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Ganesh T. Targeting EP2 Receptor for Drug Discovery: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) Analysis. J Med Chem 2023; 66:9313-9324. [PMID: 37458373 PMCID: PMC10388357 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 (COX1 and COX2) derived endogenous ligand prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) triggers several physiological and pathological conditions. It mediates signaling through four G-protein coupled receptors, EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4. Among these, EP2 is expressed throughout the body including the brain and uterus. The functional role of EP2 has been extensively studied using EP2 gene knockout mice, cellular models, and selective small molecule agonists and antagonists for this receptor. The efficacy data from in vitro and in vivo animal models indicate that EP2 receptor is a major proinflammatory mediator with deleterious functions in a variety of diseases suggesting a path forward for EP2 inhibitors as the next generation of selective anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative agents. Interestingly in certain diseases, EP2 action is beneficial; therefore, EP2 agonists seem to be clinically useful. Here, we highlight the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and potential threats (SWOT analysis) for targeting EP2 receptor for therapeutic development for a variety of unmet clinical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thota Ganesh
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical
Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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2
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Wautier JL, Wautier MP. Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Prostaglandins and Cytokines in Humans: A Mini Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119647. [PMID: 37298597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation has been described for two millennia, but cellular aspects and the paradigm involving different mediators have been identified in the recent century. Two main groups of molecules, the prostaglandins (PG) and the cytokines, have been discovered and play a major role in inflammatory processes. The activation of prostaglandins PGE2, PGD2 and PGI2 results in prominent symptoms during cardiovascular and rheumatoid diseases. The balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory compounds is nowadays a challenge for more targeted therapeutic approaches. The first cytokine was described more than a century ago and is now a part of different families of cytokines (38 interleukins), including the IL-1 and IL-6 families and TNF and TGFβ families. Cytokines can perform a dual role, being growth promotors or inhibitors and having pro- and anti-inflammatory properties. The complex interactions between cytokines, vascular cells and immune cells are responsible for dramatic conditions and lead to the concept of cytokine storm observed during sepsis, multi-organ failure and, recently, in some cases of COVID-19 infection. Cytokines such as interferon and hematopoietic growth factor have been used as therapy. Alternatively, the inhibition of cytokine functions has been largely developed using anti-interleukin or anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of sepsis or chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Wautier
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Denis Diderot Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Paule Wautier
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Denis Diderot Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
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3
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Rawat V, Banik A, Amaradhi R, Rojas A, Taval S, Nagy T, Dingledine R, Ganesh T. Pharmacological antagonism of EP2 receptor does not modify basal cardiovascular and respiratory function, blood cell counts, and bone morphology in animal models. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 147:112646. [PMID: 35091236 PMCID: PMC8854338 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The EP2 receptor has emerged as a therapeutic target with exacerbating role in disease pathology for a variety of peripheral and central nervous system disorders. We and others have recently demonstrated beneficial effects of EP2 antagonists in preclinical models of neuroinflammation and peripheral inflammation. However, it was earlier reported that mice with global EP2 knockout (KO) display adverse phenotypes on fertility and blood pressure. Other studies indicated that EP2 activation with an agonist has a beneficial effect of healing fractured bone in animal models. These results impeded the development of EP2 antagonists, and EP2 antagonism as therapeutic strategy. To determine whether treatment with EP2 antagonist mimics the adverse phenotypes of the EP2 global KO mouse, we tested two EP2 antagonists TG11-77. HCl and TG6-10-1 in mice and rats while they are on normal or high-salt diet, and by two different administration protocols (acute and chronic). There were no adverse effects of the antagonists on systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory function in mice and rats regardless of rodents being on a regular or high salt diet. Furthermore, chronic exposure to TG11-77. HCl produced no adverse effects on blood cell counts, bone-volume and bone-mineral density in mice. Our findings argue against adverse effects on cardiovascular and respiratory systems, blood counts and bone structure in healthy rodents from the use of small molecule reversible antagonists for EP2, in contrast to the genetic ablation model. This study paves the way for advancing therapeutic applications of EP2 antagonists against diseases involving EP2 dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Rawat
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Avijit Banik
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Radhika Amaradhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Asheebo Rojas
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | | | - Tamas Nagy
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens GA 30602
| | - Raymond Dingledine
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Thota Ganesh
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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4
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Yu T, Wang P, Wu Y, Zhong J, Chen Q, Wang D, Chen H, Hu S, Wu Q. MiR-26a Reduces Inflammatory Responses via Inhibition of PGE2 Production by Targeting COX-2. Inflammation 2022; 45:1484-1495. [PMID: 35083625 PMCID: PMC8791555 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01631-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNA regulatory molecules that play an important role in the development and function of immune cells. MicroRNA-26a (miR-26a) exhibits anti-inflammatory immune effects on immune cells. However, the exact mechanism by which miR-26a plays an anti-inflammatory role remains unclear. Here, we report that miR-26a reduces inflammatory response via inhibition of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production by targeting cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). We found that miR-26a was downregulated in vitro and in vivo. The miR-26a mimic significantly decreased COX-2 protein levels, further inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine production in LPS-stimulated macrophages. We predicted that miR-26a could potentially target COX-2 in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Computational algorithms showed that the 3'-UTR of COX-2 mRNA contains a binding site for miR-26a. This putative targeting relationship between miR-26a and COX-2 was further confirmed by a dual-reporter gene assay. The anti-inflammatory effects of the miR-26a mimic were diminished by PGE2 supplementation. Importantly, miR-26a mimics protected mice from lethal endotoxic shock and attenuated pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Collectively, these results suggest that miR-26a may function as a novel feedback negative regulator of the hyperinflammatory response and as a drug target for the progression of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, HaiKou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxia Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, HaiKou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingbo Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, HaiKou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingshu Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, HaiKou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Daimei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, HaiKou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, HaiKou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengfeng Hu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiongshi Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, HaiKou, 510080, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Gorica E, Calderone V. Arachidonic Acid Derivatives and Neuroinflammation. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 21:118-129. [PMID: 33557740 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210208130412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is characterized by dysregulated inflammatory responses localized within the brain and spinal cord. Neuroinflammation plays a pivotal role in the onset of several neurodegenerative disorders and is considered a typical feature of these disorders. Microglia perform primary immune surveillance and macrophage-like activities within the central nervous system. Activated microglia are predominant players in the central nervous system response to damage related to stroke, trauma, and infection. Moreover, microglial activation per se leads to a proinflammatory response and oxidative stress. During the release of cytokines and chemokines, cyclooxygenases and phospholipase A2 are stimulated. Elevated levels of these compounds play a significant role in immune cell recruitment into the brain. Cyclic phospholipase A2 plays a fundamental role in the production of prostaglandins by releasing arachidonic acid. In turn, arachidonic acid is biotransformed through different routes into several mediators that are endowed with pivotal roles in the regulation of inflammatory processes. Some experimental models of neuroinflammation exhibit an increase in cyclic phospholipase A2, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins such as prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin D2, or prostacyclin. However, findings on the role of the prostacyclin receptors have revealed that their signalling suppresses Th2-mediated inflammatory responses. In addition, other in vitro evidence suggests that prostaglandin E2 may inhibit the production of some inflammatory cytokines, attenuating inflammatory events such as mast cell degranulation or inflammatory leukotriene production. Based on these conflicting experimental data, the role of arachidonic acid derivatives in neuroinflammation remains a challenging issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Era Gorica
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa. Italy
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Kim DH, Lee HJ, Choi G, Kim OH, Lee KG, Yeo JH, Lee JY, Lee SH, Youn YC, Lee JH, Paik HD, Lee WB, Kim SS, Jung HY. Erratum to: Milk Containing BF-7 Enhances the Learning and Memory, Attention, and Mathematical Ability of Normal Persons. Food Sci Anim Resour 2020. [PMID: 32969413 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2009.29.2.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2009.29.2.278.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Hee Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Gooihun Choi
- Division of Animal Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Ok-Hyeon Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Kwang-Gill Lee
- Applied Entomology Division, Department of Sericulture and Entomology, National Academy of Agriculture Science, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Joo-Hong Yeo
- Applied Entomology Division, Department of Sericulture and Entomology, National Academy of Agriculture Science, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Jun-Young Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, Korea
| | - Sang Hyung Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, Korea
| | - Young Chul Youn
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Jang Han Lee
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Hyun-Dong Paik
- Division of Animal Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Won Bok Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Sung-Su Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Hee-Yeon Jung
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, Korea
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Amaradhi R, Banik A, Mohammed S, Patro V, Rojas A, Wang W, Motati DR, Dingledine R, Ganesh T. Potent, Selective, Water Soluble, Brain-Permeable EP2 Receptor Antagonist for Use in Central Nervous System Disease Models. J Med Chem 2020; 63:1032-1050. [PMID: 31904232 PMCID: PMC7394479 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Activation of prostanoid EP2 receptor exacerbates neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative pathology in central nervous system diseases such as epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, and cerebral aneurysms. A selective and brain-permeable EP2 antagonist will be useful to attenuate the inflammatory consequences of EP2 activation and to reduce the severity of these chronic diseases. We recently developed a brain-permeable EP2 antagonist 1 (TG6-10-1), which displayed anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective actions in rodent models of status epilepticus. However, this compound exhibited moderate selectivity to EP2, a short plasma half-life in rodents (1.7 h) and low aqueous solubility (27 μM), limiting its use in animal models of chronic disease. With lead-optimization studies, we have developed several novel EP2 antagonists with improved water solubility, brain penetration, high EP2 potency, and selectivity. These novel inhibitors suppress inflammatory gene expression induced by EP2 receptor activation in a microglial cell line, reinforcing the use of EP2 antagonists as anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Amaradhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd; Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States of America
| | - Avijit Banik
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd; Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States of America
| | - Shabber Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd; Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States of America
| | - Vidyavathi Patro
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd; Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States of America
| | - Asheebo Rojas
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd; Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States of America
| | - Wenyi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd; Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States of America
| | - Damoder Reddy Motati
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd; Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States of America
| | - Ray Dingledine
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd; Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States of America
| | - Thota Ganesh
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd; Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States of America
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8
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Wu JMF, Cheng YY, Tang TWH, Shih C, Chen JH, Hsieh PCH. Prostaglandin E 2 Receptor 2 Modulates Macrophage Activity for Cardiac Repair. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 7:e009216. [PMID: 30371325 PMCID: PMC6404869 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.009216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Prostaglandin E2 has long been known to be an immune modulator. It is released after tissue injury and plays a role in modulating macrophage activities, which are essential for tissue regeneration. However, the involvement of prostaglandin E2 receptor 2 (EP2)–dependent regulation of macrophages in postischemic heart is unclear. This study aims to evaluate the role of EP2 in damaged heart. Methods and Results The effect of EP2 in postischemic heart was evaluated using EP2‐deficient transgenic mice. We demonstrated that cardiac function was worse after myocardial injury on loss of EP2. Furthermore, EP2 deficiency also altered proinflammatory response and resulted in a defect in macrophage recruitment to the injured myocardium. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the expression of erythroid differentiation regulator 1 (Erdr1) was significantly induced in EP2‐deficient macrophages. Knocking down Erdr1 expression restored migration ability of EP2‐deficient cells both in vitro and in vivo. By using a genetic fate‐mapping approach, we showed that abolishment of EP2 expression effectively attenuated cell replenishment. Conclusions The EP2‐dependent signaling pathway plays a critical role in regulating macrophage recruitment to the injured myocardium, thereby exerting a function in modulating the inflammatory microenvironment for cardiac repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine M F Wu
- 1 Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Clinical Medicine National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan.,2 Institute of Biomedical Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan.,4 Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute Jena Germany
| | - Yuan-Yuan Cheng
- 2 Institute of Biomedical Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
| | - Tony W H Tang
- 2 Institute of Biomedical Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
| | - Crystal Shih
- 2 Institute of Biomedical Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Hong Chen
- 3 Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine College of Medicine China Medical University Taichung Taiwan
| | - Patrick C H Hsieh
- 1 Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Clinical Medicine National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan.,2 Institute of Biomedical Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
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9
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Costa-Marques L, Arnold K, Pardon MC, Leovsky C, Swarbrick S, Fabian C, Stolzing A. Transplantation of bone marrow derived macrophages reduces markers of neuropathology in an APP/PS1 mouse model. Transl Neurodegener 2019; 8:33. [PMID: 31636901 PMCID: PMC6790992 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-019-0173-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We investigated early hallmarks of putative therapeutic effects following systemic transplantation of bone marrow derived macrophages (BM-M) in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Method BM-M were transplanted into the tail vein and the animals analysed 1 month later. Results BM-M transplantation promoted the reduction of the amyloid beta [37-42] plaque number and size in the cortex and hippocampus of the treated mice, but no change in the more heavily modified pyroglutamate amyloid beta E3 plaques. The number of phenotypically 'small' microglia increased in the hippocampus. Astrocyte size decreased overall, indicating a reduction of activated astrocytes. Gene expression of interleukin 6 and 10, interferon-gamma, and prostaglandin E receptor 2 was significantly lower in the hippocampus, while interleukin 10 expression was elevated in the cortex of the treated mice. Conclusions BM-M systemically transplanted, promote a decrease in neuroinflammation and a limited reversion of amyloid pathology. This exploratory study may support the potential of BM-M or microglia-like cell therapy and further illuminates the mechanisms of action associated with such transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Costa-Marques
- 1Centre for Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, UK
| | - Katrin Arnold
- 2Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marie-Christine Pardon
- School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Samantha Swarbrick
- 1Centre for Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, UK
| | - Claire Fabian
- 2Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexandra Stolzing
- 1Centre for Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, UK.,4Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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10
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PGE 2 signaling via the neuronal EP2 receptor increases injury in a model of cerebral ischemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:10019-10024. [PMID: 31036664 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818544116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) EP2 receptor is a master suppressor of beneficial microglial function, and myeloid EP2 signaling ablation reduces pathology in models of inflammatory neurodegeneration. Here, we investigated the role of PGE2 EP2 signaling in a model of stroke in which the initial cerebral ischemic event is followed by an extended poststroke inflammatory response. Myeloid lineage cell-specific EP2 knockdown in Cd11bCre;EP2lox/lox mice attenuated brain infiltration of Cd11b+CD45hi macrophages and CD45+Ly6Ghi neutrophils, indicating that inflammatory EP2 signaling participates in the poststroke immune response. Inducible global deletion of the EP2 receptor in adult ROSA26-CreERT2 (ROSACreER);EP2lox/lox mice also reduced brain myeloid cell trafficking but additionally reduced stroke severity, suggesting that nonimmune EP2 receptor-expressing cell types contribute to cerebral injury. EP2 receptor expression was highly induced in neurons in the ischemic hemisphere, and postnatal deletion of the neuronal EP2 receptor in Thy1Cre;EP2lox/lox mice reduced cerebral ischemic injury. These findings diverge from previous studies of congenitally null EP2 receptor mice where a global deletion increases cerebral ischemic injury. Moreover, ROSACreER;EP2lox/lox mice, unlike EP2-/- mice, exhibited normal learning and memory, suggesting a confounding effect from congenital EP2 receptor deletion. Taken together with a precedent that inhibition of EP2 signaling is protective in inflammatory neurodegeneration, these data lend support to translational approaches targeting the EP2 receptor to reduce inflammation and neuronal injury that occur after stroke.
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11
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Snyder B, Duong P, Trieu J, Cunningham RL. Androgens modulate chronic intermittent hypoxia effects on brain and behavior. Horm Behav 2018; 106:62-73. [PMID: 30268884 PMCID: PMC6486829 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sleep apnea is associated with testosterone dysregulation as well as increased risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). A rodent model of the hypoxemic events of sleep apnea, chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), has been previously documented to impair cognitive function and elevate oxidative stress in male rats, while simultaneously decreasing testosterone. Therefore, androgens may modulate neuronal function under CIH. To investigate the role of androgens during CIH, male rats were assigned to one of four hormone groups: 1) gonadally intact, 2) gonadectomized (GDX), 3) GDX + testosterone (T) supplemented, or 4) GDX + dihydrotestosterone (DHT) supplemented. Each group was exposed to either normal room air or CIH exposure for one week, followed by memory and motor task assessments. Brain regions associated with AD and PD (entorhinal cortex, dorsal hippocampus, and substantia nigra) were examined for oxidative stress and inflammatory markers, key characteristics of AD and PD. Gonadally intact rats exhibited elevated oxidative stress due to CIH, but no significant memory and motor impairments. GDX increased memory impairments, regardless of CIH exposure. T preserved memory function and prevented detrimental CIH-induced changes. In contrast, DHT was not protective, as evidenced by exacerbated oxidative stress under CIH. Further, CIH induced significant spatial memory impairment in rats administered DHT. These results indicate androgens can have both neuroprotective and detrimental effects under CIH, which may have clinical relevance for men with untreated sleep apnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brina Snyder
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America
| | - Phong Duong
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America
| | - Jenny Trieu
- Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America
| | - Rebecca L Cunningham
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America.
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12
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Chen SH, Sung YF, Oyarzabal EA, Tan YM, Leonard J, Guo M, Li S, Wang Q, Chu CH, Chen SL, Lu RB, Hong JS. Physiological Concentration of Prostaglandin E 2 Exerts Anti-inflammatory Effects by Inhibiting Microglial Production of Superoxide Through a Novel Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8001-8013. [PMID: 29492849 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0965-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the physiological regulation of brain immune homeostasis in rat primary neuron-glial cultures by sub-nanomolar concentrations of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). We demonstrated that 0.01 to 10 nM PGE2 protected dopaminergic neurons against LPS-induced neurotoxicity through a reduction of microglial release of pro-inflammatory factors in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, neuroprotective effects elicited by PGE2 were mediated by the inhibition of microglial NOX2, a major superoxide-producing enzyme. This conclusion was supported by (1) the close relationship between inhibition of superoxide and PGE2-induced neuroprotective effects; (2) the mediation of PGE2-induced reduction of superoxide and neuroprotection via direct inhibition of the catalytic subunit of NOX2, gp91phox, rather than through the inhibition of conventional prostaglandin E2 receptors; and (3) abolishment of the neuroprotective effect of PGE2 in NOX2-deficient cultures. In summary, this study revealed a potential physiological role of PGE2 in maintaining brain immune homeostasis and protecting neurons via an EP receptor-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Heng Chen
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, NIEHS/NIH, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Yueh-Feng Sung
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, NIEHS/NIH, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.,Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Esteban A Oyarzabal
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, NIEHS/NIH, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Yu-Mei Tan
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Lab, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jeremy Leonard
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Mingri Guo
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, NIEHS/NIH, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tianjin Haihe Hospital/Haihe Clinical Institute of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuo Li
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, NIEHS/NIH, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.,Department of Respiratory, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qingshan Wang
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, NIEHS/NIH, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Chun-Hsien Chu
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, NIEHS/NIH, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Shiou-Lan Chen
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Band Lu
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine & Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, NIEHS/NIH, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
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13
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Signorini C, De Felice C, Durand T, Galano JM, Oger C, Leoncini S, Ciccoli L, Carone M, Ulivelli M, Manna C, Cortelazzo A, Lee JCY, Hayek J. Relevance of 4-F 4t-neuroprostane and 10-F 4t-neuroprostane to neurological diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 115:278-287. [PMID: 29233794 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
F4-neuroprostanes (F4-NeuroPs) are non-enzymatic oxidized products derived from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and are suggested to be oxidative damage biomarkers of neurological diseases. However, 128 isomers can be formed from DHA oxidation and among them, 4(RS)-4-F4t-NeuroP (4-F4t-NeuroP) and 10(RS)-10-F4t-NeuroP (10-F4t-NeuroP) are the most studied. Here, we report the identification and the clinical relevance of 4-F4t-NeuroP and 10-F4t-NeuroP in plasma of four different neurological diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS), autism spectrum disorders (ASD), Rett syndrome (RTT), and Down syndrome (DS). The identification and the optimization of the method were carried out by gas chromatography/negative-ion chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (GC/NICI-MS/MS) using chemically synthesized 4-F4t-NeuroP and 10-F4t-NeuroP standards and in oxidized DHA liposome. Both 4-F4t-NeuroP and 10-F4t-NeuroP were detectable in all plasma samples from MS (n = 16), DS (n = 16), ASD (n = 9) and RTT (n = 20) patients. While plasma 10-F4t-NeuroP content was significantly higher in patients of all diseases as compared to age and gender matched healthy control subjects (n = 61), 4-F4t-NeuroP levels were significantly higher in MS and RTT as compared to healthy controls. Significant positive relationships were observed between relative disease severity and 4-F4t-NeuroP levels (r = 0.469, P <0.0001), and 10-F4t-NeuroP levels (r = 0.757, P < 0.0001). The study showed that the plasma amount ratio of 10-F4t-NeuroP to 4-F4t-NeuroP and the plasma amount as individual isomer can be used to discriminate between different brain diseases. Overall, by comparing the different types of disease, our plasma data indicates that 4-F4t-NeuroP and 10-F4t -NeuroP: i) are biologically synthesized in vivo and circulated, ii) are related to clinical severity of neurological diseases, iii) are useful to identify shared pathogenetic pathways in distinct brain diseases, and iv) appears to be distinctive for different neurological conditions, thus representing potentially new biological disease markers. Our data strongly suggest that in vivo DHA oxidation follows preferential chemical rearrangements according to different brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Signorini
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Claudio De Felice
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Marie Galano
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Camille Oger
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Silvia Leoncini
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Lucia Ciccoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Marisa Carone
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Monica Ulivelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Caterina Manna
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy"
| | - Alessio Cortelazzo
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy; Clinical Pathology Laboratory Unit, University Hospital, AOUS, Siena, Italy
| | - Jetty Chung-Yung Lee
- The University of Hong Kong, School of Biological Sciences, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Joussef Hayek
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
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14
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Hoffman JD, Parikh I, Green SJ, Chlipala G, Mohney RP, Keaton M, Bauer B, Hartz AMS, Lin AL. Age Drives Distortion of Brain Metabolic, Vascular and Cognitive Functions, and the Gut Microbiome. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:298. [PMID: 28993728 PMCID: PMC5622159 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancing age is the top risk factor for the development of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the contribution of aging processes to AD etiology remains unclear. Emerging evidence shows that reduced brain metabolic and vascular functions occur decades before the onset of cognitive impairments, and these reductions are highly associated with low-grade, chronic inflammation developed in the brain over time. Interestingly, recent findings suggest that the gut microbiota may also play a critical role in modulating immune responses in the brain via the brain-gut axis. In this study, our goal was to identify associations between deleterious changes in brain metabolism, cerebral blood flow (CBF), gut microbiome and cognition in aging, and potential implications for AD development. We conducted our study with a group of young mice (5-6 months of age) and compared those to old mice (18-20 months of age) by utilizing metabolic profiling, neuroimaging, gut microbiome analysis, behavioral assessments and biochemical assays. We found that compared to young mice, old mice had significantly increased levels of numerous amino acids and fatty acids that are highly associated with inflammation and AD biomarkers. In the gut microbiome analyses, we found that old mice had increased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and alpha diversity. We also found impaired blood-brain barrier (BBB) function and reduced CBF as well as compromised learning and memory and increased anxiety, clinical symptoms often seen in AD patients, in old mice. Our study suggests that the aging process involves deleterious changes in brain metabolic, vascular and cognitive functions, and gut microbiome structure and diversity, all which may lead to inflammation and thus increase the risk for AD. Future studies conducting comprehensive and integrative characterization of brain aging, including crosstalk with peripheral systems and factors, will be necessary to define the mechanisms underlying the shift from normal aging to pathological processes in the etiology of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared D Hoffman
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, United States.,Depatment of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, United States
| | - Ishita Parikh
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, United States
| | - Stefan J Green
- Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicago, IL, United States
| | - George Chlipala
- Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicago, IL, United States
| | | | | | - Bjoern Bauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, United States
| | - Anika M S Hartz
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, United States.,Depatment of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, United States
| | - Ai-Ling Lin
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, United States.,Depatment of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, United States.,Department of Engineering, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, United States
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15
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Mavangira V, Sordillo LM. Role of lipid mediators in the regulation of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in dairy cattle. Res Vet Sci 2017; 116:4-14. [PMID: 28807478 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Periparturient dairy cows experience an increased incidence and severity of several inflammatory-based diseases such as mastitis and metritis. Factors associated with the physiological adaptation to the onset of lactation can impact the efficiency of the inflammatory response at a time when it is most needed to eliminate infectious pathogens that cause these economically important diseases. Oxidative stress, for example, occurs when there is an imbalance between the production of oxygen radicals during periods of high metabolic demand and the reduced capabilities of the host's antioxidant defenses. The progressive development of oxidative stress in early lactation cows is thought to be a significant underlying factor leading to dysfunctional inflammatory responses. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are also produced by leukocytes during inflammation resulting in positive feedback loops that can further escalate oxidative stress during the periparturient period. During oxidative stress, ROS can modify polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) associated with cellular membranes, resulting in the biosynthesis of oxidized products called oxylipids. Depending on the PUFA substrate and oxidation pathway, oxylipids have the capacity of either enhancing or resolving inflammation. In mediating their effects, oxylipids can directly or indirectly target sites of ROS production and thus control the degree of oxidative stress. This review discusses the evidence supporting the roles of oxylipids in the regulation of oxidative stress and the subsequent development of uncontrolled inflammatory responses. Further, the utility of some of the oxylipids as oxidative stress markers that can be exploited in developing and monitoring therapies for inflammatory-based diseases in dairy cattle is discussed. Understanding of the link between some oxylipids and the development or resolution of oxidative stress could provide novel therapeutic targets to limit immunopathology, reduce antibiotic usage, and optimize the resolution of inflammatory-based diseases in periparturient dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vengai Mavangira
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, United States
| | - Lorraine M Sordillo
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, United States.
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16
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Kern K, Pierre S, Schreiber Y, Angioni C, Thomas D, Ferreirós N, Geisslinger G, Scholich K. CD200 selectively upregulates prostaglandin E 2 and D 2 synthesis in LPS-treated bone marrow-derived macrophages. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2017; 133:53-59. [PMID: 28583890 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The CD200/CD200R signalling pathway downregulates the synthesis of proinflammatory mediators and induces the synthesis of antiinflammatory mediators in macrophages and microglia. However, very little is known about the effect of this immunosuppressive pathway on the synthesis of lipid mediators. Therefore, we determined the synthesis of 35 lipids spanning 5 different lipid families in bone marrow-derived macrophages, which were treated with interleukin (IL) 4, IL10, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or interferon γ (IFNγ) in absence and presence of CD200. Out of these conditions the only significant effect of CD200 was an increased synthesis of prostaglandin (PG) E2 and D2 in the presence of LPS. Accordingly, mRNA levels of cyclooxygenase-2, microsomal PGE2 synthase-1 and hematopoietic PGD synthase were upregulated by CD200 in presence of LPS. During Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA-) induced inflammation mPGES-1 was expressed in monocyte-derived macrophages and its expression was stronger in CD200R-positive than in CD200R-negative macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kern
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Germany
| | - Sandra Pierre
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Germany
| | - Yannick Schreiber
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Germany
| | - Carlo Angioni
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Germany
| | - Dominique Thomas
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Germany
| | - Nerea Ferreirós
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Germany
| | - Klaus Scholich
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Germany.
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17
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Statins Reduce Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cytokine and Inflammatory Mediator Release in an In Vitro Model of Microglial-Like Cells. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:2582745. [PMID: 28546657 PMCID: PMC5435995 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2582745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory effects of statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) within the cardiovascular system are well-established; however, their neuroinflammatory potential is unclear. It is currently unknown whether statins' neurological effects are lipid-dependent or due to pleiotropic mechanisms. Therefore, the assumption that all statin compounds will have the same effect within the central nervous system is potentially inappropriate, with no studies to date having compared all statins in a single model. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of the six statins (atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, and simvastatin) within a single in vitro model of neuroinflammation. To achieve this, PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells were used as surrogate microglial cells, and LPS was used to induce inflammatory conditions. Here, we show that pretreatment with all statins was able to significantly reduce LPS-induced interleukin (IL)-1β and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α release, as well as decrease LPS-induced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Similarly, global reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production were decreased following pretreatment with all statins. Based on these findings, it is suggested that more complex cellular models should be considered to further compare individual statin compounds, including translation into in vivo models of acute and/or chronic neuroinflammation.
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18
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Andreasson KI, Bachstetter AD, Colonna M, Ginhoux F, Holmes C, Lamb B, Landreth G, Lee DC, Low D, Lynch MA, Monsonego A, O’Banion MK, Pekny M, Puschmann T, Russek-Blum N, Sandusky LA, Selenica MLB, Takata K, Teeling J, Town T, Van Eldik LJ, Russek-Blum N, Monsonego A, Low D, Takata K, Ginhoux F, Town T, O’Banion MK, Lamb B, Colonna M, Landreth G, Andreasson KI, Sandusky LA, Selenica MLB, Lee DC, Holmes C, Teeling J, Lynch MA, Van Eldik LJ, Bachstetter AD, Pekny M, Puschmann T. Targeting innate immunity for neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system. J Neurochem 2016; 138:653-93. [PMID: 27248001 PMCID: PMC5433264 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is critically involved in numerous neurodegenerative diseases, and key signaling steps of innate immune activation hence represent promising therapeutic targets. This mini review series originated from the 4th Venusberg Meeting on Neuroinflammation held in Bonn, Germany, 7-9th May 2015, presenting updates on innate immunity in acute brain injury and chronic neurodegenerative disorders, such as traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer disease, on the role of astrocytes and microglia, as well as technical developments that may help elucidate neuroinflammatory mechanisms and establish clinical relevance. In this meeting report, a brief overview of physiological and pathological microglia morphology is followed by a synopsis on PGE2 receptors, insights into the role of arginine metabolism and further relevant aspects of neuroinflammation in various clinical settings, and concluded by a presentation of technical challenges and solutions when working with microglia and astrocyte cultures. Microglial ontogeny and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia, advances of TREM2 signaling, and the cytokine paradox in Alzheimer's disease are further contributions to this article. Neuroinflammation is critically involved in numerous neurodegenerative diseases, and key signaling steps of innate immune activation hence represent promising therapeutic targets. This mini review series originated from the 4th Venusberg Meeting on Neuroinflammation held in Bonn, Germany, 7-9th May 2015, presenting updates on innate immunity in acute brain injury and chronic neurodegenerative disorders, such as traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer's disease, on the role of astrocytes and microglia, as well as technical developments that may help elucidate neuroinflammatory mechanisms and establish clinical relevance. In this meeting report, a brief overview on physiological and pathological microglia morphology is followed by a synopsis on PGE2 receptors, insights into the role of arginine metabolism and further relevant aspects of neuroinflammation in various clinical settings, and concluded by a presentation of technical challenges and solutions when working with microglia cultures. Microglial ontogeny and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia, advances of TREM2 signaling, and the cytokine paradox in Alzheimer's disease are further contributions to this article.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Niva Russek-Blum
- The Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, Central Arava Branch, Yair Station, Hazeva, Israel
| | - Alon Monsonego
- The Shraga Segal Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, The Faculty of Health Sciences: The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Donovan Low
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Kazuyuki Takata
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Terrence Town
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089,
| | - M. Kerry O’Banion
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Del Monte Neuromedicine Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642,
| | - Bruce Lamb
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Gary Landreth
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University 44106
| | - Katrin I. Andreasson
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Leslie A. Sandusky
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, Tampa, FL 33613
- College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tampa, FL 33613
| | - Maj-Linda B. Selenica
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, Tampa, FL 33613
- College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tampa, FL 33613
| | - Daniel C. Lee
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, Tampa, FL 33613
- College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tampa, FL 33613
| | - Clive Holmes
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 7YD, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Teeling
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 7YD, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Milos Pekny
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Till Puschmann
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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19
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Dietary Linoleic Acid Lowering Reduces Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Increase in Brain Arachidonic Acid Metabolism. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4303-4315. [PMID: 27339880 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9968-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) is a precursor to arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6), which can be converted by brain lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes into various lipid mediators involved in the regulation of brain immunity. Brain AA metabolism is activated in rodents by the bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This study tested the hypothesis that dietary LA lowering, which limits plasma supply of AA to the brain, reduces LPS-induced upregulation in brain AA metabolism. Male Fischer CDF344 rats fed an adequate LA (5.2 % energy (en)) or low LA (0.4 % en) diet for 15 weeks were infused with LPS (250 ng/h) or vehicle into the fourth ventricle for 2 days using a mini-osmotic pump. The incorporation rate of intravenously infused unesterified 14C-AA into brain lipids, eicosanoids, and activities of phospholipase A2 and COX-1 and 2 enzymes were measured. Dietary LA lowering reduced the LPS-induced increase in prostaglandin E2 concentration and COX-2 activity (P < 0.05 by two-way ANOVA) without altering phospholipase activity. The 14C-AA incorporation rate into brain lipids was decreased by dietary LA lowering (P < 0.05 by two-way ANOVA). The present findings suggest that dietary LA lowering reduced LPS-induced increase in brain markers of AA metabolism. The clinical utility of LA lowering in brain disorders should be explored in future studies.
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20
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Woodling NS, Andreasson KI. Untangling the Web: Toxic and Protective Effects of Neuroinflammation and PGE2 Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:454-63. [PMID: 26979823 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuroinflammatory response has received increasing attention as a key factor in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Microglia, the innate immune cells and resident phagocytes of the brain, respond to accumulating Aβ peptides by generating a nonresolving inflammatory response. While this response can clear Aβ peptides from the nervous system in some settings, its failure to do so in AD accelerates synaptic injury, neuronal loss, and cognitive decline. The complex molecular components of this response are beginning to be unraveled, with identification of both damaging and protective roles for individual components of the neuroinflammatory response. Even within one molecular pathway, contrasting effects are often present. As one example, recent studies of the inflammatory cyclooxygenase-prostaglandin pathway have revealed both beneficial and detrimental effects dependent on the disease context, cell type, and downstream signaling pathway. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which inhibit cyclooxygenases, are associated with reduced AD risk when taken by cognitively normal populations, but additional clinical and mouse model studies have added complexities and caveats to this finding. Downstream of cyclooxygenase activity, prostaglandin E2 signaling exerts both damaging pro-inflammatory and protective anti-inflammatory effects through actions of specific E-prostanoid G-protein coupled receptors on specific cell types. These complexities underscore the need for careful study of individual components of the neuroinflammatory response to better understand their contribution to AD pathogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel S. Woodling
- Department of Neurology and
Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201
Welch Road, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Katrin I. Andreasson
- Department of Neurology and
Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201
Welch Road, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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21
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Anglada-Huguet M, Vidal-Sancho L, Giralt A, García-Díaz Barriga G, Xifró X, Alberch J. Prostaglandin E2 EP2 activation reduces memory decline in R6/1 mouse model of Huntington's disease by the induction of BDNF-dependent synaptic plasticity. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 95:22-34. [PMID: 26369879 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) patients and mouse models show learning and memory impairment even before the onset of motor symptoms. Deficits in hippocampal synaptic plasticity have been involved in the HD memory impairment. Several studies show that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) EP2 receptor stimulates synaptic plasticity and memory formation. However, this role was not explored in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we investigated the capacity of PGE2 EP2 receptor to promote synaptic plasticity and memory improvements in a model of HD, the R6/1 mice, by administration of the agonist misoprostol. We found that misoprostol increases dendritic branching in cultured hippocampal neurons in a brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-dependent manner. Then, we implanted an osmotic mini-pump system to chronically administrate misoprostol to R6/1 mice from 14 to 18weeks of age. We observed that misoprostol treatment ameliorates the R6/1 long-term memory deficits as analyzed by the T-maze spontaneous alternation task and the novel object recognition test. Importantly, administration of misoprostol promoted the expression of hippocampal BDNF. Moreover, the treatment with misoprostol in R6/1 mice blocked the reduction in the number of PSD-95 and VGluT-1 positive particles observed in hippocampus of vehicle-R6/1 mice. In addition, we observed an increase of cAMP levels in the dentate ` of WT and R6/1 mice treated with misoprostol. Accordingly, we showed a reduction in the number of mutant huntingtin nuclear inclusions in the dentate gyrus of R6/1 mice. Altogether, these results suggest a putative therapeutic effect of PGE2 EP2 receptor in reducing cognitive deficits in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Anglada-Huguet
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova, 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Casanova, 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Laura Vidal-Sancho
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova, 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Casanova, 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; New Therapeutic Targets Group (TargetsLab), Departament de Ciències Mèdiques, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Girona, c/ Emili Grahit, 77, 17071 Girona, Spain.
| | - Albert Giralt
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova, 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Casanova, 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Gerardo García-Díaz Barriga
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova, 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Casanova, 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Xavier Xifró
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova, 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Casanova, 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; New Therapeutic Targets Group (TargetsLab), Departament de Ciències Mèdiques, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Girona, c/ Emili Grahit, 77, 17071 Girona, Spain.
| | - Jordi Alberch
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova, 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Casanova, 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
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Johansson JU, Woodling NS, Shi J, Andreasson KI. Inflammatory Cyclooxygenase Activity and PGE 2 Signaling in Models of Alzheimer's Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 11:125-131. [PMID: 28413375 PMCID: PMC5384338 DOI: 10.2174/1573395511666150707181414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory response is a fundamental driving force in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In the setting of accumulating immunogenic Aß peptide assemblies, microglia, the innate immune cells of the brain, generate a non-resolving immune response and fail to adequately clear accumulating Aß peptides, accelerating neuronal and synaptic injury. Pathological, biomarker, and imaging studies point to a prominent role of the innate immune response in AD development, and the molecular components of this response are beginning to be unraveled. The inflammatory cyclooxygenase-PGE2 pathway is implicated in pre-clinical development of AD, both in epidemiology of normal aging populations and in transgenic mouse models of Familial AD. The cyclooxygenase-PGE2 pathway modulates the inflammatory response to accumulating Aß peptides through actions of specific E-prostanoid G-protein coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny U Johansson
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Present address: SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Nathaniel S Woodling
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Present address: Institute of Healthy Ageing, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ju Shi
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Present address: True North Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katrin I Andreasson
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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23
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Lipopolysaccharides upregulate hepcidin in neuron via microglia and the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 50:811-20. [PMID: 24659348 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8671-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is closely related to brain iron homeostasis. Our previous study demonstrated that lipopolysaccharides (LPS) can regulate expression of iron-regulatory peptide hepcidin; however, the mechanism is undefined. Here, we demonstrated that intracerebroventricular injection of LPS in rat brain upregulated hepcidin and downregulated ferroportin 1 in the cortex and substantia nigra. LPS increased hepcidin expression in neurons only when they were co-cultured with BV-2 microglia, and the upregulation was suppressed by IL-6 neutralizing antibody in vitro. In addition, IL-6 but not IL-1α, IL-1β, or tumor necrosis factor-alpha increased hepcidin expression and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation in cortical neurons and MES23.5 dopaminergic neurons. These effects were blocked by the STAT3 inhibitor, stattic. Our results show that neurons are the major source of increased hepcidin expression in response to LPS challenge but microglia play a key mediator role by releasing IL-6 and recruiting the STAT3 pathway. We conclude that LPS upregulates hepcidin expression in neurons via microglia and the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway.
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24
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Fox BM, Beck HP, Roveto PM, Kayser F, Cheng Q, Dou H, Williamson T, Treanor J, Liu H, Jin L, Xu G, Ma J, Wang S, Olson SH. A Selective Prostaglandin E2 Receptor Subtype 2 (EP2) Antagonist Increases the Macrophage-Mediated Clearance of Amyloid-Beta Plaques. J Med Chem 2015; 58:5256-73. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Fox
- Amgen South San Francisco, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans
Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hilary P. Beck
- Amgen South San Francisco, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans
Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Philip M. Roveto
- Amgen South San Francisco, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans
Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Frank Kayser
- Amgen South San Francisco, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans
Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Qingwen Cheng
- Amgen South San Francisco, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans
Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hannah Dou
- Amgen South San Francisco, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans
Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Toni Williamson
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - James Treanor
- Amgen South San Francisco, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans
Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hantao Liu
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Lixia Jin
- Amgen South San Francisco, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans
Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Guifen Xu
- Amgen South San Francisco, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans
Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ji Ma
- Amgen South San Francisco, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans
Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Songli Wang
- Amgen South San Francisco, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans
Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Steven H. Olson
- Amgen South San Francisco, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans
Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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25
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Sugimoto Y. [Mechanisms of prostaglandin actions in the nervous system]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2015; 145:237-42. [PMID: 25958911 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.145.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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26
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Peng J, Wang P, Ge H, Qu X, Jin X. Effects of cordycepin on the microglia-overactivation-induced impairments of growth and development of hippocampal cultured neurons. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125902. [PMID: 25932642 PMCID: PMC4416906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells are normally activated in response to brain injury or immunological stimuli to protect central nervous system (CNS). However, over-activation of microglia conversely amplifies the inflammatory effects and mediates cellular degeneration, leading to the death of neurons. Recently, cordycepin, an active component found in Cordyceps militarisa known as a rare Chinese caterpillar fungus, has been reported as an effective drug for treating inflammatory diseases and cancer via unclear mechanisms. In this study, we attempted to identify the anti-inflammatory role of cordycepin and its protective effects on the impairments of neural growth and development induced by microglial over-activation. The results indicate that cordycepin could attenuate the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglial activation, evidenced by the dramatically reduced release of TNF-α and IL-1β, as well as the down-regulation of mRNA levels of iNOS and COX-2 after cordycepin treatment. Besides, cordycepin reversed the LPS-induced activation of NF-κB pathway, resulting in anti-inflammatory effects. Furthermore, by employing the conditioned medium (CM), we found cordycepin was able to recover the impairments of neural growth and development in the primary hippocampal neurons cultured in LPS-CM, including cell viability, growth cone extension, neurite sprouting and outgrowth as well as spinogenesis. This study expands our knowledge of the anti-inflammatory function of cordycepin and paves the way for the biomedical applications of cordycepin in the therapies of neural injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Peng
- Wuzhong Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Wuzhong Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongshan Ge
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xianqin Qu
- School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail: (XJ); (XQ)
| | - Xingliang Jin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Sydney Centre for Regenerative and Developmental Medicine, Kolling Institute for Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail: (XJ); (XQ)
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27
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Wang F, Cui N, Yang L, Shi L, Li Q, Zhang G, Wu J, Zheng J, Jiao B. Resveratrol Rescues the Impairments of Hippocampal Neurons Stimulated by Microglial Over-Activation In Vitro. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 35:1003-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0195-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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28
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Jiang J, Yang MS, Quan Y, Gueorguieva P, Ganesh T, Dingledine R. Therapeutic window for cyclooxygenase-2 related anti-inflammatory therapy after status epilepticus. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 76:126-136. [PMID: 25600211 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As a prominent inflammatory effector of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) mediates brain inflammation and injury in many chronic central nervous system (CNS) conditions including seizures and epilepsy, largely through its receptor subtype EP2. However, EP2 receptor activation might also be neuroprotective in models of excitotoxicity and ischemia. These seemingly incongruent observations expose the delicacy of immune and inflammatory signaling in the brain; thus the therapeutic window for quelling neuroinflammation might vary with injury type and target molecule. Here, we identify a therapeutic window for EP2 antagonism to reduce delayed mortality and functional morbidity after status epilepticus (SE) in mice. Importantly, treatment must be delayed relative to SE onset to be effective, a finding that could be explained by the time-course of COX-2 induction after SE and compound pharmacokinetics. A large number of inflammatory mediators were upregulated in hippocampus after SE with COX-2 and IL-1β temporally leading many others. Thus, EP2 antagonism represents a novel anti-inflammatory strategy to treat SE with a tightly-regulated therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiong Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Division of Pharmaceutical sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States.
| | - Myung-Soon Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Yi Quan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Paoula Gueorguieva
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Thota Ganesh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Raymond Dingledine
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
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29
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Pretorius E, Swanepoel AC, Buys AV, Vermeulen N, Duim W, Kell DB. Eryptosis as a marker of Parkinson's disease. Aging (Albany NY) 2014; 6:788-819. [PMID: 25411230 PMCID: PMC4247384 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A major trend in recent Parkinson's disease (PD) research is the investigation of biological markers that could help in identifying at-risk individuals or to track disease progression and response to therapies. Central to this is the knowledge that inflammation is a known hallmark of PD and of many other degenerative diseases. In the current work, we focus on inflammatory signalling in PD, using a systems approach that allows us to look at the disease in a more holistic way. We discuss cyclooxygenases, prostaglandins, thromboxanes and also iron in PD. These particular signalling molecules are involved in PD pathophysiology, but are also very important in an aberrant coagulation/hematology system. We present and discuss a hypothesis regarding the possible interaction of these aberrant signalling molecules implicated in PD, and suggest that these molecules may affect the erythrocytes of PD patients. This would be observable as changes in the morphology of the RBCs and of PD patients relative to healthy controls. We then show that the RBCs of PD patients are indeed rather dramatically deranged in their morphology, exhibiting eryptosis (a kind of programmed cell death). This morphological indicator may have useful diagnostic and prognostic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia 0007, South Africa
| | - Albe C Swanepoel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia 0007, South Africa
| | - Antoinette V Buys
- Microscopy and Microanalysis Unit, University of Pretoria, Arcadia 0007, South Africa
| | - Natasha Vermeulen
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia 0007, South Africa
| | - Wiebren Duim
- Department of Neurology Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia 0007, South Africa
| | - Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry and The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, Lancs, UK
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30
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Song Q, Jiang Z, Li N, Liu P, Liu L, Tang M, Cheng G. Anti-inflammatory effects of three-dimensional graphene foams cultured with microglial cells. Biomaterials 2014; 35:6930-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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31
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Ganesh T, Jiang J, Yang MS, Dingledine R. Lead optimization studies of cinnamic amide EP2 antagonists. J Med Chem 2014; 57:4173-84. [PMID: 24773616 PMCID: PMC4032197 DOI: 10.1021/jm5000672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Prostanoid receptor EP2 can play a proinflammatory role, exacerbating disease pathology in a variety of central nervous system and peripheral diseases. A highly selective EP2 antagonist could be useful as a drug to mitigate the inflammatory consequences of EP2 activation. We recently identified a cinnamic amide class of EP2 antagonists. The lead compound in this class (5d) displays anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective actions. However, this compound exhibited moderate selectivity to EP2 over the DP1 prostanoid receptor (∼10-fold) and low aqueous solubility. We now report compounds that display up to 180-fold selectivity against DP1 and up to 9-fold higher aqueous solubility than our previous lead. The newly developed compounds also display higher selectivity against EP4 and IP receptors and a comparable plasma pharmacokinetics. Thus, these compounds are useful for proof of concept studies in a variety of models where EP2 activation is playing a deleterious role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thota Ganesh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Emory University , 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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32
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Abstract
Cycoloxygenase-2 (COX-2) induction is prevalent in a variety of (brain and peripheral) injury models where COX-2 levels correlate with disease progression. Thus, COX-2 has been widely explored for anti-inflammatory therapy with COX-2 inhibitors, which proved to be effective in reducing the pain and inflammation in patients with arthritis and menstrual cramps, but they have not provided any benefit to patients with chronic inflammatory neurodegenerative disease. Recently, two COX-2 drugs, rofecoxib and valdecoxib, were withdrawn from the United States market due to cardiovascular side effects. Thus, future anti-inflammatory therapy could be targeted through a specific prostanoid receptor downstream of COX-2. The PGE2 receptor EP2 is emerging as a pro-inflammatory target in a variety of CNS and peripheral diseases. Here we highlight the latest developments on the role of EP2 in diseases, mechanism of activation, and small molecule discovery targeted either to enhance or to block the function of this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thota Ganesh
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine , 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, United States
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33
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Suppression of inflammation with conditional deletion of the prostaglandin E2 EP2 receptor in macrophages and brain microglia. J Neurosci 2013; 33:16016-32. [PMID: 24089506 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2203-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a potent lipid signaling molecule, modulates inflammatory responses through activation of downstream G-protein coupled EP(1-4) receptors. Here, we investigated the cell-specific in vivo function of PGE2 signaling through its E-prostanoid 2 (EP2) receptor in murine innate immune responses systemically and in the CNS. In vivo, systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) resulted in a broad induction of cytokines and chemokines in plasma that was significantly attenuated in EP2-deficient mice. Ex vivo stimulation of peritoneal macrophages with LPS elicited proinflammatory responses that were dependent on EP2 signaling and that overlapped with in vivo plasma findings, suggesting that myeloid-lineage EP2 signaling is a major effector of innate immune responses. Conditional deletion of the EP2 receptor in myeloid lineage cells in Cd11bCre;EP2(lox/lox) mice attenuated plasma inflammatory responses and transmission of systemic inflammation to the brain was inhibited, with decreased hippocampal inflammatory gene expression and cerebral cortical levels of IL-6. Conditional deletion of EP2 significantly blunted microglial and astrocytic inflammatory responses to the neurotoxin MPTP and reduced striatal dopamine turnover. Suppression of microglial EP2 signaling also increased numbers of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra independent of MPTP treatment, suggesting that microglial EP2 may influence development or survival of DA neurons. Unbiased microarray analysis of microglia isolated from adult Cd11bCre;EP2(lox/lox) and control mice demonstrated a broad downregulation of inflammatory pathways with ablation of microglial EP2 receptor. Together, these data identify a cell-specific proinflammatory role for macrophage/microglial EP2 signaling in innate immune responses systemically and in brain.
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34
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Shaik JSB, Miller TM, Graham SH, Manole MD, Poloyac SM. Rapid and simultaneous quantitation of prostanoids by UPLC-MS/MS in rat brain. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 945-946:207-16. [PMID: 24355215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA) produced from the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway, collectively termed as prostanoids, and from the CYP 450 pathway, eicosanoids, have been implicated in various neuro-degenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. This study developed a quantitative UPLC-MS/MS method to simultaneously measure 11 prostanoids including prostaglandins and cyclopentenone metabolites in the rat brain cortical tissue. Linear calibration curves ranging from 0.104 to 33.3ng/ml were validated. The inter-day and intra-day variance for all metabolites was less than 15%. The extraction recovery efficiency and matrix (deionized water) effects measured at 12.5ng/ml (750pg on column) ranged from 88 to 100% and 3 to 14%, respectively, with CV% values below 20%. Additionally, applying the processing and extraction conditions of this method to our previous CYP450 eicosanoids method resulted in overall improvement in extraction recovery and reduction in matrix effects at low (0.417ng/ml) and high (8.33ng/ml) concentrations. In rat brain cortical tissue samples, concentrations of prostanoids ranged from 10.2 to 937pmol/g wet tissue and concentration of eicosanoids ranged from 2.23 to 793pmol/g wet tissue. These data demonstrate that the successive measurement of prostanoids and eicosanoids from a single extracted sample of rat brain tissue can be achieved with a UPLC-MS/MS system and that this method is necessary for evaluation of these metabolites to delineate their role in various neuroinflammatory and cerebrovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Sadik B Shaik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Tricia M Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Steven H Graham
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center, V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Mioara D Manole
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Samuel M Poloyac
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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35
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Metabonomic study on the antidepressant-like effects of banxia houpu decoction and its action mechanism. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:213739. [PMID: 24250712 PMCID: PMC3819911 DOI: 10.1155/2013/213739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish an experimental model for metabonomic profiles of the rat's brain and then to investigate the antidepressant effect of Banxia Houpu decoction (BHD) and its possible mechanisms. Behavioral research and metabonomics method based on UPLC-MS were used to assess the efficacy of different fractions of BHD on chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model of depression. There was a significant difference between the BHD group and the model group. Eight endogenous metabolites, which are contributing to the separation of the model group and control group, were detected, while BHD group regulated the perturbed metabolites showing that there is a tendency of recovery compared to control group. Therefore, we think that those potential metabolite biomarkers have some relationship with BHD's antidepression effect. This work appraised the antidepressant effect of Banxia Houpu decoction as well as revealing a metabonomics method, a valuable parameter in the TCM research.
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36
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Jiang J, Dingledine R. Prostaglandin receptor EP2 in the crosshairs of anti-inflammation, anti-cancer, and neuroprotection. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013; 34:413-23. [PMID: 23796953 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of a specific prostanoid synthase or receptor provides therapeutic alternatives to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for treating pathological conditions governed by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2 or PTGS2). Among the COX-2 downstream signaling pathways, the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptor EP2 subtype (PTGER2) is emerging as a crucial mediator of many physiological and pathological events. Genetic ablation strategies and recent advances in chemical biology provide tools for a better understanding of EP2 signaling. In the brain, the EP2 receptor modulates some beneficial effects, including neuroprotection, in acute models of excitotoxicity, neuroplasticity, and spatial learning via cAMP-PKA signaling. Conversely, EP2 activation accentuates chronic inflammation mainly through the cAMP-Epac pathway, likely contributing to delayed neurotoxicity. EP2 receptor activation also engages β-arrestin in a G-protein-independent pathway that promotes tumor cell growth and migration. Understanding the conditions under which multiple EP2 signaling pathways are engaged might suggest novel therapeutic strategies to target this key inflammatory prostaglandin receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiong Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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37
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Musiek ES, Morrow JD. F2-isoprostanes as markers of oxidant stress: an overview. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; Chapter 17:Unit 17.5. [PMID: 23045114 DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx1705s24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The isoprostanes are a unique series of prostaglandin-like compounds formed in vivo via a non-enzymatic mechanism involving the free radical-initiated peroxidation of arachidonic acid. This unit summarizes selected aspects regarding current knowledge of these compounds and their value as markers of oxidative injury. Novel aspects related to the biochemistry of isoprostane formation are discussed and methods by which these compounds can be analyzed and quantified are summarized. A considerable portion of this unit examines the utility of F(2)-isoprostanes as markers of oxidant injury in vitro and in vivo. Numerous studies carried out over the past decade have shown that these compounds are extremely accurate measures of lipid peroxidation in animals and humans and have illuminated the role of oxidant injury in a number of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik S Musiek
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Cimino PJ, Yang Y, Li X, Hemingway JF, Cherne MK, Khademi SB, Fukui Y, Montine KS, Montine TJ, Keene CD. Ablation of the microglial protein DOCK2 reduces amyloid burden in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Exp Mol Pathol 2013; 94:366-71. [PMID: 23318649 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology is characterized by innate immune activation primarily through prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) signaling. Dedicator of cytokinesis 2 (DOCK2) is a guanyl nucleotide exchange factor expressed exclusively in microglia in the brain and is regulated by PGE2 receptor EP2. DOCK2 modulates microglia cytokine secretion, phagocytosis, and paracrine neurotoxicity. EP2 ablation in experimental AD results in reduced oxidative damage and amyloid beta (Aβ) burden. This discovery led us to hypothesize that genetic ablation of DOCK2 would replicate the anti-Aβ effects of loss of EP2 in experimental AD. To test this hypothesis, we crossed mice that lacked DOCK2 (DOCK2-/-), were hemizygous for DOCK2 (DOCK2+/-), or that expressed two DOCK2 genes (DOCK2+/+) with APPswe-PS1Δe9 mice (a model of AD). While we found no DOCK2-dependent differences in cortex or in hippocampal microglia density or morphology in APPswe-PS1Δe9 mice, cerebral cortical and hippocampal Aβ plaque area and size were significantly reduced in 10-month-old APPswe-PS1Δe9/DOCK2-/- mice compared with APPswe-PS1Δe9/DOCK2+/+ controls. DOCK2 hemizygous APPswe-PS1Δe9 mice had intermediate Aβ plaque levels. Interestingly, soluble Aβ42 was not significantly different among the three genotypes, suggesting the effects were mediated specifically in fibrillar Aβ. In combination with earlier cell culture results, our in vivo results presented here suggest DOCK2 contributes to Aβ plaque burden via regulation of microglial innate immune function and may represent a novel therapeutic target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Cimino
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 63110-1093, USA.
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Borre Y, Lemstra S, Westphal KG, Morgan ME, Olivier B, Oosting RS. Celecoxib delays cognitive decline in an animal model of neurodegeneration. Behav Brain Res 2012; 234:285-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Shi J, Wang Q, Johansson JU, Liang X, Woodling NS, Priyam P, Loui TM, Merchant M, Breyer RM, Montine TJ, Andreasson K. Inflammatory prostaglandin E2 signaling in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease. Ann Neurol 2012; 72:788-98. [PMID: 22915243 DOI: 10.1002/ana.23677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is significant evidence for a central role of inflammation in the development of Alzheimer disease (AD). Epidemiological studies indicate that chronic use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduces the risk of developing AD in healthy aging populations. As NSAIDs inhibit the enzymatic activity of the inflammatory cyclooxygenases COX-1 and COX-2, these findings suggest that downstream prostaglandin signaling pathways function in the preclinical development of AD. Here, we investigate the function of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2) ) signaling through its EP3 receptor in the neuroinflammatory response to Aβ peptide. METHODS The function of PGE(2) signaling through its EP3 receptor was examined in vivo in a model of subacute neuroinflammation induced by administration of Aβ(42) peptides. Our findings were then confirmed in young adult APPSwe-PS1ΔE9 transgenic mice. RESULTS Deletion of the PGE(2) EP3 receptor in a model of Aβ(42) peptide-induced neuroinflammation reduced proinflammatory gene expression, cytokine production, and oxidative stress. In the APPSwe-PS1ΔE9 model of familial AD, deletion of the EP3 receptor blocked induction of proinflammatory gene and protein expression and lipid peroxidation. In addition, levels of Aβ peptides were significantly decreased, as were β-secretase and β C-terminal fragment levels, suggesting that generation of Aβ peptides may be increased as a result of proinflammatory EP3 signaling. Finally, deletion of EP3 receptor significantly reversed the decline in presynaptic proteins seen in APPSwe-PS1ΔE9 mice. INTERPRETATION Our findings identify the PGE(2) EP3 receptor as a novel proinflammatory, proamyloidogenic, and synaptotoxic signaling pathway, and suggest a role for COX-PGE(2) -EP3 signaling in the development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Shi
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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41
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David S, Greenhalgh AD, López-Vales R. Role of phospholipase A2s and lipid mediators in secondary damage after spinal cord injury. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 349:249-67. [PMID: 22581384 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1430-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is considered to be an important contributor to secondary damage after spinal cord injury (SCI). This secondary damage leads to further exacerbation of tissue loss and functional impairments. The immune responses that are triggered by injury are complex and are mediated by a variety of factors that have both detrimental and beneficial effects. In this review, we focus on the diverse effects of the phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) superfamily and the downstream pathways that generate a large number of bioactive lipid mediators, some of which have pro-inflammatory and demyelinating effects, whereas others have anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution properties. For each of these lipid mediators, we provide an overview followed by a discussion of their expression and role in SCI. Where appropriate, we have compared the latter with their role in other neurological conditions. The PLA(2) pathway provides a number of targets for therapeutic intervention for the treatment of SCI and other neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel David
- Center for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Livingston Hall, Room L7-210, 1650 Cedar Ave., Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1A4,
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Wormser U, Brodsky B, Milatovic D, Finkelstein Y, Farina M, Rocha JB, Aschner M. Protective effect of a novel peptide against methylmercury-induced toxicity in rat primary astrocytes. Neurotoxicology 2011; 33:763-8. [PMID: 22186600 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is an environmental neurotoxicant associated with aberrant central nervous system (CNS) functions. In this study, we examined the protective effect of a novel anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective nonapeptide, termed IIIM1, against MeHg-induced toxicity in cultured rat neonatal primary astrocytes. Astrocytes were pretreated for 66 h with 5 μg/ml IIIM1 (4.95 μM) followed by 6 h exposure to MeHg (5 μM). MeHg significantly increased F(2)-isoprostane generation, a lipid peroxidation biomarker of oxidative injury and this effect was significantly reduced upon pre-treatment with IIIM1. The MeHg-induced increase in levels of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), biomarkers of inflammatory responses, was also decreased in the peptide-treated cells. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed no chemical or binding interaction between MeHg and IIIM1, indicating that intracellular cytoprotective mechanism of action accounts for the neuroprotection rather than direct intracellular neutralization of the neurotoxicant with the peptide. These findings point to therapeutic potential for IIIM1 in a plethora of conditions associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The implication of these findings may prove beneficial in designing new treatment modalities that efficiently suppress neurotoxicity, triggered not only by MeHg, but also by other metals and environmental agents, as well as chronic disease conditions that inherently increase reactive radical production and inflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Wormser
- Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, the Hebrew University, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
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Woodward DF, Jones RL, Narumiya S. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXIII: classification of prostanoid receptors, updating 15 years of progress. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:471-538. [PMID: 21752876 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now more than 15 years since the molecular structures of the major prostanoid receptors were elucidated. Since then, substantial progress has been achieved with respect to distribution and function, signal transduction mechanisms, and the design of agonists and antagonists (http://www.iuphar-db.org/DATABASE/FamilyIntroductionForward?familyId=58). This review systematically details these advances. More recent developments in prostanoid receptor research are included. The DP(2) receptor, also termed CRTH2, has little structural resemblance to DP(1) and other receptors described in the original prostanoid receptor classification. DP(2) receptors are more closely related to chemoattractant receptors. Prostanoid receptors have also been found to heterodimerize with other prostanoid receptor subtypes and nonprostanoids. This may extend signal transduction pathways and create new ligand recognition sites: prostacyclin/thromboxane A(2) heterodimeric receptors for 8-epi-prostaglandin E(2), wild-type/alternative (alt4) heterodimers for the prostaglandin FP receptor for bimatoprost and the prostamides. It is anticipated that the 15 years of research progress described herein will lead to novel therapeutic entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Woodward
- Dept. of Biological Sciences RD3-2B, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Dr., Irvine, CA 92612, USA.
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Neuroprotective effect of cyclooxygenase inhibitors in ICV-STZ induced sporadic Alzheimer's disease in rats. J Mol Neurosci 2011; 46:223-35. [PMID: 21701788 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-011-9583-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sporadic Alzheimer's disease is an age-related neurological and psychiatric disorder characterized by impaired energy metabolism. Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation have been implicated in pathophysiology of sporadic type of dementia. The central streptozotocin administration induces behavioral and biochemical alterations resembling those in sporadic type of Alzheimer's patients. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of chronic pretreatment with cyclooxygenase-1 or cyclooxygenase-2 or cyclooxygenase-3 selective inhibitors on cognitive dysfunction and oxidative stress markers in intracerebroventricular streptozotocin-treated rats. Chronic treatment with valeryl salicylate (5 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) and etoricoxib (5 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) on a daily basis for a period of 21 days, beginning 1 h prior to first intracerebroventricular streptozotocin injection, significantly improved streptozotocin-induced cognitive impairment. However, phenacetin (20 and 40 mg/kg, i.p.) failed to restore the cognitive performances of streptozotocin-treated rats. Besides, improving cognitive dysfunction, chronic administration of highly selective cyclooxygenase-1 and/or cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors (valeryl salicylate and etoricoxib, respectively), but not cyclooxygenase-3 inhibitor (phenacetin), significantly reduced elevated malondialdehyde, nitrite levels, and restored reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase levels. Furthermore, cyclooxygenase-1 and/or cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors significantly increased the survival of pyramidal neurons. In summary, we demonstrate for the first time that both cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 isoforms, but not cyclooxygenase-3, are involved in the progression of neuronal damage in intracerebroventricular streptozotocin-treated rats.
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Abstract
Prostaglandins are lipid autacoids derived from arachidonic acid. They both sustain homeostatic functions and mediate pathogenic mechanisms, including the inflammatory response. They are generated from arachidonate by the action of cyclooxygenase isoenzymes, and their biosynthesis is blocked by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, including those selective for inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2. Despite the clinical efficacy of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, prostaglandins may function in both the promotion and resolution of inflammation. This review summarizes insights into the mechanisms of prostaglandin generation and the roles of individual mediators and their receptors in modulating the inflammatory response. Prostaglandin biology has potential clinical relevance for atherosclerosis, the response to vascular injury and aortic aneurysm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Ricciotti
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, 153 Johnson Pavilion, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Raman D, Milatovic SZ, Milatovic D, Splittgerber R, Fan GH, Richmond A. Chemokines, macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and stromal cell-derived factor-1α, suppress amyloid β-induced neurotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 256:300-13. [PMID: 21704645 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by a progressive cognitive decline and accumulation of neurotoxic oligomeric peptides amyloid-β (Aβ). Although the molecular events are not entirely known, it has become evident that inflammation, environmental and other risk factors may play a causal, disruptive and/or protective role in the development of AD. The present study investigated the ability of the chemokines, macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) and stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α), the respective ligands for chemokine receptors CXCR2 and CXCR4, to suppress Aβ-induced neurotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Pretreatment with MIP-2 or SDF-1α significantly protected neurons from Aβ-induced dendritic regression and apoptosis in vitro through activation of Akt, ERK1/2 and maintenance of metalloproteinase ADAM17 especially with SDF-1α. Intra-cerebroventricular (ICV) injection of Aβ led to reduction in dendritic length and spine density of pyramidal neurons in the CA1 area of the hippocampus and increased oxidative damage 24h following the exposure. The Aβ-induced morphometric changes of neurons and increase in biomarkers of oxidative damage, F(2)-isoprostanes, were significantly inhibited by pretreatment with the chemokines MIP-2 or SDF-1α. Additionally, MIP-2 or SDF-1α was able to suppress the aberrant mislocalization of p21-activated kinase (PAK), one of the proteins involved in the maintenance of dendritic spines. Furthermore, MIP-2 also protected neurons against Aβ neurotoxicity in CXCR2-/- mice, potentially through observed up regulation of CXCR1 mRNA. Understanding the neuroprotective potential of chemokines is crucial in defining the role for their employment during the early stages of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayanidhi Raman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Milatovic D, Montine TJ, Aschner M. Prostanoid signaling: dual role for prostaglandin E2 in neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology 2011; 32:312-9. [PMID: 21376752 PMCID: PMC3090136 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The prostanoids, a naturally occurring subclass of eicosanoids, are lipid mediators generated through oxidative pathways from arachidonic acid. These cyclooxygenase metabolites, consisting of the prostaglandins (PG), prostacyclin and tromboxane, are released in response to a variety of physiological and pathological stimuli in almost all organs, including the brain. They are produced by various cell types and act upon targeted cells via specific G protein-coupled receptors. The existence of multiple receptors, cross-reactivity and coupling to different signal transduction pathways for each prostanoid, collectively establish their diverse effects. Notably, these effects can occur in functionally opposing directions within the same cell or organ. Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) is the most versatile prostanoid because of its receptors, E Prostanoid (EP) receptor subtypes 1 through 4, its biological heterogeneity and its differential expression on neuronal and glial cells throughout the central nervous system. Since PGE(2) plays an important role in processes associated with various neurological diseases, this review focuses on its dual neuroprotective and neurotoxic role in EP receptor subtype signaling pathways in different models of brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Milatovic
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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48
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Abstract
In the adult brain, neurogenesis under physiological conditions occurs in the subventricular zone and in the dentate gyrus. Although the exact molecular mechanisms that regulate neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation are largely unknown, several factors have been shown to affect neurogenesis. Decreased neurogenesis in the hippocampus has been recognized as one of the mechanisms of age-related brain dysfunction. Furthermore, in pathological conditions of the central nervous system associated with neuroinflammation, inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines can affect the capacity of brain stem cells and alter neurogenesis. In this review, we summarize the state of the art on the effects of neuroinflammation on adult neurogenesis and discuss the use of the lipopolysaccharide-model to study the effects of inflammation and reactive-microglia on brain stem cells and neurogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss the possible causes underlying reduced neurogenesis with normal aging and potential anti-inflammatory, pro-neurogenic interventions aimed at improving memory deficits in normal and pathological aging and in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Russo
- Molecular Neuroscience Unit, Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies and National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy, 25123
| | - Sergio Barlati
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies and National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy, 25123
| | - Francesca Bosetti
- Molecular Neuroscience Unit, Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Milatovic D, Aschner M. Neuronal Oxidative Injury and Biomarkers of Lipid Peroxidation. NEUROMETHODS 2011; 56:349-363. [PMID: 32132769 PMCID: PMC7055719 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-077-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Milatovic
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Milatovic D, Aschner M. Measurement of isoprostanes as markers of oxidative stress in neuronal tissue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; Chapter 12:Unit12.14. [PMID: 20191108 DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx1214s39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of human diseases, including neurodegenerative disease, atherosclerosis and cancer, as well as progressive and even normal aging processes. Increased generation of free radicals derived primarily from molecular oxygen has also been associated with neuronal damage induced by a variety of environmental agents. However, measuring oxidative stress in biological systems is complex and requires accurate quantification of either free radicals or damaged biomolecules. One method to quantify oxidative injury is to measure lipid peroxidation. Lipids are readily attacked by free radicals, resulting in the formation of a number of peroxidation products. F₂-isoprostanes (F₂-IsoPs) are one group of these compounds, which are derived by the free radical peroxidation of arachidonic acid (AA). The F₂-IsoPs, prostaglandine F₂-like compounds, have been shown as the most accurate measure of oxidative damage in vivo. This review summarizes current methodology used to quantify F₂-IsoPs and discusses the utility of these and other prostaglandine (PG)-like compounds as in vivo biomarkers of oxidative stress in neuronal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Milatovic
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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