CNS functions. We propose that actions of thyroid hormone and hormone analogues on chemokine gene expression contribute to regulation of inflammatory processes in brain and of brain blood vessel formation and maintenance.
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19
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Poon K, Abramova D, Ho HT, Leibowitz S. Prenatal fat-rich diet exposure alters responses of embryonic neurons to the chemokine, CCL2, in the hypothalamus. Neuroscience 2016; 324:407-19. [PMID: 26979053 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Maternal consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) during pregnancy is found to stimulate the genesis of hypothalamic orexigenic peptide neurons in the offspring, while HFD intake in adult animals produces a systemic low-grade inflammation which increases neuroimmune factors that may affect neurogenesis and neuronal migration. Building on this evidence and our recent study showing that the inflammatory chemokine, CCL2, stimulates the migration of hypothalamic neurons and expression of orexigenic neuropeptides, we tested here the possibility that prenatal exposure to a HFD in rats affects this chemokine system, both CCL2 and its receptors, CCR2 and CCR4, and alters its actions on hypothalamic neurons, specifically those expressing the neuropeptides, enkephalin (ENK) and galanin (GAL). Using primary dissociated hypothalamic neurons extracted from embryos on embryonic day 19, we found that prenatal HFD exposure compared to chow control actually reduces the expression of CCL2 in these hypothalamic neurons, while increasing CCR2 and CCR4 expression, and also reduces the sensitivity of hypothalamic neurons to CCL2. The HFD abolished the dose-dependent, stimulatory effect of CCL2 on the number of migrated neurons and even shifted its normal stimulatory effect on migrational velocity and distance traveled by control neurons to an inhibition of migration. Further, it abolished the dose-dependent, stimulatory effect of CCL2 on neuronal expression of ENK and GAL. These results demonstrate that prenatal HFD exposure greatly disturbs the functioning of the CCL2 chemokine system in embryonic hypothalamic neurons, reducing its endogenous levels and ability to promote the migration of neurons and their expression of orexigenic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Poon
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - D Abramova
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - H T Ho
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - S Leibowitz
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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20
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Cramer SP, Modvig S, Simonsen HJ, Frederiksen JL, Larsson HBW. Permeability of the blood-brain barrier predicts conversion from optic neuritis to multiple sclerosis. Brain 2015; 138:2571-83. [PMID: 26187333 PMCID: PMC4547053 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Optic neuritis is an acute inflammatory condition that is highly associated with multiple sclerosis. Currently, the best predictor of future development of multiple sclerosis is the number of T2 lesions visualized by magnetic resonance imaging. Previous research has found abnormalities in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier in normal-appearing white matter of patients with multiple sclerosis and here, for the first time, we present a study on the capability of blood-brain barrier permeability in predicting conversion from optic neuritis to multiple sclerosis and a direct comparison with cerebrospinal fluid markers of inflammation, cellular trafficking and blood-brain barrier breakdown. To this end, we applied dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging at 3 T to measure blood-brain barrier permeability in 39 patients with monosymptomatic optic neuritis, all referred for imaging as part of the diagnostic work-up at time of diagnosis. Eighteen healthy controls were included for comparison. Patients had magnetic resonance imaging and lumbar puncture performed within 4 weeks of onset of optic neuritis. Information on multiple sclerosis conversion was acquired from hospital records 2 years after optic neuritis onset. Logistic regression analysis showed that baseline permeability in normal-appearing white matter significantly improved prediction of multiple sclerosis conversion (according to the 2010 revised McDonald diagnostic criteria) within 2 years compared to T2 lesion count alone. There was no correlation between permeability and T2 lesion count. An increase in permeability in normal-appearing white matter of 0.1 ml/100 g/min increased the risk of multiple sclerosis 8.5 times whereas having more than nine T2 lesions increased the risk 52.6 times. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of permeability in normal-appearing white matter gave a cut-off of 0.13 ml/100 g/min, which predicted conversion to multiple sclerosis with a sensitivity of 88% and specificity of 72%. We found a significant correlation between permeability and the leucocyte count in cerebrospinal fluid as well as levels of CXCL10 and MMP9 in the cerebrospinal fluid. These findings suggest that blood-brain barrier permeability, as measured by magnetic resonance imaging, may provide novel pathological information as a marker of neuroinflammation related to multiple sclerosis, to some extent reflecting cellular permeability of the blood-brain barrier, whereas T2 lesion count may more reflect the length of the subclinical pre-relapse phase.See Naismith and Cross (doi:10.1093/brain/awv196) for a scientific commentary on this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stig P Cramer
- 1 Functional Imaging Unit, Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, Nordre Ringvej 57, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Signe Modvig
- 2 Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Nordre Ringvej 57, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Helle J Simonsen
- 1 Functional Imaging Unit, Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, Nordre Ringvej 57, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Jette L Frederiksen
- 2 Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Nordre Ringvej 57, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark 3 Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 København N, Denmark
| | - Henrik B W Larsson
- 1 Functional Imaging Unit, Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, Nordre Ringvej 57, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark 3 Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 København N, Denmark
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21
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Tejera-Alhambra M, Casrouge A, de Andrés C, Seyfferth A, Ramos-Medina R, Alonso B, Vega J, Fernández-Paredes L, Albert ML, Sánchez-Ramón S. Plasma biomarkers discriminate clinical forms of multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128952. [PMID: 26039252 PMCID: PMC4454618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis, the most common cause of neurological disability in young population after trauma, represents a significant public health burden. Current challenges associated with management of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients stem from the lack of biomarkers that might enable stratification of the different clinical forms of MS and thus prompt treatment for those patients with progressive MS, for whom there is currently no therapy available. In the present work we analyzed a set of thirty different plasma cytokines, chemokines and growth factors present in circulation of 129 MS patients with different clinical forms (relapsing remitting, secondary progressive and primary progressive MS) and 53 healthy controls, across two independent cohorts. The set of plasma analytes was quantified with Luminex xMAP technology and their predictive power regarding clinical outcome was evaluated both individually using ROC curves and in combination using logistic regression analysis. Our results from two independent cohorts of MS patients demonstrate that the divergent clinical and histology-based MS forms are associated with distinct profiles of circulating plasma protein biomarkers, with distinct signatures being composed of chemokines and growth/angiogenic factors. With this work, we propose that an evaluation of a set of 4 circulating biomarkers (HGF, Eotaxin/CCL11, EGF and MIP-1β/CCL4) in MS patients might serve as an effective tool in the diagnosis and more personalized therapeutic targeting of MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Tejera-Alhambra
- Department of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Armanda Casrouge
- Department of Immunology, Center for Human Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Department of Immunology, INSERM U818, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Clara de Andrés
- Department of Neurology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rocío Ramos-Medina
- Department of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bárbara Alonso
- Department of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Janet Vega
- Center Alicia Koplowitz for Multiple Sclerosis of the Community of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Matthew L. Albert
- Department of Immunology, Center for Human Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Department of Immunology, INSERM U818, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Silvia Sánchez-Ramón
- Department of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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22
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Russi AE, Brown MA. The meninges: new therapeutic targets for multiple sclerosis. Transl Res 2015; 165:255-69. [PMID: 25241937 PMCID: PMC4424790 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) largely comprises nonregenerating cells, including neurons and myelin-producing oligodendrocytes, which are particularly vulnerable to immune cell-mediated damage. To protect the CNS, mechanisms exist that normally restrict the transit of peripheral immune cells into the brain and spinal cord, conferring an "immune-specialized" status. Thus, there has been a long-standing debate as to how these restrictions are overcome in several inflammatory diseases of the CNS, including multiple sclerosis (MS). In this review, we highlight the role of the meninges, tissues that surround and protect the CNS and enclose the cerebral spinal fluid, in promoting chronic inflammation that leads to neuronal damage. Although the meninges have traditionally been considered structures that provide physical protection for the brain and spinal cord, new data have established these tissues as sites of active immunity. It has been hypothesized that the meninges are important players in normal immunosurveillance of the CNS but also serve as initial sites of anti-myelin immune responses. The resulting robust meningeal inflammation elicits loss of localized blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and facilitates a large-scale influx of immune cells into the CNS parenchyma. We propose that targeting the cells and molecules mediating these inflammatory responses within the meninges offers promising therapies for MS that are free from the constraints imposed by the BBB. Importantly, such therapies may avoid the systemic immunosuppression often associated with the existing treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail E Russi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Melissa A Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill.
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Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging has been shown to be a powerful tool for diagnosing multiple sclerosis (MS) and evaluating surrogate markers of the disease activity. However, biomarkers may provide more accurate information regarding ongoing immune responses leading to demyelination and treatment effects in MS patients. Although serum biomarkers are easily accessible, they do not provide clear-cut results, whereas cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers provide unequivocal information, although samples cannot be repeatedly obtained. For diagnosis, the presence of oligoclonal IgG bands remains important. In addition, measuring the levels of adhesion molecules, matrix metalloproteinase-9 and complement regulator factor H in the serum and evaluating the proportion of Th1/Th2 cells in the blood may be clinically feasible for monitoring the disease activity. In CSF samples, increased IL-8, IL-12, IL-17, CCL3, CCL5 and CXCL10 levels indicate active disease, and the flow cytometry findings of CSF cells can be used to detect increases in Th1 and CD4(+)CD25(+) cells during relapse. Biomarkers closely linked to the disease activity may be informative of the pathogenesis of MS, while those associated with tissue damage or repair may be targets of new treatment strategies. Establishing the latter will be a primary point of research in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Tomioka
- Department of Neurology, Kanazawa Medical University, Japan
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24
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Edwards KR, Goyal J, Plavina T, Czerkowicz J, Goelz S, Ranger A, Cadavid D, Browning JL. Feasibility of the use of combinatorial chemokine arrays to study blood and CSF in multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81007. [PMID: 24278364 PMCID: PMC3835751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningeal inflammation, including the presence of semi-organized tertiary lymphoid tissue, has been associated with cortical pathology at autopsy in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS). Accessible and robust biochemical markers of cortical inflammation for use in SPMS clinical trials are needed. Increased levels of chemokines in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can report on inflammatory processes occurring in the cerebral cortex of MS patients. A multiplexed chemokine array that included BAFF, a high sensitivity CXCL13 assay and composite chemokine scores were developed to explore differences in lymphoid (CXCL12, CXCL13, CCL19 and CCL21) and inflammatory (CCL2, CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11) chemokines in a small pilot study. Paired CSF and serum samples were obtained from healthy controls (n=12), relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) (n=21) and SPMS (N=12). A subset of the RRMS patients (n = 9) was assessed upon disease exacerbation and 1 month later following iv methylprednisone. SPMS patients were sampled twice to ascertain stability. Both lymphoid and inflammatory chemokines were elevated in RRMS and SPMS with the highest levels found in the active RRMS group. Inflammatory and lymphoid chemokine signatures were defined and generally correlated with each other. This small exploratory clinical study shows the feasibility of measuring complex and potentially more robust chemokine signatures in the CSF of MS patients during clinical trials. No differences were found between stable RRMS and SPMS. Future trials with larger patient cohorts with this chemokine array are needed to further characterize the differences, or the lack thereof, between stable RRMS and SPMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith R. Edwards
- Multiple Sclerosis Center of NE New York, Latham, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jaya Goyal
- Department of Translational Medicine, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tatiana Plavina
- Department of Translational Medicine, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Julie Czerkowicz
- Department of Immunobiology, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Susan Goelz
- Department of Neurology Clinical Development, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ann Ranger
- Department of Immunobiology, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Diego Cadavid
- Department of Neurology Clinical Development, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey L. Browning
- Department of Immunobiology, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Pranzatelli MR, Tate ED, McGee NR, Travelstead AL, Verhulst SJ, Ransohoff RM. Expression of CXCR3 and its ligands CXCL9, -10 and -11 in paediatric opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 172:427-36. [PMID: 23600831 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome (OMS) is a neuroinflammatory disorder associated with remote cancer. To understand more clearly the role of inflammatory mediators, the concentration of CXCR3 ligands CXCL10, CXCL9 and CXCL11 was measured in 245 children with OMS and 81 paediatric controls using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and CXCR3 expression on CD4(+) T cells was measured by flow cytometry. Mean cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) CXCL10 was 2·7-fold higher in untreated OMS than controls. Intrathecal production was demonstrated by significantly different CXCL10 CSF : serum ratios. The dichotomized 'high' CSF CXCL10 group had higher CSF leucocyte count (P = 0·0007) and B cell activating factor (BAFF) and CXCL13 concentrations (P < 0·0001). CSF CXCL10 did not correlate with clinical severity or relapse using grouped data, although it did in some patients. Among seven types of immunotherapy, including rituximab or chemotherapy, only adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) monotherapy showed reduced CSF CXCL10, but prospective longitudinal studies of ACTH combination therapies indicated no reduction in CXCL10 despite clinical improvement (P < 0·0001). CXCL10 concentrations were 11-fold higher in CSF and twofold higher in serum by multiplexed fluorescent bead-based immunoassay than enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, but the two correlated (r = 0·7 and 0·83). In serum, no group differences for CXCL9 or CXCL11 were found. CXCR3 expression on CD4(+) T cells was fivefold higher in those from CSF than blood, but was not increased in OMS or altered by conventional immunotherapy. These data suggest alternative roles for CXCL10 in OMS. Over-expression of CXCL10 was not reduced by clinical immunotherapies as a whole, indicating the need for better therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Pranzatelli
- Department of Neurology, National Pediatric Myoclonus Center and Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory, Springfield, IL, USA.
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Matsushita T, Tateishi T, Isobe N, Yonekawa T, Yamasaki R, Matsuse D, Murai H, Kira JI. Characteristic cerebrospinal fluid cytokine/chemokine profiles in neuromyelitis optica, relapsing remitting or primary progressive multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61835. [PMID: 23637915 PMCID: PMC3630114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differences in cytokine/chemokine profiles among patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO), relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), and primary progressive MS (PPMS), and the relationships of these profiles with clinical and neuroimaging features are unclear. A greater understanding of these profiles may help in differential diagnosis. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We measured 27 cytokines/chemokines and growth factors in CSF collected from 20 patients with NMO, 26 with RRMS, nine with PPMS, and 18 with other non-inflammatory neurological diseases (OND) by multiplexed fluorescent bead-based immunoassay. Interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-6, CXCL8 and CXCL10 levels were significantly higher in NMO patients than in OND and RRMS patients at relapse, while granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and CCL4 levels were significantly higher in NMO patients than in OND patients. In NMO patients, IL-6 and CXCL8 levels were positively correlated with disability and CSF protein concentration while IL-6, CXCL8, G-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and IFN-γ were positively correlated with CSF neutrophil counts at the time of sample collection. In RRMS patients, IL-6 levels were significantly higher than in OND patients at the relapse phase while CSF cell counts were negatively correlated with the levels of CCL2. Correlation coefficients of cytokines/chemokines in the relapse phase were significantly different in three combinations, IL-6 and GM-CSF, G-CSF and GM-CSF, and GM-CSF and IFN-γ, between RRMS and NMO/NMOSD patients. In PPMS patients, CCL4 and CXCL10 levels were significantly higher than in OND patients. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest distinct cytokine/chemokine alterations in CSF exist among NMO, RRMS and PPMS. In NMO, over-expression of a cluster of Th17- and Th1-related proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines is characteristic, while in PPMS, increased CCL4 and CXCL10 levels may reflect on-going low grade T cell and macrophage/microglia inflammation in the central nervous system. In RRMS, only a mild elevation of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines was detectable at relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Matsushita
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahisa Tateishi
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Noriko Isobe
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomomi Yonekawa
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamasaki
- Department of Neurological Therapeutics, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Dai Matsuse
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Murai
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Kira
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Dragunow M. Meningeal and choroid plexus cells--novel drug targets for CNS disorders. Brain Res 2013; 1501:32-55. [PMID: 23328079 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The meninges and choroid plexus perform many functions in the developing and adult human central nervous system (CNS) and are composed of a number of different cell types. In this article I focus on meningeal and choroid plexus cells as targets for the development of drugs to treat a range of traumatic, ischemic and chronic brain disorders. Meningeal cells are involved in cortical development (and their dysfunction may be involved in cortical dysplasia), fibrotic scar formation after traumatic brain injuries (TBI), brain inflammation following infections, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other brain disorders. The choroid plexus regulates the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as well as brain entry of inflammatory cells under basal conditions and after injuries. The meninges and choroid plexus also link peripheral inflammation (occurring in the metabolic syndrome and after infections) to CNS inflammation which may contribute to the development and progression of a range of CNS neurological and psychiatric disorders. They respond to cytokines generated systemically and secrete cytokines and chemokines that have powerful effects on the brain. The meninges may also provide a stem cell niche in the adult brain which could be harnessed for brain repair. Targeting meningeal and choroid plexus cells with therapeutic agents may provide novel therapies for a range of human brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Dragunow
- Department of Pharmacology and Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Tirotta E, Kirby LA, Hatch MN, Lane TE. IFN-γ-induced apoptosis of human embryonic stem cell derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells is restricted by CXCR2 signaling. Stem Cell Res 2012; 9:208-17. [PMID: 22885102 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Engraftment of human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived OPCs in animal models of demyelination results in remyelination and clinical recovery, supporting the feasibility of cell replacement therapies in promoting repair of damaged neural tissue. A critical gap in our understanding of the mechanisms associated with repair revolves around the effects of the local microenvironment on transplanted cell survival. We have determined that treatment of human ESC-derived OPCs with the pleiotropic cytokine IFN-γ promotes apoptosis that is associated with mitochondrial cytochrome c released into the cytosol with subsequent caspase 3 activation. IFN-γ-induced apoptosis is mediated, in part, by secretion of the CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) from IFN-γ-treated cells. Signaling through the chemokine receptor CXCR2 by the ligand CXCL1 functions in a tonic manner by muting apoptosis and this is associated with reduced levels of cytosolic cytochrome c and impaired cleavage of caspase 3. These findings support a role for both IFN-γ and CXCL10 in contributing to neuropathology by promoting OPC apoptosis. In addition, these data suggest that hOPCs used for therapeutic treatment for human neurologic disease/damage are susceptible to death through exposure to local inflammatory cytokines present within the inflammatory milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Tirotta
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
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Clarkson BD, Héninger E, Harris MG, Lee J, Sandor M, Fabry Z. Innate-adaptive crosstalk: how dendritic cells shape immune responses in the CNS. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 946:309-33. [PMID: 21948376 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0106-3_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are a heterogeneous group of professional antigen presenting cells that lie in a nexus between innate and adaptive immunity because they recognize and respond to danger signals and subsequently initiate and regulate effector T-cell responses. Initially thought to be absent from the CNS, both plasmacytoid and conventional DCs as well as DC precursors have recently been detected in several CNS compartments where they are seemingly poised for responding to injury and pathogens. Additionally, monocyte-derived DCs rapidly accumulate in the inflamed CNS where they, along with other DC subsets, may function to locally regulate effector T-cells and/or carry antigens to CNS-draining cervical lymph nodes. In this review we highlight recent research showing that (a) distinct inflammatory stimuli differentially recruit DC subsets to the CNS; (b) DC recruitment across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is regulated by adhesion molecules, growth factors, and chemokines; and (c) DCs positively or negatively regulate immune responses in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Clarkson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 6130 MSC University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Comini-Frota ER, Teixeira AL, Angelo JPA, Andrade MV, Brum DG, Kaimen-Maciel DR, Foss NT, Donadi EA. Evaluation of serum levels of chemokines during interferon-β treatment in multiple sclerosis patients: a 1-year, observational cohort study. CNS Drugs 2011; 25:971-81. [PMID: 22054120 DOI: 10.2165/11595060-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The molecules that provide access to activated T cells in the CNS, including chemokines, have been considered to be a crucial step in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). AIMS In this study, we investigated serial serum chemokine levels in patients with relapsing-remitting MS over 1 year and the association of these chemokine levels with treatment regimens, lesions on MRI and patients' characteristics. METHODS Serum CXCL9, CXCL10, CCL2, CCL4 and CCL5 levels were evaluated using ELISA every 2 months for a year in 28 healthy controls and 28 MS patients during their treatment with interferon (IFN)-β. Patients underwent MRI and were evaluated using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) at the first and final evaluations. RESULTS CXCL10 serum levels were higher in MS patients compared with controls, were positively correlated with T2 lesions on MRI and were slightly increased during relapses. Treatment with IFNβ-1a or IFNβ-1b was associated with increased CXCL10 levels when evaluated more than 36 hours after subcutaneous injection. The CXCL9 levels were higher after MS relapse. There was significant variability in CCL4 and CCL5 levels in the serial evaluations, associated with gender and treatment. CCL2 levels were higher in treated MS patients than healthy controls, particularly among those patients with a stable form of the disease. CONCLUSION Serum is a feasible resource for searching for an immunological marker in MS. Peripheral chemokine levels correlated in different ways with IFNβ therapy and with disease and patient characteristics. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN45526724.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Comini-Frota
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, and Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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El-Asrar AMA, Al-Obeidan SS, Kangave D, Geboes K, Opdenakker G, Van Damme J, Struyf S. CXC chemokine expression profiles in aqueous humor of patients with different clinical entities of endogenous uveitis. Immunobiology 2011; 216:1004-9. [PMID: 21531038 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous humor (AH) samples from patients with Behçet's disease (BD) (n=29), Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease (n=21), and HLA-B27-associated uveitis (n=8), and 42 control patients were assayed for the neutrophil chemoattractants CXCL1/GRO-α and CXCL8/IL-8 and the lymphocyte chemoattractants CXCL9/MIG, CXCL10/IP-10 and CXCL12/SDF-1 with the use of a multiplex chemokine assay. Chemokine levels except SDF-1 were significantly higher in the 3 disease groups than in normal controls. Considering all patients, mean GRO-α levels were 15-fold higher than IL-8 levels and mean IP-10 levels were 22-fold higher than MIG levels. In patients with the same disease activity, AH levels of GRO-α and IP-10 were significantly higher in patients with BD than in patients with VKH disease and HLA-B27-associated uveitis (p=0.0474; p<0.001, respectively). These data suggest that GRO-α and IP-10 are the predominant CXC chemokines involved in neutrophil and activated T lymphocyte chemoattraction in endogenous uveitis, particularly in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Abu El-Asrar
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Kalinowska-Łyszczarz A, Szczuciński A, Pawlak MA, Losy J. Clinical study on CXCL13, CCL17, CCL20 and IL-17 as immune cell migration navigators in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients. J Neurol Sci 2010; 300:81-5. [PMID: 20947098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2010.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been a growing evidence for the role of chemokines in the pathology of multiple sclerosis. Recently, there has been great emphasis placed on humoral immunity and the T(H)-17 response, which has not yet been thoroughly described in MS. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of specific chemokines involved in B-cell migration (CXCL13) and in the T(H)-17 immune response (IL-17, CCL17, CCL20). METHODS Using ELISA, the chosen chemokine concentrations were measured in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of relapsing-remitting MS patients with both active and stable disease, and the relapse prediction rate was calculated. RESULTS We found that the CSF concentrations of CXCL13 in patients with RRMS both, during relapse and remission, were significantly higher than in controls. CCL17 and CCL20 were not detected in CSF in either of the groups, whereas serum CCL20 level was significantly higher in remission than during relapse. Intravenous methylprednisolone treatment of patients with relapse did not influence serum CXCL13 and CCL20 levels. However, it did lower CCL17 and IL-17 concentrations. CONCLUSIONS CXCL13 is an important mediator in MS that is strongly linked to the neuroinflammatory activity of the disease. However, more studies are needed for elucidating the roles of CCL17, CCL20 and IL-17 in MS pathology.
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Antonelli A, Ferri C, Fallahi P, Ferrari SM, Frascerra S, Franzoni F, Galetta F, Zignego AL, Ferrannini E. CXCL10 and CCL2 serum levels in patients with mixed cryoglobulinaemia and hepatitis C. Dig Liver Dis 2009; 41:42-8. [PMID: 18760981 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2008.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Revised: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No study evaluates serum levels of CXCL10 and CCL2 chemokines in patients with hepatitis C associated mixed cryoglobulinaemia. AIMS To measure circulating CXCL10 and CCL2 in cryoglobulinaemic patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Serum CXCL10 and CCL2 were assayed in 70 consecutive cryoglobulinaemic patients, and in 2 control groups (1:1, gender- and age-matched) of healthy (controls), or of chronic hepatitis C subjects without cryoglobulinaemia. RESULTS Cryoglobulinaemic patients showed higher CXCL10 serum levels than controls (p<0.0001), or hepatitis C patients (p=0.001) (389 +/- 141, 91 +/- 51, 311 +/- 142 pg/ml, respectively). By defining a "high CXCL10" as a value at least 2 S.D. above the mean value of the control group (>193 pg/ml), 79% of cryoglobulinaemic patients, 5% of the controls and 69% of hepatitis C patients had high CXCL10 (p<0.0001). CXCL10 levels were (p<0.01) increased in cryoglobulinaemic patients with active vasculitis, with respect to those without (445+/-108, 339 +/- 161 pg/ml, respectively). Cryoglobulinaemic patients showed significantly higher CCL2 serum level than controls (p<0.01), but not than hepatitis C patients (541 +/- 493, 387 +/- 173 and 451 +/- 281 pg/ml, respectively). CONCLUSION Our study first demonstrates high serum levels of CXCL10 and CCL2 chemokines in cryoglobulinaemic patients. Circulating CXCL10 is higher overall in cryoglobulinaemic patients with active vasculitis, suggesting a prevalence of the Th1 immune response in this phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Antonelli
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa School of Medicine, Pisa, Italy.
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Kalinowska A, Losy J. Investigational C-C chemokine receptor 2 antagonists for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008; 17:1267-79. [PMID: 18694362 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.17.9.1267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) antagonists belong to a group of chemokine blockers, which represent a new strategy for inflammatory diseases treatment by interfering with the complex system of chemokines and their receptors. A number of CCR2 antagonists are being developed for treatment of autoimmune diseases by different pharmaceutical and biotechnological companies. OBJECTIVE In this article the dark and the bright side of therapeutic CCR2 antagonism is discussed, with a view to its potential efficacy in various autoimmune diseases, in which clinical trials are already in progress, such as multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. We describe different modes of possible interactions with CCR2-chemokine CC motif ligand 2 (CCL2) axis, usefulness of experimental animal models, continuing clinical trials and future perspectives of CCR2 antagonists. METHODS Until now only a few peer-reviewed articles providing data on the progress of preclinical and clinical trials with CCR2 antagonists have been published; therefore, we also present data based on preliminary reports, obtained from a number of press releases, conference communications and from the PharmaProjects database. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Although there is growing evidence for a great therapeutic potential of CCR2 blockade in autoimmune diseases, especially well documented in experimental animal models, so far clinical trials with CCR2 antagonists in humans have been moderately encouraging or even disappointing, indicating a need to further elucidate the complex system of chemokine interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Kalinowska
- University of Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Neuroimmunology by Chair of Neurology, ul. Przybyszewskiego 49, 60-355 Poznan, Poland.
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Qu T, Walston JD, Yang H, Fedarko NS, Xue QL, Beamer BA, Ferrucci L, Rose NR, Leng SX. Upregulated ex vivo expression of stress-responsive inflammatory pathway genes by LPS-challenged CD14(+) monocytes in frail older adults. Mech Ageing Dev 2008; 130:161-6. [PMID: 19027777 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Frailty has been increasingly recognized as an important clinical syndrome in old age. The frailty syndrome is characterized by chronic inflammation, decreased functional and physiologic reserve, and increased vulnerability to stressors, leading to disability and mortality. However, molecular mechanisms that contribute to inflammation activation and regulation in frail older adults have not been investigated. To begin to address this, we conducted a pathway-specific gene array analysis of 367 inflammatory pathway genes by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged CD14(+) monocytes from 32 community-dwelling frail and age-, race-, and sex-paired nonfrail older adults (mean age 83 years, range 72-94). The results showed that ex vivo LPS-challenge induced average 2.0-fold or higher upregulated expression of 116 genes in frail participants and 85 genes in paired nonfrail controls. In addition, frail participants had 2-fold or higher upregulation in LPS-induced expression of 7 stress-responsive genes than nonfrail controls with validation by quantitative real time RT-PCR. These findings suggest upregulated expression of specific stress-responsive genes in monocyte-mediated inflammatory pathway in the syndrome of frailty with potential mechanistic and interventional implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Qu
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Biology of Frailty Program, Division of Geriatric Medicine & Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Antonelli A, Ferri C, Fallahi P, Ferrari SM, Frascerra S, Carpi A, Nicolini A, Ferrannini E. Alpha-chemokine CXCL10 and beta-chemokine CCL2 serum levels in patients with hepatitis C-associated cryoglobulinemia in the presence or absence of autoimmune thyroiditis. Metabolism 2008; 57:1270-7. [PMID: 18702954 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2008.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines have been identified to play an important role in endocrine autoimmune disease and hepatitis C chronic infection. To our knowledge, no study has evaluated serum levels of CXCL10 and CCL2 in patients with "mixed cryoglobulinemia and hepatitis C virus chronic infection" (MC) in the presence or absence of autoimmune thyroiditis (AT). Serum CXCL10 and CCL2 were assayed in 60 patients with MC, in 45 patients with "MC with AT" (MC + AT), and in controls (60 without [control 1] and 45 with AT [control 2]). CXCL10 was significantly higher (1) in control 2 than in control 1 (P < .001), (2) in MC than in control 1, and (3) in MC + AT than in controls 1 and 2 and in MC (P = .002). A high CXCL10 level (>mean + SD control 1; >167 pg/mL) was present in 7% control 1, 21% control 2, 49% MC, and 78% MC + AT (P < .0001). CCL2 was significantly higher in MC and in MC + AT than in control 1 or in control 2 (P < .01). A high CCL2 level (>mean + SD control 1; >730 pg/mL) was present in 2% control 1, 1% control 2, 18% MC, and 21% MC + AT (P < .0001). The study demonstrates high CXCL10 and CCL2 serum levels in patients with MC; CXCL10 in MC + AT is significantly higher than that in MC. Future studies in larger series will be needed to evaluate the potential usefulness of serum CXCL10 and CCL2 determination as a prognostic marker in the follow-up of MC patients, also in relation to the presence of AT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa School of Medicine, I-56100 Pisa, Italy.
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Meinl E, Krumbholz M, Derfuss T, Junker A, Hohlfeld R. Compartmentalization of inflammation in the CNS: a major mechanism driving progressive multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2008; 274:42-4. [PMID: 18715571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2008.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis (MS) the CNS is not only the target of the pathological immune response, but the CNS itself becomes an immunological compartment during the course of the disease. This comprises (i) inflammation beyond classical white matter lesions, (ii) intrathecal Ig production with oligoclonal bands, (iii) an environment fostering immune cell persistence, (iv) follicle-like aggregates in the meninges, (v) a disruption of the blood-brain barrier also outside of active lesions, which allows influx of autoantibodies possibly promoting demyelination or axonal injury and influx of fibrinogen driving inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Meinl
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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Rentzos M, Nikolaou C, Rombos A, Evangelopoulos ME, Kararizou E, Koutsis G, Zoga M, Dimitrakopoulos A, Tsoutsou A, Sfangos C. Effect of treatment with methylprednisolone on the serum levels of IL-12, IL-10 and CCL2 chemokine in patients with multiple sclerosis in relapse. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2008; 110:992-6. [PMID: 18657352 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2008.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Interleukin-12 (IL-12), a proinflammatory cytokine produced by Th1 cells, and interleukin-10 (IL-10), a product of Th2 cells, are involved in the pathogenetic mechanisms of multiple sclerosis (MS). CCL2 chemokine expression is induced by Th2 cytokines and is decreased in MS relapse. The mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effects of IVmethylprednisolone in attacks are not clearly established and the duration of the effect of this treatment remains controversial. PATIENTS AND METHODS We measured by enzyme-like immunosorbent assay (ELISA) serum levels of IL-12, IL-10 and CCL2 before, 5 days and 1 month after the initiation of treatment with IVMP in 20 patients with MS in relapse. RESULTS A significant increase of IL-10 and decrease of CCL2 serum levels was observed (p=0.0028 and 0.045 respectively) five days after the onset of steroid treatment but not after one month. Steroid treatment had no influence in serum levels of IL-12. CONCLUSIONS The clinical improvement of our MS patients with relapse following the treatment with methylprednisolone may be associated with an immediate but not a long-term modification of serum levels of IL-10 and CCL2. IL-12 may not be influenced by steroid treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rentzos
- Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, Athens National University, School of Medicine, Greece.
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Kang JH, Han IH, Sung MK, Yoo H, Kim YG, Kim JS, Kawada T, Yu R. Soybean saponin inhibits tumor cell metastasis by modulating expressions of MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP- 2. Cancer Lett 2008; 261:84-92. [PMID: 18086515 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Revised: 11/03/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The antimetastatic properties of soybean saponin were investigated by evaluating matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2 and MMP-9) production in HT-1080 cells. The mRNA expression levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were determined by RT-PCR analysis. The levels of secreted MMP-2, MMP-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) were determined by gelatin zymography and/or ELISA. The invasion of a Matrigel-coated membrane by human fibrosarcoma HT-1080 and HT-29 colon cancer cells was quantitatively assessed by counting the migrated cells. The treatment of HT-1080 cells with soybean saponin inhibited the mRNA expression of and reduced the amounts of secreted MMP-2 and MMP-9, whereas it increased the amount of secreted TIMP-2 dose-dependently. Soybean saponin significantly inhibited the invasion of HT-1080 cells through a Matrigel-coated membrane. The antimetastatic properties by soybean saponin were further confirmed by in vivo mice experiment via the tail vein injection of CT-26 colon cancer cells after feeding the mice the dietary soybean saponin. The incidence of metastatic tumor colonization of lungs of mice moderately decreased 2 weeks after the tail vein injection of CT-26 cells. Our current data support the notion that soybean saponin inhibits tumor cell metastasis by suppressing MMP-2 and MMP-9 productions, and stimulating TIMP-2 secretion, thereby suggesting that soybean saponin has a chemopreventive property against cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Ulsan, Mugeo-dong, Nam-ku, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea
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Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis with Methylprednisolone and Mitoxantrone Modulates the Expression of CXC Chemokine Receptors in PBMC. J Clin Immunol 2007; 28:122-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-007-9142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Krumbholz M, Theil D, Steinmeyer F, Cepok S, Hemmer B, Hofbauer M, Farina C, Derfuss T, Junker A, Arzberger T, Sinicina I, Hartle C, Newcombe J, Hohlfeld R, Meinl E. CCL19 is constitutively expressed in the CNS, up-regulated in neuroinflammation, active and also inactive multiple sclerosis lesions. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 190:72-9. [PMID: 17825430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Revised: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
CCL19 and CCL21 bind to CCR7, which is crucial for both inducing an immune response and establishing immunological tolerance. We report that in the normal human brain CCL19, but not CCL21, is transcribed, and detectable as a protein in tissue lysates and in cerebrospinal fluid. In both active and inactive multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions CCL19 transcripts were elevated. In cerebrospinal fluid from MS and OIND patients CCL19 protein was increased. In relapsing-remitting and secondary progressive MS patients CCL19 correlated with intrathecal IgG production. This study suggests that CCL19 plays a role in both the physiological immunosurveillance of the healthy CNS and the pathological maintenance of immune cells in the CNS of MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Krumbholz
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried, Germany
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Buttmann M, Merzyn C, Hofstetter HH, Rieckmann P. TRAIL, CXCL10 and CCL2 plasma levels during long-term Interferon-β treatment of patients with multiple sclerosis correlate with flu-like adverse effects but do not predict therapeutic response. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 190:170-6. [PMID: 17884184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2006] [Revised: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
High serum levels of soluble TRAIL (sTRAIL) before or during the first year of Interferon-beta (IFN-beta) therapy were shown to predict an individual therapeutic response of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Here, we investigated whether sTRAIL plasma levels during long-term IFN-beta treatment correlate with future therapeutic response or adverse effects of treatment. Postinjection short-time bursts of sTRAIL were associated with flu-like symptoms and IP-10/CXCL10 as well as MCP-1/CCL2 induction, and were detected after up to 6 years of continuous IFN-beta therapy. However, neither sTRAIL nor chemokine levels allowed prediction of one- and two-year clinical treatment response in 30 RRMS patients, prospectively followed by blinded investigators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Buttmann
- Department of Neurology, Julius-Maximilians-University, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, Würzburg, Germany.
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Szczuciński A, Kalinowska A, Losy J. CXCL11 (Interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant) and interleukin-18 in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients treated with methylprednisolone. Eur Neurol 2007; 58:228-32. [PMID: 17827967 DOI: 10.1159/000107945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2006] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Chemokines may play a role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), facilitating the trafficking of immune cells across the blood-brain barrier. Interferon-inducible T-cell alpha-chemoattractant (CXCL11) recruits activated Th1 cells to sites of inflammation. In this study, we wanted to estimate the levels of CXCL11 chemokine and interleukin-18 (IL-18), a proinflammatory cytokine, in sera of relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients, both before and after methylprednisolone (MP) treatment, and to compare the results with those in the control group. MATERIALS AND METHODS Serum CXCL11 and IL-18 concentrations were measured by the ELISA method in 30 RRMS patients during relapse both before and after MP treatment, and in 20 healthy blood donors. RESULTS We found significantly increased CXCL11 and IL-18 serum levels in RRMS patients as compared with controls. Additionally, no influence of MP therapy on the serum levels of CXCL11 and IL-18 was observed. CONCLUSION We suggest that CXCR3 receptor ligand, CXCL11, may be involved in MS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Szczuciński
- Department of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
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Abstract
Chemokines are a group of peptides of low molecular weight that induce the chemotaxis of different leukocyte subtypes. The major function of chemokines is the recruitment of leukocytes to inflammation sites, but they also play a role in tumoral growth, angiogenesis, and organ sclerosis. In the last few years, experimental evidence accumulated supporting the concept that interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) inducible chemokines (CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11) and their receptor, CXCR3, play an important role in the initial stage of autoimmune disorders involving endocrine glands. The fact that, after IFN-gamma stimulation, endocrine epithelial cells secrete CXCL10, which in turn recruits type 1 T helper lymphocytes expressing CXCR3 and secreting IFN-gamma, thus perpetuating autoimmune inflammation, strongly supports the concept that chemokines play an important role in endocrine autoimmunity. This article reviews the recent literature including basic science, animal models, and clinical studies, regarding the role of these chemokines in autoimmune endocrine diseases. The potential clinical applications of assaying the serum levels of CXCL10 and the value of such measurements are reviewed. Clinical studies addressing the issue of a role for serum CXCL10 measurement in Graves' disease, Graves' ophthalmopathy, chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and Addison's disease have been considered. The principal aim was to propose that chemokines, and in particular CXCL10, should no longer be considered as belonging exclusively to basic science, but rather should be used for providing new insights in the clinical management of patients with endocrine autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rotondi
- Excellence Center for Research, Transfer and High Education De Novo Therapies, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy.
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Correale J, Villa A. The blood-brain-barrier in multiple sclerosis: functional roles and therapeutic targeting. Autoimmunity 2007; 40:148-60. [PMID: 17453713 DOI: 10.1080/08916930601183522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In most regions of the central nervous system (CNS), the composition of the neuronal microenvironment is maintained by virtue of particular blood-brain-barrier (BBB) characteristics, to which vascular endothelial cells (ECs) contribute an important role. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS, characterized at tissue level by multifocal perivascular infiltrates, predominantly of lymphocytes and macrophages. Thus, lymphocyte recruitment into the brain across ECs of the BBB represents a critical event in disease pathogenesis, which is highly restricted and carefully regulated. In recent years, different investigations have identified the crucial components involved in leukocyte migration, providing new insights into mechanisms modulating neuroinflammatory reactions. In this review, several topics relating to these events are discussed, namely: (1) cellular and molecular characteristics of the BBB regulating permeability, as well as signals inducing EC differentiation in the brain and specific cell properties; (2) pathogenic mechanisms guiding the migration of different leukocyte populations through the BBB in MS; and (3) current knowledge on how different MS therapies targeting leukocytes migration across the BBB function. Furthermore, because the BBB has proven to be an important retaining wall preventing drug passage into the CNS, novel strategies directed at successful delivery of large molecules for effective treatment of various inflammatory conditions of the brain, both currently available or still under development, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Correale
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research Dr. Raúl Carrea, Montañeses 2325 (1428), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Szczuciński A, Losy J. Chemokines and chemokine receptors in multiple sclerosis. Potential targets for new therapies. Acta Neurol Scand 2007; 115:137-46. [PMID: 17295707 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2006.00749.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of the human central nervous system of a still unknown etiology. The autoimmune inflammatory process is believed to be essential for the development of the disease. Several different studies have shown that chemokines and chemokine receptors are involved in the pathogenesis of MS. Chemokines can mediate the trafficking of immune cells across the blood-brain barrier, and regulate their transfer to lesion sites. Chemokines were detected in actively demyelinating lesions and were found to be elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with MS during relapse. Different pairs of chemokine receptors and their ligands seem to play a pathogenic role in MS (e.g., CXCR3 and CXCL9, CXCL10; CCR1 and CCL3, CCL4, CCL5; CCR2 and CCL2; CCR5 and CCL3, CCL4, CCL5). Interfering with the chemokine system may be an effective therapeutic approach in MS. In this review we briefly summarize the results of the previous studies and identify the most important findings in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Szczuciński
- Department of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
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Ubogu EE, Callahan MK, Tucky BH, Ransohoff RM. CCR5 expression on monocytes and T cells: modulation by transmigration across the blood-brain barrier in vitro. Cell Immunol 2007; 243:19-29. [PMID: 17257590 PMCID: PMC2268100 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2006] [Revised: 10/29/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Observational studies in multiple sclerosis (MS) demonstrated altered expression of chemokine receptors (CkRs) on comparable populations of mononuclear cells (e.g. CD4(+)/CD45RO(+) T-cells) in brain sections compared with blood. These findings raised questions about the regulation of CkRs on trafficking cells. Regulatory processes for CkRs are complex: examples include down-regulation following ligand engagement during migration and either up- or down-regulation following activation. Additionally, CkRs that mediate transmigration without being down-regulated will be selectively enriched on migrating cells in the inflammatory site. Finally, CkRs may act as functionally neutral markers of activated cells capable of undergoing transmigration. Clarifying CkR regulation may aid in the selection and application of antagonists for treating neuroinflammation. Mechanisms of receptor regulation during transmigration cannot be studied by descriptive methods. We evaluated CCR5 expression on CD14(+) monocytes and CD3(+) T-cells following CCL5-driven transmigration through an in vitro blood-brain barrier (IVBBB), as both T-cells and monocytes in MS lesions express CCR5. CCR5 expression was augmented on non-migrating CD14(+) but not CD3(+) cells, suggesting selective activation of monocytes by incubation in contact with endothelial cells. As proposed from observational studies, CCR5 was enriched on monocytes that migrated spontaneously in the absence of exogenous chemokine. Addition of the CCR5 ligand CCL5 to the lower chamber led to enhanced CD3(+) T-cell migration. Interestingly, CCR5 was down-regulated on both CD14(+) monocytes and CD3(+) T cells during CCL5-driven migration. These results are distinct from those obtained in comparable studies of CCR2 and CXCR3, suggesting that the specifics for CkR expression should be studied for individual receptors on each leukocyte subpopulation during the design of strategies for pharmacological blockade in neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eroboghene E. Ubogu
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH
- Neurology Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Melissa K. Callahan
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH
| | - Barbara H. Tucky
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH
| | - Richard M. Ransohoff
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH
- The Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research, Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH
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Moreira MA, Tilbery CP, Monteiro LP, Teixeira MM, Teixeira AL. Effect of the treatment with methylprednisolone on the cerebrospinal fluid and serum levels of CCL2 and CXCL10 chemokines in patients with active multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 2006; 114:109-13. [PMID: 16867033 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2006.00629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several experimental and human studies suggest that the chemokines CCL2 and CXCL10 may play a role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we evaluated the effect of intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP) therapy on the levels of CCL2 and CXCL10 in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum of patients with active MS. METHODS Serum and CSF samples were obtained from 14 patients with active relapsing-remitting MS (age +/- SD years, 37.0 +/- 8.1; M/F, 6/8) and age- and gender-matched control subjects. All patients were submitted to IVMP treatment (500 mg daily for 5 days). Blood and CSF sampling were performed at admission, i.e. before treatment (day 0), at the end of the treatment (day 6) and 30 days after treatment (day 30). The clinical status of MS patients was also assessed. CCL2 and CXCL10 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Multiple sclerosis patients had lower CCL2 and higher CXCL10 in CSF when compared with control subjetcs. After treatment with methylprednisolone, MS patients showed clinical improvement and the CSF concentrations of CCL2 and CXCL10 modified toward normal values. CONCLUSIONS The clinical improvement of active MS following the treatment with methylprednisolone was associated with the modification of CSF levels of CCL2 and CXCL10, suggesting that these chemokines may be useful markers of response to treatment and relapses in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Moreira
- CIEM MS Research Center, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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50
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Bugeja MJ, Booth D, Bennetts B, Heard R, Rubio J, Stewart G. An investigation of polymorphisms in the 17q11.2-12 CC chemokine gene cluster for association with multiple sclerosis in Australians. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2006; 7:64. [PMID: 16872505 PMCID: PMC1550395 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-7-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2006] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) characterised by inflammation and neuronal degeneration. It is believed to result from the complex interaction of a number of genes, each with modest effect. Chemokines are vital to the migration of cells to sites of inflammation, including the CNS, and many are implicated in MS pathogenesis. Most of the CC chemokine genes are encoded in a cluster on chromosome 17q11.2-12, which has been identified in a number of genome wide screens as being potentially associated with MS. Methods We conducted a two-stage analysis to investigate the chemokine gene cluster for association with MS. After sequencing the chemokine genes in several DNA pools to identify common polymorphisms, 12 candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in a cohort of Australian MS trio families. Results Marginally significant (uncorrected) transmission distortion was identified for four of the SNPs after stratification for several factors. We also identified marginally significant (uncorrected) transmission distortion for haplotypes encompassing the CCL2 and CCL11 genes, using two independent cohorts, which was consistent with recent reports from another group. Conclusion Our results implicate several chemokines as possibly being associated with MS susceptibility, and given that chemokines and their receptors are suitable targets for therapeutic agents, further investigation is warranted in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Bugeja
- The Institute for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Campus, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - David Booth
- The Institute for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Campus, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Bruce Bennetts
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Robert Heard
- The Institute for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Campus, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Justin Rubio
- The Howard Florey Institute and the Southern MS Genetics Consortium, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Graeme Stewart
- The Institute for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Campus, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
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