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Han T, Xu Y, Sun L, Hashimoto M, Wei J. Microglial response to aging and neuroinflammation in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1241-1248. [PMID: 37905870 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.385845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cellular senescence and chronic inflammation in response to aging are considered to be indicators of brain aging; they have a great impact on the aging process and are the main risk factors for neurodegeneration. Reviewing the microglial response to aging and neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases will help understand the importance of microglia in neurodegenerative diseases. This review describes the origin and function of microglia and focuses on the role of different states of the microglial response to aging and chronic inflammation on the occurrence and development of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's chorea, and Parkinson's disease. This review also describes the potential benefits of treating neurodegenerative diseases by modulating changes in microglial states. Therefore, inducing a shift from the neurotoxic to neuroprotective microglial state in neurodegenerative diseases induced by aging and chronic inflammation holds promise for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Han
- Institute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Yuxiang Xu
- Institute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Institute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Makoto Hashimoto
- Department of Basic Technology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jianshe Wei
- Institute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
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Han T, Xu Y, Liu H, Sun L, Cheng X, Shen Y, Wei J. Function and Mechanism of Abscisic Acid on Microglia-Induced Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4920. [PMID: 38732130 PMCID: PMC11084589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), as a neurologically implemented disease with complex etiological factors, has a complex and variable pathogenesis. Accompanying further research, neuroinflammation has been found to be one of the possible factors in its pathogenesis. Microglia, as intrinsic immune cells in the brain, play an important role in maintaining microenvironmental homeostasis in the brain. However, over-activation of neurotoxic microglia in PD promotes neuroinflammation, which further increases dopaminergic (DA) neuronal damage and exacerbates the disease process. Therefore, targeting and regulating the functional state of microglia is expected to be a potential avenue for PD treatment. In addition, plant extracts have shown great potential in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders due to their abundant resources, mild effects, and the presence of multiple active ingredients. However, it is worth noting that some natural products have certain toxic side effects, so it is necessary to pay attention to distinguish medicinal ingredients and usage and dosage when using to avoid aggravating the progression of diseases. In this review, the roles of microglia with different functional states in PD and the related pathways inducing microglia to transform into neuroprotective states are described. At the same time, it is discussed that abscisic acid (ABA) may regulate the polarization of microglia by targeting them, promote their transformation into neuroprotective state, reduce the neuroinflammatory response in PD, and provide a new idea for the treatment of PD and the selection of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Han
- Institute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (T.H.); (Y.X.); (H.L.); (X.C.)
| | - Yuxiang Xu
- Institute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (T.H.); (Y.X.); (H.L.); (X.C.)
| | - Haixuan Liu
- Institute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (T.H.); (Y.X.); (H.L.); (X.C.)
| | - Lin Sun
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Xiangshu Cheng
- Institute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (T.H.); (Y.X.); (H.L.); (X.C.)
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Jianshe Wei
- Institute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (T.H.); (Y.X.); (H.L.); (X.C.)
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Shi MY, Ma CC, Chen FF, Zhou XY, Li X, Tang CX, Zhang L, Gao DS. Possible role of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor for predicting cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: a case-control study. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:885-892. [PMID: 33229724 PMCID: PMC8178776 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.297091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) plays an important role in the protection of dopaminergic neurons, but there are few reports of the relationship between GDNF and its precursors (α-pro-GDNF and β-pro-GDNF) and cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the serum levels of GDNF and its precursors and cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease, and to assess their potential as a diagnostic marker. Fifty-three primary outpatients and hospitalized patients with Parkinson’s disease (23 men and 30 women) with an average age of 66.58 years were enrolled from the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University of China in this case-control study. The patients were divided into the Parkinson’s disease with cognitive impairment group (n = 27) and the Parkinson’s disease with normal cognitive function group (n = 26) based on their Mini-Mental State Examination, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and Clinical Dementia Rating scores. In addition, 26 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects were included as the healthy control group. Results demonstrated that serum GDNF levels were significantly higher in the Parkinson’s disease with normal cognitive function group than in the other two groups. There were no significant differences in GDNF precursor levels among the three groups. Correlation analysis revealed that serum GDNF levels, GDNF/α-pro-GDNF ratios, and GDNF/β-pro-GDNF ratios were moderately or highly correlated with the Mini-Mental State Examination, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and Clinical Dementia Rating scores. To explore the risk factors for cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson’s disease, logistic regression analysis and stepwise linear regression analysis were performed. Both GDNF levels and Hoehn-Yahr stage were risk factors for cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease, and were the common influencing factors for cognitive scale scores. Neither α-pro-GDNF nor β-pro-GDNF was risk factors for cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease. A receiver operating characteristic curve of GDNF was generated to predict cognitive function in Parkinson’s disease (area under the curve = 0.859). This result indicates that the possibility that serum GDNF can correctly distinguish whether patients with Parkinson’s disease have cognitive impairment is 0.859. Together, these results suggest that serum GDNF may be an effective diagnostic marker for cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease. However, α-pro-GDNF and β-pro-GDNF are not useful for predicting cognitive impairment in this disease. This study was approved by Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China (approval No. XYFY2017-KL047-01) on November 30, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yu Shi
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou; Department of Neurology, the First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Ma
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fang-Fang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Suqian First People's Hospital, Suqian, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Operating Room, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chuan-Xi Tang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dian-Shuai Gao
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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Lam S, Bayraktar A, Zhang C, Turkez H, Nielsen J, Boren J, Shoaie S, Uhlen M, Mardinoglu A. A systems biology approach for studying neurodegenerative diseases. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:1146-1159. [PMID: 32442631 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), such as Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD), are among the leading causes of lost years of healthy life and exert a great strain on public healthcare systems. Despite being first described more than a century ago, no effective cure exists for AD or PD. Although extensively characterised at the molecular level, traditional neurodegeneration research remains marred by narrow-sense approaches surrounding amyloid β (Aβ), tau, and α-synuclein (α-syn). A systems biology approach enables the integration of multi-omics data and informs discovery of biomarkers, drug targets, and treatment strategies. Here, we present a comprehensive timeline of high-throughput data collection, and associated biotechnological advancements and computational analysis related to AD and PD. We hereby propose that a philosophical change in the definitions of AD and PD is now needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lam
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Abdulahad Bayraktar
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-17121, Sweden
| | - Hasan Turkez
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Boren
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, The Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, SE-413 45, Sweden
| | - Saeed Shoaie
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK; Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-17121, Sweden
| | - Mathias Uhlen
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-17121, Sweden
| | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK; Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-17121, Sweden.
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Stayte S, Rentsch P, Tröscher AR, Bamberger M, Li KM, Vissel B. Activin A Inhibits MPTP and LPS-Induced Increases in Inflammatory Cell Populations and Loss of Dopamine Neurons in the Mouse Midbrain In Vivo. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0167211. [PMID: 28121982 PMCID: PMC5266209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by a significant loss of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra pars compacta region and a subsequent loss of dopamine within the striatum. A promising avenue of research has been the administration of growth factors to promote the survival of remaining midbrain neurons, although the mechanism by which they provide neuroprotection is not understood. Activin A, a member of the transforming growth factor β superfamily, has been shown to be a potent anti-inflammatory following acute brain injury and has been demonstrated to play a role in the neuroprotection of midbrain neurons against MPP+-induced degeneration in vitro. We hypothesized that activin A may offer similar anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in in vivo mouse models of Parkinson’s disease. We found that activin A significantly attenuated the inflammatory response induced by both MPTP and intranigral administration of lipopolysaccharide in C57BL/6 mice. We found that administration of activin A promoted survival of dopaminergic and total neuron populations in the pars compacta region both 8 days and 8 weeks after MPTP-induced degeneration. Surprisingly, no corresponding protection of striatal dopamine levels was found. Furthermore, activin A failed to protect against loss of striatal dopamine transporter expression in the striatum, suggesting the neuroprotective action of activin A may be localized to the substantia nigra. Together, these results provide the first evidence that activin A exerts potent neuroprotection and anti-inflammatory effects in the MPTP and lipopolysaccharide mouse models of Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Stayte
- Neuroscience Department, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peggy Rentsch
- Neuroscience Department, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - Kong M. Li
- Pharmacology Department, Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bryce Vissel
- Neuroscience Department, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
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6
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Barger SW. Gene regulation and genetics in neurochemistry, past to future. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 2:24-57. [PMID: 27747882 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ask any neuroscientist to name the most profound discoveries in the field in the past 60 years, and at or near the top of the list will be a phenomenon or technique related to genes and their expression. Indeed, our understanding of genetics and gene regulation has ushered in whole new systems of knowledge and new empirical approaches, many of which could not have even been imagined prior to the molecular biology boon of recent decades. Neurochemistry, in the classic sense, intersects with these concepts in the manifestation of neuropeptides, obviously dependent upon the central dogma (the established rules by which DNA sequence is eventually converted into protein primary structure) not only for their conformation but also for their levels and locales of expression. But, expanding these considerations to non-peptide neurotransmitters illustrates how gene regulatory events impact neurochemistry in a much broader sense, extending beyond the neurochemicals that translate electrical signals into chemical ones in the synapse, to also include every aspect of neural development, structure, function, and pathology. From the beginning, the mutability - yet relative stability - of genes and their expression patterns were recognized as potential substrates for some of the most intriguing phenomena in neurobiology - those instances of plasticity required for learning and memory. Near-heretical speculation was offered in the idea that perhaps the very sequence of the genome was altered to encode memories. A fascinating component of the intervening progress includes evidence that the central dogma is not nearly as rigid and consistent as we once thought. And this mutability extends to the potential to manipulate that code for both experimental and clinical purposes. Astonishing progress has been made in the molecular biology of neurochemistry during the 60 years since this journal debuted. Many of the gains in conceptual understanding have been driven by methodological progress, from automated high-throughput sequencing instruments to recombinant-DNA vectors that can convey color-coded genetic modifications in the chromosomes of live adult animals. This review covers the highlights of these advances, both theoretical and technological, along with a brief window into the promising science ahead. This article is part of the 60th Anniversary special issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Barger
- Department of Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA. .,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
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Yan SK, Liu RH, Jin HZ, Liu XR, Ye J, Shan L, Zhang WD. "Omics" in pharmaceutical research: overview, applications, challenges, and future perspectives. Chin J Nat Med 2015; 13:3-21. [PMID: 25660284 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(15)60002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the post-genomic era, biological studies are characterized by the rapid development and wide application of a series of "omics" technologies, including genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, transcriptomics, lipidomics, cytomics, metallomics, ionomics, interactomics, and phenomics. These "omics" are often based on global analyses of biological samples using high through-put analytical approaches and bioinformatics and may provide new insights into biological phenomena. In this paper, the development and advances in these omics made in the past decades are reviewed, especially genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics; the applications of omics technologies in pharmaceutical research are then summarized in the fields of drug target discovery, toxicity evaluation, personalized medicine, and traditional Chinese medicine; and finally, the limitations of omics are discussed, along with the future challenges associated with the multi-omics data processing, dynamics omics analysis, and analytical approaches, as well as amenable solutions and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Kai Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Run-Hui Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hui-Zi Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xin-Ru Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ji Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lei Shan
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wei-Dong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 200040, China.
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Zhu G, Li J, He L, Wang X, Hong X. MPTP-induced changes in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory are prevented by memantine through the BDNF-TrkB pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:2354-68. [PMID: 25560396 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Mild cognitive deficit in early Parkinson's disease (PD) has been widely studied. Here we have examined the effects of memantine in preventing memory deficit in experimental PD models and elucidated some of the underlying mechanisms. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES I.p. injection of 1-methyl-4- phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro pyridine (MPTP) in C57BL/6 mice was used to produce models of PD. We used behavioural tasks to test memory. In vitro, we used slices of hippocampus, with electrophysiological, Western blotting, real time PCR, elisa and immunochemical techniques. KEY RESULTS Following MPTP injection, long-term memory was impaired and these changes were prevented by pre-treatment with memantine. In hippocampal slices from MPTP treated mice, long-term potentiation (LTP) -induced by θ burst stimulation (10 bursts, 4 pulses) was decreased, while long-term depression (LTD) induced by low-frequency stimulation (1 Hz, 900 pulses) was enhanced, compared with control values. A single dose of memantine (i.p., 10 mg·kg(-1) ) reversed the decreased LTP and the increased LTD in this PD model. Activity-dependent changes in tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB), ERK and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression were decreased in slices from mice after MPTP treatment. These effects were reversed by pretreatment with memantine. Incubation of slices in vitro with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+) ) decreased depolarization-induced expression of BDNF. This effect was prevented by pretreatment of slices with memantine or with calpain inhibitor III, suggesting the involvement of an overactivated calcium signalling pathway. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Memantine should be useful in preventing loss of memory and hippocampal synaptic plasticity in PD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Xin'An Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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Cebrián C, Loike JD, Sulzer D. Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease animal models: a cell stress response or a step in neurodegeneration? Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2015; 22:237-270. [PMID: 25293443 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2014_356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease are due to the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Multiple neuroinflammatory processes are exacerbated in Parkinson's disease, including glial-mediated reactions, increased expression of proinflammatory substances, and lymphocytic infiltration, particularly in the substantia nigra. Neuroinflammation is also implicated in the neurodegeneration and consequent behavioral symptoms of many Parkinson's disease animal models, although it is not clear whether these features emulate pathogenic steps in the genuine disorder or if some inflammatory features provide protective stress responses. Here, we compare and summarize findings on neuroinflammatory responses and effects on behavior in a wide range of toxin-based, inflammatory and genetic Parkinson's disease animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Cebrián
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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Mapping dopaminergic deficiencies in the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area in schizophrenia. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 221:185-201. [PMID: 25269834 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0901-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous work from our laboratory showed deficits in tyrosine hydroxylase protein expression within the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area (SN/VTA) in schizophrenia. However, little is known about the nature and specific location of these deficits within the SN/VTA. The present study had two aims: (1) test if tyrosine hydroxylase deficits could be explained as the result of neuronal loss; (2) assess if deficits in tyrosine hydroxylase are sub-region specific within the SN/VTA, and thus, could affect specific dopaminergic pathways. To achieve these objectives: (1) we obtained estimates of the number of dopaminergic neurons, total number of neurons, and their ratio in matched SN/VTA schizophrenia and control samples; (2) we performed a qualitative assessment in SN/VTA schizophrenia and control matched samples that were processed simultaneously for tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry. We did not find any significant differences in the total number of neurons, dopaminergic neurons, or their ratio. Our qualitative study of TH expression showed a conspicuous decrease in labeling of neuronal processes and cell bodies within the SN/VTA, which was sub-region specific. Dorsal diencephalic dopaminergic populations of the SN/VTA presented the most conspicuous decrease in TH labeling. These data support the existence of pathway-specific dopaminergic deficits that would affect the dopamine input to the cortex without significant neuronal loss. Interestingly, these findings support earlier reports of decreases in tyrosine hydroxylase labeling in the target areas for this dopaminergic input in the prefrontal and entorhinal cortex. Finally, our findings support that tyrosine hydroxylase deficits could contribute to the hypodopaminergic state observed in cortical areas in schizophrenia.
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11
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Stayte S, Vissel B. Advances in non-dopaminergic treatments for Parkinson's disease. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:113. [PMID: 24904259 PMCID: PMC4033125 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the 1960's treatments for Parkinson's disease (PD) have traditionally been directed to restore or replace dopamine, with L-Dopa being the gold standard. However, chronic L-Dopa use is associated with debilitating dyskinesias, limiting its effectiveness. This has resulted in extensive efforts to develop new therapies that work in ways other than restoring or replacing dopamine. Here we describe newly emerging non-dopaminergic therapeutic strategies for PD, including drugs targeting adenosine, glutamate, adrenergic, and serotonin receptors, as well as GLP-1 agonists, calcium channel blockers, iron chelators, anti-inflammatories, neurotrophic factors, and gene therapies. We provide a detailed account of their success in animal models and their translation to human clinical trials. We then consider how advances in understanding the mechanisms of PD, genetics, the possibility that PD may consist of multiple disease states, understanding of the etiology of PD in non-dopaminergic regions as well as advances in clinical trial design will be essential for ongoing advances. We conclude that despite the challenges ahead, patients have much cause for optimism that novel therapeutics that offer better disease management and/or which slow disease progression are inevitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Stayte
- Neuroscience Department, Neurodegenerative Disorders Laboratory, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney NSW, Australia ; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Bryce Vissel
- Neuroscience Department, Neurodegenerative Disorders Laboratory, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney NSW, Australia ; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW, Australia
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Youdim MBH. Rasagiline: an anti-Parkinson drug with neuroprotective activity. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 3:737-49. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.3.6.737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Uptake and mitochondrial dysfunction of alpha-synuclein in human astrocytes, cortical neurons and fibroblasts. Transl Neurodegener 2013; 2:20. [PMID: 24093918 PMCID: PMC3853407 DOI: 10.1186/2047-9158-2-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation and aggregation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) in several tissue including the brain is a major pathological hallmark in Parkinson’s disease (PD). In this study, we show that α-syn can be taken up by primary human cortical neurons, astrocytes and skin-derived fibroblasts in vitro. Our findings that brain and peripheral cells exposed to α-syn can lead to impaired mitochondrial function, leading to cellular degeneration and cell death, provides additional evidence for the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction as a mechanism of toxicity of α-syn in human cells.
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14
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Hong MS, Park HK, Yang JS, Park HJ, Kim ST, Kim SN, Park JY, Song JY, Park HK, Jo DJ, Park SW, HwanYun D, Ban JY, Chung JH. Gene expression profile of acupuncture treatment in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced Parkinson's disease model. Neurol Res 2013; 32 Suppl 1:74-8. [DOI: 10.1179/016164109x12537002794165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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15
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Yuan HL, Li B, Xu J, Wang Y, He Y, Zheng Y, Wang XM. Tenuigenin protects dopaminergic neurons from inflammation-mediated damage induced by the lipopolysaccharide. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 18:584-90. [PMID: 22759267 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2012.00347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). AIMS To study if tenuigenin (TEN), the main active component of Polygala tenuifolia, can protect dopaminergic neurons from inflammation-mediated damage in vivo. METHODS We observed the effects of TEN on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced PD model by behavioral analysis, high-performance liquid chromatography, immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay, etc. RESULTS We showed that a single intranigral dose of LPSs (10 μg) induced microglial activation, reduced the survival ratio of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-ir) neurons in the SNpc and reduced dopamine (DA) content in the striatum. Treatment with 300 mg/kg TEN once per day over 14 weeks improved the survival rate of TH-ir neurons in the SNpc to 75%, on the non-injected side. Treatment with 200 or 300 mg/kg TEN once per day over 14 weeks significantly improved DA levels in the striatum to 73% and 81% on the non-injected side, respectively. The excessive production of cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β, was abolished by TEN administration. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that TEN may play a role in protecting dopaminergic neurons against inflammatory challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Li Yuan
- Department of Physiology, Key laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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16
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Singh R. Signal oscillation is another reason for variability in microarray-based gene expression quantification. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54753. [PMID: 23349963 PMCID: PMC3549950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microarrays have been widely used for various biological applications, such as, gene expression profiling, determination of SNPs, and disease profiling. However, quantification and analysis of microarray data have been a challenge. Previously, by taking into account translational and rotational diffusion of the target DNA, we have shown that the rate of hybridization depends on its size. Here, by mathematical modeling of surface diffusion of transcript, we show that the dynamics of hybridization on DNA microarray surface is inherently oscillatory and the amplitude of oscillation depends on fluid velocity. We found that high fluid velocity enhances the signal without affecting the background, and reduces the oscillation, thereby reducing likelihood of inter- and intra-experiment variability. We further show that a strong probe reduces dependence of signal-to-noise ratio on probe strength, decreasing inter-microarray variability. On the other hand, weaker probes are required for SNP detection. Therefore, we recommend high fluid velocity and strong probes for all microarray applications except determination of SNPs. For SNP detection, we recommend high fluid velocity with weak probe on the spot. We also recommend a surface with high adsorption and desorption rates of transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghvendra Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India.
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17
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Yadav S, Dixit A, Agrawal S, Singh A, Srivastava G, Singh AK, Srivastava PK, Prakash O, Singh MP. Rodent models and contemporary molecular techniques: notable feats yet incomplete explanations of Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 46:495-512. [PMID: 22736079 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rodent models and molecular tools, mainly omics and RNA interference, have been rigorously used to decode the intangible etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Although convention of contemporary molecular techniques and multiple rodent models paved imperative leads in deciphering the role of putative causative factors and sequential events leading to PD, complete and clear-cut mechanisms of pathogenesis are still hard to pin down. The current article reviews the implications and pros and cons of rodent models and molecular tools in understanding the molecular and cellular bases of PD pathogenesis based on the existing literature. Probable rationales for short of comprehensive leads and future possibilities in spite of the extensive applications of molecular tools and rodent models have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharawan Yadav
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow-226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
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18
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Tufekci KU, Meuwissen R, Genc S, Genc K. Inflammation in Parkinson's disease. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2012; 88:69-132. [PMID: 22814707 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398314-5.00004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Inflammatory responses manifested by glial reactions, T cell infiltration, and increased expression of inflammatory cytokines, as well as other toxic mediators derived from activated glial cells, are currently recognized as prominent features of PD. The consistent findings obtained by various animal models of PD suggest that neuroinflammation is an important contributor to the pathogenesis of the disease and may further propel the progressive loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons. Furthermore, although it may not be the primary cause of PD, additional epidemiological, genetic, pharmacological, and imaging evidence support the proposal that inflammatory processes in this specific brain region are crucial for disease progression. Recent in vitro studies, however, have suggested that activation of microglia and subsequently astrocytes via mediators released by injured dopaminergic neurons is involved. However, additional in vivo experiments are needed for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms involved in PD pathogenesis. Further insight on the mechanisms of inflammation in PD will help to further develop alternative therapeutic strategies that will specifically and temporally target inflammatory processes without abrogating the potential benefits derived by neuroinflammation, such as tissue restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemal Ugur Tufekci
- Department of Neuroscience, Health Science Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
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19
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Barak S, Ahmadiantehrani S, Kharazia V, Ron D. Positive autoregulation of GDNF levels in the ventral tegmental area mediates long-lasting inhibition of excessive alcohol consumption. Transl Psychiatry 2011; 1. [PMID: 22238721 PMCID: PMC3253655 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2011.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is an essential growth factor for the survival and maintenance of the midbrain dopaminergic (DA-ergic) neurons. Activation of the GDNF pathway in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), where the GDNF receptors are expressed, produces a long-lasting suppression of excessive alcohol consumption in rats. Previous studies conducted in the DA-ergic-like cells, SHSY5Y, revealed that GDNF positively regulates its own expression, leading to a long-lasting activation of the GDNF signaling pathway. Here we determined whether GDNF activates a positive autoregulatory feedback loop in vivo within the VTA, and if so, whether this mechanism underlies the long-lasting suppressive effects of the growth factor on excessive alcohol consumption. We found that a single infusion of recombinant GDNF (rGDNF; 10 μg) into the VTA induces a long-lasting local increase in GDNF mRNA and protein levels, which depends upon de novo transcription and translation of the polypeptide. Importantly, we report that the GDNF-mediated positive autoregulatory feedback loop accounts for the long-lasting inhibitory actions of GDNF in the VTA on excessive alcohol consumption. Specifically, the long-lasting suppressive effects of a single rGDNF infusion into the VTA on excessive alcohol consumption were prevented when protein synthesis was inhibited, as well as when the upregulation of GDNF expression was prevented using short hairpin RNA to focally knock down GDNF mRNA in the VTA. Our results could have implications for the development of long-lasting treatments for disorders in which GDNF has a beneficial role, including drug addiction, chronic stress and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Barak
- The Ernest Gallo Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, Emeryville, CA, USA,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S Ahmadiantehrani
- The Ernest Gallo Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, Emeryville, CA, USA,The Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacogenomics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - V Kharazia
- The Ernest Gallo Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - D Ron
- The Ernest Gallo Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, Emeryville, CA, USA,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,The Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacogenomics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Neurology, The Ernest Gallo Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, 5858 Horton St., Suite 200, Emeryville, San Francisco, CA 94608, USA. E-mail:
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20
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Geng Y, Fang M, Wang J, Yu H, Hu Z, Yew DT, Chen W. Triptolide Down-regulates COX-2 Expression and PGE2 Release by Suppressing the Activity of NF-κB and MAP kinases in Lipopolysaccharide-treated PC12 Cells. Phytother Res 2011; 26:337-43. [PMID: 21717513 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Geng
- Department of Neurology; Zhejiang Province People's Hospital; Hangzhou China
| | - Marong Fang
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical College; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical College; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Haiyan Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Zhiying Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital; Hangzhou China
| | - David T. Yew
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; the Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health, Medical College; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
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21
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Barr TL, Alexander S, Conley Y. Gene expression profiling for discovery of novel targets in human traumatic brain injury. Biol Res Nurs 2010; 13:140-53. [PMID: 21112922 DOI: 10.1177/1099800410385671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Several clinical trials have failed to demonstrate a significant effect on outcome following human traumatic brain injury (TBI) despite promising results obtained in preclinical animal studies. These failures may be due in part to a misinterpretation of the findings obtained in preclinical animal models of TBI, a misunderstanding of the complexity of the human response to TBI, limited knowledge about the biological pathways that interact to contribute to good and bad outcomes after brain injury, and the effects of genomic variability and environment on individual recovery. Recent publications suggest that data obtained from gene expression profiling studies of complex neurological diseases such as stroke, multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's and Parkinson's may contribute to a more informed understanding of what affects outcome following TBI. These data may help to bridge the gap between successful preclinical studies and negative clinical trials in humans to reveal novel targets for therapy. Gene expression profiling has the capability to identify biomarkers associated with response to TBI, elucidate complex genetic interactions that may play a role in outcome following TBI, and reveal biological pathways related to brain health. This review highlights the current state of the literature on gene expression profiling for neurological disease and discusses its ability to aid in unraveling the variable human response to TBI and the potential for it to offer treatment strategies in an area where we currently have limited therapeutic options primarily based on supportive care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taura L Barr
- West Virginia University School of Nursing & Center for Neuroscience, Morgantown, WV, USA.
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22
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Courtney E, Kornfeld S, Janitz K, Janitz M. Transcriptome profiling in neurodegenerative disease. J Neurosci Methods 2010; 193:189-202. [PMID: 20800617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Changes in gene expression and splicing patterns (that occur prior to the onset and during the progression of complex diseases) have become a major focus of neurodegenerative disease research. These signature patterns of gene expression provide clues about the mechanisms involved in the molecular pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disease and may facilitate the discovery of novel therapeutic drugs. With the development of array technologies and the very recent RNA-seq technique, our understanding of the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disease is expanding exponentially. Here, we review the technologies involved in gene expression and splicing analysis and the related literature on three common neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Courtney
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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23
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Innamorato NG, Jazwa A, Rojo AI, García C, Fernández-Ruiz J, Grochot–Przeczek A, Stachurska A, Jozkowicz A, Dulak J, Cuadrado A. Different susceptibility to the Parkinson's toxin MPTP in mice lacking the redox master regulator Nrf2 or its target gene heme oxygenase-1. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11838. [PMID: 20676377 PMCID: PMC2911386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The transcription factor Nrf2 (NF-E2-related factor 2) and its target gene products, including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), elicit an antioxidant response that may have therapeutic value for Parkinson's disease (PD). However, HO-1 protein levels are increased in dopaminergic neurons of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, suggesting its participation in free-iron deposition, oxidative stress and neurotoxicity. Before targeting Nrf2 for PD therapy it is imperative to determine if HO-1 is neurotoxic or neuroprotective in the basal ganglia. Methodology We addressed this question by comparing neuronal damage and gliosis in Nrf2- or HO-1-knockout mice submitted to intraperitoneal injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) for five consecutive days. Nrf2-knockout mice showed exacerbated gliosis and dopaminergic nigrostriatal degeneration, as determined by immunohistochemical staining of tyrosine hydroxylase in striatum (STR) and substantia nigra (SN) and by HPLC determination of striatal dopamine and 3,4- dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC). On the other hand, the severity of gliosis and dopaminergic degeneration in HO-1-null mice was neither increased nor reduced. Regarding free-iron deposition, both Nrf2- and HO-1-deficient mice exhibited similar number of deposits as determined by Perl's staining, therefore indicating that these proteins do not contribute significantly to iron accumulation or clearance in MPTP-induced Parkinsonism. Conclusions These results suggest that HO-1 does not protect or enhance the sensitivity to neuronal death in Parkinson's disease and that pharmacological or genetic intervention on Nrf2 may provide a neuroprotective benefit as add on therapy with current symptomatic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia G. Innamorato
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Agnieszka Jazwa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ana I. Rojo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción García
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Fernández-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Grochot–Przeczek
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Stachurska
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Alicja Jozkowicz
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jozef Dulak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- * E-mail: (JD); (AC)
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (JD); (AC)
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Hennecke G, Scherzer CR. RNA biomarkers of Parkinson's disease: developing tools for novel therapies. Biomark Med 2010; 2:41-53. [PMID: 20477362 DOI: 10.2217/17520363.2.1.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
By 2030 the number of individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) will nearly double to approximately 9.3 million because of aging populations. No medications have been approved that address the progressive neurodegeneration that underlies the disease and existing symptomatic treatments are only partially effective. Reliance on insensitive and confounded clinical assessments has obstructed the development of novel therapeutics designed to prevent, delay or slow the disease. While PD symptoms reflect preferential neuronal death, DNA, RNA and biochemical traits of the disease are detectable in blood cells. To systematically search for lead RNA biomarkers of PD, genome-wide expression changes in the blood of patients with early-stage PD and controls have been probed by microarray. This scan identified a candidate gene signature, as well as lead single gene biomarkers associated with PD. Efforts are underway to refine and develop these hits into biomarkers that will enable risk-modifying therapies. This development process will progress through discovery, cross-sectional and prospective clinical biomarker studies, to Phase III clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit Hennecke
- Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Laboratory for Neurogenomics, Center for Neurologic Diseases, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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25
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Ohnuki T, Nakamura A, Okuyama S, Nakamura S. Gene expression profiling in progressively MPTP-lesioned macaques reveals molecular pathways associated with sporadic Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 2010; 1346:26-42. [PMID: 20513370 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2009] [Revised: 05/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. To gain an insight into the mechanisms underlying the progression of PD, gene expression analysis was performed using two different brain regions, the substantia nigra pars compacta (SN) and the striatum (STR), of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-lesioned monkey model of PD. 230 genes were differentially expressed in the MPTP-treated SN compared to control, whereas 452 genes showed altered expression in the MPTP-treated STR, implying that MPTP elicits more damages in the striatal gene expression than in the SN. Comparative data analysis of the transcription profiles on the PD patients and MPTP monkey models, and pathway analysis indicated several signaling pathways as possible routes to MPTP-induced neurodegeneration. Interestingly, the networks which associated with cytoskeletal stability, ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and Wnt signaling gained prominence in our study. Further transcriptional regulatory network analysis suggested the association of the neuronal repressor REST (RE1-silencing transcription factor; NRSF) and androgen receptor with the dysregulation of the striatal genes. Our study suggests the possibility that the dysfunction of multi-network signaling may induce abnormalities in a diverse range of biological processes, such as synaptic function, cytoskeletal stability, survival and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Ohnuki
- Molecular Function and Pharmacology Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, 331-9530, Japan.
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26
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Ho G, Kumar S, Ke Z, Chan HHN, Suhaimi NAM, Kng YL, Zhang Y, Zhuo L. Imidazolium salt (DBZIM) reduces gliosis in mice treated with neurotoxicant 2'-CH(3) -MPTP. CNS Neurosci Ther 2010; 17:148-57. [PMID: 20406246 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2009.00131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently identified a class of imidazolium salts (IMSs) with antioxidative property and can function as scavengers for radical oxygen species (ROS) [18]. Here, we investigate one of the IMSs, 1,3-bisbenzylimidazolium bromide (DBZIM), for its possible role in attenuating neurotoxicity and gliosis in the retina and the brain induced by a Parkinsonian neurtoxicant, methyl-4(2'-methylphenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (2'-CH(3) -MPTP), which is a free radical generating agent. In this study, we employ a molecular retinal imaging method, which we recently developed in a transgenic mouse model expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter [14], to assess the efficacy of DBZIM, since currently no in vitro system with a sufficient complexity is available for accurately assessing a compound's efficacy. The longitudinal imaging results showed DBZIM can effectively suppress the neurotoxicant-induced retinal gliosis. Immunohistochemistry performed on the postmodern mouse brain confirmed that DBZIM also reduced striatal gliosis, and concomitantly attenuated the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). These findings suggest that DBZIM could be a useful small molecular compound for studying neurotoxicity and neuroprotection in the retina and the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Ho
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Singapore
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27
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Roodveldt C, Bertoncini CW, Andersson A, van der Goot AT, Hsu ST, Fernández-Montesinos R, de Jong J, van Ham TJ, Nollen EA, Pozo D, Christodoulou J, Dobson CM. Chaperone proteostasis in Parkinson's disease: stabilization of the Hsp70/alpha-synuclein complex by Hip. EMBO J 2009; 28:3758-70. [PMID: 19875982 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2009.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATP-dependent protein chaperone heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp70) displays broad anti-aggregation functions and has a critical function in preventing protein misfolding pathologies. According to in vitro and in vivo models of Parkinson's disease (PD), loss of Hsp70 activity is associated with neurodegeneration and the formation of amyloid deposits of alpha-synuclein (alphaSyn), which constitute the intraneuronal inclusions in PD patients known as Lewy bodies. Here, we show that Hsp70 depletion can be a direct result of the presence of aggregation-prone polypeptides. We show a nucleotide-dependent interaction between Hsp70 and alphaSyn, which leads to the aggregation of Hsp70, in the presence of ADP along with alphaSyn. Such a co-aggregation phenomenon can be prevented in vitro by the co-chaperone Hip (ST13), and the hypothesis that it might do so also in vivo is supported by studies of a Caenorhabditis elegans model of alphaSyn aggregation. Our findings indicate that a decreased expression of Hip could facilitate depletion of Hsp70 by amyloidogenic polypeptides, impairing chaperone proteostasis and stimulating neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Roodveldt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Abstract
Gene expression changes in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, and gene responses to therapeutic drugs, provide new ways to identify central nervous system (CNS) targets for drug discovery. This review summarizes gene and pathway targets replicated in expression profiling of human postmortem brain, animal models, and cell culture studies. Analysis of isolated human neurons implicates targets for Alzheimer's disease and the cognitive decline associated with normal aging and mild cognitive impairment. In addition to tau, amyloid-beta precursor protein, and amyloid-beta peptides (Abeta), these targets include all three high-affinity neurotrophin receptors and the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) system, synapse markers, glutamate receptors (GluRs) and transporters, and dopamine (DA) receptors, particularly the D2 subtype. Gene-based candidates for Parkinson's disease (PD) include the ubiquitin-proteosome system, scavengers of reactive oxygen species, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), its receptor, TrkB, and downstream target early growth response 1, Nurr-1, and signaling through protein kinase C and RAS pathways. Increasing variability and decreases in brain mRNA production from middle age to old age suggest that cognitive impairments during normal aging may be addressed by drugs that restore antioxidant, DNA repair, and synaptic functions including those of DA to levels of younger adults. Studies in schizophrenia identify robust decreases in genes for GABA function, including glutamic acid decarboxylase, HINT1, glutamate transport and GluRs, BDNF and TrkB, numerous 14-3-3 protein family members, and decreases in genes for CNS synaptic and metabolic functions, particularly glycolysis and ATP generation. Many of these metabolic genes are increased by insulin and muscarinic agonism, both of which are therapeutic in psychosis. Differential genomic signals are relatively sparse in bipolar disorder, but include deficiencies in the expression of 14-3-3 protein members, implicating these chaperone proteins and the neurotransmitter pathways they support as possible drug targets. Brains from persons with major depressive disorder reveal decreased expression for genes in glutamate transport and metabolism, neurotrophic signaling (eg, FGF, BDNF and VGF), and MAP kinase pathways. Increases in these pathways in the brains of animals exposed to electroconvulsive shock and antidepressant treatments identify neurotrophic and angiogenic growth factors and second messenger stimulation as therapeutic approaches for the treatment of depression.
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29
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Prasad AA, Pasterkamp RJ. Axon guidance in the dopamine system. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 651:91-100. [PMID: 19731554 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0322-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Meso-diencephalic dopamine neurons (mdDA) neurons are located in the retrorubral field (RRF), substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) and give rise to prominent ascending axon projections. These so-called mesotelencephalic projections are organized into three main pathways: the mesostriatal, mesocortical and mesolimbic pathways. Mesotelencephalic pathways in the adult nervous system have been studied in much detail as a result of their important physiological functions and their implication in psychiatric, neurological and neurodegenerative disease. In comparison, relatively little is known about the formation of these projection systems during embryonic and postnatal development. However, understanding the formation of mdDA neurons and their projections is essential for the design of effective therapies for mdDA neuron-associated neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. Here we summarize our current knowledge of the ontogeny of mdDA axon projections in subsystems of the developing rodent central nervous system (CNS) and discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate mdDA axon guidance in these CNS regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asheeta A Prasad
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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30
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Meurers BH, Zhu C, Fernagut PO, Richter F, Hsia YC, Fleming SM, Oh M, Elashoff D, Dicarlo CD, Seaman RL, Chesselet MF. Low dose rotenone treatment causes selective transcriptional activation of cell death related pathways in dopaminergic neurons in vivo. Neurobiol Dis 2008; 33:182-92. [PMID: 19013527 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Revised: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial complex I inhibition has been implicated in the degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons in Parkinson's disease. However, the mechanisms and pathways that determine the cellular fate of DA neurons downstream of the mitochondrial dysfunction have not been fully identified. We conducted cell-type specific gene array experiments with nigral DA neurons from rats treated with the complex I inhibitor, rotenone, at a dose that does not induce cell death. The genome wide screen identified transcriptional changes in multiple cell death related pathways that are indicative of a simultaneous activation of both degenerative and protective mechanisms. Quantitative PCR analyses of a subset of these genes in different neuronal populations of the basal ganglia revealed that some of the changes are specific for DA neurons, suggesting that these neurons are highly sensitive to rotenone. Our data provide insight into potentially defensive strategies of DA neurons against disease relevant insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Meurers
- Department of Neurology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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31
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Boger HA, Middaugh LD, Zaman V, Hoffer B, Granholm AC. Differential effects of the dopamine neurotoxin MPTP in animals with a partial deletion of the GDNF receptor, GFR alpha1, gene. Brain Res 2008; 1241:18-28. [PMID: 18822276 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Revised: 08/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) superfamily, is a potent neurotrophic protein promoting the survival and maintenance of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra during development and adulthood. DA neurons that project to the striatum in the nigrostriatal pathway express GDNF receptors, GFR alpha1. The purpose of this study was to determine whether these neurons are especially sensitive to neurotoxic insults. Therefore, we examined effects of the dopaminergic toxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) on locomotion and DA neurons in 26-month-old male GFR alpha1 heterozygous (GFR alpha1(+/-)) mice compared to aged-matched wild-type (WT) littermates. MPTP gave rise to increased locomotion, regardless of genotype, while GFR alpha1(+/-) mice treated with saline exhibited lower spontaneous locomotion, compared to WT mice. Moreover, GFR alpha1(+/-) saline mice had fewer TH-positive neurons, greater expression of inflammatory markers (CD45 immunostaining and phosphorylated p38 MAPK) in the nigra, and reduced striatal TH staining. MPTP exacerbated these effects, with the lowest density of striatal TH and highest density of nigral CD45 and phospho-p38 MAPK immunoreactivity observed in GFR alpha1(+/-) mice. The findings point to increased sensitivity of the DAergic system with age and neurotoxic exposure as a result of a genetic reduction of GFR alpha1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Boger
- Department of Neurosciences, Center on Aging, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Pattarini R, Rong Y, Qu C, Morgan JI. Distinct mechanisms of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidine resistance revealed by transcriptome mapping in mouse striatum. Neuroscience 2008; 155:1174-94. [PMID: 18675323 PMCID: PMC2632608 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of idiopathic Parkinson's disease is thought to involve interplay between environmental factors and predisposing genetic traits, although the identification of genetic risk factors remain elusive. The neurotoxicant, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidine (MPTP) produces parkinsonian-like symptoms and pathology in mice and humans. As sensitivity to MPTP is genetically determined in mice this provides an opportunity to identify genes and biological mechanisms that modify the response to an exogenous agent that produces a Parkinson's disease-like condition. MPTP primarily targets dopaminergic nerve terminals in the striatum and elicits changes in striatal gene expression. Therefore, we used Affymetrix and qRT-PCR technology to characterize temporal mRNA changes in striatum in response to MPTP in genetically MPTP-sensitive, C57BL/6J, and MPTP-resistant Swiss Webster and BCL2-associated X protein (Bax)-/- mice. We identified three phases of mRNA expression changes composed of largely distinct gene sets. An early response (5 h) occurred in all strains of mice and multiple brain regions. In contrast, intermediate (24 h) and late (72 h) phases were striatum specific and much reduced in Swiss Webster, indicating these genes contribute and/or are responsive to MPTP-induced pathology. However, Bax-/- mice have robust intermediate responses. We propose a model in which the acute entry of MPP+ into dopaminergic nerve terminals damages them but is insufficient per se to kill the neurons. Rather, we suggest that the compromised nerve terminals elicit longer lasting transcriptional responses in surrounding cells involving production of molecules that feedback on the terminals to cause additional damage that results in cell death. In Swiss Webster, resistance lies upstream in the cascade of events triggered by MPTP and uncouples the acute events elicited by MPTP from the damaging secondary responses. In contrast, in Bax-/- mice resistance lies downstream in the cascade and suggests enhanced tolerance to the secondary insult rather than its attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pattarini
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105
| | - Yongqi Rong
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105
| | - Chunxu Qu
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105
| | - James I. Morgan
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105
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Saavedra A, Baltazar G, Duarte EP. Driving GDNF expression: the green and the red traffic lights. Prog Neurobiol 2008; 86:186-215. [PMID: 18824211 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is widely recognized as a potent survival factor for dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal pathway that degenerate in Parkinson's disease (PD). In animal models of PD, GDNF delivery to the striatum or the substantia nigra protects dopaminergic neurons against subsequent toxin-induced injury and rescues previously damaged neurons, promoting recovery of the motor function. Thus, GDNF was proposed as a potential therapy to PD aimed at slowing down, halting or reversing neurodegeneration, an issue addressed in previous reviews. However, the use of GDNF as a therapeutic agent for PD is hampered by the difficulty in delivering it to the brain. Another potential strategy is to stimulate the endogenous expression of GDNF, but in order to do that we need to understand how GDNF expression is regulated. The aim of this review is to do a comprehensive analysis of the state of the art on the control of endogenous GDNF expression in the nervous system, focusing mainly on the nigrostriatal pathway. We address the control of GDNF expression during development, in the adult brain and after injury, and how damaged neurons signal glial cells to up-regulate GDNF. Pharmacological agents or natural molecules that increase GDNF expression and show neuroprotective activity in animal models of PD are reviewed. We also provide an integrated overview of the signalling pathways linking receptors for these molecules to the induction of GDNF gene, which might also become targets for neuroprotective therapies in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Saavedra
- Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Carrer Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
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MANDEL SILVIA, GRUNBLATT EDNA, RIEDERER PETER, AMARIGLIO NINETTE, HIRSCH JASMINEJACOB, RECHAVI GIDEON, YOUDIM MOUSSABH. Gene Expression Profiling of Sporadic Parkinson's Disease Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Reveals Impairment of Ubiquitin-Proteasome Subunits, SKP1A, Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, and Chaperone HSC-70. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2005.tb00044.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Chin MH, Qian WJ, Wang H, Petyuk VA, Bloom JS, Sforza DM, Laćan G, Liu D, Khan AH, Cantor RM, Bigelow DJ, Melega WP, Camp DG, Smith RD, Smith DJ. Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and apoptosis revealed by proteomic and transcriptomic analyses of the striata in two mouse models of Parkinson's disease. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:666-77. [PMID: 18173235 DOI: 10.1021/pr070546l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the changes in the nigrostriatal pathway in Parkinson's disease (PD) are not completely understood. Here, we use mass spectrometry and microarrays to study the proteomic and transcriptomic changes in the striatum of two mouse models of PD, induced by the distinct neurotoxins 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and methamphetamine (METH). Proteomic analyses resulted in the identification and relative quantification of 912 proteins with two or more unique peptides and 86 proteins with significant abundance changes following neurotoxin treatment. Similarly, microarray analyses revealed 181 genes with significant changes in mRNA, following neurotoxin treatment. The combined protein and gene list provides a clearer picture of the potential mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration observed in PD. Functional analysis of this combined list revealed a number of significant categories, including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress response, and apoptosis. These results constitute one of the largest descriptive data sets integrating protein and transcript changes for these neurotoxin models with many similar end point phenotypes but distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Chin
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Human Genetics, Laboratory of NeuroImaging, Department of Neurology, and Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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MacKenzie EL, Ray PD, Tsuji Y. Role and regulation of ferritin H in rotenone-mediated mitochondrial oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44:1762-71. [PMID: 18325346 PMCID: PMC2682214 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tight regulation of intracellular iron levels in response to mitochondrial dysfunction is an important mechanism that prevents oxidative stress, thereby limiting cellular damage. Here, we describe a cytoprotective response involving transcriptional activation of the ferritin H gene in response to the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor and neurotoxic compound rotenone. Rotenone exposure increased ferritin H mRNA and protein synthesis in NIH3T3 fibroblasts and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Transient transfection of a ferritin H promoter-luciferase reporter into NIH3T3 cells showed that ferritin H was transcriptionally activated by rotenone through an antioxidant-responsive element (ARE). Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that rotenone treatment enhanced binding of Nrf2 and JunD transcription factors to the ARE. In addition, rotenone induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine abrogated ferritin H mRNA induction by rotenone, suggesting that this response is oxidative stress-mediated. Furthermore, reduced ferritin H expression by siRNA sensitized cells to rotenone-induced apoptosis with increased ROS production and annexin V-positive cells. Taken together, these results suggest that ferritin H transcription is activated by rotenone via an oxidative stress-mediated pathway leading to ARE activation and may be critically important to protect cells from mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L MacKenzie
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7633, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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37
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Sakai R, Irie Y, Murata T, Ishige A, Anjiki N, Watanabe K. Toki-to protects dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra from neurotoxicity of MPTP in mice. Phytother Res 2007; 21:868-73. [PMID: 17486689 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease of the brain characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). No clinically proven drugs that may halt or retard the progression of PD have been reported. This study examined the anti-PD effect of a traditional Japanese/Chinese herbal remedy Toki-to (TKT) using mice treated with a neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydroxypyridine (MPTP). TKT showed improvement of MPTP-induced PD-like symptoms (bradykinesia) in a behavioral test (pole test). Histological studies of SNs from these mice demonstrated that TKT had a protective effect on dopaminergic neurons against MPTP neurotoxicity. Real-time RT-PCR analyses of mRNA from SNs demonstrated that expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine transporter (DAT) genes were decreased by MPTP treatment and that these decreases were reversed by TKT administration prior to MPTP treatment. DNA microarray analyses indicated that TKT per se suppressed gene expression of serum- and glucocorticoid regulated kinase (SGK) that is believed to be a molecule that drives the pathogenesis of PD. Hence, it is suggested that TKT may inhibit the activation of SGK at the transcriptional level and thusmay participate in halting the progression of MPTP-induced neurotoxicity.
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MESH Headings
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal
- Dopamine/metabolism
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Japan
- Male
- Medicine, Traditional
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neuroprotective Agents/administration & dosage
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use
- Parkinsonian Disorders/chemically induced
- Parkinsonian Disorders/drug therapy
- Phytotherapy
- Plants, Medicinal
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Substantia Nigra/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Sakai
- Department of Oriental Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Japan
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38
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Yuan H, Zheng JC, Liu P, Zhang SF, Xu JY, Bai LM. Pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease: oxidative stress, environmental impact factors and inflammatory processes. Neurosci Bull 2007; 23:125-30. [PMID: 17592536 PMCID: PMC5550597 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-007-0018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Current hypothesis of neuronal degeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD) have been proposed, including formation of free radicals and oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, trophic factor deficiency, inflammatory processes, genetic factors, environmental impact factors, toxic action of nitric oxide, apoptosis, and so on. This review mainly discussed oxidative stress, environmental impact factors, and inflammatory processes in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yuan
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, the General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing 100039, China.
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39
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Song S, Friedmann T. Tissue-specific Aberrations of Gene Expression in HPRT-deficient Mice: Functional Complexity in a Monogenic Disease? Mol Ther 2007; 15:1432-43. [PMID: 17505472 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) enzyme-deficient mouse model of human Lesch-Nyhan disease (LND) to examine the tissue-specificity of altered global gene expression in a genetically "simple" monogenic human disease. We have identified a number of genes and gene families whose expression is aberrant in the mouse knockout model of the LND, and we have identified different patterns of aberrant gene expression in two principal target tissues associated with the disease phenotype, i.e., the central nervous system and the liver. The major neurological phenotype reflects dysfunction of the dopamine neurotransmitter system in the basal ganglia, and we have now identified aberrant expression of a small number of genes in HPRT-deficient striata. The abnormal metabolic phenotype of hyperuricemia in HPRT-deficient mice is also reflected in an aberrant gene expression in the liver. We interpret these findings to suggest that the genetic consequences of a primary HPRT knockout in the mouse produces transcriptional aberrations in a number of other genes that may play a role in the disease phenotype. Knowledge of these secondary genetic defects may help in the identification of targets for drug- and gene-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaochun Song
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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40
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Kuhn M, Haebig K, Bonin M, Ninkina N, Buchmann VL, Poths S, Riess O. Whole genome expression analyses of single- and double-knock-out mice implicate partially overlapping functions of alpha- and gamma-synuclein. Neurogenetics 2007; 8:71-81. [PMID: 17318638 PMCID: PMC3306239 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-007-0079-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Accepted: 01/22/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
alpha-Synuclein has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. The function of alpha-synuclein has not been deciphered yet; however, it might play a role in vesicle function, transport, or as a chaperone. alpha-Synuclein belongs to a family of three proteins, which includes beta- and gamma-synuclein. gamma-Synuclein shares 60% similarity with alpha-synuclein. Similar to alpha-synuclein, a physiological function for gamma-synuclein has not been defined yet, but it has been implicated in tumorgenesis and neurodegeneration. Interestingly, neither alpha- (SNCA(-/-)), gamma- (SNCG(-/-)), nor alpha/gamma- (SNCA_G(-/-)) deficient mice are present with any obvious phenotype. Using microarray analysis, we thus investigated whether deficiency of alpha- and gamma-synuclein leads to similar compensatory mechanisms at the RNA level and whether similar transcriptional signatures are altered in the brain. Sixty-five genes were differentially expressed in all mice. SNCA(-/-) mice and SNCG(-/-) mice shared 84 differentially expressed genes, SNCA(-/-) and SNCA_G(-/-) expressed 79 genes, and SNCG(-/-) and SNCA_G(-/-) expressed 148 genes. For many of the physiological pathways such as dopamine receptor signaling (down-regulated), cellular development, nervous system function, and cell death (up-regulated), we found groups of genes that were similarly altered in SNCA(-/-) and SNCG(-/-) mice. In one of the pathways altered in both models, we found Mapk1 as the core transcript. Other gene groups, however, such as TGF-beta signaling and apoptosis pathways genes were significantly up-regulated in the SNCA(-/-) mice but down-regulated in SNCG(-/-) mice. beta-synuclein expression was not significantly altered in any of the models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Kuhn
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Karina Haebig
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- Microarray Facility, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Michael Bonin
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- Microarray Facility, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Natalia Ninkina
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3US, UK
| | | | - Sven Poths
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- Microarray Facility, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Riess
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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41
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Anantharam V, Lehrmann E, Kanthasamy A, Yang Y, Banerjee P, Becker KG, Freed WJ, Kanthasamy AG. Microarray analysis of oxidative stress regulated genes in mesencephalic dopaminergic neuronal cells: relevance to oxidative damage in Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2007; 50:834-47. [PMID: 17397968 PMCID: PMC1950670 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Revised: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death have been implicated in the dopaminergic cell loss that characterizes Parkinson's disease. While factors contributing to apoptotic cell death are not well characterized, oxidative stress is known to activate an array of cell signaling molecules that participate in apoptotic cell death mechanisms. We investigated oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in three cell lines, the dopaminergic mesencephalon-derived N27 cell line, the GABAergic striatum-derived M213-20 cell line, and the hippocampal HN2-5 cell line. N27 cells were more sensitive to H2O2-induced cell death than M213-20 and HN2-5 cells. H2O2 induced significantly greater increases in caspase-3 activity in N27 cells than in M213-20 cells. H2O2-induced apoptotic cell death in N27 cells was mediated by caspase-3-dependent proteolytic activation of PKCdelta. Gene expression microarrays were employed to examine the specific transcriptional changes in N27 cells exposed to 100 microM H2O2 for 4 h. Changes in genes encoding pro- or anti-apoptotic proteins included up-regulation of BIK, PAWR, STAT5B, NPAS2, Jun B, MEK4, CCT7, PPP3CC, and PSDM3, while key down-regulated genes included BNIP3, NPTXR, RAGA, STK6, YWHAH, and MAP2K1. Overall, the changes indicate a modulation of transcriptional activity, chaperone activity, kinase activity, and apoptotic activity that appears highly specific, coordinated and relevant to cell survival. Utilizing this in vitro model to identify novel oxidative stress-regulated genes may be useful in unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying dopaminergic degeneration in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vellareddy Anantharam
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Elin Lehrmann
- Cellular Neurobiology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Arthi Kanthasamy
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Yongjie Yang
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Probal Banerjee
- City University of New York Staten Island, Department of Chemistry and Neuroscience Program, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Kevin G. Becker
- Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, Research Resources Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William J. Freed
- Cellular Neurobiology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anumantha G. Kanthasamy
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Abstract
Growing evidence suggests an involvement of iron in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Several of the diseases are associated with parkinsonian syndromes, induced by degeneration of basal ganglia regions that contain the highest amount of iron within the brain. The group of neurodegenerative disorders associated with parkinsonian syndromes with increased brain iron content can be devided into two groups: (1) parkinsonian syndromes associated with brain iron accumulation, including Parkinson's disease, diffuse Lewy body disease, parkinsonian type of multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal ganglionic degeneration, and Westphal variant of Huntington's disease; and (2) monogenetically caused disturbances of brain iron metabolism associated with parkinsonian syndromes, including aceruloplasminemia, hereditary ferritinopathies affecting the basal ganglia, and panthotenate kinase associated neurodegeneration type 2. Although it is still a matter of debate whether iron accumulation is a primary cause or secondary event in the first group, there is no doubt that iron-induced oxidative stress contributes to neurodegeneration. Parallels concerning pathophysiological as well as clinical aspects can be drawn between disorders of both groups. Results from animal models and reduction of iron overload combined with at least partial relief of symptoms by application of iron chelators in patients of the second group give hope that targeting the iron overload might be one possibility to slow down the neurodegenerative cascade also in the first group of inevitably progressive neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Berg
- Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tübingen, Germany.
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Abstract
Although the pathophysiology underlying a number of neurodegenerative diseases is complex and, in many aspects, only partly understood, increased iron levels in pathologically relevant brain areas and iron-mediated oxidative stress seem to play a central role in many of them. Much has been learned from monogenetically caused disturbances of brain iron metabolism including pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration type 2, hereditary ferritinopathies affecting the basal ganglia, and aceruloplasminemia that may well be applied to the most common neurodegenerative disorders associated with brain iron accumulation including Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease. Iron-mediated oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases caused by other genetic pathways like Huntington disease and Friedreich ataxia underscore the complex interaction of this trace metal and genetic variations. Therapeutical strategies derived from application of iron chelators in monogenetically caused disturbances of brain iron metabolism and new iron and oxidative stress diminishing substances in animal models of Parkinson disease are promising and warrant further investigational effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Berg
- Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Scherzer CR, Eklund AC, Morse LJ, Liao Z, Locascio JJ, Fefer D, Schwarzschild MA, Schlossmacher MG, Hauser MA, Vance JM, Sudarsky LR, Standaert DG, Growdon JH, Jensen RV, Gullans SR. Molecular markers of early Parkinson's disease based on gene expression in blood. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:955-60. [PMID: 17215369 PMCID: PMC1766335 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610204104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) progresses relentlessly and affects five million people worldwide. Laboratory tests for PD are critically needed for developing treatments designed to slow or prevent progression of the disease. We performed a transcriptome-wide scan in 105 individuals to interrogate the molecular processes perturbed in cellular blood of patients with early-stage PD. The molecular multigene marker here identified is associated with risk of PD in 66 samples of the training set comprising healthy and disease controls [third tertile cross-validated odds ratio of 5.7 (P for trend 0.005)]. It is further validated in 39 independent test samples [third tertile odds ratio of 5.1 (P for trend 0.04)]. Insights into disease-linked processes detectable in peripheral blood are offered by 22 unique genes differentially expressed in patients with PD versus healthy individuals. These include the co-chaperone ST13, which stabilizes heat-shock protein 70, a modifier of alpha-synuclein misfolding and toxicity. ST13 messenger RNA copies are lower in patients with PD (mean +/- SE 0.59 +/- 0.05) than in controls (0.96 +/- 0.09) (P = 0.002) in two independent populations. Thus, gene expression signals measured in blood can facilitate the development of biomarkers for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens R Scherzer
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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45
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Sagi Y, Mandel S, Amit T, Youdim MBH. Activation of tyrosine kinase receptor signaling pathway by rasagiline facilitates neurorescue and restoration of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons in post-MPTP-induced parkinsonism. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 25:35-44. [PMID: 17055733 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Revised: 07/04/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-Parkinson monoamine oxidase (MAO)-B inhibitor rasagiline (Azilect) was shown to possess neuroprotective activities, involving the induction of brain-derived- and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF, GDNF). Employing conventional neurochemical techniques, transcriptomics and proteomic screening tools combined with a biology-based clustering method, we show that rasagiline, given chronically post-MPTP (N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine), exerts neurorescue/neurotrophic activity in mice midbrain dopamine neurons. Rasagiline induced the activation of cell signaling mediators associated with neurotrophic factors responsive-tyrosine kinase receptor (Trk) pathway including ShcC, SOS, AF6, Rin1 and Ras and the increase in the Trk-downstream effector phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) protein. Confirmatory Western and immunohistochemical analyses indicated activation of the substrate of PI3K, Akt and phosphorylative inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta and Raf1. Thus, the activation of Ras-PI3K-Akt survival pathway may contribute to rasagiline-mediated neurorescue effect. It is interesting to determine whether a similar effect is seen in parkinsonian patients after long-term treatment with rasagiline.
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MESH Headings
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA, Complementary/biosynthesis
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Dopamine/physiology
- Dopamine Agents
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Indans/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Nerve Degeneration/pathology
- Nerve Degeneration/prevention & control
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/biosynthesis
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/physiology
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Parkinson Disease, Secondary/chemically induced
- Parkinson Disease, Secondary/drug therapy
- Parkinson Disease, Secondary/pathology
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/drug effects
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/physiology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Substantia Nigra/drug effects
- Substantia Nigra/pathology
- Substantia Nigra/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yotam Sagi
- Eve Topf and USA National Parkinson Foundation, Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Department of Pharmacology, Technion-Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, POB 9697, 31096 Haifa, Israel
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46
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Saavedra A, Baltazar G, Duarte EP. Interleukin-1beta mediates GDNF up-regulation upon dopaminergic injury in ventral midbrain cell cultures. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 25:92-104. [PMID: 17027275 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2006] [Revised: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/25/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently proposed the involvement of diffusible modulators in signalling astrocytes to increase glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) expression after selective dopaminergic injury by H2O2 or L-DOPA. Here we report that interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) is involved in this crosstalk between injured neurons and astrocytes. IL-1beta was detected only in the media from challenged neuron-glia cultures. Exogenous IL-1beta did not change GDNF protein levels in astrocyte cultures, and diminished GDNF levels in neuron-glia cultures. This decrease was not due to cell loss, as assessed by the MTT assay and immunocytochemistry. Neither H2O2 nor L-DOPA induced microglia proliferation or appeared to change its activation state. The IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) prevented GDNF up-regulation in challenged cultures, showing that IL-1beta is involved in the signalling between injured neurons and astrocytes. Since IL-1ra decreased the number of dopaminergic neurons in H2O2-treated cultures, we propose that IL-1 has a neuroprotective role in this system involving GDNF up-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Saavedra
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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47
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Coppola G, Geschwind DH. Technology Insight: querying the genome with microarrays--progress and hope for neurological disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 2:147-58. [PMID: 16932541 DOI: 10.1038/ncpneuro0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2005] [Accepted: 01/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The ability to perform large-scale analysis of the genome at the level of gene sequence, gene copy number and messenger RNA transcript expression characterizes the post-genomic era. In the past decade, the microarray-based approach has emerged as one of the major tools in this area of genome biology, contributing to advances in the understanding of Mendelian and complex neurological disorders. Despite technical issues regarding design, data analysis and validation that have to be addressed in the planning and interpretation of a microarray study, microarray-based approaches for studying transcript expression, single-nucleotide-polymorphism genotyping and gene resequencing are becoming more widely adopted. Genomic microarrays are providing an unprecedented opportunity to dissect the genetic risk for complex neurological disorders. Numerous clinical and preclinical applications are likely to dominate the ambitious microarray agenda within the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Coppola
- Neurogenetics Program, Center for Autism Research, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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48
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Abstract
Neurological disease (ND) is one of the greatest challenges facing our population, from medical, financial, and social perspectives. The application of new research approaches to understand the underlying pathogenesis of ND is critical. In this article, we review the use of microarray analysis in Parkinson's disease (PD). Microarrays have tremendous power, simultaneously querying the expression of tens of thousands of genes from a given biological sample. Coupled with impressive advances in statistical tools for analyzing large, complex data sets, well-designed microarray experiments are poised to make a big impact in the field of ND. Parkinson's disease is a devastating neurodegenerative disease well suited to a systems-based microarray analysis. Genetic and environmental rodent models of PD emulate many of the cardinal features of human PD, providing the unique opportunity to compare gene expression profiles from different etiologies of the same disease. The elucidation of important gene expression patterns during disease will make possible identification of genetic susceptibility markers, biomarkers of disease progression, and new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee M. Miller
- />Center for Aging and Developmental Biology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 645, 14642 Rochester, NY
| | - Howard J. Federoff
- />Center for Aging and Developmental Biology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 645, 14642 Rochester, NY
- />Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
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49
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Moreschi I, Bruzzone S, Nicholas RA, Fruscione F, Sturla L, Benvenuto F, Usai C, Meis S, Kassack MU, Zocchi E, De Flora A. Extracellular NAD+ is an agonist of the human P2Y11 purinergic receptor in human granulocytes. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:31419-29. [PMID: 16926152 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m606625200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Micromolar concentrations of extracellular beta-NAD+ (NAD(e)+) activate human granulocytes (superoxide and NO generation and chemotaxis) by triggering: (i) overproduction of cAMP, (ii) activation of protein kinase A, (iii) stimulation of ADP-ribosyl cyclase and overproduction of cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR), a universal Ca2+ mobilizer, and (iv) influx of extracellular Ca2+. Here we demonstrate that exposure of granulocytes to millimolar rather than to micromolar NAD(e)+ generates both inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and cAMP, with a two-step elevation of intracellular calcium levels ([Ca2+]i): a rapid, IP3-mediated Ca2+ release, followed by a sustained influx of extracellular Ca2+ mediated by cADPR. Suramin, an inhibitor of P2Y receptors, abrogated NAD(e)+-induced intracellular increases of IP3, cAMP, cADPR, and [Ca2+]i, suggesting a role for a P2Y receptor coupled to both phospholipase C and adenylyl cyclase. The P2Y(11) receptor is the only known member of the P2Y receptor subfamily coupled to both phospholipase C and adenylyl cyclase. Therefore, we performed experiments on hP2Y(11)-transfected 1321N1 astrocytoma cells: micromolar NAD(e)+ promoted a two-step elevation of the [Ca2+]i due to the enhanced intracellular production of IP3, cAMP, and cADPR in 1321N1-hP2Y(11) but not in untransfected 1321N1 cells. In human granulocytes NF157, a selective and potent inhibitor of P2Y(11), and the down-regulation of P2Y(11) expression by short interference RNA prevented NAD(e)+-induced intracellular increases of [Ca2+]i and chemotaxis. These results demonstrate that beta-NAD(e)+ is an agonist of the P2Y(11) purinoceptor and that P2Y(11) is the endogenous receptor in granulocytes mediating the sustained [Ca2+]i increase responsible for their functional activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliana Moreschi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV/1, 16132 Genova, Italy
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50
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Li A, Guo H, Luo X, Sheng J, Yang S, Yin Y, Zhou J, Zhou J. Apomorphine-induced activation of dopamine receptors modulates FGF-2 expression in astrocytic cultures and promotes survival of dopaminergic neurons. FASEB J 2006; 20:1263-5. [PMID: 16636101 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-5510fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Apomorphine (APO), a potent D1/D2 dopamine receptor agonist, is currently used as an antiparkinsonian drug. We have shown previously that APO stimulates synthesis and release of multiple trophic factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), in both mesencephalic and striatal neurons, thereby effectively preventing dopaminergic neuron loss in vitro. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of APO on fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) expression and regulation in astrocytes, and furthermore, to identify signaling mechanisms underlying these effects. Here, we show that FGF-2 expression is robustly induced in cultured astrocytes in response to APO. FGF-2 expression was proportional to APO concentration and time-dependent. Conversely, treatment with S-APO, a derivative of R-APO lacking DA receptor agonist activity, did not alter FGF-2 levels. APO treatment resulted in enhanced cytosol FGF-2 immunoreactivity, export of high MW forms of FGF-2 to the cytoplasm from the nucleus and increased extracellular release of FGF-2. Interestingly, both high and low MW forms of FGF-2 were detectable in conditioned medium of APO-treated cultures. This APO-induced effect was correlated with activation of D1 and D2 receptors, as it could be either mimicked by dopamine receptor agonists (SKF38393, quinpirole) or partially blocked by antagonists (SCH23390, SKF83566, haloperidol). Activation of the D1 receptor preferentially increased PKA activity, whereas activation of the D2 receptor only promoted phosphorylation of MAPK. Importantly, APO-modulated FGF-2 expression was independent of Akt/phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling. These data suggest that APO can enhance biosynthesis and release of FGF-2 through activation of dopamine receptors in striatal astrocytes. Both cAMP/PKA and MEK/MAPK signaling cascades are major steps mediating this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqun Li
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Rd., Shanghai 200031, PR China
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