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Riddell EA, Burger IJ, Muñoz MM, Weaver SJ, Womack MC. Amphibians exhibit extremely high hydric costs of respiration. Integr Comp Biol 2024:icae053. [PMID: 38802122 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icae053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial environments pose many challenges to organisms, but perhaps one of the greatest is the need to breathe while maintaining water balance. Breathing air requires thin, moist respiratory surfaces, and thus the conditions necessary for gas exchange are also responsible for high rates of water loss that lead to desiccation. Across the diversity of terrestrial life, water loss acts as a universal cost of gas exchange and thus imposes limits on respiration. Amphibians are known for being vulnerable to rapid desiccation, in part because they rely on thin, permeable skin for cutaneous respiration. Yet we have a limited understanding of the relationship between water loss and gas exchange within and among amphibian species. In this study, we evaluated the hydric costs of respiration in amphibians using the transpiration ratio, which is defined as the ratio of water loss (mol H2O d-1) to gas uptake (mol O2 d-1). A high ratio suggests greater hydric costs relative to the amount of gas uptake. We compared the transpiration ratio of amphibians with that of other terrestrial organisms to determine if amphibians had greater hydric costs of gas uptake relative to plants, insects, birds, and mammals. We also evaluated the effects of temperature, humidity, and body mass on the transpiration ratio both within and among amphibian species. We found that hydric costs of respiration in amphibians were two to four orders of magnitude higher than the hydric costs of plants, insects, birds, and mammals. We also discovered that larger amphibians had lower hydric costs than smaller amphibians, at both the species- and individual-level. Amphibians also reduced the hydric costs of respiration at warm temperatures, potentially reflecting adaptive strategies to avoid dehydration while also meeting the demands of higher metabolic rates. Our results suggest that cutaneous respiration is an inefficient mode of respiration that produces the highest hydric costs of respiration yet to be measured in terrestrial plants and animals. Yet, amphibians largely avoid these costs by selecting aquatic or moist environments, which may facilitate more independent evolution of water loss and gas exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Riddell
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC 27599
| | - Isabella J Burger
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC 27599
| | - Martha M Muñoz
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Savannah J Weaver
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC 27599
| | - Molly C Womack
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322
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2
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Qi Z, Ma H, Ma L, Yang X. The Structure of Digestive Tract Coordinating Digestion and Respiration in an Air-Breathing Weatherloach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:381. [PMID: 38927261 PMCID: PMC11201251 DOI: 10.3390/biology13060381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
To clarify how the digestive tract of the weatherloach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, serves a dual function of digestion and respiration simultaneously, the histological structures of its digestive tract, the passage of digesta and air passing through its intestine and the rate of intestinal evacuation have been studied. The results indicate that the digestive tract is divided into five functional regions, i.e., esophagus, anterior intestine, middle intestine, posterior intestine and rectum. The diverse intestinal structures have the specialized function of coordinating digestion and respiration. An X-ray barium meal examination showed in the normal breathing state, the contents of the intestine are diffusely semifluid, and air is distributed as bubbles in the dorsal intestine 2 h after feeding. After 5 h, the contents accumulated in the mid and posterior intestine, and gas flowed above the contents as bundles. After 8 h, the intestinal food was basically evacuated. In the intestinal air-breathing restricted group, the contents of the intestine remained diffuse, and a large number of digesta entered and remained in the rectum after 5 h. After the inhibition was relieved, the contents of the rectum were rapidly discharged. Measurement of the intestinal evacuation rate in the intestine showed that the evacuation of the intestinal contents lagged behind that of the normal group in the air-breathing restricted group. Compared to the normal state and inhibited GAB (gastrointestinal air breathing), we could deduce that GAB could promote the movement of the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Hongbo Ma
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Li Ma
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Xuefen Yang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.M.); (L.M.)
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3
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van Soldt BJ, Metscher BD, Richardson MK, Cardoso WV. Sox9 is associated with two distinct patterning events during snake lung morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2024; 506:7-19. [PMID: 37995917 PMCID: PMC10872300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionary forces that allowed species adaptation to different terrestrial environments and led to great diversity in body shape and size required acquisition of innovative strategies of pattern formation during organogenesis. An extreme example is the formation of highly elongated viscera in snakes. What developmental patterning strategies allowed to overcome the space constraints of the snake's body to meet physiological demands? Here we show that the corn snake uses a Sox2-Sox9 developmental tool kit common to other species to generate and shape the lung in two phases. Initially Sox9 was found at low levels at the tip of the primary lung bud during outgrowth and elongation of the bronchial bud, without driving branching programs characteristic of mammalian lungs. Later, Sox9 induction is recapitulated in the formation of an extensive network of radial septae emerging along the elongated bronchial bud that generates the respiratory region. We propose that altogether these represent key patterning events for formation of both the respiratory faveolar and non-respiratory posterior compartments of the snake's lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J van Soldt
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Allergy Critical Care, and Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Brian D Metscher
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | | | - Wellington V Cardoso
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Allergy Critical Care, and Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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4
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Lee DJ, Matthews PGD. Oxygen extraction efficiency of the tidally-ventilated rectal gills of dragonfly nymphs. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20231699. [PMID: 38264780 PMCID: PMC10806436 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Dragonfly nymphs breathe water using tidal ventilation, a highly unusual strategy in water-breathing animals owing to the high viscosity, density and low oxygen (O2) concentration of water. This study examines how well these insects extract O2 from the surrounding water during progressive hypoxia. Nymphs were attached to a custom-designed respiro-spirometer to simultaneously measure tidal volume, ventilation frequency and metabolic rate. Oxygen extraction efficiencies (OEE) were calculated across four partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) treatments, from normoxia to severe hypoxia. While there was no significant change in tidal volume, ventilation frequency increased significantly from 9.4 ± 1.2 breaths per minute (BPM) at 21.3 kPa to 35.6 ± 2.9 BPM at 5.3 kPa. Metabolic rate increased significantly from 1.4 ± 0.3 µl O2 min-1 at 21.3 kPa to 2.1 ± 0.4 µl O2 min-1 at 16.0 kPa, but then returned to normoxic levels as O2 levels declined further. OEE of nymphs was 40.1 ± 6.1% at 21.3 kPa, and did not change significantly during hypoxia. Comparison to literature shows that nymphs maintain their OEE during hypoxia unlike other aquatic tidal-breathers and some unidirectional breathers. This result, and numerical models simulating experimental conditions, indicate that nymphs maintain these extraction efficiencies by increasing gill conductance and/or lowering internal pO2 to maintain a sufficient diffusion gradient across their respiratory surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Lee
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T1Z4
| | - Philip G. D. Matthews
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T1Z4
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5
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Xu H, Wang Z, Li Y, Xu Z. The distribution and function of teleost IgT. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 144:109281. [PMID: 38092093 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Given the uniquely close relationship between fish and aquatic environments, fish mucosal tissues are constantly exposed to a wide array of pathogenic microorganisms in the surrounding water. To maintain mucosal homeostasis, fish have evolved a distinct mucosal immune system known as mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues (MALTs). These MALTs consist of key effector cells and molecules from the adaptive immune system, such as B cells and immunoglobulins (Igs), which play crucial roles in maintaining mucosal homeostasis and defending against external pathogen infections. Until recently, three primary Ig isotypes, IgM, IgD, and IgT, have been identified in varying proportions within the mucosal secretions of teleost fish. Similar to the role of mucosal IgA in mammals and birds, teleost IgT plays a predominant role in mucosal immunity. Following the identification of the IgT gene in 2005, significant advances have been made in researching the origin, evolution, structure, and function of teleost IgT. Multiple IgT variants have been identified in various species of teleost fish, underscoring the remarkable complexity of IgT in fish. Therefore, this study provides a comprehensive review of the recent advances in various aspects of teleost IgT, including its genomic and structural features, the diverse distribution patterns within various fish mucosal tissues (the skin, gills, gut, nasal, buccal, pharyngeal, and swim bladder mucosa), its interaction with mucosal symbiotic microorganisms, and its immune responses towards diverse pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. We also highlight the existing research gaps in the study of teleost IgT, suggesting the need for further investigation into the functional aspects of IgT and IgT+ B cells. This research is aimed at providing valuable insights into the immune functions of IgT and the mechanisms underlying the immune responses of fish against infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyue Xu
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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6
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Vakaloloma U, Ho TH, Loh JY, Chong CM, Wangkahart E, Lee MC, Nan FH, Lai HC, Lee PT. Modulation of immune genes in the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues of cobia by Sarcodia suae extract. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1973-1990. [PMID: 37349590 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Rachycentron canadum (cobia) is a marine fish species of high economic value in aquaculture due to its fast growth rate and good feed conversion efficacy. Regrettably, the industry has been affected by significant setbacks from high mortality due to diseases. Consequently, an improved perception of innate immunity correlated to each mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) in teleost fish is necessary to understand hosts' response towards infections better. The utilization of polysaccharides in seaweed to stimulate the immune system has gathered unprecedented attention. The present study examined the immunostimulatory effects of Sarcodia suae water extracts (SSWE) on in vivo gill-, gut- and skin-associated lymphoid tissues (GIALT, GALT, and SALT) via immersion and oral ingestions. The GIALT genes (TNF-α, Cox2, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17 A/F1-3, IL-11, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, MHCIa, IgM, and IgT) except IL-10 recorded positive upregulations in a dose-dependent manner post 24 h immersion in SSWE, indicating the algae extract contained bioactive compounds that could stimulate the immune genes. The upregulation of IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18 in the gills and hindgut post-SSWE immersion indicated that the extract could promote Th1-related responses in the MALTs. The modulation of immune gene expressions in the feeding trial was less potent than in the SSWE immersion. These findings indicated that the SSWE stimulated robust immune responses in both the GIALT and GALT of cobia. This suggests that the SSWE could be further explored as an effective immersive stimulant for fish, enhancing their immune system against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulamila Vakaloloma
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan
- Fiji National University, Suva, Fiji Islands
| | - Thi Hang Ho
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Yan Loh
- Centre of Research for Advanced Aquaculture (CORAA), UCSI University, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia
| | - Chou Min Chong
- Laboratory of Immunogenomics, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Eakapol Wangkahart
- Laboratory of Fish Immunology and Nutrigenomics, Applied Animal and Aquatic Sciences Research Unit, Division of Fisheries, Faculty of Technology, Mahasarakhm University, Khamriang Sub-District, Kantarawichai, Mahasarakhm, Thailand
| | - Meng-Chou Lee
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Hua Nan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chih Lai
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 11101, Taiwan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, 11101, Taiwan
| | - Po-Tsang Lee
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan.
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7
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Maina JN. A critical assessment of the cellular defences of the avian respiratory system: are birds in general and poultry in particular relatively more susceptible to pulmonary infections/afflictions? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:2152-2187. [PMID: 37489059 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
In commercial poultry farming, respiratory diseases cause high morbidities and mortalities, begetting colossal economic losses. Without empirical evidence, early observations led to the supposition that birds in general, and poultry in particular, have weak innate and adaptive pulmonary defences and are therefore highly susceptible to injury by pathogens. Recent findings have, however, shown that birds possess notably efficient pulmonary defences that include: (i) a structurally complex three-tiered airway arrangement with aerodynamically intricate air-flow dynamics that provide efficient filtration of inhaled air; (ii) a specialised airway mucosal lining that comprises air-filtering (ciliated) cells and various resident phagocytic cells such as surface and tissue macrophages, dendritic cells and lymphocytes; (iii) an exceptionally efficient mucociliary escalator system that efficiently removes trapped foreign agents; (iv) phagocytotic atrial and infundibular epithelial cells; (v) phagocytically competent surface macrophages that destroy pathogens and injurious particulates; (vi) pulmonary intravascular macrophages that protect the lung from the vascular side; and (vii) proficiently phagocytic pulmonary extravasated erythrocytes. Additionally, the avian respiratory system rapidly translocates phagocytic cells onto the respiratory surface, ostensibly from the subepithelial space and the circulatory system: the mobilised cells complement the surface macrophages in destroying foreign agents. Further studies are needed to determine whether the posited weak defence of the avian respiratory system is a global avian feature or is exclusive to poultry. This review argues that any inadequacies of pulmonary defences in poultry may have derived from exacting genetic manipulation(s) for traits such as rapid weight gain from efficient conversion of food into meat and eggs and the harsh environmental conditions and severe husbandry operations in modern poultry farming. To reduce pulmonary diseases and their severity, greater effort must be directed at establishment of optimal poultry housing conditions and use of more humane husbandry practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Maina
- Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Campus, Kingsway Avenue, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
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8
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Meng S, Xu H, Qin L, Chen X, Qiu L, Li D, Song C, Fan L, Hu G, Xu P. The Gill-Associated Bacterial Community Is More Affected by Exogenous Chlorella pyrenoidosa Addition than the Bacterial Communities of Water and Fish Gut in GIFT Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) Aquaculture System. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1209. [PMID: 37759608 PMCID: PMC10525419 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae has been widely used in aquaculture to improve both the water environment and fish growth; however, the current understanding of the effects of microalgae addition on the key players involved in regulating the water environment and fish health, such as microorganisms, remains limited. Here, a 50-day mesocosm experiment was set up to simulate the culture of Genetic Improvement of Farmed Tilapia (GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus) with an average weight of 14.18 ± 0.93 g and an average length of 82.77 ± 2.80 mm. Different amounts of Chlorella pyrenoidosa were added into these artificial systems to investigate dynamics of bacterial communities in aquaculture water, fish gill, and gut using amplicon-based high-throughput sequencing technology. Our results showed that Chlorella pyrenoidosa addition increased diversity and network complexity of gill-associated bacterial communities rather than those of the water and gut. Furthermore, more biomarkers in the gill-associated bacterial communities were detected in response to Chlorella pyrenoidosa addition than the water and fish gut samples. These findings highlighted the high sensitivity of gill-associated bacterial communities in response to the Chlorella pyrenoidosa addition, implying Chlorella pyrenoidosa addition could play important roles in regulating the fish mucosal immunity by altering the gill-associated microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunlong Meng
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, Wuxi 214081, China; (S.M.); (H.X.); (X.C.); (L.Q.); (D.L.); (C.S.); (L.F.); (G.H.)
- Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China;
| | - Huimin Xu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, Wuxi 214081, China; (S.M.); (H.X.); (X.C.); (L.Q.); (D.L.); (C.S.); (L.F.); (G.H.)
| | - Lu Qin
- Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China;
| | - Xi Chen
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, Wuxi 214081, China; (S.M.); (H.X.); (X.C.); (L.Q.); (D.L.); (C.S.); (L.F.); (G.H.)
| | - Liping Qiu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, Wuxi 214081, China; (S.M.); (H.X.); (X.C.); (L.Q.); (D.L.); (C.S.); (L.F.); (G.H.)
| | - Dandan Li
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, Wuxi 214081, China; (S.M.); (H.X.); (X.C.); (L.Q.); (D.L.); (C.S.); (L.F.); (G.H.)
| | - Chao Song
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, Wuxi 214081, China; (S.M.); (H.X.); (X.C.); (L.Q.); (D.L.); (C.S.); (L.F.); (G.H.)
- Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China;
| | - Limin Fan
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, Wuxi 214081, China; (S.M.); (H.X.); (X.C.); (L.Q.); (D.L.); (C.S.); (L.F.); (G.H.)
- Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China;
| | - Gengdong Hu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, Wuxi 214081, China; (S.M.); (H.X.); (X.C.); (L.Q.); (D.L.); (C.S.); (L.F.); (G.H.)
| | - Pao Xu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, Wuxi 214081, China; (S.M.); (H.X.); (X.C.); (L.Q.); (D.L.); (C.S.); (L.F.); (G.H.)
- Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China;
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9
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Fusi M, Ngugi DK, Marasco R, Booth JM, Cardinale M, Sacchi L, Clementi E, Yang X, Garuglieri E, Fodelianakis S, Michoud G, Daffonchio D. Gill-associated bacteria are homogeneously selected in amphibious mangrove crabs to sustain host intertidal adaptation. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:189. [PMID: 37612775 PMCID: PMC10463870 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01629-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transition from water to air is a key event in the evolution of many marine organisms to access new food sources, escape water hypoxia, and exploit the higher and temperature-independent oxygen concentration of air. Despite the importance of microorganisms in host adaptation, their contribution to overcoming the challenges posed by the lifestyle changes from water to land is not well understood. To address this, we examined how microbial association with a key multifunctional organ, the gill, is involved in the intertidal adaptation of fiddler crabs, a dual-breathing organism. RESULTS Electron microscopy revealed a rod-shaped bacterial layer tightly connected to the gill lamellae of the five crab species sampled across a latitudinal gradient from the central Red Sea to the southern Indian Ocean. The gill bacterial community diversity assessed with 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was consistently low across crab species, and the same actinobacterial group, namely Ilumatobacter, was dominant regardless of the geographic location of the host. Using metagenomics and metatranscriptomics, we detected that these members of actinobacteria are potentially able to convert ammonia to amino acids and may help eliminate toxic sulphur compounds and carbon monoxide to which crabs are constantly exposed. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that bacteria selected on gills can play a role in the adaptation of animals in dynamic intertidal ecosystems. Hence, this relationship is likely to be important in the ecological and evolutionary processes of the transition from water to air and deserves further attention, including the ontogenetic onset of this association. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fusi
- Red Sea Research Center, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Centre for Conservation and Restoration Science, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - David K Ngugi
- Red Sea Research Center, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstrasse 7B, D-38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ramona Marasco
- Red Sea Research Center, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jenny Marie Booth
- Red Sea Research Center, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Massimiliano Cardinale
- Institute of Applied Microbiology Research Center for BioSystems, Land Use, and Nutrition (IFZ) Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, I-73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Luciano Sacchi
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "L. Spallanzani", Università di Pavia, I-27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Clementi
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "L. Spallanzani", Università di Pavia, I-27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Xinyuan Yang
- Red Sea Research Center, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Elisa Garuglieri
- Red Sea Research Center, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Stilianos Fodelianakis
- Red Sea Research Center, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Grégoire Michoud
- Red Sea Research Center, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Daniele Daffonchio
- Red Sea Research Center, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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10
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Qu A, Bai Y, Wang J, Zhao J, Zeng J, Liu Y, Chen X, Ke Q, Jiang P, Zhang X, Li X, Xu P, Zhou T. Integrated mRNA and miRNA expression analyses for Cryptocaryon irritans resistance in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 135:108650. [PMID: 36858330 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) is one of the most important mariculture fish in China. However, cryptocaryonosis caused by Cryptocryon irritans infection has brought huge economic losses and threatened the healthy and sustainable development of L. crocea industry. Recently, a new C. irritans resistance strain of L. crocea (RS) has been bred using genomic selection technology in our laboratory work. However, the molecular mechanisms for C. irritans resistance of RS have not been fully understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small non-coding RNAs that are post-transcriptional regulators, and they play vital roles in immune process of bony fish. Identification of anti-C.irritans relevant miRNA signatures could, therefore, be of tremendous translational value. In the present study, integrated mRNA and miRNA expression analysis was used to explore C. irritans resistance mechanisms of the L. crocea. RS as well as a control strain (CS) of L. crocea, were artificially infected with C. irritans for 100 h, and their gill was collected at 0 h (pre-infection), 24 h (initial infection), and 72 h (peak infection) time points. The total RNA from gill tissues was extracted and used for transcriptome sequencing and small RNA sequencing. After sequencing, 23,172 known mRNAs and 289 known miRNAs were identified. The differential expression was analyzed in these mRNAs and mRNAs and the interactions of miRNA-mRNA pairs were constructed. KEGG pathway enrichment analyses showed that these putative target mRNAs of differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were enriched in different immune-related pathways after C. irritans infection in RS and CS. Among them, necroptosis was the immune-related pathway that was only significantly enriched at two infection stages of RS group (RS-24 h/RS-0h and RS-72 h/RS-0h). Further investigation indicates that necroptosis may be activated by DEMs such as miR-133a-3p, miR-142a-3p and miR-135c, this promotes inflammation responses and pathogen elimination. These DEMs were selected as miRNAs that could potentially regulate the C. irritans resistance of L. crocea. Though these inferences need to be further verified, these findings will be helpful for the research of the molecular mechanism of C. irritans resistance of L. crocea and miRNA-assisted molecular breeding of aquatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yulin Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jiaying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Ji Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Junjia Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xintong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Qiaozhen Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Pengxin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Peng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningde Fufa Fisheries Company Limited, Ningde, 352130, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningde Fufa Fisheries Company Limited, Ningde, 352130, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
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11
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Yang C, Wang Y, Ma Y, Liu J, Zhou Y, Yan X, Zhang M, Qiu X, Luo L, Gong G, Chen H. Research on the molluscicidal activity and molecular mechanisms of arecoline against Pomacea canaliculata. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 246:114198. [PMID: 36272173 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pomacea canaliculata, as an invasive snail in China, can adversely affect agricultural crop yields, ecological environment, and human health. In this paper, we studied the molluscicidal activity and mechanisms of arecoline against P. canaliculata. The molluscicidal activity tests showed that arecoline exhibits strong toxicity against P. canaliculata, and the LC50 value (72 h) was 1.05 mg/L (15 ± 2 mm shell diameter). Additionally, Molluscicidal toxicity were negatively correlated with the size of snails. Snails (25 ± 2 mm shell diameter) were choosed for mechanisms research and the result of microstructure and biochemistry showed that arecoline (4 mg/L, 20 ℃) had strong toxic effect on the gill, and the main signs were the loss of cilia in the gill filaments. Moreover, arecoline significantly decreased the oxygen consumption rate, ammonia excretion rate and inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Then, the changes in protein expression were studied by iTRAQ, and 526 downregulated proteins were found. Among these, cilia and flagella-associated 157-like (PcCFP) and rootletin-like (PcRoo) were selected as candidate target proteins through bioinformatics analysis, and then RNA interference (RNAi) was adopted to verify the function of PcCFP and PcRoo. The results showed that after arecoline treated, the mortality and the cilia shedding rate of PcRoo RNAi treated group was significantly lower than control group. The above results indicate that arecoline can bind well with protein PcRoo, and then leads to the drop of gill cilia, affect respiratory metabolism, accelerate its entry into hemolymph, inhibit AChE and finally leads to the death of P. canaliculata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunping Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanmei Wang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuqing Ma
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingxiang Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Yan
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Qiu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liya Luo
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guoshu Gong
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huabao Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
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12
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Ghotbi M, Kelting O, Blümel M, Tasdemir D. Gut and Gill-Associated Microbiota of the Flatfish European Plaice ( Pleuronectes platessa): Diversity, Metabolome and Bioactivity against Human and Aquaculture Pathogens. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20090573. [PMID: 36135762 PMCID: PMC9500656 DOI: 10.3390/md20090573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Similar to other marine holobionts, fish are colonized by complex microbial communities that promote their health and growth. Fish-associated microbiota is emerging as a promising source of bioactive metabolites. Pleuronectes platessa (European plaice, plaice), a flatfish with commercial importance, is common in the Baltic Sea. Here we used a culture-dependent survey followed by molecular identification to identify microbiota associated with the gills and the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of P. platessa, then profiled their antimicrobial activity and metabolome. Altogether, 66 strains (59 bacteria and 7 fungi) were isolated, with Proteobacteria being the most abundant phylum. Gill-associated microbiota accounted for higher number of isolates and was dominated by the Proteobacteria (family Moraxellaceae) and Actinobacteria (family Nocardiaceae), whereas Gram-negative bacterial families Vibrionaceae and Shewanellaceae represented the largest group associated with the GIT. The EtOAc extracts of the solid and liquid media cultures of 21 bacteria and 2 fungi representing the diversity of cultivable plaice-associated microbiota was profiled for their antimicrobial activity against three fish pathogens, human bacterial pathogen panel (ESKAPE) and two human fungal pathogens. More than half of all tested microorganisms, particularly those originating from the GIT epithelium, exhibited antagonistic effect against fish pathogens (Lactococcus garvieae, Vibrio ichthyoenteri) and/or human pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). Proteobacteria represented the most active isolates. Notably, the solid media extracts displayed higher activity against fish pathogens, while liquid culture extracts were more active against human pathogens. Untargeted metabolomics approach using feature-based molecular networking showed the high chemical diversity of the liquid extracts that contained undescribed clusters. This study highlights plaice-associated microbiota as a potential source of antimicrobials for the control of human and the aquaculture-associated infections. This is the first study reporting diversity, bioactivity and chemical profile of culture-dependent microbiota of plaice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Ghotbi
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology (GEOMAR-Biotech), Research Unit Marine Natural Product Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Am Kiel-Kanal 44, 24106 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ole Kelting
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology (GEOMAR-Biotech), Research Unit Marine Natural Product Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Am Kiel-Kanal 44, 24106 Kiel, Germany
| | - Martina Blümel
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology (GEOMAR-Biotech), Research Unit Marine Natural Product Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Am Kiel-Kanal 44, 24106 Kiel, Germany
| | - Deniz Tasdemir
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology (GEOMAR-Biotech), Research Unit Marine Natural Product Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Am Kiel-Kanal 44, 24106 Kiel, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Kiel University, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-431-600-4430
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13
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Maina JN. Perspectives on the Structure and Function of the Avian Respiratory System: Functional Efficiency Built on Structural Complexity. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2022.851574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the air-breathing vertebrates, regarding respiratory efficiency, the avian respiratory system rests at the evolutionary zenith. Structurally, it is separated into a lung that serves as a gas exchanger and air sacs that mechanically ventilate the lung continuously and unidirectionally in a caudocranial direction. Largely avascular, the air sacs are delicate, transparent, compliant and capacious air-filled spaces that are not meaningfully involved in gas exchange. The avian lungs are deeply and firmly attached to the vertebrae and the ribs on the dorsolateral aspects, rendering them practically rigid and inflexible. The attachment of the lung to the body wall allowed extreme subdivision of the exchange tissue into minuscule and stable terminal respiratory units, the air capillaries. The process generated a large respiratory surface area in small lungs with low volume density of gas exchange tissue. For the respiratory structures, invariably, thin blood-gas barrier, large respiratory surface area and large pulmonary capillary blood volume are the foremost adaptive structural features that confer large total pulmonary morphometric diffusing capacities of O2. At parabronchial level, the construction and the arrangement of the airway- and the vascular components of the avian lung determine the delivery, the presentation and the exposure of inspired air to capillary blood across the blood-gas barrier. In the avian lung, crosscurrent-, countercurrent- and multicapillary serial arterialization systems that stem from the organization of the structural parts of the lung promote gas exchange. The exceptional respiratory efficiency of the avian respiratory system stems from synergy of morphological properties and physiological processes, means by which O2 uptake is optimized and high metabolic states and capacities supported. Given that among the extant animal taxa insects, birds and bats (which accomplished volancy chronologically in that order) possess structurally much different respiratory systems, the avian respiratory system was by no means a prerequisite for evolution of powered flight but was but one of the adaptive solutions to realization of an exceptionally efficient mode of locomotion.
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14
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Eriksen TE, Jacobsen D, Demars BOL, Brittain JE, Søli G, Friberg N. Effects of pollution-induced changes in oxygen conditions scaling up from individuals to ecosystems in a tropical river network. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 814:151958. [PMID: 34843774 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic inputs of nutrients and organic matter are common in tropical lowland rivers while little is known about the pollution-induced changes in oxygen availability and respiratory performance of ectotherms in these high temperature systems. We investigated the effects of agriculture and urban land-use on river water oxygen levels (diel measurements), decomposition rates (Wettex) and macroinvertebrate assemblages (field studies), as well as the oxy-regulatory capacity of eight riverine macroinvertebrate taxa (laboratory study) from a tropical lowland river network in Myanmar. The highest decomposition rates (0.1-5.5 mg Wettex degree day-1) and oxygen stress (≤91% saturation deficits) were found in reaches draining degraded catchments with elevated concentrations of nutrients. All individual macroinvertebrate taxa investigated were to some extent able to regulate their respiration when placed under oxygen stress in the laboratory (regulation value of 0.74-0.89). The oxy-regulation capacity of macroinvertebrate assemblages in the river network were, as predicted, inversely related to diel oxygen stress (maximum deficit; lm, R2 = 0.69), where taxonomic richness and pollution sensitivity (ASPT metric) also declined sharply (lm, R2 ≥ 0.79). Our study shows that eutrophication and organic pollution induce oxygen deficits in tropical rivers but stimulate decomposition rates, which may further deplete oxygen levels. Furthermore, macroinvertebrate oxy-regulatory capacity predicts assemblage composition along gradients in oxygen stress at the ecosystem level. Our findings suggest that tropical lowland river systems could be highly sensitive to pollution by nutrients and organic matter leading to substantial impacts on ectotherm community composition and ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tor Erik Eriksen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway; Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P O Box 1172 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Dean Jacobsen
- Freshwater Biological Section, Dept. of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Benoît O L Demars
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - John E Brittain
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P O Box 1172 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Water Resources & Energy Directorate (NVE), P O Box 5091 Majorstuen, 0301 Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Søli
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P O Box 1172 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Nikolai Friberg
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway; Freshwater Biological Section, Dept. of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; water@leeds, University of Leeds, School of Geography, Leeds, UK
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15
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Soulsbury CD, Dobson J, Deeming DC, Minias P. Energetic Lifestyle Drives Size and Shape of Avian Erythrocytes. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 62:71-80. [PMID: 34581789 PMCID: PMC9375138 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The size and shape of red blood cells (erythrocytes) is determined by key life history strategies in vertebrates. They have a fundamental role to deliver oxygen to tissues, and their ability to do so is shaped by the tissue's need and their shape. Despite considerable interest in how other components of blood are shaped by ecology and life history, few studies have considered erythrocytes themselves. We tested how erythrocyte size and shape varied in relation to energetically demanding activities using a dataset of 631 bird species. We found that in general, birds undergoing greater activities such as long distance migration had smaller and more elongated cells, while those with greater male-male competition had smaller and rounder cells. Smaller, more elongated erythrocytes allow more rapid oxygenation/deoxygenation and support greater aerobic activity. The rounder erythrocytes found in species with strong male–male competition may stem from younger erythrocytes deriving from androgen-induced erythropoiesis rates. Finally, diving species of bird had larger erythrocytes, indicating that erythrocytes are acting as a vital oxygen store. In summary, erythrocyte size and shape in birds are driven by the need to deliver oxygen during energetically costly activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl D Soulsbury
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS
| | - Jessica Dobson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS
| | - D Charles Deeming
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS
| | - Piotr Minias
- Department of Biodiversity Studies and Bioeducation, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
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16
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Rodgers EM, Franklin CE, Noble DWA. Diving in hot water: a meta-analytic review of how diving vertebrate ectotherms will fare in a warmer world. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:224/Suppl_1/jeb228213. [PMID: 33627460 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.228213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Diving ectothermic vertebrates are an important component of many aquatic ecosystems, but the threat of climate warming is particularly salient to this group. Dive durations typically decrease as water temperatures rise; yet, we lack an understanding of whether this trend is apparent in all diving ectotherms and how this group will fare under climate warming. We compiled data from 27 studies on 20 ectothermic vertebrate species to quantify the effect of temperature on dive durations. Using meta-analytic approaches, we show that, on average, dive durations decreased by 11% with every 1°C increase in water temperature. Larger increases in temperature (e.g. +3°C versus +8-9°C) exerted stronger effects on dive durations. Although species that respire bimodally are projected to be more resilient to the effects of temperature on dive durations than purely aerial breathers, we found no significant difference between these groups. Body mass had a weak impact on mean dive durations, with smaller divers being impacted by temperature more strongly. Few studies have examined thermal phenotypic plasticity (N=4) in diving ectotherms, and all report limited plasticity. Average water temperatures in marine and freshwater habitats are projected to increase between 1.5 and 4°C in the next century, and our data suggest that this magnitude of warming could translate to substantial decreases in dive durations, by approximately 16-44%. Together, these data shed light on an overlooked threat to diving ectothermic vertebrates and suggest that time available for underwater activities, such as predator avoidance and foraging, may be shortened under future warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essie M Rodgers
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Craig E Franklin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072 Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel W A Noble
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
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17
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Riddell E, Sears MW. Terrestrial Salamanders Maintain Habitat Suitability under Climate Change despite Trade-Offs between Water Loss and Gas Exchange. Physiol Biochem Zool 2021; 93:310-319. [PMID: 32501189 DOI: 10.1086/709558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Physiological acclimation has the potential to improve survival during climate change by reducing sensitivity to warming. However, acclimation can produce trade-offs due to links between related physiological traits. Water loss and gas exchange are intrinsically linked by the need for respiratory surfaces to remain moist. As climates warm and dry, organisms may attempt to lower desiccation risk by limiting water loss but at a cost of inhibiting their ability to breathe. Here we used laboratory experiments to evaluate the trade-off between water loss and gas exchange in a fully terrestrial, lungless salamander (Plethodon metcalfi). We measured acclimation of resistance to water loss and metabolic rates in response to long-term exposure to temperature and humidity treatments. We then integrated the trade-off into a simulation-based species distribution model to determine the consequences of ignoring physiological trade-offs on energy balance and aerobic scope under climate change. In the laboratory, we found a close association between acclimation of resistance to water loss and metabolic rates indicative of a trade-off. After incorporating the trade-off into our simulations, we found that energy balance and aerobic scope were reduced by 49.7% and 34.3%, respectively, under contemporary climates across their geographic range. Under future warming scenarios, incorporating the trade-off lowered the number of sites predicted to experience local extirpation by 52.2% relative to simulations without the trade-off; however, the number of sites capable of supporting the energetic requirements for reproduction declined from 44.6% to 32.6% across the species' geographic range. These experiments and simulations suggest that salamanders can maintain positive energy balance across their geographic range under climate change despite the costs associated with trade-offs between water loss and gas exchange.
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18
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Ma X, Shang M, Su B, Wiley A, Bangs M, Alston V, Simora RM, Nguyen MT, Backenstose NJC, Moss AG, Duong TY, Wang X, Dunham RA. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis During the Seven Developmental Stages of Channel Catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus) and Tra Catfish ( Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) Provides Novel Insights for Terrestrial Adaptation. Front Genet 2021; 11:608325. [PMID: 33552125 PMCID: PMC7859520 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.608325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tra catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus), also known as striped catfish, is a facultative air-breather that uses its swim bladder as an air-breathing organ (ABO). A related species in the same order (Siluriformes), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), does not possess an ABO and thus cannot breathe in the air. Tra and channel catfish serve as great comparative models for investigating possible genetic underpinnings of aquatic to land transitions, as well as for understanding genes that are crucial for the development of the swim bladder and the function of air-breathing in tra catfish. In this study, hypoxia challenge and microtomy experiments collectively revealed critical time points for the development of the air-breathing function and swim bladder in tra catfish. Seven developmental stages in tra catfish were selected for RNA-seq analysis based on their transition to a stage that could live at 0 ppm oxygen. More than 587 million sequencing clean reads were generated, and a total of 21,448 unique genes were detected. A comparative genomic analysis between channel catfish and tra catfish revealed 76 genes that were present in tra catfish, but absent from channel catfish. In order to further narrow down the list of these candidate genes, gene expression analysis was performed for these tra catfish-specific genes. Fourteen genes were inferred to be important for air-breathing. Of these, HRG, GRP, and CX3CL1 were identified to be the most likely genes related to air-breathing ability in tra catfish. This study provides a foundational data resource for functional genomic studies in air-breathing function in tra catfish and sheds light on the adaptation of aquatic organisms to the terrestrial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Ma
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Mei Shang
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Baofeng Su
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Anne Wiley
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Max Bangs
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, AL, United States.,Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Veronica Alston
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Rhoda Mae Simora
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, AL, United States.,College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, Miagao, Philippines
| | - Mai Thi Nguyen
- College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Nathan J C Backenstose
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, AL, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Anthony G Moss
- Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, AL, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Thuy-Yen Duong
- College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Xu Wang
- Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, AL, United States.,Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | - Rex A Dunham
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, AL, United States
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19
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Cadiz L, Jonz MG. A comparative perspective on lung and gill regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 223:223/19/jeb226076. [PMID: 33037099 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.226076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The ability to continuously grow and regenerate the gills throughout life is a remarkable property of fish and amphibians. Considering that gill regeneration was first described over one century ago, it is surprising that the underlying mechanisms of cell and tissue replacement in the gills remain poorly understood. By contrast, the mammalian lung is a largely quiescent organ in adults but is capable of facultative regeneration following injury. In the course of the past decade, it has been recognized that lungs contain a population of stem or progenitor cells with an extensive ability to restore tissue; however, despite recent advances in regenerative biology of the lung, the signaling pathways that underlie regeneration are poorly understood. In this Review, we discuss the common evolutionary and embryological origins shared by gills and mammalian lungs. These are evident in homologies in tissue structure, cell populations, cellular function and genetic pathways. An integration of the literature on gill and lung regeneration in vertebrates is presented using a comparative approach in order to outline the challenges that remain in these areas, and to highlight the importance of using aquatic vertebrates as model organisms. The study of gill regeneration in fish and amphibians, which have a high regenerative potential and for which genetic tools are widely available, represents a unique opportunity to uncover common signaling mechanisms that may be important for regeneration of respiratory organs in all vertebrates. This may lead to new advances in tissue repair following lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cadiz
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie Pvt., Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5
| | - Michael G Jonz
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie Pvt., Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5
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20
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Yu Y, Wang Q, Huang Z, Ding L, Xu Z. Immunoglobulins, Mucosal Immunity and Vaccination in Teleost Fish. Front Immunol 2020; 11:567941. [PMID: 33123139 PMCID: PMC7566178 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.567941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to direct contact with aquatic environment, mucosal surfaces of teleost fish are continuously exposed to a vast number of pathogens and also inhabited by high densities of commensal microbiota. The B cells and immunoglobulins within the teleost mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALTs) play key roles in local mucosal adaptive immune responses. So far, three Ig isotypes (i.e., IgM, IgD, and IgT/Z) have been identified from the genomic sequences of different teleost fish species. Moreover, teleost Igs have been reported to elicit mammalian-like mucosal immune response in six MALTs: gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT), gill-associated lymphoid tissue (GIALT), nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), and the recently discovered buccal and pharyngeal MALTs. Critically, analogous to mammalian IgA, teleost IgT represents the most ancient Ab class specialized in mucosal immunity and plays indispensable roles in the clearance of mucosal pathogens and the maintenance of microbiota homeostasis. Given these, this review summarizes the current findings on teleost Igs, MALTs, and their immune responses to pathogenic infection, vaccination and commensal microbiota, with the purpose of facilitating future evaluation and rational design of fish vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyao Yu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingchao Wang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenyu Huang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liguo Ding
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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21
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Suzuki‐Inoue K, Tsukiji N. Platelet CLEC-2 and lung development. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2020; 4:481-490. [PMID: 32548549 PMCID: PMC7292670 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, the State of the Art lecture "Platelet CLEC-2 and Lung Development" presented at the ISTH congress 2019 is reviewed. During embryonic development, blood cells are often considered as porters of nutrition and oxygen but not as active influencers of cell differentiation. However, recent studies revealed that platelets actively facilitate cell differentiation by releasing biological substances during development. C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2) has been identified as a receptor for the platelet-activating snake venom rhodocytin. An endogenous ligand of CLEC-2 is the membrane protein podoplanin (PDPN), which is expressed on the surface of certain types of tumor cells and lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). Deletion of CLEC-2 from platelets in mice results in death just after birth due to lung malformation and blood/lymphatic vessel separation. During development, lymphatic vessels are derived from cardinal veins. At this stage, platelets are activated by binding of CLEC-2 to LEC PDPN and release trandforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). This cytokine inhibits LEC migration and proliferation, facilitating blood/lymphatic vessel separation. TGF-β released upon platelet-expressed CLEC-2/LEC PDPN also facilitates differentiation of lung mesothelial cells into alveolar duct myofibroblasts (adMYFs) in the developing lung. AdMYFs generate elastic fibers inside the lung, so that the lung can be properly inflated. Thus, platelets act as an ultimate natural drug delivery system that enables biological substances to be specifically delivered to the target at high concentrations by receptor/ligand interactions during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsue Suzuki‐Inoue
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity of YamanashiChuoJapan
| | - Nagaharu Tsukiji
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity of YamanashiChuoJapan
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Maina JN, Igbokwe CO. Comparative morphometric analysis of lungs of the semifossorial giant pouched rat (Cricetomys gambianus) and the subterranean Nigerian mole rat (Cryptomys foxi). Sci Rep 2020; 10:5244. [PMID: 32251351 PMCID: PMC7090082 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61873-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lungs of the rodent species, the African giant pouched rat (Cricetomys gambianus) and the Nigerian mole rat (Cryptomys foxi) were investigated. Significant morphometric differences exist between the two species. The volume of the lung per unit body mass was 2.7 times larger; the respiratory surface area 3.4 times greater; the volume of the pulmonary capillary blood 2 times more; the harmonic mean thickness of the blood-gas (tissue) barrier (τht) ~29% thinner and; the total pulmonary morphometric diffusing capacity (DLo2) for O2 2.3 times more in C. foxi. C. gambianus occupies open burrows that are ventilated with air while C. foxi lives in closed burrows. The less morphometrically specialized lungs of C. gambianus may be attributed to its much larger body mass (~6 times more) and possibly lower metabolic rate and its semifossorial life whereas the 'superior' lungs of C. foxi may largely be ascribed to the subterranean hypoxic and hypercapnic environment it occupies. Compared to other rodents species that have been investigated hitherto, the τht was mostly smaller in the lungs of the subterranean species and C. foxi has the highest mass-specific DLo2. The fossorial- and the subterranean rodents have acquired various pulmonary structural specializations that relate to habitats occupied.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Maina
- Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Campus, Kingsway, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa.
| | - Casmir O Igbokwe
- Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Campus, Kingsway, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
- Visiting Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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23
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Whitaker-Fornek JR, Nelson JK, Lybbert CW, Pilarski JQ. Development and regulation of breathing rhythms in embryonic and hatchling birds. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2019; 269:103246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Alenton RRR, Koiwai K, Nakamura R, Thawonsuwan J, Kondo H, Hirono I. A Hint of Primitive Mucosal Immunity in Shrimp through Marsupenaeus japonicus Gill C-Type Lectin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2310-2318. [PMID: 31519863 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Lectins are found in most living organisms, providing immune surveillance by binding to carbohydrate ligands. In fishes, C-type lectins were isolated from mucus of respiratory organs (skin and gills), where they aid the mucosal immune response in regulating microbiota and suppressing pathogens. In shrimp, however, no mucosal immunity or any form of gill-specific immune defense has been reported, and most identified C-type lectins are associated with hemocyte cellular and humoral responses. Interestingly, our microarray analysis revealed the localization of highly expressed novel biodefense genes in gills, among which is Marsupenaeus japonicus gill C-type lectin (MjGCTL), which we previously reported. Gill mucus collected from M. japonicus displayed similar bacterial agglutination ability as observed with recombinant MjGCTL. This agglutinating ability can be attributed to endogenous MjGCTL (nMjGCTL) detected in gill mucus, which was confirmed with an agglutination assay using purified nMjGCTL from gills. In addition, nMjGCTL also promoted in vivo bacterial phagocytosis by hemocytes. In vivo knockdown of MjGCTL resulted in a compromised immune system, which was manifested by impaired agglutination capacity of gill mucus and downregulation of the gill antimicrobial peptides, crustin and penaeidin. Shrimp immunocompromised by MjCGTL knockdown, apparently lost the ability to respond to attaching and penetrating bacteria. This was evident as increased total bacteria and Vibrio counts in both gills and hemolymph, which were correlated with low survival during a bacterial challenge. These results reveal immune defense by shrimp gills resembling a primitive form of mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rod Russel R Alenton
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan; and
| | - Keiichiro Koiwai
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan; and
| | - Rika Nakamura
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan; and
| | - Jumroensri Thawonsuwan
- Songkhla Aquatic Animal Health Research Center, Department of Fisheries, Songkhla 90100, Thailand
| | - Hidehiro Kondo
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan; and
| | - Ikuo Hirono
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan; and
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Rodriguez C, Prieto GI, Vega IA, Castro-Vazquez A. Functional and evolutionary perspectives on gill structures of an obligate air-breathing, aquatic snail. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7342. [PMID: 31396441 PMCID: PMC6679647 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ampullariids are freshwater gastropods bearing a gill and a lung, thus showing different degrees of amphibiousness. In particular, Pomacea canaliculata (Caenogastropoda, Ampullariidae) is an obligate air-breather that relies mainly or solely on the lung for dwelling in poorly oxygenated water, for avoiding predators, while burying in the mud during aestivation, and for oviposition above water level. In this paper, we studied the morphological peculiarities of the gill in this species. We found (1) the gill and lung vasculature and innervation are intimately related, allowing alternation between water and air respiration; (2) the gill epithelium has features typical of a transporting rather than a respiratory epithelium; and (3) the gill has resident granulocytes within intraepithelial spaces that may serve a role for immune defence. Thus, the role in oxygen uptake may be less significant than the roles in ionic/osmotic regulation and immunity. Also, our results provide a morphological background to understand the dependence on aerial respiration of Pomacea canaliculata. Finally, we consider these findings from a functional perspective in the light of the evolution of amphibiousness in the Ampullariidae, and discuss that master regulators may explain the phenotypic convergence of gill structures amongst this molluscan species and those in other phyla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Rodriguez
- IHEM, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Fisiología, Mendoza, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biología, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Guido I Prieto
- Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biología, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Israel A Vega
- IHEM, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Fisiología, Mendoza, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biología, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Alfredo Castro-Vazquez
- IHEM, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Fisiología, Mendoza, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biología, Mendoza, Argentina
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26
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Cieri RL. Pulmonary Smooth Muscle in Vertebrates: A Comparative Review of Structure and Function. Integr Comp Biol 2019; 59:10-28. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Although the airways of vertebrates are diverse in shape, complexity, and function, they all contain visceral smooth muscle. The morphology, function, and innervation of this tissue in airways is reviewed in actinopterygians, lungfish, amphibians, non-avian reptiles, birds, and mammals. Smooth muscle was likely involved in tension regulation ancestrally, and may serve to assist lung emptying in fishes and aquatic amphibians, as well as maintain internal lung structure. In certain non-avian reptiles and anurans antagonistic smooth muscle fibers may contribute to intrapulmonary gas mixing. In mammals and birds, smooth muscle regulates airway caliber, and may be important in controlling the distribution of ventilation at rest and exercise, or during thermoregulatory and vocal hyperventilation. Airway smooth muscle is controlled by the autonomic nervous system: cranial cholinergic innervation generally causes excitation, cranial non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic innervation causes inhibition, and spinal adrenergic (SA) input causes species-specific, often heterogeneous contractions and relaxations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Cieri
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Utah, 247 South 1400 East, 201 South Biology, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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27
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Miller, Jr WB, Torday JS. Reappraising the exteriorization of the mammalian testes through evolutionary physiology. Commun Integr Biol 2019; 12:38-54. [PMID: 31143362 PMCID: PMC6527184 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2019.1586047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of theories have been proposed to explain the exteriorization of the testicles in most mammalian species. None of these provide a consistent account for the wide variety of testicular locations found across the animal kingdom. It is proposed that testicular location is the result of coordinate action of testicular tissue ecologies to sustain preferential states of homeostatic equipoise throughout evolutionary development in response to the advent of endothermy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John S. Torday
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
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28
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Fogarty MJ, Sieck GC. Evolution and Functional Differentiation of the Diaphragm Muscle of Mammals. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:715-766. [PMID: 30873594 PMCID: PMC7082849 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Symmorphosis is a concept of economy of biological design, whereby structural properties are matched to functional demands. According to symmorphosis, biological structures are never over designed to exceed functional demands. Based on this concept, the evolution of the diaphragm muscle (DIAm) in mammals is a tale of two structures, a membrane that separates and partitions the primitive coelomic cavity into separate abdominal and thoracic cavities and a muscle that serves as a pump to generate intra-abdominal (Pab ) and intrathoracic (Pth ) pressures. The DIAm partition evolved in reptiles from folds of the pleural and peritoneal membranes that was driven by the biological advantage of separating organs in the larger coelomic cavity into separate thoracic and abdominal cavities, especially with the evolution of aspiration breathing. The DIAm pump evolved from the advantage afforded by more effective generation of both a negative Pth for ventilation of the lungs and a positive Pab for venous return of blood to the heart and expulsive behaviors such as airway clearance, defecation, micturition, and child birth. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:715-766, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Fogarty
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gary C Sieck
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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29
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Abstract
This paper summarizes the main morphological tracts exhibited by lungs and gas bladders in fishes. The origin and organ location, the presence of a glottal region, the inner architecture, the characteristics of the exchange barrier and the presence of pulmonary arteries have been reviewed in the two types of air-breathing organs. With the exception of the dorsal (bladders) or ventral (lungs) origin from the posterior pharynx, none of the morphological traits analyzed can be considered specific for either lungs or gas bladders. This is exemplified by analysis of the morphology of the lung of the Dipnoii and Polypteriformes and of the bladder of the Lepisosteiformes. All of them are obligate air-breathers and show a lung-like (pulmonoid) air-breathing organ. However, while the lungfish lung and the bladder of the Lepisosteiformes occupy a dorsal position and are highly trabeculated, the polypterid lung occupies a ventral position and shows a smooth inner surface. Structural and ultrastructural differences are also highlighted. Noticeably, a large part of the inner surface area of the lung of the Australian lungfish is covered by a ciliated epithelium. A restricted respiratory surface area may help to explain the incapability of this species to aestivate. The respiratory bladder of basal teleosts displays a more complex morphology than that observed in more primitive species. The bladder of basal teleosts may appear divided into respiratory and non-respiratory portions, exhibit intricate shapes, invade adjacent structures and gain additional functions. The increase in morphological and functional complexity appears to prelude the loss of the respiratory functions.
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30
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Dar UQ, Paul VI. Impact of ethanol extract of Anamirta cocculus(Linn.) seeds on tissue damage biomarkers of the predatory catfish Heteropneustes fossilis(Bloch.). JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2018.1481339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Umer Qadir Dar
- Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, India
| | - V. I. Paul
- Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, India
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Fajersztajn L, Veras MM. Hypoxia: From Placental Development to Fetal Programming. Birth Defects Res 2018; 109:1377-1385. [PMID: 29105382 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia may influence normal and different pathological processes. Low oxygenation activates a variety of responses, many of them regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 complex, which is mostly involved in cellular control of O2 consumption and delivery, inhibition of growth and development, and promotion of anaerobic metabolism. Hypoxia plays a significant physiological role in fetal development; it is involved in different embryonic processes, for example, placentation, angiogenesis, and hematopoiesis. More recently, fetal hypoxia has been associated directly or indirectly with fetal programming of heart, brain, and kidney function and metabolism in adulthood. In this review, the role of hypoxia in fetal development, placentation, and fetal programming is summarized. Hypoxia is a basic mechanism involved in different pregnancy disorders and fetal health developmental complications. Although there are scientific data showing that hypoxia mediates changes in the growth trajectory of the fetus, modulates gene expression by epigenetic mechanisms, and determines the health status later in adulthood, more mechanistic studies are needed. Furthermore, if we consider that intrauterine hypoxia is not a rare event, and can be a consequence of unavoidable exposures to air pollution, nutritional deficiencies, obesity, and other very common conditions (drug addiction and stress), the health of future generations may be damaged and the incidence of some diseases will markedly increase as a consequence of disturbed fetal programming. Birth Defects Research 109:1377-1385, 2017.© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lais Fajersztajn
- LIM 05 Departamento de Patologia, Hospital da Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Mariana Matera Veras
- LIM 05 Departamento de Patologia, Hospital da Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Raś M, Iwan D, Kamiński MJ. The tracheal system in post-embryonic development of holometabolous insects: a case study using the mealworm beetle. J Anat 2018; 232:997-1015. [PMID: 29574917 PMCID: PMC5980188 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The tracheal (respiratory) system is regarded as one of the key elements which enabled insects to conquer terrestrial habitats and, as a result, achieve extreme species diversity. Despite this fact, anatomical data concerning this biological system is relatively scarce, especially in an ontogenetic context. The purpose of this study is to provide novel and reliable information on the post-embryonic development of the tracheal system of holometabolous insects using micro-computed tomography methods. Data concerning the structure of the respiratory system acquired from different developmental stages (larvae, pupae and adults) of a single insect species (Tenebrio molitor) are co-analysed in detail. Anatomy of the tracheal system is presented. Sample sizes used (29 individuals) enabled statistical analysis of the results obtained. The following aspects have been investigated (among others): the spiracle arrangement, the number of tracheal ramifications originating from particular spiracles, the diameter of longitudinal trunks, tracheal system volumes, tracheae diameter distribution and fractal dimension analysis. Based on the data acquired, the modularity of the tracheal system is postulated. Using anatomical and functional factors, the following respiratory module types have been distinguished: cephalo-prothoracic, metathoracic and abdominal. These modules can be unambiguously identified in all of the studied developmental stages. A cephalo-prothoracic module aerates organs located in the head capsule, prothorax and additionally prolegs. It is characterised by relatively thick longitudinal trunks and originates in the first thoracic spiracle pair. Thoracic modules support the flight muscles, wings, elytra, meso- and metalegs. The unique feature of this module is the presence of additional longitudinal connections between the neighbouring spiracles. These modules are concentrated around the second prothoracic and the first abdominal spiracle pairs. An abdominal module is characterised by relatively thin ventral longitudinal trunks. Its main role is to support systems located in the abdomen; however, its long visceral tracheae aerate organs situated medially from the flight muscles. Analysis of changes of the tracheal system volume enabled the calculation of growth scaling among body tissues and the volume of the tracheal system. The data presented show that the development of the body volume and tracheal system is not linear in holometabola due to the occurrence of the pupal stage causing a decrease in body volume in the imago and at the same time influencing high growth rates of the tracheal system during metamorphosis, exceeding that ones observed for hemimetabola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Raś
- Zoological Museum, Museum and Institute of ZoologyPolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Dariusz Iwan
- Zoological Museum, Museum and Institute of ZoologyPolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Marcin Jan Kamiński
- Zoological Museum, Museum and Institute of ZoologyPolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
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The Gills of Reef Fish Support a Distinct Microbiome Influenced by Host-Specific Factors. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.00063-18. [PMID: 29453266 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00063-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Teleost fish represent the most diverse of the vertebrate groups and play important roles in food webs, as ecosystem engineers, and as vectors for microorganisms. However, the microbial ecology of fishes remains underexplored for most host taxa and for certain niches on the fish body. This is particularly true for the gills, the key sites of respiration and waste exchange in fishes. Here we provide a comprehensive analysis of the gill microbiome. We focus on ecologically diverse taxa from coral reefs around Moorea, sampling the gills and intestines of adults and juveniles representing 15 families. The gill microbiome composition differed significantly from that of the gut for both adults and juveniles, with fish-associated niches having lower alpha diversity values and higher beta diversity values than those for seawater, sediment, and alga-associated microbiomes. Of ∼45,000 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) detected across all samples, 11% and 13% were detected only in the gill and the intestine, respectively. OTUs most enriched in the gill included members of the gammaproteobacterial genus Shewanella and the family Endozoicimonaceae In adult fish, both gill and intestinal microbiomes varied significantly among host species grouped by diet category. Gill and intestinal microbiomes from the same individual were more similar to one another than to gill and intestinal microbiomes from different individuals. These results demonstrate that distinct body sites are jointly influenced by host-specific organizing factors operating at the level of the host individual. The results also identify taxonomic signatures unique to the gill and the intestine, confirming fish-associated niches as distinct reservoirs of marine microbial diversity.IMPORTANCE Fish breathe and excrete waste through their gills. The gills are also potential sites of pathogen invasion and colonization by other microbes. However, we know little about the microbial communities that live on the gill and the factors shaping their diversity. Focusing on ecologically distinct types of coral reef fish, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the fish gill microbiome. By comparison to microbiomes of the gut and the surrounding environment, we identify microbes unique to the gill niche. These microbes may be targets for further studies to determine the contribution of the microbiome to waste exchange or host immunity. We also show that despite exhibiting a unique taxonomic signature, the gill microbiome is influenced by factors that also influence the gut microbiome. These factors include the specific identity of the host individual. These results suggest basic principles describing how association with fishes structures the composition of microbial communities.
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Abstract
The common relationships among a great variety of biological phenomena seem enigmatic when considered solely at the level of the phenotype. The deep connections in physiology, for example, between the effects of maternal food restriction in utero and the subsequent incidence of metabolic syndrome in offspring, the effects of microgravity on cell polarity and reproduction in yeast, stress effects on jellyfish, and their endless longevity, or the relationship between nutrient abundance and the colonial form in slime molds, are not apparent by phenotypic observation. Yet all of these phenomena are ultimately determined by the Target of Rapamycin (TOR) gene and its associated signaling complexes. In the same manner, the unfolding of evolutionary physiology can be explained by a comparable application of the common principle of cell-cell signaling extending across complex developmental and phylogenetic traits. It is asserted that a critical set of physiologic and phenotypic adaptations emanated from a few crucial, ancestral receptor gene duplications that enabled the successful terrestrial transition of vertebrates from water to land. In combination, mTor and its cognate receptors and a few crucial genetic duplications provide a mechanistic common denominator across a diverse spectrum of biological responses. The proper understanding of their purpose yields a unified concept of physiology and its evolutionary development. © 2018 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:761-771, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Torday
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
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35
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Stark AK. Manufactured chemistry: Rethinking unit operation design in the age of additive manufacturing. AIChE J 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Soleto I, Fischer U, Tafalla C, Granja AG. Identification of a Potential Common Ancestor for Mammalian Cross-Presenting Dendritic Cells in Teleost Respiratory Surfaces. Front Immunol 2018; 9:59. [PMID: 29422901 PMCID: PMC5788898 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are highly specialized antigen-presenting cells that bridge innate and adaptive immune responses in vertebrates, being key modulators in the initiation of specific responses. Although teleost fish present the main elements of a fully developed adaptive immune system, not many studies have focused on identifying specific DC subsets in teleost species. Previous work from our group identified in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) skin a DC subpopulation co-expressing CD8α and major histocompatibility complex II β on the cell surface. Interestingly, these CD8+ DCs expressed common unique markers of mammalian cross-presenting DCs, a DC subset with an important role in antigen presentation and activation of CD8+ T cytotoxic lymphocytes. In this study, we have identified a similar DC subset in rainbow trout gills that also transcribes molecules uniquely expressed on diverse mammalian cross-presenting DC populations such as CD8, CD103, CD141, Batf3, IFN regulatory protein 8, and toll-like receptor 3. Hence, we have undertaken a broad phenotypic and functional characterization of this new DC subset that includes the confirmation of novel capacities for DCs in teleost, such an IgM-binding capacity and responsiveness to CD40 ligand. Furthermore, our results show that in gills, this DC subset shows some different phenotypic and functional characteristics when compared with their homologs in the skin, suggesting an adaptation of the cells to different mucosal tissues or different maturation status depending on their location. Our findings contribute to increase our knowledge on fish cross-presenting DCs, an important cell population to take into account for the future design of mucosal vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Soleto
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), INIA, Valdeolmos, Spain
| | - Uwe Fischer
- Bundesforschungsinstitut für Tiergesundheit, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Carolina Tafalla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), INIA, Valdeolmos, Spain
| | - Aitor G Granja
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), INIA, Valdeolmos, Spain
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Glover CN. Defence mechanisms: the role of physiology in current and future environmental protection paradigms. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 6:coy012. [PMID: 29564135 PMCID: PMC5848810 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coy012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ecological risk assessments principally rely on simplified metrics of organismal sensitivity that do not consider mechanism or biological traits. As such, they are unable to adequately extrapolate from standard laboratory tests to real-world settings, and largely fail to account for the diversity of organisms and environmental variables that occur in natural environments. However, an understanding of how stressors influence organism health can compensate for these limitations. Mechanistic knowledge can be used to account for species differences in basal biological function and variability in environmental factors, including spatial and temporal changes in the chemical, physical and biological milieu. Consequently, physiological understanding of biological function, and how this is altered by stressor exposure, can facilitate proactive, predictive risk assessment. In this perspective article, existing frameworks that utilize physiological knowledge (e.g. biotic ligand models, adverse outcomes pathways and mechanistic effect models), are outlined, and specific examples of how mechanistic understanding has been used to predict risk are highlighted. Future research approaches and data needs for extending the incorporation of physiological information into ecological risk assessments are discussed. Although the review focuses on chemical toxicants in aquatic systems, physical and biological stressors and terrestrial environments are also briefly considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris N Glover
- Faculty of Science and Technology and Athabasca River Basin Research Institute, Athabasca University, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW 405, Biological Sciences Bldg. University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
- Corresponding author: 1 University Drive, Athabasca, Alberta, Canada T9S 3A3. Tel: +(587) 985 8007.
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Icardo JM, Colvee E, Kuciel M, Lauriano ER, Zaccone G. The lungs ofPolypterus senegalusandErpetoichthys calabaricus: Insights into the structure and functional distribution of the pulmonary epithelial cells. J Morphol 2017; 278:1321-1332. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José M. Icardo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria; Santander 39011 Spain
| | - Elvira Colvee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria; Santander 39011 Spain
| | - Michal Kuciel
- Poison Information Centre, Department of Toxicology and Environmental Disease, Jagiellonian University Medical College; 31-501 Crakow Poland
| | - Eugenia R. Lauriano
- Department of Chemical; Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina; Messina I-98166 Italy
| | - Giacomo Zaccone
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging; University of Messina; Messina I-98166 Italy
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Reverter M, Sasal P, Tapissier-Bontemps N, Lecchini D, Suzuki M. Characterisation of the gill mucosal bacterial communities of four butterflyfish species: a reservoir of bacterial diversity in coral reef ecosystems. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2017; 93:3738480. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fix051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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40
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Torday JS, Nielsen HC. The Molecular Apgar Score: A Key to Unlocking Evolutionary Principles. Front Pediatr 2017; 5:45. [PMID: 28373969 PMCID: PMC5357830 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the first "tools" used for systematically evaluating successful newborn transitional physiology at birth was the Apgar Score, devised by Virginia Apgar in 1953. This objective assessment tool allowed clinicians to immediately gauge the relative success of a newborn infant making the transition from the in utero liquid immersive environment to the ex utero gas environment in the delivery room during the first minutes after birth. The scoring system, although eponymous, is generally summarized as an acronym based on Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration, criteria evaluated and scored at 1 and 5 min after birth. This common clinical appraisal is a guide for determining the elements of integrated physiology involved as the infant makes the transition from a "sea water" environment of 3% oxygen to a "land" environment in 21% oxygen. Appearance determines the perfusion of the skin with oxygenated blood-turning it pink; Pulse is the rate of heart beat, reflecting successful oxygen delivery to organs; Grimace, or irritability, is a functional marker for nervous system integration; Activity represents locomotor capacity; and, of course, Respiration represents pulmonary function as well as the successful neuro-feedback-mediated drive to breathe, supplying oxygen by inspiring atmospheric gas. Respiration, locomotion, and metabolism are fundamental processes adapted for vertebrate evolution from a water-based to an atmosphere-based life and are reflected by the Apgar Score. These physiologic processes last underwent major phylogenetic changes during the water-land transition some 300-400 million years ago, during which specific gene duplications occurred that facilitated terrestrial adaptation, in particular the parathyroid hormone-related protein receptor, the β-adrenergic receptor, and the glucocorticoid receptor. All these genetic traits and the gene regulatory networks they comprise represent the foundational substructure of the Apgar Score. As such, these molecular elements can be examined using a Molecular Apgar evaluation of keystone evolutionary events that predict successful evolutionary adaptation of physiologic functions necessary for neonatal transition and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Torday
- Pediatrics, Harbor - UCLA Medical Center , Torrance, CA , USA
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41
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Crossley DA, Burggren WW, Reiber CL, Altimiras J, Rodnick KJ. Mass Transport: Circulatory System with Emphasis on Nonendothermic Species. Compr Physiol 2016; 7:17-66. [PMID: 28134997 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mass transport can be generally defined as movement of material matter. The circulatory system then is a biological example given its role in the movement in transporting gases, nutrients, wastes, and chemical signals. Comparative physiology has a long history of providing new insights and advancing our understanding of circulatory mass transport across a wide array of circulatory systems. Here we focus on circulatory function of nonmodel species. Invertebrates possess diverse convection systems; that at the most complex generate pressures and perform at a level comparable to vertebrates. Many invertebrates actively modulate cardiovascular function using neuronal, neurohormonal, and skeletal muscle activity. In vertebrates, our understanding of cardiac morphology, cardiomyocyte function, and contractile protein regulation by Ca2+ highlights a high degree of conservation, but differences between species exist and are coupled to variable environments and body temperatures. Key regulators of vertebrate cardiac function and systemic blood pressure include the autonomic nervous system, hormones, and ventricular filling. Further chemical factors regulating cardiovascular function include adenosine, natriuretic peptides, arginine vasotocin, endothelin 1, bradykinin, histamine, nitric oxide, and hydrogen sulfide, to name but a few. Diverse vascular morphologies and the regulation of blood flow in the coronary and cerebral circulations are also apparent in nonmammalian species. Dynamic adjustments of cardiovascular function are associated with exercise on land, flying at high altitude, prolonged dives by marine mammals, and unique morphology, such as the giraffe. Future studies should address limits of gas exchange and convective transport, the evolution of high arterial pressure across diverse taxa, and the importance of the cardiovascular system adaptations to extreme environments. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:17-66, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane A Crossley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Warren W Burggren
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Carl L Reiber
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Jordi Altimiras
- AVIAN Behavioral Genomics and Physiology, IFM Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Kenneth J Rodnick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA
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da Cruz AL, Fernandes MN. What is the most efficient respiratory organ for the loricariid air-breathing fish Pterygoplichthys anisitsi, gills or stomach? A quantitative morphological study. ZOOLOGY 2016; 119:526-533. [PMID: 27618705 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the morphometric respiratory potential of gills compared to the stomach in obtaining oxygen for aerobic metabolism in Pterygoplichthys anisitsi, a facultative air-breathing fish. The measurements were done using stereological methods. The gills showed greater total volume, volume-to-body mass ratio, potential surface area, and surface-to-volume ratio than the stomach. The water-blood diffusion barrier of the gills is thicker than the air-blood diffusion barrier of the stomach. Taken together, the surface area, the surface-to-volume ratio and the diffusion distance for O2 transfer from the respiratory medium to blood yield a greater diffusing capacity for gills than for the stomach, suggesting greater importance of aquatic respiration in this species. On the other hand, water breathing is energetically more expensive than breathing air. Under severe hypoxic conditions, O2 uptake by the stomach is more efficient than by the gills, although the stomach has a much lower diffusing capacity. Thus, P. anisitsi uses gills under normoxic conditions but the stomach may also support aerobic metabolism depending on environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Luis da Cruz
- Institute of Biology, Department of Zoology, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Barão de Geremoabo 147, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Marisa Narciso Fernandes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luis km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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Maina JN. Pivotal debates and controversies on the structure and function of the avian respiratory system: setting the record straight. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:1475-1504. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John N. Maina
- Department of Zoology; University of Johannesburg; P.O. Box, 524, Auckland Park, Kingsway Johannesburg 2006 South Africa
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Jiang Y, Feng S, Xu J, Zhang S, Li S, Sun X, Xu P. Comparative transcriptome analysis between aquatic and aerial breathing organs of Channa argus to reveal the genetic basis underlying bimodal respiration. Mar Genomics 2016; 29:89-96. [PMID: 27318671 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Aerial breathing in fish was an important adaption for successful survival in hypoxic water. All aerial breathing fish are bimodal breathers. It is intriguing that they can obtain oxygen from both air and water. However, the genetic basis underlying bimodal breathing has not been extensively studied. In this study, we performed next-generation sequencing on a bimodal breathing fish, the Northern snakehead, Channa argus, and generated a transcriptome profiling of C. argus. A total of 53,591 microsatellites and 26,378 SNPs were identified and classified. A Ka/Ks analysis of the unigenes indicated that 63 genes were under strong positive selection. Furthermore, the transcriptomes from the aquatic breathing organ (gill) and the aerial breathing organ (suprabranchial chamber) were sequenced and compared, and the results showed 1,966 genes up-regulated in the gill and 2,727 genes up-regulated in the suprabranchial chamber. A gene pathway analysis concluded that four functional categories were significant, of which angiogenesis and elastic fibre formation were up-regulated in the suprabranchial chamber, indicating that the aerial breathing organ may be more efficient for gas exchange due to its highly vascularized and elastic structure. In contrast, ion uptake and transport and acid-base balance were up-regulated in the gill, indicating that the aquatic breathing organ functions in ion homeostasis and acid-base balance, in addition to breathing. Understanding the genetic mechanism underlying bimodal breathing will shed light on the initiation and importance of aerial breathing in the evolution of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanliang Jiang
- CAFS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Centre for Applied Aquatic Genomics, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Shuaisheng Feng
- CAFS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Centre for Applied Aquatic Genomics, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China; College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jian Xu
- CAFS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Centre for Applied Aquatic Genomics, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Songhao Zhang
- CAFS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Centre for Applied Aquatic Genomics, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Shangqi Li
- CAFS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Centre for Applied Aquatic Genomics, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Xiaoqing Sun
- CAFS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Centre for Applied Aquatic Genomics, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Peng Xu
- CAFS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Centre for Applied Aquatic Genomics, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China.
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45
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Gas Exchange Models for a Flexible Insect Tracheal System. Acta Biotheor 2016; 64:161-96. [PMID: 27209375 DOI: 10.1007/s10441-016-9278-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this paper two models for movement of respiratory gases in the insect trachea are presented. One model considers the tracheal system as a single flexible compartment while the other model considers the trachea as a single flexible compartment with gas exchange. This work represents an extension of Ben-Tal's work on compartmental gas exchange in human lungs and is applied to the insect tracheal system. The purpose of the work is to study nonlinear phenomena seen in the insect respiratory system. It is assumed that the flow inside the trachea is laminar, and that the air inside the chamber behaves as an ideal gas. Further, with the isothermal assumption, the expressions for the tracheal partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide, rate of volume change, and the rates of change of oxygen concentration and carbon dioxide concentration are derived. The effects of some flow parameters such as diffusion capacities, reaction rates and air concentrations on net flow are studied. Numerical simulations of the tracheal flow characteristics are performed. The models developed provide a mathematical framework to further investigate gas exchange in insects.
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46
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Makanya AN. Membrane mediated development of the vertebrate blood-gas-barrier. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 108:85-97. [PMID: 26991887 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
During embryonic lung development, establishment of the gas-exchanging units is guided by epithelial tubes lined by columnar cells. Ultimately, a thin blood-gas barrier (BGB) is established and forms the interface for efficient gas exchange. This thin BGB is achieved through processes, which entail lowering of tight junctions, stretching, and thinning in mammals. In birds the processes are termed peremerecytosis, if they involve cell squeezing and constriction, or secarecytosis, if they entail cutting cells to size. In peremerecytosis, cells constrict at a point below the protruding apical part, resulting in fusion of the opposing membranes and discharge of the aposome, or the cell may be squeezed by the more endowed cognate neighbors. Secarecytosis may entail formation of double membranes below the aposome, subsequent unzipping and discharge of the aposome, or vesicles form below the aposome, fuse in a bilateral manner, and release the aposome. These processes occur within limited developmental windows, and are mediated through cell membranes that appear to be of intracellular in origin. In addition, basement membranes (BM) play pivotal roles in differentiation of the epithelial and endothelial layers of the BGB. Laminins found in the BM are particularly important in the signaling pathways that result in formation of squamous pneumocytes and pulmonary capillaries, the two major components of the BGB. Some information exists on the contribution by BM to BGB formation, but little is known regarding the molecules that drive peremerecytosis, or even the origins and composition of the double and vesicular membranes involved in secarecytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Makanya
- Department of Vet Anatomy and Physiology, Riverside Drive, Chiromo Campus, University of , Box 30197-00100, Nairobi
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Xu Z, Takizawa F, Parra D, Gómez D, von Gersdorff Jørgensen L, LaPatra SE, Sunyer JO. Mucosal immunoglobulins at respiratory surfaces mark an ancient association that predates the emergence of tetrapods. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10728. [PMID: 26869478 PMCID: PMC4754351 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gas-exchange structures are critical for acquiring oxygen, but they also represent portals for pathogen entry. Local mucosal immunoglobulin responses against pathogens in specialized respiratory organs have only been described in tetrapods. Since fish gills are considered a mucosal surface, we hypothesized that a dedicated mucosal immunoglobulin response would be generated within its mucosa on microbial exposure. Supporting this hypothesis, here we demonstrate that following pathogen exposure, IgT+ B cells proliferate and generate pathogen-specific IgT within the gills of fish, thus providing the first example of locally induced immunoglobulin in the mucosa of a cold-blooded species. Moreover, we demonstrate that gill microbiota is predominantly coated with IgT, thus providing previously unappreciated evidence that the microbiota present at a respiratory surface of a vertebrate is recognized by a mucosal immunoglobulin. Our findings indicate that respiratory surfaces and mucosal immunoglobulins are part of an ancient association that predates the emergence of tetrapods. In teleost fish the gills perform—in addition to respiration—functions such as immune defence. Here the authors show that IgT, a teleost specific Ig previously shown to be involved in gut and skin mucosal immunity, is locally induced in the gill, where it plays a key role in immunity in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xu
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 413 Rosenthal building, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Fumio Takizawa
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 413 Rosenthal building, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - David Parra
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Daniela Gómez
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 413 Rosenthal building, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Louise von Gersdorff Jørgensen
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiskberg DK-1870, Denmark
| | - Scott E LaPatra
- Research Division, Clear Springs Foods Inc., P O Box 712, Buhl, Idaho 83316, USA
| | - J Oriol Sunyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 413 Rosenthal building, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Heterochrony as Diachronically Modified Cell-Cell Interactions. BIOLOGY 2016; 5:biology5010004. [PMID: 26784244 PMCID: PMC4810161 DOI: 10.3390/biology5010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Heterochrony is an enabling concept in evolution theory that metaphorically captures the mechanism of biologic change due to mechanisms of growth and development. The spatio-temporal patterns of morphogenesis are determined by cell-to-cell signaling mediated by specific soluble growth factors and their cognate receptors on nearby cells of different germline origins. Subsequently, down-stream production of second messengers generates patterns of form and function. Environmental upheavals such as Romer’s hypothesized drying up of bodies of water globally caused the vertebrate water-land transition. That transition caused physiologic stress, modifying cell-cell signaling to generate terrestrial adaptations of the skeleton, lung, skin, kidney and brain. These tissue-specific remodeling events occurred as a result of the duplication of the Parathyroid Hormone-related Protein Receptor (PTHrPR) gene, expressed in mesodermal fibroblasts in close proximity to ubiquitously expressed endodermal PTHrP, amplifying this signaling pathway. Examples of how and why PTHrPR amplification affected the ontogeny, phylogeny, physiology and pathophysiology of the lung are used to substantiate and further our understanding through insights to the heterochronic mechanisms of evolution, such as the fish swim bladder evolving into the vertebrate lung, interrelated by such functional homologies as surfactant and mechanotransduction. Instead of the conventional description of this phenomenon, lung evolution can now be understood as adaptive changes in the cellular-molecular signaling mechanisms underlying its ontogeny and phylogeny.
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Nikolova LS, Metzstein MM. Intracellular lumen formation in Drosophila proceeds via a novel subcellular compartment. Development 2015; 142:3964-73. [PMID: 26428009 DOI: 10.1242/dev.127902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cellular tubes have diverse morphologies, including multicellular, unicellular and subcellular architectures. Subcellular tubes are found prominently within the vertebrate vasculature, the insect breathing system and the nematode excretory apparatus, but how such tubes form is poorly understood. To characterize the cellular mechanisms of subcellular tube formation, we have refined methods of high pressure freezing/freeze substitution to prepare Drosophila larvae for transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analysis. Using our methods, we have found that subcellular tube formation may proceed through a previously undescribed multimembrane intermediate composed of vesicles bound within a novel subcellular compartment. We have also developed correlative light/TEM procedures to identify labeled cells in TEM-fixed larval samples. Using this technique, we have found that Vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) and the V-ATPase regulator Rabconnectin-3 are required for subcellular tube formation, probably in a step resolving the intermediate compartment into a mature lumen. In general, our ultrastructural analysis methods could be useful for a wide range of cellular investigations in Drosophila larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda S Nikolova
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Mark M Metzstein
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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50
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Harrison JF. Handling and Use of Oxygen by Pancrustaceans: Conserved Patterns and the Evolution of Respiratory Structures. Integr Comp Biol 2015; 55:802-15. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icv055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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