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Lee S, Kim SY, Lee S, Jang S, Hwang ST, Kwon Y, Choi J, Kwon O. Ganoderma lucidum extract attenuates corticotropin-releasing hormone-induced cellular senescence in human hair follicle cells. iScience 2024; 27:109675. [PMID: 38706837 PMCID: PMC11068553 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is a key mediator in stress-induced hair growth inhibition. Here, we investigated the impact of stress-induced senescence and evaluated the potential of Ganoderma lucidum (GL) extract in mitigating CRH-induced senescence in human hair follicle cells (hHFCs). We show that CRH treatment increased the senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-β-GAL) activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in hHFCs and suppressed alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and anagen-inducing genes. However, GL extract restored ALP activity and decreased the expression levels of anagen-related genes in CRH-treated hHFCs. It decreased SA-β-GAL activity, reduced ROS production, and prevented the phosphorylation of MAPK signaling pathways in CRH-related stress response. Moreover, GL reversed the CRH-induced inhibition of two-cell assemblage (TCA) elongation and Ki67 expression. GL extract attenuates stress-induced hair follicular senescence by delaying catagen entry and scavenging ROS. Our findings suggest that GL extract could be used for treating stress-induced hair loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhyoung Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging and Hair Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, South Korea
| | - So Young Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging and Hair Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, South Korea
| | - Seunghee Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging and Hair Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, South Korea
| | - Sunhyae Jang
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging and Hair Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, South Korea
| | | | - Youngji Kwon
- R&I Center, COSMAX BTI, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Jaehwan Choi
- R&I Center, COSMAX BTI, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Ohsang Kwon
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging and Hair Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, South Korea
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Faught E, Schaaf MJM. Molecular mechanisms of the stress-induced regulation of the inflammatory response in fish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2024; 345:114387. [PMID: 37788784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2023.114387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Stressors in the environment of aquatic organisms can profoundly affect their immune system. The stress response in fish involves the activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis, leading to the release of several stress hormones, among them glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, which bind and activate corticosteroid receptors, namely the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). These receptors are highly expressed on immune cells, thereby allowing stress to have a potent effect that is classically considered to suppress immune function. In this review, we highlight the conserved structure and function of GR and MR among vertebrates and describe their role in modulating inflammation by regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory genes. In particular, the involvement of MR during inflammation is reviewed, which in many studies has been shown to be immune-enhancing. In recent years, the use of zebrafish as a model organism has opened up new possibilities to study the effects of stress on inflammation, making it possible to investigate knockout lines for MR and/or GR, in combination with transgenic models with fluorescently labeled leukocyte subpopulations that enable the visualization and manipulation of these immune cells. The potential roles of other hormones of the HPI axis, such as corticotrophin-releasing hormone (Crh) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (Acth), in immune modulation are also discussed. Overall, this review highlights the need for further research to elucidate the specific roles of GR, MR and other stress hormones in regulating immune function in fish. Understanding these mechanisms will contribute to improving fish health and advancing our knowledge of stress signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Faught
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, The Netherlands
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3
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INOUE M, TANIDA T, KONDO T, TAKENAKA S, NAKAJIMA T. Oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced glial cell reactivity in the rat primary neuron-glia co-culture. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:799-808. [PMID: 37407448 PMCID: PMC10466061 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that in vivo brain ischemia induces activation and proliferation of astrocytes and microglia. However, the mechanism underlying the ischemia-induced activation and proliferation of these cells remains to be unclear. Oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), an in vitro ischemia mimic, has been extensively used to analyze the hypoxia response of various cell types. This study examined the OGD-induced changes in the expression level of astrocytes and microglia marker proteins and immunoreactivity for Ki-67, a marker protein for cell proliferation, using rat primary hippocampal neuron-glia co-culture (NGC) cells. Furthermore, OGD-induced changes in the expression of M1/M2 microglia phenotype-related genes were also examined. MTT assay indicated that 120 min of OGD decreased cell viability, and immunocytochemistry indicated that 120 min of OGD abolished most microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2)-immunopositive neurons. In contrast, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunopositive astrocytes and ionized calcium-binding adapter protein-1 (Iba-1)-immunopositive microglia, and 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide-3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase)-immunopositive oligodendrocytes survived OGD. Western blot assays and double-immunofluorescent staining indicated that OGD increased the GFAP expression level and the Ki-67-immunopositive/GFAP-immunopositive cells' ratio. Real-time PCR analysis showed that OGD altered M1 microglia phenotype-related genes. Specifically, OGD decreased the expression level of CD32 and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) genes and increased that of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene. Therefore, applying OGD to NGC cells could serve as a useful in vitro tool to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying brain ischemia-induced changes in GFAP expression, astrocyte proliferation, and M1 microglia phenotype-related gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko INOUE
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Graduate School of
Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi TANIDA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Graduate School of
Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro KONDO
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Graduate School of Veterinary
Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeo TAKENAKA
- Department of Nutrition, Graduate School of Human Life and
Ecology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takayuki NAKAJIMA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Graduate School of
Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
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4
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Sleep Deprivation Induces Dopamine System Maladaptation and Escalated Corticotrophin-Releasing Factor Signaling in Adolescent Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:3190-3209. [PMID: 36813955 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03258-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Sleep disruption is highly associated with the pathogenesis and progression of a wild range of psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, appreciable evidence shows that experimental sleep deprivation (SD) on humans and rodents evokes anomalies in the dopaminergic (DA) signaling, which are also implicated in the development of psychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia or substance abuse. Since adolescence is a vital period for the maturation of the DA system as well as the occurrence of mental disorders, the present studies aimed to investigate the impacts of SD on the DA system of adolescent mice. We found that 72 h SD elicited a hyperdopaminergic status, with increased sensitivity to the novel environment and amphetamine (Amph) challenge. Also, altered neuronal activity and expression of striatal DA receptors were noticed in the SD mice. Moreover, 72 h SD influenced the immune status in the striatum, with reduced microglial phagocytic capacity, primed microglial activation, and neuroinflammation. The abnormal neuronal and microglial activity were putatively provoked by the enhanced corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) signaling and sensitivity during the SD period. Together, our findings demonstrated the consequences of SD in adolescents including aberrant neuroendocrine, DA system, and inflammatory status. Sleep insufficiency is a risk factor for the aberration and neuropathology of psychiatric disorders.
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Sleep-Disturbance-Induced Microglial Activation Involves CRH-Mediated Galectin 3 and Autophagy Dysregulation. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010160. [PMID: 36611953 PMCID: PMC9818437 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic sleep disturbances (CSDs) including insomnia, insufficient sleep time, and poor sleep quality are major public health concerns around the world, especially in developed countries. CSDs are major health risk factors linked to multiple neurodegenerative and neuropsychological diseases. It has been suggested that CSDs could activate microglia (Mg) leading to increased neuroinflammation levels, which ultimately lead to neuronal dysfunction. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying CSD-mediated microglial activation remain mostly unexplored. In this study, we used mice with three-weeks of sleep fragmentation (SF) to explore the underlying pathways responsible for Mg activation. Our results revealed that SF activates Mg in the hippocampus (HP) but not in the striatum and prefrontal cortex (PFc). SF increased the levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the HP. In vitro mechanism studies revealed that CRH activation of Mg involves galectin 3 (Gal3) upregulation and autophagy dysregulation. CRH could disrupt lysosome membrane integrity resulting in lysosomal cathepsins leakage. CRHR2 blockage mitigated CRH-mediated effects on microglia in vitro. SF mice also show increased Gal3 levels and autophagy dysregulation in the HP compared to controls. Taken together, our results show that SF-mediated hippocampal Mg activation involves CRH mediated galectin 3 and autophagy dysregulation. These findings suggest that targeting the hippocampal CRH system might be a novel therapeutic approach to ameliorate CSD-mediated neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Rahman-Enyart A, Yaggie RE, Bollinger JL, Arvanitis C, Winter DR, Schaeffer AJ, Klumpp DJ. Acyloxyacyl hydrolase regulates microglia-mediated pelvic pain. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269140. [PMID: 35980963 PMCID: PMC9387837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pelvic pain conditions such as interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) remain clinical and mechanistic enigmas. Microglia are resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) that respond to changes in the gut microbiome, and studies have linked microglial activation to acute and chronic pain in a variety of models, including pelvic pain. We have previously reported that mice deficient for the lipase acyloxyacyl hydrolase (AOAH) develop pelvic allodynia and exhibit symptoms, comorbidities, and gut dysbiosis mimicking IC/BPS. Here, we assessed the role of AOAH in microglial activation and pelvic pain. RNAseq analyses using the ARCHS4 database and confocal microscopy revealed that AOAH is highly expressed in wild type microglia but at low levels in astrocytes, suggesting a functional role for AOAH in microglia. Pharmacologic ablation of CNS microglia with PLX5622 resulted in decreased pelvic allodynia in AOAH-deficient mice and resurgence of pelvic pain upon drug washout. Skeletal analyses revealed that AOAH-deficient mice have an activated microglia morphology in the medial prefrontal cortex and paraventricular nucleus, brain regions associated with pain modulation. Because microglia express Toll-like receptors and respond to microbial components, we also examine the potential role of dysbiosis in microglial activation. Consistent with our hypothesis of microglia activation by leakage of gut microbes, we observed increased serum endotoxins in AOAH-deficient mice and increased activation of cultured BV2 microglial cells by stool of AOAH-deficient mice. Together, these findings demonstrate a role for AOAH in microglial modulation of pelvic pain and thus identify a novel therapeutic target for IC/BPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afrida Rahman-Enyart
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Currently Proteintech Group Incorporated, Rosemont, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ryan E. Yaggie
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Justin L. Bollinger
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, College of Medicine University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Constadina Arvanitis
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Center for Advanced Microscopy & Nikon Imaging Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Deborah R. Winter
- Division of Rheumatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Anthony J. Schaeffer
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - David J. Klumpp
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Xu MX, Zhao GL, Hu X, Zhou H, Li SY, Li F, Miao Y, Lei B, Wang Z. P2X7/P2X4 Receptors Mediate Proliferation and Migration of Retinal Microglia in Experimental Glaucoma in Mice. Neurosci Bull 2022; 38:901-915. [PMID: 35254644 PMCID: PMC9352844 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00833-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are involved in the inflammatory response and retinal ganglion cell damage in glaucoma. Here, we investigated how microglia proliferate and migrate in a mouse model of chronic ocular hypertension (COH). In COH retinas, the microglial proliferation that occurred was inhibited by the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) blocker BBG or P2X7R knockout, but not by the P2X4R blocker 5-BDBD. Treatment of primary cultured microglia with BzATP, a P2X7R agonist, mimicked the effects of cell proliferation and migration in COH retinas through the intracellular MEK/ERK signaling pathway. Transwell migration assays showed that the P2X4R agonist CTP induced microglial migration, which was completely blocked by 5-BDBD. In vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated that ATP, released from activated Müller cells through connexin43 hemichannels, acted on P2X7R to induce microglial proliferation, and acted on P2X4R/P2X7R (mainly P2X4R) to induce microglial migration. Our results suggest that inhibiting the interaction of Müller cells and microglia may attenuate microglial proliferation and migration in glaucoma.
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8
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Wu Q, Feng Y, Liu L, Liu Y, Liu X, Zhang L, Li Y, Wang L. Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Aggravates Ischemic Stroke Injury by the Inflammatory Activation of Microglia. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6523128. [PMID: 35137012 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Therefore, exploring effective and emerging molecular targets for ischemic stroke is a primary task of basic and clinical research. The aim of the present study was to investigate the function of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in ischemic stroke and its related mechanisms, to provide a reference for the treatment of ischemic stroke. CRF, antalarmin, or astressin-2B were used to activate or block the CRF1 (CRF receptor 1) or CRF2 (CRF receptor 2) in BV2 cells and adult male mice, thus constructing a distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAO) model. CRF not only accelerated microglial activity by promoting transcription and production of inflammatory factors, but also promoted the transformation of activated BV2 cells from a neuroprotective phenotype (M2) to cytotoxic phenotype (M1), and these effects were mediated by the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. These effects can be blocked by antalarmin but not by astressin-2B. CRF significantly aggravated the neurological deficit, increased infarction volume, and exacerbated neuronal injuries. Additionally, CRF significantly improved the levels of TNF-α and phospho-NF-κB in the ischemia penumbra. Finally, CRF significantly increased the number of CD16/Iba-1-positive cells and decreased the number of CD206/Iba-1-positive cells in the ischemia penumbra. These results provide evidence of the proinflammatory role of CRF in an ischemic stroke model and a possible underlying mechanism, which may facilitate the elucidation of potential treatment approaches for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Yan Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050031, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Liqiao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, East Branch of Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Liqun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
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9
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Lichlyter DA, Krumm ZA, Golde TA, Doré S. Role of CRF and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in stroke: revisiting temporal considerations and targeting a new generation of therapeutics. FEBS J 2022; 290:1986-2010. [PMID: 35108458 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ischaemic neurovascular stroke represents a leading cause of death in the developed world. Preclinical and human epidemiological evidence implicates the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family of neuropeptides as mediators of acute neurovascular injury pathology. Preclinical investigations of the role of CRF, CRF receptors and CRF-dependent activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis have pointed toward a tissue-specific and temporal relationship between activation of these pathways and physiological outcomes. Based on the literature, the major phases of ischaemic stroke aetiology may be separated into an acute phase in which CRF and anti-inflammatory stress signalling are beneficial and a chronic phase in which these contribute to neural degeneration, toxicity and apoptotic signalling. Significant gaps in knowledge remain regarding the pathway, temporality and systemic impact of CRF signalling and stress biology in neurovascular injury progression. Heterogeneity among experimental designs poses a challenge to defining the apparent reciprocal relationship between neurological injury and stress metabolism. Despite these challenges, it is our opinion that the elucidated temporality may be best matched with an antibody against CRF with a half-life of days to weeks as opposed to minutes to hours as with small-molecule CRF receptor antagonists. This state-of-the-art review will take a multipronged approach to explore the expected potential benefit of a CRF antibody by modulating CRF and corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 signalling, glucocorticoids and autonomic nervous system activity. Additionally, this review compares the modulation of CRF and HPA axis activity in neuropsychiatric diseases and their counterpart outcomes post-stroke and assess lessons learned from antibody therapies in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Lichlyter
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Zachary A Krumm
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Todd A Golde
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Pharmaceutics, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Clayton RW, Lovell-Badge R, Galichet C. The Properties and Functions of Glial Cell Types of the Hypothalamic Median Eminence. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:953995. [PMID: 35966104 PMCID: PMC9363565 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.953995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The median eminence (ME) is part of the neuroendocrine system (NES) that functions as a crucial interface between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The ME contains many non-neuronal cell types, including oligodendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), tanycytes, astrocytes, pericytes, microglia and other immune cells, which may be involved in the regulation of NES function. For example, in mice, ablation of tanycytes (a special class of ependymal glia with stem cell-like functions) results in weight gain, feeding, insulin insensitivity and increased visceral adipose, consistent with the demonstrated ability of these cells to sense and transport both glucose and leptin, and to differentiate into neurons that control feeding and metabolism in the hypothalamus. To give a further example, OPCs in the ME of mice have been shown to rapidly respond to dietary signals, in turn controlling composition of the extracellular matrix in the ME, derived from oligodendrocyte-lineage cells, which may contribute to the previously described role of these cells in actively maintaining leptin-receptor-expressing dendrites in the ME. In this review, we explore and discuss recent advances such as these, that have developed our understanding of how the various cell types of the ME contribute to its function in the NES as the interface between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. We also highlight avenues of future research which promise to uncover additional functions of the ME and the glia, stem and progenitor cells it contains.
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Lu X, Lu F, Yu J, Xue X, Jiang H, Jiang L, Yang Y. Gramine promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury via ameliorating microglia activation. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:7980-7992. [PMID: 34382745 PMCID: PMC8358888 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a large number of studies have reported that neuroinflammation aggravates the occurrence of secondary injury after spinal cord injury. Gramine (GM), a natural indole alkaloid, possesses various pharmacological properties; however, the anti-inflammation property remains unclear. In our study, Gramine was investigated in vitro and in vivo to explore the neuroprotection effects. In vitro experiment, our results suggest that Gramine treatment can inhibit release of pro-inflammatory mediators. Moreover, Gramine prevented apoptosis of PC12 cells which was caused by activated HAPI microglia, and the inflammatory secretion ability of microglia was inhibited by Gramine through NF-κB pathway. The in vivo experiment is that 80 mg/kg Gramine was injected orthotopically to rats after spinal cord injury (SCI). Behavioural and histological analyses demonstrated that Gramine treatment may alleviate microglia activation and then boost recovery of motor function after SCI. Overall, our research has demonstrated that Gramine exerts suppressed microglia activation and promotes motor functional recovery after SCI through NF-κB pathway, which may put forward the prospect of clinical treatment of inflammation-related central nervous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolang Lu
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- The Second School of MedicineWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of OrthopedicsWenzhouChina
| | - Fengfeng Lu
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- The Second School of MedicineWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of OrthopedicsWenzhouChina
| | - Jiachen Yu
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- The Second School of MedicineWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of OrthopedicsWenzhouChina
| | - Xinghe Xue
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- The Second School of MedicineWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of OrthopedicsWenzhouChina
| | - Hongyi Jiang
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- The Second School of MedicineWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of OrthopedicsWenzhouChina
| | - Liting Jiang
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- The Second School of MedicineWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of OrthopedicsWenzhouChina
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- The Second School of MedicineWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of OrthopedicsWenzhouChina
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12
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Obesity and dietary fat influence dopamine neurotransmission: exploring the convergence of metabolic state, physiological stress, and inflammation on dopaminergic control of food intake. Nutr Res Rev 2021; 35:236-251. [PMID: 34184629 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422421000196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to explore how metabolic changes induced by diets high in saturated fat (HFD) affect nucleus accumbens (NAc) dopamine neurotransmission and food intake, and to explore how stress and inflammation influence this process. Recent evidence linked diet-induced obesity and HFD with reduced dopamine release and reuptake. Altered dopamine neurotransmission could disrupt satiety circuits between NAc dopamine terminals and projections to the hypothalamus. The NAc directs learning and motivated behaviours based on homeostatic needs and psychological states. Therefore, impaired dopaminergic responses to palatable food could contribute to weight gain by disrupting responses to food cues or stress, which impacts type and quantity of food consumed. Specifically, saturated fat promotes neuronal resistance to anorectic hormones and activation of immune cells that release proinflammatory cytokines. Insulin has been shown to regulate dopamine neurotransmission by enhancing satiety, but less is known about effects of diet-induced stress. Therefore, changes to dopamine signalling due to HFD warrant further examination to characterise crosstalk of cytokines with endocrine and neurotransmitter signals. A HFD promotes a proinflammatory environment that may disrupt neuronal endocrine function and dopamine signalling that could be exacerbated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and κ-opioid receptor stress systems. Together, these adaptive changes may dysregulate eating by changing NAc dopamine during hedonic versus homeostatic food intake. This could drive palatable food cravings during energy restriction and hinder weight loss. Understanding links between HFD and dopamine neurotransmission will inform treatment strategies for diet-induced obesity and identify molecular candidates for targeted therapeutics.
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13
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Zhou H, Chen A, Lu W. Corticotropin-releasing hormone reduces basal estradiol production in zebrafish follicular cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 527:111222. [PMID: 33652099 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) plays a key regulatory role in coordinating the regulation of endocrine, autonomic nervous, immune, and reproductive systems. Two CRH (CRHα and CRHβ) and their receptors (CRHR1 and CRHR2) had been identified in zebrafish. However, their functions remained uncovered in the ovary of zebrafish. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether CRH acts directly on the ovary to regulate steroidogenesis in cultured zebrafish follicular cells. Firstly, CRH and its receptors are expressed in the zebrafish ovary. The expression profile of CRHβ fluctuated during ovarian development in zebrafish, and the highest CRHα mRNA levels were observed at the mature follicle. The highest CRHR1 and CRHR2 mRNA levels existed in mid-vitellogenic (MV) and early vitellogenic (EV) stages, respectively. In primary cultured zebrafish follicular cells, both of the CRHα and CRHβ inhibited expression of hsd17b3 mRNA levels and decreased content of estradiol (E2) in the medium. Furthermore, CRH activated p38 MAPK and p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 attenuated the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK induced by CRHα. Simultaneously, SB203580 changed the effect of CRH on cyp19a1a expression but not hsd17b1 and hsd17b3. SB203580 alone or combined with CRH inhibited the E2 content. Finally, the CRHR inhibitor α-helical 9-41 also blocked the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK induced by CRHα but did not change the inhibitory effect of CRH on the mRNA expression of the steroidogenic gene and the content of E2 in the culture medium. Taken together, our findings suggest that the anti-steroidogenic effects of CRH may be mediated partly through activation of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhou
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Aqin Chen
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Weiqun Lu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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Harcha PA, Garcés P, Arredondo C, Fernández G, Sáez JC, van Zundert B. Mast Cell and Astrocyte Hemichannels and Their Role in Alzheimer's Disease, ALS, and Harmful Stress Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041924. [PMID: 33672031 PMCID: PMC7919494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Considered relevant during allergy responses, numerous observations have also identified mast cells (MCs) as critical effectors during the progression and modulation of several neuroinflammatory conditions, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). MC granules contain a plethora of constituents, including growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, and mitogen factors. The release of these bioactive substances from MCs occurs through distinct pathways that are initiated by the activation of specific plasma membrane receptors/channels. Here, we focus on hemichannels (HCs) formed by connexins (Cxs) and pannexins (Panxs) proteins, and we described their contribution to MC degranulation in AD, ALS, and harmful stress conditions. Cx/Panx HCs are also expressed by astrocytes and are likely involved in the release of critical toxic amounts of soluble factors—such as glutamate, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), complement component 3 derivate C3a, tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), apoliprotein E (ApoE), and certain miRNAs—known to play a role in the pathogenesis of AD, ALS, and other neurodegenerative disorders. We propose that blocking HCs on MCs and glial cells offers a promising novel strategy for ameliorating the progression of neurodegenerative diseases by reducing the release of cytokines and other pro-inflammatory compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma A. Harcha
- Instituto de Neurociencia, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2381850, Chile
- Correspondence: (P.A.H.); (J.C.S.); (B.v.Z.)
| | - Polett Garcés
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (P.G.); (C.A.); (G.F.)
- CARE Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330005, Chile
| | - Cristian Arredondo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (P.G.); (C.A.); (G.F.)
- CARE Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330005, Chile
| | - Germán Fernández
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (P.G.); (C.A.); (G.F.)
- CARE Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330005, Chile
| | - Juan C. Sáez
- Instituto de Neurociencia, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2381850, Chile
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Correspondence: (P.A.H.); (J.C.S.); (B.v.Z.)
| | - Brigitte van Zundert
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (P.G.); (C.A.); (G.F.)
- CARE Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330005, Chile
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Correspondence: (P.A.H.); (J.C.S.); (B.v.Z.)
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15
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Chinese Herbal Medicine for the Treatment of Depression: Effects on the Neuroendocrine-Immune Network. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14010065. [PMID: 33466877 PMCID: PMC7830381 DOI: 10.3390/ph14010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuroimmune and neuroendocrine systems are two critical biological systems in the pathogenesis of depression. Clinical and preclinical studies have demonstrated that the activation of the neuroinflammatory response of the immune system and hyperactivity of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis of the neuroendocrine system commonly coexist in patients with depression and that these two systems bidirectionally regulate one another through neural, immunological, and humoral intersystem interactions. The neuroendocrine-immune network poses difficulties associated with the development of antidepressant agents directed toward these biological systems for the effective treatment of depression. On the other hand, multidrug and multitarget Chinese Herbal Medicine (CHM) has great potential to assist in the development of novel medications for the systematic pharmacotherapy of depression. In this narrative essay, we conclusively analyze the mechanisms of action of CHM antidepressant constituents and formulas, specifically through the modulation of the neuroendocrine-immune network, by reviewing recent preclinical studies conducted using depressive animal models. Some CHM herbal constituents and formulas are highlighted as examples, and their mechanisms of action at both the molecular and systems levels are discussed. Furthermore, we discuss the crosstalk of these two biological systems and the systems pharmacology approach for understanding the system-wide mechanism of action of CHM on the neuroendocrine-immune network in depression treatment. The holistic, multidrug, and multitarget nature of CHM represents an excellent example of systems medicine in the effective treatment of depression.
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16
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Martinez-Muniz GA, Wood SK. Sex Differences in the Inflammatory Consequences of Stress: Implications for Pharmacotherapy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 375:161-174. [PMID: 32759370 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.266205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Women are at significantly greater risk of developing stress-related disorders such as depression. The increased risk begins during puberty and continues throughout life until menopause, suggesting a role for ovarian hormones in this increased susceptibility. Importantly, inflammation has been gaining momentum in its role in the pathogenesis of depression. Herein, clinical and preclinical studies have been reviewed to better understand how sex differences within the immune system may contribute to exaggerated risk of depression in females. First, studies that investigate the ability of psychologic stress episodes to engage the inflammatory systems both in the brain and periphery are reviewed with a special focus on sex-specific effects. Moreover, studies are discussed that identify whether imbalanced inflammatory milieu contributes to the development of depression in males versus females and whether these effects are regulated by estradiol. Importantly, we propose a locus coeruleus-norepinephrine-cytokine circuit as a conduit through which stress could increase stress susceptibly in females. Finally, the anti-inflammatory capacity of traditional and nontraditional antidepressants is investigated, with the goal of providing a better understanding of pharmacotherapeutics to enhance strategies to personalize antidepressant treatments between the sexes. The studies reviewed herein strongly support the need for further studies to elucidate whether females are especially sensitive to anti-inflammatory compounds as adjuvants to traditional therapies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Women have hve an increased risk of developing stress-related disorders such as depression. In this review, literature from clinical and preclinical studies are integrated to define sex differences in stress-induced inflammatory responses as a potential source for the etiology of sex differences in depressive disorders. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory capacity of traditional and nontraditional antidepressants is reviewed to inform on potential pharmacotherapeutic strategies to personalize antidepressant therapy in a sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Martinez-Muniz
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina and Dorn Veterans Administration Medical Center, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Susan K Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina and Dorn Veterans Administration Medical Center, Columbia, South Carolina
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Vasconcelos M, Stein DJ, Gallas-Lopes M, Landau L, de Almeida RMM. Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor signaling and modulation: implications for stress response and resilience. TRENDS IN PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY 2020; 42:195-206. [PMID: 32696892 DOI: 10.1590/2237-6089-2018-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction In addition to their role in regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and its related peptides, the urocortins, are important mediators of physiological and pathophysiological processes of the central nervous, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, immune, endocrine, reproductive, and skin systems. Altered regulation of CRF-mediated adaptive responses to various stressful stimuli disrupts healthy function and might confer vulnerability to several disorders, including depression and anxiety. Methodology This narrative review was conducted through search and analysis of studies retrieved from online databases using a snowball method. Results This review covers aspects beginning with the discovery of CRF, CRF binding protein and their actions via interaction with CRF receptors type 1 and type 2. These are surface plasma membrane receptors, activation of which is associated with conformational changes and interaction with a variety of G-proteins and signaling pathways. We also reviewed the pharmacology and mechanisms of the receptor signaling modulatory activity of these receptors. Conclusion This review compiles and presents knowledge regarding the CRFergic system, including CRF related peptides, CRF binding protein, and CRF receptors, as well as some evidence that is potentially indicative of the biological roles of these entities in several physiological and pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mailton Vasconcelos
- Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Dirson J Stein
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Matheus Gallas-Lopes
- Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luane Landau
- Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rosa Maria M de Almeida
- Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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18
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Mao ZF, Ouyang SH, Zhang QY, Wu YP, Wang GE, Tu LF, Luo Z, Li WX, Kurihara H, Li YF, He RR. New insights into the effects of caffeine on adult hippocampal neurogenesis in stressed mice: Inhibition of CORT-induced microglia activation. FASEB J 2020; 34:10998-11014. [PMID: 32619083 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000146rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress-evoked depression has been implied to associate with the decline of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Caffeine has been known to combat stress-evoked depression. Herein, we aim to investigate whether the protective effect of caffeine on depression is related with improving adult hippocampus neurogenesis and explore the mechanisms. Mouse chronic water immersion restraint stress (CWIRS) model, corticosterone (CORT)-established cell stress model, a coculture system containing CORT-treated BV-2 cells and hippocampal neural stem cells (NSCs) were utilized. Results showed that CWIRS caused obvious depressive-like disorders, abnormal 5-HT signaling, and elevated-plasma CORT levels. Notably, microglia activation-evoked brain inflammation and inhibited neurogenesis were also observed in the hippocampus of stressed mice. In comparison, intragastric administration of caffeine (10 and 20 mg/kg, 28 days) significantly reverted CWIRS-induced depressive behaviors, neurogenesis recession and microglia activation in the hippocampus. Further evidences from both in vivo and in vitro mechanistic experiments demonstrated that caffeine treatment significantly suppressed microglia activation via the A2AR/MEK/ERK/NF-κB signaling pathway. The results suggested that CORT-induced microglia activation contributes to stress-mediated neurogenesis recession. The antidepression effect of caffeine was associated with unlocking microglia activation-induced neurogenesis inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Fu Mao
- Guangdong Engineering Research Centre of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Hua Ouyang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Centre of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiong-Yi Zhang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Centre of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Ping Wu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Centre of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guo-En Wang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Centre of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Long-Fang Tu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Centre of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuo Luo
- Guangdong Engineering Research Centre of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Xi Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Hiroshi Kurihara
- Guangdong Engineering Research Centre of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Fang Li
- Guangdong Engineering Research Centre of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rong-Rong He
- Guangdong Engineering Research Centre of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Shi YX, Chen WS. Monascin ameliorate inflammation in the lipopolysaccharide-induced BV-2 microglial cells via suppressing the NF-κB/p65 pathway. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 23:461-468. [PMID: 32489561 PMCID: PMC7239424 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2020.41045.9702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases is complicated, in which inflammatory reactions play a vital role. Microglia cells activation, an essential process of neuroinflammation, can produce neurotoxic molecules and neurotrophic factors, which aggravate inflammation and neuronal injury. Monascin, a major component of red yeast rice, is an azaphilonoid pigment with potential anti-inflammatory effects; however, the effects in central nervous system have not been evaluated. Our goal in this project was to explore the therapeutic effect and the underlying mechanism of Monascin, which may be via anti-inflammatory action. Materials and Methods We used lipopolysaccharide to induce BV-2 microglial cells in order to form an inflammation model in vitro. The anti-inflammatory effects of Monascin were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western Blot and Immunofluorescent staining. Results Our data indicated that inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and nitric oxide were suppressed by Monascin treatment. Furthermore, the related pro-inflammatory genes were inhibited consistent with the results of ELISA assay. Western blotting results showed that the phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB/p65) was reduced by Monascin treatment may be through suppressing the activation of IκB. Furthermore, immunofluorescence staining showed that the translocation of NF-κB/p65 to the cellular nuclear was blockaded after Monascin treatment. Conclusion Taken together, Monascin exerts anti-inflammatory effect and suppressed microglia activation, which suggested its potential therapeutic effect for inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Xiang Shi
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Shan Chen
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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20
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Jiang Y, Peng T, Gaur U, Silva M, Little P, Chen Z, Qiu W, Zhang Y, Zheng W. Role of Corticotropin Releasing Factor in the Neuroimmune Mechanisms of Depression: Examination of Current Pharmaceutical and Herbal Therapies. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:290. [PMID: 31312123 PMCID: PMC6614517 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 3% of the world population suffers from depression, which is one of the most common form of mental disorder. Recent findings suggest that an interaction between the nervous system and immune system might be behind the pathophysiology of various neurological and psychiatric disorders, including depression. Neuropeptides have been shown to play a major role in mediating response to stress and inducing immune activation or suppression. Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) is a major regulator of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis response. CRF is a stress-related neuropeptide whose dysregulation has been associated with depression. In this review, we summarized the role of CRF in the neuroimmune mechanisms of depression, and the potential therapeutic effects of Chinese herbal medicines (CHM) as well as other agents. Studying the network of CRF and immune responses will help to enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of depression. Additionally, targeting this important network may aid in developing novel treatments for this debilitating psychiatric disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Jiang
- Center of Reproduction, Development and Aging and Institute of Translation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tangming Peng
- Center of Reproduction, Development and Aging and Institute of Translation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Neurosurgical Clinical Research Center of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China
| | - Uma Gaur
- Center of Reproduction, Development and Aging and Institute of Translation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Marta Silva
- Center of Reproduction, Development and Aging and Institute of Translation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Peter Little
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yandong Zhang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- Center of Reproduction, Development and Aging and Institute of Translation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
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21
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Sayo A, Konishi H, Kobayashi M, Kano K, Kobayashi H, Hibi H, Aoki J, Kiyama H. GPR34 in spinal microglia exacerbates neuropathic pain in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:82. [PMID: 30975169 PMCID: PMC6458787 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1458-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuropathic pain is caused by sensory nerve injury, but effective treatments are currently lacking. Microglia are activated in the spinal dorsal horn after sensory nerve injury and contribute to neuropathic pain. Accordingly, molecules expressed by these cells are considered potential targets for therapeutic strategies. Our previous gene screening study using a mouse model of motor nerve injury showed that the G-protein-coupled receptor 34 gene (GPR34) is induced by nerve injury. Because GPR34 is now considered a microglia-enriched gene, we explored the possibility that it might be involved in microglial activation in the dorsal horn in a mouse model of neuropathic pain. Methods mRNA expression of GPR34 and pro-inflammatory molecules was determined by quantitative real-time PCR in wild-type and GPR34-deficient mice with L4 spinal nerve injury. In situ hybridization was used to identify GPR34 expression in microglia, and immunohistochemistry with the microglial marker Iba1 was performed to examine microglial numbers and morphology. Mechanical sensitivity was evaluated by the von Frey hair test. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry quantified expression of the ligand for GPR34, lysophosphatidylserine (LysoPS), in the dorsal horn, and a GPR34 antagonist was intrathecally administrated to examine the effect of inhibiting LysoPS-GPR34 signaling on mechanical sensitivity. Results GPR34 was predominantly expressed by microglia in the dorsal horn after L4 nerve injury. There were no histological differences in microglial numbers or morphology between WT and GPR34-deficient mice. However, nerve injury-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression levels in microglia and pain behaviors were significantly attenuated in GPR34-deficient mice. Furthermore, the intrathecal administration of the GPR34 antagonist reduced neuropathic pain. Conclusions Inhibition of GPR34-mediated signal by GPR34 gene deletion reduced nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain by suppressing pro-inflammatory responses of microglia without affecting their morphology. Therefore, the suppression of GPR34 activity may have therapeutic potential for alleviating neuropathic pain. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1458-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sayo
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65, Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Konishi
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65, Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Masaaki Kobayashi
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65, Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Kano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kobayashi
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hideharu Hibi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyama
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65, Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
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22
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Parra-Mercado GK, Fuentes-Gonzalez AM, Hernandez-Aranda J, Diaz-Coranguez M, Dautzenberg FM, Catt KJ, Hauger RL, Olivares-Reyes JA. CRF 1 Receptor Signaling via the ERK1/2-MAP and Akt Kinase Cascades: Roles of Src, EGF Receptor, and PI3-Kinase Mechanisms. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:869. [PMID: 31920979 PMCID: PMC6921279 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we determined the cellular regulators of ERK1/2 and Akt signaling pathways in response to human CRF1 receptor (CRF1R) activation in transfected COS-7 cells. We found that Pertussis Toxin (PTX) treatment or sequestering Gβγ reduced CRF1R-mediated activation of ERK1/2, suggesting the involvement of a Gi-linked cascade. Neither Gs/PKA nor Gq/PKC were associated with ERK1/2 activation. Besides, CRF induced EGF receptor (EGFR) phosphorylation at Tyr1068, and selective inhibition of EGFR kinase activity by AG1478 strongly inhibited the CRF1R-mediated phosphorylation of ERK1/2, indicating the participation of EGFR transactivation. Furthermore, CRF-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation was not altered by pretreatment with batimastat, GM6001, or an HB-EGF antibody indicating that metalloproteinase processing of HB-EGF ligands is not required for the CRF-mediated EGFR transactivation. We also observed that CRF induced Src and PYK2 phosphorylation in a Gβγ-dependent manner. Additionally, using the specific Src kinase inhibitor PP2 and the dominant-negative-SrcYF-KM, it was revealed that CRF-stimulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation depends on Src activation. PP2 also blocked the effect of CRF on Src and EGFR (Tyr845) phosphorylation, further demonstrating the centrality of Src. We identified the formation of a protein complex consisting of CRF1R, Src, and EGFR facilitates EGFR transactivation and CRF1R-mediated signaling. CRF stimulated Akt phosphorylation, which was dependent on Gi/βγ subunits, and Src activation, however, was only slightly dependent on EGFR transactivation. Moreover, PI3K inhibitors were able to inhibit not only the CRF-induced phosphorylation of Akt, as expected, but also ERK1/2 activation by CRF suggesting a PI3K dependency in the CRF1R ERK signaling. Finally, CRF-stimulated ERK1/2 activation was similar in the wild-type CRF1R and the phosphorylation-deficient CRF1R-Δ386 mutant, which has impaired agonist-dependent β-arrestin-2 recruitment; however, this situation may have resulted from the low β-arrestin expression in the COS-7 cells. When β-arrestin-2 was overexpressed in COS-7 cells, CRF-stimulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation was markedly upregulated. These findings indicate that on the base of a constitutive CRF1R/EGFR interaction, the Gi/βγ subunits upstream activation of Src, PYK2, PI3K, and transactivation of the EGFR are required for CRF1R signaling via the ERK1/2-MAP kinase pathway. In contrast, Akt activation via CRF1R is mediated by the Src/PI3K pathway with little contribution of EGFR transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Karina Parra-Mercado
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biochemistry, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alma M. Fuentes-Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biochemistry, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Judith Hernandez-Aranda
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biochemistry, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Monica Diaz-Coranguez
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biochemistry, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Kevin J. Catt
- Section on Hormonal Regulation, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Richard L. Hauger
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - J. Alberto Olivares-Reyes
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biochemistry, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: J. Alberto Olivares-Reyes
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23
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Sharif K, Watad A, Coplan L, Lichtbroun B, Krosser A, Lichtbroun M, Bragazzi NL, Amital H, Afek A, Shoenfeld Y. The role of stress in the mosaic of autoimmunity: An overlooked association. Autoimmun Rev 2018; 17:967-983. [PMID: 30118900 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stress is defined as the pscyophysiological reaction in which the steady state is disturbed or threatened. Stress is not always perceived as a negative response. Stress results when environmental demands exceed an individuals' adaptive capacities. Autoimmune diseases are heterogeneous group of chronic diseases which occur secondary to loss of self antigen tolerance. The etiopathogenesis of autoimmune disease is uncertain. Genetic factors as well as environmental factors appear to interplay, leading to a cascade of events resulting in disease onset. Stress has been postulated to play a role in disease onset in the genetically susceptible patients. During the stress response, catecholamines and glucocorticoids are released from locus coeruleus and adrenal gland. These biomolecules exert control over various immune cells in the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, thereby altering the cytokine profile released. The increase of IL-4 promotes T-helper 2 (Th2) cell differentiation, while the decrease in IL-12 and the increased IL-10 production reduce the number of T-helper 1 (Th1) cells. The relationship between stress and autoimmune diseases is intricate. Stress has been shown to be associated with disease onset, and disease exacerbations in rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, Graves' disease as well as other autoimmune conditions. In certain conditions such as psoriasis, stress has been implicated in delaying lesion clearance upon the application of standard treatment regimes. Finally, psychological therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy aimed to reduce stress levels was shown to be effective in influencing better outcomes in many autoimmune diseases. The purpose of this paper is to closer inspect the clinical evidence regarding the role of stress on influencing the various aspects of disease entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassem Sharif
- Department of Medicine 'B', Israel; Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Abdulla Watad
- Department of Medicine 'B', Israel; Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Louis Coplan
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Alec Krosser
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- School of Public Health, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Howard Amital
- Department of Medicine 'B', Israel; Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Arnon Afek
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Incumbent of the Laura Schwarz-Kipp Chair for Research of Autoimmune Diseases, Tel-Aviv University, Head of The Mosaic of Autoimmunity Project, Saint Petersburg State University, Israel; Head of The Mosaic of Autoimmunity Project, Saint Petersburg State University, Russia.
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24
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Obergasteiger J, Frapporti G, Pramstaller PP, Hicks AA, Volta M. A new hypothesis for Parkinson's disease pathogenesis: GTPase-p38 MAPK signaling and autophagy as convergence points of etiology and genomics. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:40. [PMID: 30071902 PMCID: PMC6090926 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0273-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of genetics and genomics in Parkinson´s disease has recently begun to unveil molecular mechanisms possibly underlying disease onset and progression. In particular, catabolic processes such as autophagy have been increasingly gaining relevance as post-mortem evidence and experimental models suggested a participation in neurodegeneration and alpha-synuclein Lewy body pathology. In addition, familial Parkinson´s disease linked to LRRK2 and alpha-synuclein provided stronger correlation between etiology and alterations in autophagy. More detailed cellular pathways are proposed and genetic risk factors that associate with idiopathic Parkinson´s disease provide further clues in dissecting contributions of single players. Nevertheless, the fine-tuning of these processes remains elusive, as the initial stages of the pathways are not yet clarified.In this review, we collect literature evidence pointing to autophagy as the common, downstream target of Parkinsonian dysfunctions and augment current knowledge on the factors that direct the subsequent steps. Cell and molecular biology evidence indicate that p38 signaling underlies neurodegeneration and autoptic observations suggest a participation in neuropathology. Moreover, alpha-synuclein and LRRK2 also appear involved in the p38 pathway with additional roles in the regulation of GTPase signaling. Small GTPases are critical modulators of p38 activation and thus, their functional interaction with aSyn and LRRK2 could explain much of the detailed mechanics of autophagy in Parkinson´s disease.We propose a novel hypothesis for a more comprehensive working model where autophagy is controlled by upstream pathways, such as GTPase-p38, that have been so far underexplored in this context. In addition, etiological factors (LRRK2, alpha-synuclein) and risk loci might also combine in this common mechanism, providing a powerful experimental setting to dissect the cause of both familial and idiopathic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Obergasteiger
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research – Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Giulia Frapporti
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research – Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Peter P. Pramstaller
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research – Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
- Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, Via Böhler 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Andrew A. Hicks
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research – Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Mattia Volta
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research – Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
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25
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You P, Fu S, Yu K, Xia Y, Wu H, Yang Y, Ma C, Liu D, Chen X, Wang J, Ye X, Liu Y. Scutellarin suppresses neuroinflammation via the inhibition of the AKT/NF-κB and p38/JNK pathway in LPS-induced BV-2 microglial cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2018; 391:743-751. [PMID: 29680917 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1503-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo studies indicate that scutellarin (SCU) exerts anti-inflammatory effects in the central nervous system (CNS) and inhibits microglia activation. This study investigated the anti-neuroinflammation molecular mechanisms exerted by scutellarin in LPS-induced BV-2 cells. The results showed that production of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and NO and TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and iNOS mRNA were inhibited by scutellarin, which was independent of cytotoxicity as assessed by a CCK8 assay. Western blot analysis indicated that NF-κB-p65 phosphorylation was suppressed by scutellarin via inhibition of IκB degradation and IKKβ activation, which coincided with blockage of nuclear translocation of NF-κB as shown by immunofluorescent staining. Consistent with the inhibition of NF-κB, scutellarin inhibited the phosphorylation of p38, JNK, and AKT without affecting phosphorylation of ERK1/2 or PI3K in LPS-induced BV-2 cells. Overall, the present study suggests that scutellarin inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory mediators via inhibition of the IKK-dependent NF-κB and p38/JNK signaling pathway, which inhibits microglia activation and exerts anti-inflammation, indicating its potential therapeutic effect for neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengtao You
- Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 1 HuangJia Hu Road West, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, People's Republic of China.
| | - San Fu
- Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 1 HuangJia Hu Road West, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 1 HuangJia Hu Road West, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, People's Republic of China
| | - Hezhen Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 1 HuangJia Hu Road West, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaozhi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 1 HuangJia Hu Road West, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 1 HuangJia Hu Road West, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 1 HuangJia Hu Road West, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochuan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 1 HuangJia Hu Road West, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanwen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 1 HuangJia Hu Road West, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, People's Republic of China
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26
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Zhang Y, Zheng Y, Xu Y, Sheng H, Ni X. Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Suppresses Synapse Formation in the Hippocampus of Male Rats via Inhibition of CXCL5 Secretion by Glia. Endocrinology 2018; 159:622-638. [PMID: 29126185 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is believed to play a critical role in stress-induced synaptic formation and modification. In the current study, we explored the mechanisms underlying CRH modulation of synaptic formation in the hippocampus by using various models in vitro. In cultured hippocampal slices, CRH treatment decreased synapsin I and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) levels via CRH receptor type 1 (CRHR1). In isolated hippocampal neurons, however, it increased synapsin I-labeled presynaptic terminals and PSD95-labeled postsynaptic terminals via CRHR1. Interestingly, the inhibitory effect of CRH on synapsin I-labeled and PSD95-labeled terminals occurred in the model of neuron-glia cocultures. These effects were prevented by CRHR1 antagonist. Moreover, treatment of the neurons with the media of CRH-treated glia led to a decrease in synaptic terminal formation. The media collected from CRH-treated glial cells with CRHR1 knockdown did not show an inhibitory effect on synaptic terminals in hippocampal neurons. Unbiased cytokine array coupled with confirmatory enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that CRH suppressed C-X-C motif chemokine 5 (CXCL5) production in glia via CRHR1. Administration of CXCL5 reversed the inhibitory effects of CRH-treated glia culture media on synaptic formation. Our data suggest that CRH suppresses synapse formation through inhibition of CXCL5 secretion from glia in the hippocampus. Our study indicates that glia-neuron intercommunication is one of the mechanisms responsible for neuronal circuit remodeling during stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - You Zheng
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongjun Xu
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Sheng
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Ni
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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27
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de la Tremblaye PB, Benoit SM, Schock S, Plamondon H. CRHR1 exacerbates the glial inflammatory response and alters BDNF/TrkB/pCREB signaling in a rat model of global cerebral ischemia: implications for neuroprotection and cognitive recovery. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017. [PMID: 28647536 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the impact of corticotropin-releasing hormone type 1 receptor (CRHR1) blockade using Antalarmin (ANT) on the expression of markers of neuroplasticity and inflammation, as well as neuroprotection and behavioral recovery following global cerebral ischemia. Male Wistar rats (N=50) were treated with ANT (2μg/2μl; icv) or a vehicle solution prior to a sham or four vessel (4VO) occlusion. Seven days post ischemia, anxiety was assessed in the Elevated Plus Maze and Open Field tests, and fear and spatial learning in a Y-Maze Passive Avoidance Task and the Barnes Maze. Thirty days post ischemia, brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) receptor expression, hippocampal neuronal death and inflammation were determined by analyzing immunoreactivity (ir) of neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN), microglia (IBA1, ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1), astrocytes (GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein) and TNFα (tumor necrosis factor alpha) a pro-inflammatory cytokine. Our findings revealed that ANT improved behavioral impairments, while conferring neuroprotection and blunting neuroinflammation in all hippocampal sub-regions post ischemia. We also observed reduced BDNF and TrkB mRNA and protein levels at the hippocampus, and increased expression at the hypothalamus and amygdala post ischemia, site-specific alterations which were regularized by pre-ischemic CRHR1 blockade. These findings support that CRHR1 actively contributes to altered brain plasticity, neuronal inflammation and injury and recovery of function following ischemic brain insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia B de la Tremblaye
- Behavioural Neuroscience Group, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Simon M Benoit
- Behavioural Neuroscience Group, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Sarah Schock
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON K1H 8N5, Canada
| | - Hélène Plamondon
- Behavioural Neuroscience Group, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
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28
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Kurth F, Cherbuin N, Luders E. Promising Links between Meditation and Reduced (Brain) Aging: An Attempt to Bridge Some Gaps between the Alleged Fountain of Youth and the Youth of the Field. Front Psychol 2017; 8:860. [PMID: 28611710 PMCID: PMC5447722 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, an increasing number of studies has reported a positive impact of meditation on cerebral aging. However, the underlying mechanisms for these seemingly brain-protecting effects are not well-understood. This may be due to the fact, at least partly, that systematic empirical meditation research has emerged only recently as a field of scientific scrutiny. Thus, on the one hand, critical questions remain largely unanswered; and on the other hand, outcomes of existing research require better integration to build a more comprehensive and holistic picture. In this article, we first review theories and mechanisms pertaining to normal (brain) aging, specifically focusing on telomeres, inflammation, stress regulation, and macroscopic brain anatomy. Then, we summarize existing research integrating the developing evidence suggesting that meditation exerts positive effects on (brain) aging, while carefully discussing possible mechanisms through which these effects may be mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Kurth
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA School of MedicineLos Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Nicolas Cherbuin
- Centre for Research on Ageing Health and Wellbeing, Australian National UniversityCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Eileen Luders
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA School of MedicineLos Angeles, CA, United States.,Centre for Research on Ageing Health and Wellbeing, Australian National UniversityCanberra, ACT, Australia
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29
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Sur B, Lee B, Yoon YS, Lim P, Hong R, Yeom M, Lee HS, Park H, Shim I, Lee H, Jang YP, Hahm DH. Extract of Polygala tenuifolia Alleviates Stress-Exacerbated Atopy-Like Skin Dermatitis through the Modulation of Protein Kinase A and p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010190. [PMID: 28106783 PMCID: PMC5297822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) and stress create a vicious cycle: stress exacerbates atopic symptoms, and atopic disease elicits stress and anxiety. Targeting multiple pathways including stress and allergic inflammation is, therefore, important for treating AD. In this study, we investigated the remedial value of Polygala tenuifolia Willd. (PTW) for treating immobilization (IMO) stress-exacerbated atopy-like skin dermatitis and its underlying mechanism. Trimellitic anhydride (TMA) was applied to dorsal skin for sensitization and subsequently both ears for eliciting T-cell-dependent contact hypersensitivity in mice, which underwent 2 h-IMO stress and PTW administration for the latter 6 and 9 days in the ear exposure period of TMA, respectively. To elicit in vitro degranulation of human mast cell line-1 (HMC-1), 10 µM substance P (SP) and 200 nM corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) were sequentially added with 48 h-interval. PTW extract (500 µg/mL) was added 30 min before CRF treatment. IMO stress exacerbated TMA-induced scratching behavior by 252%, and increased their blood corticosterone levels by two-fold. Treatment with 250 mg/kg PTW significantly restored IMO stress-exacerbated scratching behavior and other indicators such as skin inflammation and water content, lymph node weights, and serum histamine and immunoglobulin E (lgE) levels. Furthermore, it also reversed TMA-stimulated expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-4 mRNAs in ear tissues. PTW significantly inhibited SP/CRF-stimulated degranulation of HMC-1 cells, subsequent tryptase secretion, and protein kinase A (PKA) activity. PTW also selectively inhibited p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation in SP/CRF-treated HMC-1 cells. PTW significantly inhibited HMC-1 cell degranulation and alleviated IMO stress-exacerbated atopic dermatitis symptoms by modulating the PKA/p38 MAPK signaling pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal
- Cell Line
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Dermatitis, Atopic/blood
- Dermatitis, Atopic/complications
- Dermatitis, Atopic/drug therapy
- Ear/pathology
- Humans
- Immobilization
- Immunoglobulin E/blood
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- Male
- Mast Cells/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Phytochemicals/analysis
- Phytotherapy
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Plant Extracts/therapeutic use
- Polygala/chemistry
- Protein Kinase C/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Skin/pathology
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
- Stress, Psychological/blood
- Stress, Psychological/complications
- Stress, Psychological/drug therapy
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Water
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongjun Sur
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Bombi Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Ye Seul Yoon
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Pooreum Lim
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Riwon Hong
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Mijung Yeom
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Hyang Sook Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Hijoon Park
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Insop Shim
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Hyejung Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Young Pyo Jang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Dae-Hyun Hahm
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
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Yang XL, Chen B, Zhang XQ, Chen X, Yang MH, Zhang W, Chen HR, Zang ZL, Li W, Yang H, Liu SY. Upregulations of CRH and CRHR1 in the Epileptogenic Tissues of Patients with Intractable Infantile Spasms. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 23:57-68. [PMID: 27534449 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Infantile spasms (IS) are an age-specific epileptic syndrome with specific clinical symptom and electroencephalogram (EEG) features, lacking treatment options, and a poor prognosis. Excessive endogenous corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in infant brain might result in IS. However, the data from human IS are limited. In our study, we investigated the expressions of CRH and its receptor type 1 (CRHR1) in surgical tissues from patients with IS and autopsy controls. METHODS Specimens surgically removed from 17 patients with IS, and six autopsy controls were included in the study. Real-time PCR, Western blotting, and immunostaining were used to detect the expressions of mRNA, protein expression, and distribution. The correlation between variates was analyzed by Spearman rank correlation. RESULTS The expressions of CRH and CRHR1 were significantly upregulated in the epileptogenic tissues of IS patients compared with the control group. CRH was distributed mainly in neurons, while CRHR1 was distributed in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia. The expression levels of CRH and CRHR1 were positively correlated with the frequency of epileptic spasms. Moreover, the expression of protein kinase C (PKC), which was an important downstream factor of CRHR1, was significantly upregulated in the epileptogenic tissues of patients with IS and was positively correlated with the CRHR1 expression levels and the frequency of epileptic spasms. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the CRH signal transduction pathway might participate in the epileptogenesis of IS, supporting the hypothesis that CRH is related to the pathogenesis of IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mei-Hua Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huan-Ran Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen-Le Zang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shi-Yong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Zhou CL, Yu XJ, Cai DX, Xu YH, Li CY, Sun Q. Inhibiting interleukin-18 production through the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, a potential role of corticotropin-releasing hormone in chronic plaque psoriasis. Inflammation 2016; 38:1003-11. [PMID: 25630718 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-0064-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and CRH receptors (CRH-Rs) are expressed in the skin; CRH-R1 is the predominant receptor. Whether the CRH/CRH-R1 system plays a role in psoriasis has not yet been assessed. Immunohistochemistry, real-time RT-PCR, ELISA assay, and Western blot analysis were used to investigate the expression of CRH/CRH-R1 in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis and that of IL-18 in CRH-treated HaCaT cells. CRH and CRH-R1 were downregulated in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis. In vitro, CRH attenuated the expression of IL-18 by a mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway through CRH-R1 in HaCaT cells. Thus, an aberrant cutaneous CRH/CRH-R1 system exists in lesions from chronic plaque psoriasis which might play a role in psoriasis and offers further evidence for the study of CRH in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lei Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, No 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
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Novembri R, De Clemente C, Funghi L, Torricelli M, Voltolini C, Challis JR, Petraglia F. Corticotropin releasing hormone and Urocortin 2 activate inflammatory pathways in cultured trophoblast cell lines. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2015; 195:200-205. [PMID: 26588439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2015.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Embryo implantation and parturition are recognized as inflammatory events involving endocrine and immune system. NF-kB and MAPK are two transcription factor families involved in inflammation. A possible role of neuroendocrine mechanism in early pregnancy and delivery was proposed for the neuropeptides related to corticotropin releasing hormones (CRH), named Urocortins (Ucns). Experimental and clinical studies support a role for CRH, Ucn, Ucn2 and Ucn3 in the endocrine/immune modulation of inflammation in human trophoblast; however the intracellular mechanisms are not yet recognized. The aim of the present study was to evaluate which of these neuropeptides modulate NF-kB or MAPKs pathways. STUDY DESIGN In Jeg-3 placental cell line the effect of CRH, Ucn, Ucn2 or Ucn3 on NF-kB and MAPKs pathways were evaluated using Western blot analysis. RESULTS CRH induced the phosphorylation of MAPK subunits; Ucn2 was able to induce the phosphorylation of both NF-kB and MAPK subunits. Ucn and Ucn3 had no effects on these pathways. CONCLUSIONS These data provide novel information on inflammatory process in trophoblast cells: Ucn2 is a potent pro-inflammatory neuropeptide via NF-kB and MAPK pathways and CRH via MAPK, and CRH and Ucn2 network participates in the inflammatory mechanisms of pregnancy and parturition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Novembri
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena Viale Bracci, Siena, Italy
| | - Caterina De Clemente
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Siena, via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Lucia Funghi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena Viale Bracci, Siena, Italy
| | - Michela Torricelli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena Viale Bracci, Siena, Italy
| | - Chiara Voltolini
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena Viale Bracci, Siena, Italy
| | - John R Challis
- The University of Western Australia M460A, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Felice Petraglia
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena Viale Bracci, Siena, Italy.
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Corticotropin-releasing hormone and urocortin promote phagocytosis of rat macrophages through convergent but distinct pathways. Life Sci 2015; 122:100-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Kim BW, Koppula S, Park SY, Hwang JW, Park PJ, Lim JH, Choi DK. Attenuation of inflammatory-mediated neurotoxicity by Saururus chinensis extract in LPS-induced BV-2 microglia cells via regulation of NF-κB signaling and anti-oxidant properties. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:502. [PMID: 25514974 PMCID: PMC4301828 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Background A Saururus chinensis Baill (SC) has been used by Native Americans, early colonists and practitioners of Korean traditional medicine for treating several diseases including cancer, rheumatoid arthritis and edema. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of SC extract in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated neuroinflammatory responses in BV-2 microglial cells. Methods The effects of SC on the LPS–induced neuroinflammatory responses in BV-2 microglial cells were assessed by Western blotting, RT-PCR and immunofluorescence labeling techniques. DPPH and alkyl radical scavenging assay was performed to evaluate the anti-oxidant effects. Comparisons between groups were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test using GraphPad Prism V5.01 software. Results Pre-treatment with SC extract (1, 5 and 10 μg/mL) significantly (p < 0.001 at 10 μg/mL) and concentration dependently inhibited LPS-induced production of nitric oxide (NO), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and suppressed the inflammatory cytokine levels such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin (IL)-6 in BV-2 microglial cells (p < 0.001 at 10 μg/mL). Further, SC suppressed the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation by blocking the degradation of IκB-α. SC also exhibited profound anti-oxidant effects by scavenging 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (IC50: 0.055 mg/mL) and alkyl radicals (IC50: 0.349 mg/mL). High performance liquid chromatography finger printing analysis of SC revealed quercetin (QCT) as one of the major constituents compared with reference standard. QCT also inhibited the excessive release of NO, and inhibited the increased expressional levels of IL-6, iNOS and COX-2 in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells. Conclusions Our results indicated that SC inhibited the LPS-stimulated neuroinflammatory responses in BV-2 microglia via regulation of NF-κB signaling. The antioxidant active constituents of SC might be partly involved in delivering such effects. Based on the traditional claims and our present results SC can be potentially used in treating inflammatory-mediated neurodegenerative diseases.
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Lim HW, Kumar H, Kim BW, More SV, Kim IW, Park JI, Park SY, Kim SK, Choi DK. β-Asarone (cis-2,4,5-trimethoxy-1-allyl phenyl), attenuates pro-inflammatory mediators by inhibiting NF-κB signaling and the JNK pathway in LPS activated BV-2 microglia cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 72:265-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kritas SK, Saggini A, Cerulli G, Caraffa A, Antinolfi P, Pantalone A, Rosati M, Tei M, Speziali A, Saggini R, Conti P. Corticotropin-releasing hormone, microglia and mental disorders. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2014; 27:163-7. [PMID: 25004828 DOI: 10.1177/039463201402700203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia derive from mononuclear myeloid progenitors and are a major glial complement of the central nervous system. When microglia are activated they secrete inflammatory cytokines and toxic mediators which amplify the inflammatory response. In addition, the microglia inflammatory products are implicated in the neuronal destruction usually observed in various neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia cells express corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) receptors, and activation of microglia by CRH releases bioactive molecules which have a biological effect in the brain and regulate several neurological diseases. CRH plays a pivotal role in stress responses and is a key mediator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system. CRH is expressed in human mast cells, leading to autocrine effects and participates in inflammatory response together with neuropeptides, and stimulates mast cells. IL-33-activated mast cells release vascular endothelial growth factor in response to CRH and act synergistically to increase vascular permeability. CRH also up-regulates IL-18 expression by increasing intracellular reactive oxygen in microglia cells. Here we report the relationship between CRH, microglia and mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Kritas
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - A Saggini
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - G Cerulli
- Nicolas Foundation, Onlus, Arezzo, Italy
| | - A Caraffa
- Orthopedic Division, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - P Antinolfi
- Orthopedic Division, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - A Pantalone
- Orthopedic Division, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - M Rosati
- Gynecology Clinic, Pescara Hospital, Pescara, Italy
| | - M Tei
- Nicolas Foundation, Onlus, Arezzo, Italy
| | - A Speziali
- Nicolas Foundation, Onlus, Arezzo, Italy
| | - R Saggini
- Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, G. dAnnunzio University Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - P Conti
- Immunology Division, Medical School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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Effect of stress on brain inflammation and multiple sclerosis. Autoimmun Rev 2013; 12:947-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Kato TA, Hayakawa K, Monji A, Kanba S. Missing and Possible Link between Neuroendocrine Factors, Neuropsychiatric Disorders, and Microglia. Front Integr Neurosci 2013; 7:53. [PMID: 23874274 PMCID: PMC3711058 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2013.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine systems have long been suggested to be one of the important factors in neuropsychiatric disorders, while the underlying mechanisms have not been well understood. Traditionally, neuropsychiatric disorders have been mainly considered the consequence of abnormal conditions in neural circuitry. Beyond the neuronal doctrine, microglia, one of the glial cells with inflammatory/immunological functions in the central nervous system (CNS), have recently been suggested to play important roles in neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the crosstalk between neuroendocrine factors, neuropsychiatric disorders, and microglia has been unsolved. Therefore, we herein introduce and discuss a missing and possible link between these three factors; especially highlighting the following hormones; (1) Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis-related hormones such as corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and glucocorticoids, (2) sex-related hormones such as estrogen and progesterone, and (3) oxytocin. A growing body of evidence has suggested that these hormones have a direct effect on microglia. We hypothesize that hormone-induced microglial activation and the following microglia-derived mediators may lead to maladaptive neuronal networks including synaptic dysfunctions, causing neuropsychiatric disorders. Future investigations to clarify the correlation between neuroendocrine factors and microglia may contribute to a novel understanding of the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro A Kato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University , Fukuoka , Japan ; Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University , Fukuoka , Japan
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Gonzalo-Gobernado R, Calatrava-Ferreras L, Reimers D, Herranz AS, Rodríguez-Serrano M, Miranda C, Jiménez-Escrig A, Díaz-Gil JJ, Bazán E. Neuroprotective activity of peripherally administered liver growth factor in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67771. [PMID: 23861803 PMCID: PMC3701531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver growth factor (LGF) is a hepatic mitogen purified some years ago that promotes proliferation of different cell types and the regeneration of damaged tissues, including brain tissue. Considering the possibility that LGF could be used as a therapeutic agent in Parkinson’s disease, we analyzed its potential neuroregenerative and/or neuroprotective activity when peripherally administered to unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rats. For these studies, rats subjected to nigrostriatal lesions were treated intraperitoneally twice a week with LGF (5 microg/rat) for 3 weeks. Animals were sacrificed 4 weeks after the last LGF treatment. The results show that LGF stimulates sprouting of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive terminals and increases tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter expression, as well as dopamine levels in the denervated striatum of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. In this structure, LGF activates microglia and raises tumor necrosis factor-alpha protein levels, which have been reported to have a role in neuroregeneration and neuroprotection. Besides, LGF stimulates the phosphorylation of MAPK/ERK1/2 and CREB, and regulates the expression of proteins which are critical for cell survival such as Bcl2 and Akt. Because LGF partially protects dopamine neurons from 6-OHDA neurotoxicity in the substantia nigra, and reduces motor deficits in these animals, we propose LGF as a novel factor that may be useful in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Diana Reimers
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Sánchez Herranz
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Miranda
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan José Díaz-Gil
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eulalia Bazán
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Blockage of CR1 prevents activation of rodent microglia. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 54:139-49. [PMID: 23454195 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the complement system in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis has been emphasized through recent genome wide association studies. However, the cellular and molecular role of these complement proteins is not fully understood. Microglia express complement receptors and the activation of specific receptors may increase Aβ clearance and reduce neurodegeneration. Here, we investigated the contribution of complement receptor 1 (CR1), the second most significant hit in GWAS studies, on microglia to neuronal damage. We show that microglia displaying an activated phenotype demonstrate an increase in CR1 expression. We also provide evidence that activation of microglial CR1 was detrimental to neurons and this correlated with an increase in microglial intracellular superoxide generation, and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interleukin-1 β (IL-1β) secretion. Amyloid-β 42 (Aβ1-42)-treated microglia displayed an increased ability to phagocytose dextran beads following antibody blockage of CR1 but a decreased capacity to phagocytose fluorescent-tagged Aβ1-42. Together, these results indicate that microglial CR1 plays a role in the neuronal death observed in AD and investigating this further may provide a possible strategy to control neurotoxicity in the AD brain.
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Kim BW, Koppula S, Hong SS, Jeon SB, Kwon JH, Hwang BY, Park EJ, Choi DK. Regulation of microglia activity by glaucocalyxin-A: attenuation of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated neuroinflammation through NF-κB and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55792. [PMID: 23393601 PMCID: PMC3564949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells are the resident macrophages and intrinsic arm of the central nervous system innate immune defense. Microglial cells become activated in response to injury, infection, environmental toxins, and other stimuli that threaten neuronal survival. Therefore, regulating microglial activation may have therapeutic benefits that lead to alleviating the progression of inflammatory-mediated neurodegeneration. In the present study, we investigated the effect of glaucocalyxin A (GLA) isolated from Rabdosia japonica on the production of pro-inflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated primary microglia and BV-2 cells. GLA significantly inhibited LPS-induced production of nitric oxide and reversed the morphological changes in primary microglia. Further, GLA suppressed expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 dose-dependently at the mRNA and protein levels. The production of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β (IL)-1β, and IL-6 were inhibited by suppressing their transcriptional activity. Furthermore, GLA suppressed nuclear factor-κB activation by blocking degradation of IκB-α and inhibited the induction of lipocalin-2 expression in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells. Mechanistic study revealed that the inhibitory effects of GLA were accompanied by blocking the p38 mitogen activated protein kinase signaling pathway in activated microglia. In conclusion, given that microglial activation contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, GLA could be developed as a potential therapeutic agent for treating microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Wook Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Sushruta Koppula
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Seong-Su Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center (CICT), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Sae-Bom Jeon
- Branches of Immune and Cell Therapy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Kwon
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Bang-Yeon Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center (CICT), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Park
- Branches of Immune and Cell Therapy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
- * E-mail:
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Rossi SP, Matzkin ME, Terradas C, Ponzio R, Puigdomenech E, Levalle O, Calandra RS, Frungieri MB. New insights into melatonin/CRH signaling in hamster Leydig cells. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 178:153-63. [PMID: 22580327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have previously described that melatonin inhibits androgen production in hamster testes via melatonin subtype 1a (mel1a) receptors and the local corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) system. This study attempted to determine the initial events of the melatonin/CRH signaling pathway. In Leydig cells from reproductively active Syrian hamsters, Western blotting, reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and a colorimetric assay demonstrated that melatonin and CRH activate tyrosine phosphatases and subsequently reduce the phosphorylation levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) and c-jun N-terminal kinase (jnk), down-regulate the expression of c-jun, c-fos and steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR), and inhibit the production of testosterone. These effects were prevented by a highly selective CRH antagonist, thus indicating that melatonin does not exert a direct role. Specific mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) and jnk blockers inhibited expression of c-jun, c-fos, StAR and the production of testosterone, confirming that these are events triggered downstream of erk and jnk. In Leydig cells from photoperiodically regressed adult hamsters, CRH inhibited the production of androstane-3α,17β-diol (3α-diol), the main androgen produced, through the same signaling pathway. Testicular melatonin concentration was 3-4-fold higher in reproductively inactive hamsters than that detected in active animals. Since melatonin, CRH, and their receptors are present not only in hamster testes but also in testicular biopsies of infertile men, we can conjecture about the relevance of this previously uncharacterized pathway in human fertility disorders. In summary, our study identifies crucial intracellular events triggered by melatonin/CRH in the testis that lead to a down-regulation of the steroidogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad P Rossi
- Laboratorio de Esteroides, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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The mechanisms of microgliosis and pain following peripheral nerve injury. Exp Neurol 2011; 234:271-82. [PMID: 21893056 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident macrophages in the central nervous system (CNS). Any insult to the CNS homeostasis will induce a rapid change in microglia morphology, gene expression profile and functional behaviour. These responses of microglia have been collectively known as 'microgliosis'. Interestingly, damage to the nervous system outside the CNS, such as axotomy of a peripheral nerve, can lead to microgliosis in the spinal cord. There is a variation in the degree of microgliosis depending on the model of nerve injury employed for instance this response is more marked following traumatic nerve injury than in models of chemotherapy induced neuropathy. Following peripheral nerve injury nociceptive inputs from sensory neurons appear to be critical in triggering the development of spinal microgliosis. A number of signalling pathways including growth factors such as Neuregulin-1, matrix metalloproteases such as MMP-9 and multiple chemokines enable direct communication between injured primary afferents and microglia. In addition, we describe a group of mediators which although not demonstrably shown to be released from neurons are known to modulate microglial phenotype. There is a great functional diversity of the microglial response to peripheral nerve injury which includes: Cellular migration, proliferation, cytokine release, phagocytosis, antigen presentation and recruitment of T cells. It should also be noted that in certain contexts microglia may have a role in the resolution of neuro-inflammation. Although there is still no direct evidence demonstrating that spinal microglia have a role in neuropathic pain in humans, these patients present a pro-inflammatory cytokine profile and it is a reasonable hypothesis that these cells may contribute to this inflammatory response. Modulating microglial functions offers a novel therapeutic opportunity following nerve injury which ideally would involve reducing the pro-inflammatory nature of these cells whilst retaining their potential beneficial functions.
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Knapp DJ, Whitman BA, Wills TA, Angel RA, Overstreet DH, Criswell HE, Ming Z, Breese GR. Cytokine involvement in stress may depend on corticotrophin releasing factor to sensitize ethanol withdrawal anxiety. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25 Suppl 1:S146-54. [PMID: 21377524 PMCID: PMC3138123 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress has been shown to facilitate ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety. Defining neurobiological mechanisms through which stress has such actions is important given the associated risk of relapse. While CRF has long been implicated in the action of stress, current results show that stress elevates the cytokine TNFα in the rat brain and thereby implicates cytokines in stress effects. In support of this view, prior TNFα microinjection into the central amygdala (CeA) of rats facilitated ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety-a response that could not be attributed to an increase in plasma corticosterone. To test for a possible interaction between cytokines and CRF, a CRF1-receptor antagonist (SSR125543) administered prior to the repeated administration of TNFα or MCP-1/CCL2 reduced the magnitude of the withdrawal-induced anxiety. This finding provided evidence for cytokine action being dependent upon CRF. Additionally, the sensitizing effect of stress on withdrawal-induced anxiety was reduced by treating the repeated stress exposure prior to ethanol with the MEK inhibitor SL327. Consistent with cytokines having a neuromediator function distinct from a neuroimmune action, TNFα increased firing rate and GABA release from CeA neurons. Thus, an interaction of glial and neuronal function is proposed to contribute to the interaction of stress and chronic ethanol. Interrupting this potential glial-neuronal interaction could provide a novel means by which to alter the development of emotional states induced by stress that predict relapse in the alcoholic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darin J. Knapp
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599,Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599,Department of Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599,Corresponding Author: Darin J. Knapp, PhD. CB 7178, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, ; Phone: 919-966-0505; Fax: 919-966-5679
| | - Buddy A. Whitman
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599,Department of Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Tiffany A. Wills
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599,Department of Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Robert A. Angel
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - David H. Overstreet
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599,Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Hugh E. Criswell
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599,Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Zhen Ming
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - George R. Breese
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599,Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599,Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599,Department of Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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Breese GR, Sinha R, Heilig M. Chronic alcohol neuroadaptation and stress contribute to susceptibility for alcohol craving and relapse. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 129:149-71. [PMID: 20951730 PMCID: PMC3026093 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholism is a chronic relapsing disorder. Major characteristics observed in alcoholics during an initial period of alcohol abstinence are altered physiological functions and a negative emotional state. Evidence suggests that a persistent, cumulative adaptation involving a kindling/allostasis-like process occurs during the course of repeated chronic alcohol exposures that is critical for the negative symptoms observed during alcohol withdrawal. Basic studies have provided evidence for specific neurotransmitters within identified brain sites being responsible for the negative emotion induced by the persistent cumulative adaptation following intermittent-alcohol exposures. After an extended period of abstinence, the cumulative alcohol adaptation increases susceptibility to stress- and alcohol cue-induced negative symptoms and alcohol seeking, both of which can facilitate excessive ingestion of alcohol. In the alcoholic, stressful imagery and alcohol cues alter physiological responses, enhance negative emotion, and induce craving. Brain fMRI imaging following stress and alcohol cues has documented neural changes in specific brain regions of alcoholics not observed in social drinkers. Such altered activity in brain of abstinent alcoholics to stress and alcohol cues is consistent with a continuing ethanol adaptation being responsible. Therapies in alcoholics found to block responses to stress and alcohol cues would presumably be potential treatments by which susceptibility for continued alcohol abuse can be reduced. By continuing to define the neurobiological basis of the sustained alcohol adaptation critical for the increased susceptibility of alcoholics to stress and alcohol cues that facilitate craving, a new era is expected to evolve in which the high rate of relapse in alcoholism is minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R Breese
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Research and the UNC Neuroscience Center, UNC School Of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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46
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Aguilera G. HPA axis responsiveness to stress: implications for healthy aging. Exp Gerontol 2011; 46:90-5. [PMID: 20833240 PMCID: PMC3026863 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2010.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The major neuroendocrine response mediating stress adaptation is activation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis, with stimulation of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and vasopressin (VP) from parvocellular neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, leading to stimulation of pituitary ACTH secretion and increases in glucocorticoid secretion from the adrenal cortex. Basal production and transient increases during stress of glucocorticoids and its hypothalamic regulators are essential for neuronal plasticity and normal brain function. While activation of the HPA axis is essential for survival during stress, chronic exposure to stress hormones can predispose to psychological, metabolic and immune alterations. Thus, prompt termination of the stress response is essential to prevent negative effects of inappropriate levels of CRH and glucocorticoids. This review addresses the regulation of HPA axis activity with emphasis on the mechanisms of termination of CRH transcription, which is a critical step in this process. In addition, the actions by which glucocorticoids, CRH and VP can affect the aging process will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greti Aguilera
- Section on Endocrine Physiology, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shiver Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Yuan H, Zhu X, Zhou S, Chen Q, Zhu X, Ma X, He X, Tian M, Shi X. Role of mast cell activation in inducing microglial cells to release neurotrophin. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:1348-54. [PMID: 20025063 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a critical role in pain hypersensitivity. BDNF is the ligand of P2X4 receptors (P2X4R) in the microglia. The causative factors involving the P2X4R over expression in the microglia remains unclear. Mast cell activation has a close relation with pain hypersensitivity. However, the underlying mechanism between mast cell activation and pain hypersensitivity is unknown. The present study aimed to elucidate the mechanism by which mast cell activation promoted the expression of P2X4R in the microglia. The results of present study showed that mast cell activation markedly promoted the expression of P2X4R and BDNF in microglial cells, which significantly enhanced the release of BDNF from microglial cells upon exposure to adenosine triphosphate. Mast cell-derived tryptase activated PAR2 that resulted in promoting the expression of P2X4R in microglial cells. Pretreatment with antibodies against tryptase or PAR2, or using tryptase-deficient HMC-1 cells or PAR2-deficient microglial cells abolished the increase in P2X4R expression and BDNF release. Increase in mitogen activated protein kinase phosphorylation was observed in the processes of mast cell-induced BDNF release and P2X4R expression. We conclude that mast cell activation has the capacity to promote the expression of P2X4R and BDNF in microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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48
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Yuan H, Xu S, Wang Y, Xu H, Wang C, Zhu Q, Yang RK, Chen X, Yang PC, Shi X. Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) facilitates axon outgrowth. Spinal Cord 2010; 48:850-6. [PMID: 20458328 DOI: 10.1038/sc.2010.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) in facilitating axon outgrowth. BACKGROUND Injured neural tissue is difficult to regenerate; the mechanism has not been fully understood. METHODS A rat model of spinal cord transection injury was developed. Levels of BDNF, CRH and oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (OMgp) in injured spinal cord were monitored dynamically after surgery. Cellular interaction among rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) cells, oligocondrocytes and microglial cells was observed with a coculture model. The axon outgrowth from DRG cells was examined by confocal microscopy. RESULTS After spinal cord transection, levels of BDNF and CRH increased the next day and decreased afterward, whereas OMgp levels increased from day 3. Administration with BDNF suppressed the levels of OMgp in vitro. The results from a coculture model showed that CRH increased microglial cells to release BDNF; BDNF inhibited OMgp levels in oligodendrocytes and enhanced the axon outgrowth from DRG cells. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that CRH has the ability to facilitate the outgrowth of axon in spinal neurons, which has therapeutic potential in the treatment of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Du F, Yin L, Shi M, Cheng H, Xu X, Liu Z, Zhang G, Wu Z, Feng G, Zhao G. Involvement of microglial cells in infrasonic noise-induced stress via upregulated expression of corticotrophin releasing hormone type 1 receptor. Neuroscience 2010; 167:909-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 02/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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50
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Gonzalo-Gobernado R, Reimers D, Herranz AS, Díaz-Gil JJ, Osuna C, Asensio MJ, Baena S, Rodríguez-Serrano M, Bazán E. Mobilization of neural stem cells and generation of new neurons in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats by intracerebroventricular infusion of liver growth factor. J Histochem Cytochem 2009; 57:491-502. [PMID: 19188487 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2009.952275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells with self-renewal and multilineage potential persist in the subventricular zone of the adult mammalian forebrain. These cells remain relatively quiescent but, under certain conditions, can be stimulated, giving rise to new neurons. Liver growth factor (LGF) is a mitogen for liver cells that shows biological activity in extrahepatic sites and is useful for neuroregenerative therapies. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential neurogenic activity of LGF in the 6-hydroxydopamine rat model of Parkinson's disease. Proliferation was significantly increased in the subventricular zone and denervated striatum of rats receiving ICV LGF infusions, and 25% of the proliferating cells were doublecortin-positive neurons. Doublecortin-positive cells with the morphology of migrating neuroblasts were also observed in the dorsal and ventral regions of the striatum of LGF-infused animals. Moreover, some newly generated cells were neuronal nuclei-positive mature neurons. LGF also stimulated microglia and induced astrogliosis, both phenomena associated with generation and migration of new neurons in the adult brain. In summary, our study shows that LGF stimulates neurogenesis when applied intraventricularly in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. Considering that this factor also promotes neuronal migration into damaged tissue, we propose LGF as a novel factor useful for neuronal replacement in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Gonzalo-Gobernado
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Carretera de Colmenar Km. 9.1, 28034 Madrid, Spain
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