1
|
Takahashi H, Fujimoto T, Yaoi T, Fushiki S, Itoh K. Leukemia inhibitory factor shortens primary cilia by upregulating C-C motif chemokine 2 in human neural stem/progenitor cells. Genes Cells 2023; 28:868-880. [PMID: 37837427 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia on neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) play an important role in determining cell fate, although the regulatory mechanisms involved in the ciliogenesis remain largely unknown. In this study, we analyzed the effect of the leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) for the primary cilia in immortalized human NSPCs. LIF withdrawal elongated the primary cilia length, whereas the addition of LIF shortened it. Microarray gene expression analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with LIF treatment were related with the multiple cytokine signaling pathways. Among the DEGs, C-C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2) had the highest ranking and its increase in the protein concentration in the NSPCs-conditioned medium after the LIF treatment was confirmed by ELISA. Interestingly, we found that CCL2 was a negative regulator of cilium length, and LIF-induced shortening of primary cilia was antagonized by CCL2-specific antibody, suggesting that LIF could influence cilia length via upregulating CCL2. The shortening effect of LIF and CCL2 on primary cilia was also observed in SH-SY5Y cells. The results of the study suggested that the LIF-CCL2 axis may well be a regulator of NSPCs and its primary cilia length, which could affect multiple cellular processes, including NSPC proliferation and differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Takahashi
- Department of Pathology and Applied Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro Fujimoto
- Department of Pathology and Applied Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yaoi
- Department of Pathology and Applied Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinji Fushiki
- Department of Pathology and Applied Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kyoko Itoh
- Department of Pathology and Applied Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Radoszkiewicz K, Hribljan V, Isakovic J, Mitrecic D, Sarnowska A. Critical points for optimizing long-term culture and neural differentiation capacity of rodent and human neural stem cells to facilitate translation into clinical settings. Exp Neurol 2023; 363:114353. [PMID: 36841464 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite several decades of research on the nature and functional properties of neural stem cells, which brought great advances in regenerative medicine, there is still a plethora of ambiguous protocols and interpretations linked to their applications. Here, we present a whole spectrum of protocol elements that should be standardized in order to obtain viable cell cultures and facilitate their translation into clinical settings. Additionally, this review also presents outstanding limitations and possible problems to be encountered when dealing with protocol optimization. Most importantly, we also outline the critical points that should be considered before starting any experiments utilizing neural stem cells or interpreting their results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Radoszkiewicz
- Translational Platform for Regenerative Medicine, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5 Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Valentina Hribljan
- Laboratory for Stem Cells, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Šalata 12, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasmina Isakovic
- Omnion Research International Ltd, Heinzelova 4, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dinko Mitrecic
- Laboratory for Stem Cells, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Šalata 12, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anna Sarnowska
- Translational Platform for Regenerative Medicine, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5 Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sénécal V, Barat C, Tremblay MJ. The delicate balance between neurotoxicity and neuroprotection in the context of HIV-1 infection. Glia 2020; 69:255-280. [PMID: 32910482 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) causes a spectrum of neurological impairments, termed HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), following the infiltration of infected cells into the brain. Even though the implementation of antiretroviral therapy reduced the systemic viral load, the prevalence of HAND remains unchanged and infected patients develop persisting neurological disturbances affecting their quality of life. As a result, HAND have gained importance in basic and clinical researches, warranting the need of developing new adjunctive treatments. Nonetheless, a better understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms remains necessary. Several studies consolidated their efforts into elucidating the neurotoxic signaling leading to HAND including the deleterious actions of HIV-1 viral proteins and inflammatory mediators. However, the scope of these studies is not sufficient to address all the complexity related to HAND development. Fewer studies focused on an altered neuroprotective capacity of the brain to respond to HIV-1 infection. Neurotrophic factors are endogenous polyproteins involved in neuronal survival, synaptic plasticity, and neurogenesis. Any defects in the processing or production of these crucial factors might compose a risk factor rendering the brain more vulnerable to neuronal damages. Due to their essential roles, they have been investigated for their diverse interplays with HIV-1 infection. In this review, we present a complete description of the neurotrophic factors involved in HAND. We discuss emerging concepts for their therapeutic applications and summarize the complex mechanisms that down-regulate their production in favor of a neurotoxic environment. For certain factors, we finally address opposing roles that rather lead to increased inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Sénécal
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Corinne Barat
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michel J Tremblay
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, Québec, Quebec, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie-infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kim HJ. Cell Fate Control by Translation: mRNA Translation Initiation as a Therapeutic Target for Cancer Development and Stem Cell Fate Control. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9110665. [PMID: 31671902 PMCID: PMC6921038 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Translation of mRNA is an important process that controls cell behavior and gene regulation because proteins are the functional molecules that determine cell types and function. Cancer develops as a result of genetic mutations, which lead to the production of abnormal proteins and the dysregulation of translation, which in turn, leads to aberrant protein synthesis. In addition, the machinery that is involved in protein synthesis plays critical roles in stem cell fate determination. In the current review, recent advances in the understanding of translational control, especially translational initiation in cancer development and stem cell fate control, are described. Therapeutic targets of mRNA translation such as eIF4E, 4EBP, and eIF2, for cancer treatment or stem cell fate regulation are reviewed. Upstream signaling pathways that regulate and affect translation initiation were introduced. It is important to regulate the expression of protein for normal cell behavior and development. mRNA translation initiation is a key step to regulate protein synthesis, therefore, identifying and targeting molecules that are critical for protein synthesis is necessary and beneficial to develop cancer therapeutics and stem cells fate regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Stem Cell Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Garcia VJ, Rushton DJ, Tom CM, Allen ND, Kemp PJ, Svendsen CN, Mattis VB. Huntington's Disease Patient-Derived Astrocytes Display Electrophysiological Impairments and Reduced Neuronal Support. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:669. [PMID: 31316341 PMCID: PMC6610155 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In Huntington’s disease (HD), while the ubiquitously expressed mutant Huntingtin (mtHTT) protein primarily compromises striatal and cortical neurons, glia also undergo disease-contributing alterations. Existing HD models using human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have not extensively characterized the role of mtHTT in patient-derived astrocytes. Here physiologically mature astrocytes are generated from HD patient iPSCs. These human astrocytes exhibit hallmark HD phenotypes that occur in mouse models, including impaired inward rectifying K+ currents, lengthened spontaneous Ca2+ waves and reduced cell membrane capacitance. HD astrocytes in co-culture provided reduced support for the maturation of iPSC-derived neurons. In addition, neurons exposed to chronic glutamate stimulation are not protected by HD astrocytes. This iPSC-based HD model demonstrates the critical effects of mtHTT on human astrocytes, which not only broadens the understanding of disease susceptibility beyond cortical and striatal neurons but also increases potential drug targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica J Garcia
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - David J Rushton
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Divisions of Biomedicine and Neuroscience, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Colton M Tom
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Nicholas D Allen
- Divisions of Biomedicine and Neuroscience, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J Kemp
- Divisions of Biomedicine and Neuroscience, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Clive N Svendsen
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Virginia B Mattis
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kim E, Hwang SU, Yoon JD, Kim H, Lee G, Hyun SH. Isolation and characterization of GFAP-positive porcine neural stem/progenitor cells derived from a GFAP-CreER T2 transgenic piglet. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:331. [PMID: 30404643 PMCID: PMC6222979 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1660-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The porcine brain is gyrencephalic with similar gray and white matter composition and size more comparable to the human rather than the rodent brain; however, there is lack of information about neural progenitor cells derived from this model. Results Here, we isolated GFAP-positive porcine neural stem cells (NSCs) from the brain explant of a transgenic piglet, with expression of CreERT2 under the control of the GFAP promoter (pGFAP-CreERT2). The isolated pGFAP-CreERT2 NSCs showed self-renewal and expression of representative NSC markers such as Nestin and Sox2. Pharmacological inhibition studies revealed that Notch1 signaling is necessary to maintain NSC identity, whereas serum treatment induced cell differentiation into reactive astrocytes and neurons. Conclusions Collectively, these results indicate that GFAP promoter-driven porcine CreERT2 NSCs would be a useful tool to study neurogenesis of the porcine adult central nervous system and furthers our understanding of its potential clinical application in the future. Graphical abstract ᅟ![]() Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1660-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunhye Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Ung Hwang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Junchul David Yoon
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunggee Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 02841, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gabsang Lee
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sang-Hwan Hyun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea. .,Institute of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
The multiple functions of melatonin in regenerative medicine. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 45:33-52. [PMID: 29630951 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin research has been experiencing hyper growth in the last two decades; this relates to its numerous physiological functions including anti-inflammation, oncostasis, circadian and endocrine rhythm regulation, and its potent antioxidant activity. Recently, a large number of studies have focused on the role of melatonin in the regeneration of cells or tissues after their partial loss. In this review, we discuss the recent findings on the molecular involvement of melatonin in the regeneration of various tissues including the nervous system, liver, bone, kidney, bladder, skin, and muscle, among others.
Collapse
|
8
|
Davis SM, Pennypacker KR. The role of the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor in neuroprotective signaling. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 183:50-57. [PMID: 28827150 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Several neurotropic cytokines relay their signaling through the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor. This 190kDa subunit couples with the 130kDa gp130 subunit to transduce intracellular signaling in neurons and oligodendrocytes that leads to expression of genes associated with neurosurvival. Moreover, activation of this receptor alters the phenotype of immune cells to an anti-inflammatory one. Although cytokines that activate the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor have been studied in the context of neurodegenerative disease, therapeutic targeting of the specific receptor subunit has been understudied in by comparison. This review examines the role of this receptor in the CNS and immune system, and its application in the treatment in stroke and other brain pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Davis
- Center for Advanced Translational Stroke Science, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Keith R Pennypacker
- Center for Advanced Translational Stroke Science, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Führmann T, Anandakumaran PN, Shoichet MS. Combinatorial Therapies After Spinal Cord Injury: How Can Biomaterials Help? Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28247563 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201601130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) results in an immediate loss of motor and sensory function below the injury site and is associated with a poor prognosis. The inhibitory environment that develops in response to the injury is mainly due to local expression of inhibitory factors, scarring and the formation of cystic cavitations, all of which limit the regenerative capacity of endogenous or transplanted cells. Strategies that demonstrate promising results induce a change in the microenvironment at- and around the lesion site to promote endogenous cell repair, including axonal regeneration or the integration of transplanted cells. To date, many of these strategies target only a single aspect of SCI; however, the multifaceted nature of SCI suggests that combinatorial strategies will likely be more effective. Biomaterials are a key component of combinatorial strategies, as they have the potential to deliver drugs locally over a prolonged period of time and aid in cell survival, integration and differentiation. Here we summarize the advantages and limitations of widely used strategies to promote recovery after injury and highlight recent research where biomaterials aided combinatorial strategies to overcome some of the barriers of spinal cord regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Führmann
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research; 160 College Street, Room 514 Toronto ON M5S 3E1 Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; 200 College Street Toronto ON M5S 3E5 Canada
| | - Priya N. Anandakumaran
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research; 160 College Street, Room 514 Toronto ON M5S 3E1 Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; 164 College Street Toronto ON M5S 3G9 Canada
| | - Molly S. Shoichet
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research; 160 College Street, Room 514 Toronto ON M5S 3E1 Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; 200 College Street Toronto ON M5S 3E5 Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; 164 College Street Toronto ON M5S 3G9 Canada
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 St George St Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Alizadeh R, Hassanzadeh G, Joghataei MT, Soleimani M, Moradi F, Mohammadpour S, Ghorbani J, Safavi A, Sarbishegi M, Pirhajati Mahabadi V, Alizadeh L, Hadjighassem M. In vitrodifferentiation of neural stem cells derived from human olfactory bulb into dopaminergic-like neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 45:773-784. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafieh Alizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center; School of Medicine; Iran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- ENT and Head & Neck Research Center and Department; Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital; Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS); Tehran Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hassanzadeh
- Department of Anatomy; School of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Joghataei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center; School of Medicine; Iran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Department of Anatomy; School of Medicine; Iran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Mansoureh Soleimani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center; School of Medicine; Iran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Department of Anatomy; School of Medicine; Iran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moradi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center; School of Medicine; Iran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Department of Anatomy; School of Medicine; Iran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Shahram Mohammadpour
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center; School of Medicine; Iran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Department of Anatomy; School of Medicine; Iran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Department of Anatomy; School of Medicine; Ilam University of Medical Sciences; Ilam Iran
| | - Jahangir Ghorbani
- Organ Procurement and Transplant Unit (OPTU); Faculty of Medicine; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Ali Safavi
- Organ Procurement and Transplant Unit (OPTU); Faculty of Medicine; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Maryam Sarbishegi
- Department of Anatomy; School of Medicine; Zahedan University of Medical Sciences; Zahedan Iran
| | - Vahid Pirhajati Mahabadi
- ENT and Head & Neck Research Center and Department; Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital; Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS); Tehran Iran
- Department of Anatomy; School of Medicine; Iran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Leila Alizadeh
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center; Khatam-Alanbia Hospital, Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine; Tehran Iran
| | - Mahmoudreza Hadjighassem
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center; Imam Khomeinin Hospital; Blv Keshavarz, Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran 1419733141 Iran
- School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang B, Lee WYW, Huang B, Zhang JF, Wu T, Jiang X, Wang CC, Li G. Secretome of Human Fetal Mesenchymal Stem Cell Ameliorates Replicative Senescen. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:1755-1766. [PMID: 27539404 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are widely used cell source for cell-based tissue repair and regeneration, but replicative senescence and the associated loss of cellular activity during in vitro expansion limit their therapeutic potential. How to preserve or even enhance the proliferation and differentiation ability of MSC from aged donors without genetic modification remains a challenge to meet clinical need. MSC isolated from human fetal tissues (hFMSC) exhibit higher proliferation and differentiation activities even in prolonged in vitro culture, which might be modulated by autocrine/paracrine action. In the present study, we hypothesized that the bioactive factors secreted by hFMSC, collectively named as hFMSC secretome (HFS), could possess beneficial effect on human adult MSC (hAMSC) undergoing replicative senescence, thus promoting their capability of proliferation and differentiation. HFS was prepared by centrifugation of hFMSC conditioned medium, followed by column-based concentration, and the total protein content of the HFS was quantified to standardize treatment concentration. When compared with hAMSC secretome (HAS), HFS treatment significantly reduced senescence associated-β-galactosidase expression and activity (senescence marker) and enhanced cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation potential of hAMSC in prolonged in vitro culture. Cellular studies revealed concomitant activation of sirt1 and foxo3a in hAMSC after HFS treatment, which was associated with upregulation of p21 and downregulation of bax and p53. The changes of these senescence associated markers suggested that HFS, but not HAS, could ameliorate replicative senescence of hAMSC in vitro. In nude mice, HFS pretreatment restored the osteogenic ability of senescent hAMSC. Tumor xenograft model revealed that HFS did not promote tumor growth. In conclusion, this study suggests that HFS could be an effective and safe method to overcome replicative senescence and facilitate the therapeutic potential of hAMSC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- 1 Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China .,2 Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Wayne Yuk-Wai Lee
- 1 Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China .,2 Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Biao Huang
- 3 Faculty of Medicine, Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China .,4 Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Fang Zhang
- 1 Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China .,2 Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - TianYi Wu
- 1 Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China .,2 Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- 3 Faculty of Medicine, Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China .,4 Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Chiu Wang
- 5 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China .,6 Reproduction and Development, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China .,7 School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Li
- 1 Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China .,2 Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shenzhen, People's Republic of China .,4 Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Moon J, Schwarz SC, Lee H, Kang JM, Lee Y, Kim B, Sung M, Höglinger G, Wegner F, Kim JS, Chung H, Chang SW, Cha KY, Kim K, Schwarz J. Preclinical Analysis of Fetal Human Mesencephalic Neural Progenitor Cell Lines: Characterization and Safety In Vitro and In Vivo. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 6:576-588. [PMID: 28191758 PMCID: PMC5442800 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a good manufacturing practice for long‐term cultivation of fetal human midbrain‐derived neural progenitor cells. The generation of human dopaminergic neurons may serve as a tool of either restorative cell therapies or cellular models, particularly as a reference for phenotyping region‐specific human neural stem cell lines such as human embryonic stem cells and human inducible pluripotent stem cells. We cultivated 3 different midbrain neural progenitor lines at 10, 12, and 14 weeks of gestation for more than a year and characterized them in great detail, as well as in comparison with Lund mesencephalic cells. The whole cultivation process of tissue preparation, cultivation, and cryopreservation was developed using strict serum‐free conditions and standardized operating protocols under clean‐room conditions. Long‐term‐cultivated midbrain‐derived neural progenitor cells retained stemness, midbrain fate specificity, and floorplate markers. The potential to differentiate into authentic A9‐specific dopaminergic neurons was markedly elevated after prolonged expansion, resulting in large quantities of functional dopaminergic neurons without genetic modification. In restorative cell therapeutic approaches, midbrain‐derived neural progenitor cells reversed impaired motor function in rodents, survived well, and did not exhibit tumor formation in immunodeficient nude mice in the short or long term (8 and 30 weeks, respectively). We conclude that midbrain‐derived neural progenitor cells are a promising source for human dopaminergic neurons and suitable for long‐term expansion under good manufacturing practice, thus opening the avenue for restorative clinical applications or robust cellular models such as high‐content or high‐throughput screening. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:576–588
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jisook Moon
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam‐si, Gyeonggi‐do, Korea
- General Research Division, Korea Research‐Driven Hospital, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam‐si, Gyeonggi‐do, Korea
| | - Sigrid C. Schwarz
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hyun‐Seob Lee
- General Research Division, Korea Research‐Driven Hospital, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam‐si, Gyeonggi‐do, Korea
| | - Jun Mo Kang
- General Research Division, Korea Research‐Driven Hospital, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam‐si, Gyeonggi‐do, Korea
| | - Young‐Eun Lee
- General Research Division, Korea Research‐Driven Hospital, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam‐si, Gyeonggi‐do, Korea
| | - Bona Kim
- Development Division, CHA Biotech, Seongnam‐si, Gyeonggi‐do, Korea
| | - Mi‐Young Sung
- Development Division, CHA Biotech, Seongnam‐si, Gyeonggi‐do, Korea
| | - Günter Höglinger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Wegner
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jin Su Kim
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung‐Min Chung
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin‐gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Woon Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam‐si, Gyeonggi‐do, Korea
| | - Kwang Yul Cha
- General Research Division, Korea Research‐Driven Hospital, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam‐si, Gyeonggi‐do, Korea
| | - Kwang‐Soo Kim
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Program in Neuroscience and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Johannes Schwarz
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Russo T, Tunesi M, Giordano C, Gloria A, Ambrosio L. Hydrogels for central nervous system therapeutic strategies. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2016; 229:905-16. [PMID: 26614804 DOI: 10.1177/0954411915611700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system shows a limited regenerative capacity, and injuries or diseases, such as those in the spinal, brain and retina, are a great problem since current therapies seem to be unable to achieve good results in terms of significant functional recovery. Different promising therapies have been suggested, the aim being to restore at least some of the lost functions. The current review deals with the use of hydrogels in developing advanced devices for central nervous system therapeutic strategies. Several approaches, involving cell-based therapy, delivery of bioactive molecules and nanoparticle-based drug delivery, will be first reviewed. Finally, some examples of injectable hydrogels for the delivery of bioactive molecules in central nervous system will be reported, and the key features as well as the basic principles in designing multifunctional devices will be described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Russo
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Marta Tunesi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano and Unità di Ricerca Consorzio INSTM, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Carmen Giordano
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano and Unità di Ricerca Consorzio INSTM, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Gloria
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Ambrosio
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abeysinghe HCS, Bokhari L, Quigley A, Choolani M, Chan J, Dusting GJ, Crook JM, Kobayashi NR, Roulston CL. Pre-differentiation of human neural stem cells into GABAergic neurons prior to transplant results in greater repopulation of the damaged brain and accelerates functional recovery after transient ischemic stroke. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:186. [PMID: 26420220 PMCID: PMC4588906 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite attempts to prevent brain injury during the hyperacute phase of stroke, most sufferers end up with significant neuronal loss and functional deficits. The use of cell-based therapies to recover the injured brain offers new hope. In the current study, we employed human neural stem cells (hNSCs) isolated from subventricular zone (SVZ), and directed their differentiation into GABAergic neurons followed by transplantation to ischemic brain. METHODS Pre-differentiated GABAergic neurons, undifferentiated SVZ-hNSCs or media alone were stereotaxically transplanted into the rat brain (n=7/group) 7 days after endothelin-1 induced stroke. Neurological outcome was assessed by neurological deficit scores and the cylinder test. Transplanted cell survival, cellular phenotype and maturation were assessed using immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. RESULTS Behavioral assessments revealed accelerated improvements in motor function 7 days post-transplant in rats treated with pre-differentiated GABAergic cells in comparison to media alone and undifferentiated hNSC treated groups. Histopathology 28 days-post transplant indicated that pre-differentiated cells maintained their GABAergic neuronal phenotype, showed evidence of synaptogenesis and up-regulated expression of both GABA and calcium signaling proteins associated with neurotransmission. Rats treated with pre-differentiated cells also showed increased neurogenic activity within the SVZ at 28 days, suggesting an additional trophic role of these GABAergic cells. In contrast, undifferentiated SVZ-hNSCs predominantly differentiated into GFAP-positive astrocytes and appeared to be incorporated into the glial scar. CONCLUSION Our study is the first to show enhanced exogenous repopulation of a neuronal phenotype after stroke using techniques aimed at GABAergic cell induction prior to delivery that resulted in accelerated and improved functional recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hima C S Abeysinghe
- Neurotrauma Research Team, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Level 4, Clinical Sciences Building, 29 Regent Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Laita Bokhari
- Neurotrauma Research Team, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Level 4, Clinical Sciences Building, 29 Regent Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Anita Quigley
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Squires Way, Fairy Meadow, NSW 2519, Australia.
| | - Mahesh Choolani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Jerry Chan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Gregory J Dusting
- Cytoprotection Pharmacology Program, Centre for Eye Research, The Royal Eye and Ear Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Opthamology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Jeremy M Crook
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Squires Way, Fairy Meadow, NSW 2519, Australia.
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Nao R Kobayashi
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Squires Way, Fairy Meadow, NSW 2519, Australia
| | - Carli L Roulston
- Neurotrauma Research Team, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Level 4, Clinical Sciences Building, 29 Regent Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wright LS, Pinilla I, Saha J, Clermont JM, Lien JS, Borys KD, Capowski EE, Phillips MJ, Gamm DM. VSX2 and ASCL1 Are Indicators of Neurogenic Competence in Human Retinal Progenitor Cultures. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135830. [PMID: 26292211 PMCID: PMC4546156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Three dimensional (3D) culture techniques are frequently used for CNS tissue modeling and organoid production, including generation of retina-like tissues. A proposed advantage of these 3D systems is their potential to more closely approximate in vivo cellular microenvironments, which could translate into improved manufacture and/or maintenance of neuronal populations. Visual System Homeobox 2 (VSX2) labels all multipotent retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) and is known to play important roles in retinal development. In contrast, the proneural transcription factor Acheate scute-like 1 (ASCL1) is expressed transiently in a subset of RPCs, but is required for the production of most retinal neurons. Therefore, we asked whether the presence of VSX2 and ASCL1 could gauge neurogenic potential in 3D retinal cultures derived from human prenatal tissue or ES cells (hESCs). Short term prenatal 3D retinal cultures displayed multiple characteristics of human RPCs (hRPCs) found in situ, including robust expression of VSX2. Upon initiation of hRPC differentiation, there was a small increase in co-labeling of VSX2+ cells with ASCL1, along with a modest increase in the number of PKCα+ neurons. However, 3D prenatal retinal cultures lost expression of VSX2 and ASCL1 over time while concurrently becoming refractory to neuronal differentiation. Conversely, 3D optic vesicles derived from hESCs (hESC-OVs) maintained a robust VSX2+ hRPC population that could spontaneously co-express ASCL1 and generate photoreceptors and other retinal neurons for an extended period of time. These results show that VSX2 and ASCL1 can serve as markers for neurogenic potential in cultured hRPCs. Furthermore, unlike hESC-OVs, maintenance of 3D structure does not independently convey an advantage in the culture of prenatal hRPCs, further illustrating differences in the survival and differentiation requirements of hRPCs extracted from native tissue vs. those generated entirely in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynda S. Wright
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Isabel Pinilla
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lozano Blesa University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragones Health Sciences Institute, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jishnu Saha
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Joshua M. Clermont
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- New England College of Optometry, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jessica S. Lien
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Katarzyna D. Borys
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth E. Capowski
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - M. Joseph Phillips
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - David M. Gamm
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bernau K, Lewis CM, Petelinsek AM, Reagan MS, Niles DJ, Mattis VB, Meyerand ME, Suzuki M, Svendsen CN. In Vivo Tracking of Human Neural Progenitor Cells in the Rat Brain Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging Is Not Enhanced by Ferritin Expression. Cell Transplant 2015; 25:575-92. [PMID: 26160767 DOI: 10.3727/096368915x688614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid growth in the field of stem cell research has generated a lot of interest in their therapeutic use, especially in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Specifically, human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs), unique in their capability to differentiate into cells of the neural lineage, have been widely investigated due to their ability to survive, thrive, and migrate toward injured tissues. Still, one of the major roadblocks for clinical applicability arises from the inability to monitor these cells following transplantation. Molecular imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have been explored to assess hNPC transplant location, migration, and survival. Here we investigated whether inducing hNPCs to overexpress ferritin (hNPCs(Fer)), an iron storage protein, is sufficient to track these cells long term in the rat striatum using MRI. We found that increased hypointensity on MRI images could establish hNPC(Fer) location. Unexpectedly, however, wild-type hNPC transplants were detected in a similar manner, which is likely due to increased iron accumulation following transplantation-induced damage. Hence, we labeled hNPCs with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles to further increase iron content in an attempt to enhance cell contrast in MRI. SPIO-labeling of hNPCs (hNPCs-SPIO) achieved increased hypointensity, with significantly greater area of decreased T2* compared to hNPC(Fer) (p < 0.0001) and all other controls used. However, none of the techniques could be used to determine graft rejection in vivo, which is imperative for understanding cell behavior following transplantation. We conclude that in order for cell survival to be monitored in preclinical and clinical settings, another molecular imaging technique must be employed, including perhaps multimodal imaging, which would utilize MRI along with another imaging modality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ksenija Bernau
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Razavi S, Nazem G, Mardani M, Esfandiari E, Salehi H, Esfahani SHZ. Neurotrophic factors and their effects in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Adv Biomed Res 2015; 4:53. [PMID: 25802822 PMCID: PMC4361963 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.151570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins are small molecules of polypeptides, which include nerve growth factor (NGF) family, glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family ligands, and neuropoietic cytokines. These factors have an important role in neural regeneration, remyelination, and regulating the development of the peripheral and central nervous systems (PNS and CNS, respectively) by intracellular signaling through specific receptors. It has been suggested that the pathogenesis of human neurodegenerative disorders may be due to an alteration in the neurotrophic factors and their receptors. The use of neurotrophic factors as therapeutic agents is a novel strategy for restoring and maintaining neuronal function during neurodegenerative disorders such as multiple sclerosis. Innate and adaptive immune responses contribute to pathology of neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, autoimmune and mesenchymal stem cells, by the release of neurotrophic factors, have the ability to protect neuronal population and can efficiently suppress the formation of new lesions. So, these cells may be an alternative source for delivering neurotrophic factors into the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahnaz Razavi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ghasemi Nazem
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mardani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Esfandiari
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Salehi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Proliferated Leydig cells for engineered testis-like tissue regeneration with testosterone-secreting ability. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13770-014-0057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
|
19
|
Sareen D, Gowing G, Sahabian A, Staggenborg K, Paradis R, Avalos P, Latter J, Ornelas L, Garcia L, Svendsen CN. Human induced pluripotent stem cells are a novel source of neural progenitor cells (iNPCs) that migrate and integrate in the rodent spinal cord. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:2707-28. [PMID: 24610630 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of human neural progenitor cells (NPCs) into the brain or spinal cord to replace lost cells, modulate the injury environment, or create a permissive milieu to protect and regenerate host neurons is a promising therapeutic strategy for neurological diseases. Deriving NPCs from human fetal tissue is feasible, although problematic issues include limited sources and ethical concerns. Here we describe a new and abundant source of NPCs derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). A novel chopping technique was used to transform adherent iPSCs into free-floating spheres that were easy to maintain and were expandable (EZ spheres) (Ebert et al. [2013] Stem Cell Res 10:417-427). These EZ spheres could be differentiated towards NPC spheres with a spinal cord phenotype using a combination of all-trans retinoic acid (RA) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) mitogens. Suspension cultures of NPCs derived from human iPSCs or fetal tissue have similar characteristics, although they were not similar when grown as adherent cells. In addition, iPSC-derived NPCs (iNPCs) survived grafting into the spinal cord of athymic nude rats with no signs of overgrowth and with a very similar profile to human fetal-derived NPCs (fNPCs). These results suggest that human iNPCs behave like fNPCs and could thus be a valuable alternative for cellular regenerative therapies of neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhruv Sareen
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bernau K, Lewis CM, Petelinsek AM, Benink HA, Zimprich CA, Meyerand ME, Suzuki M, Svendsen CN. In vivo tracking of human neural progenitor cells in the rat brain using bioluminescence imaging. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 228:67-78. [PMID: 24675049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stem cell therapies appear promising for treating certain neurodegenerative disorders and molecular imaging methods that track these cells in vivo could answer some key questions regarding their survival and migration. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI), which relies on luciferase expression in these cells, has been used for this purpose due to its high sensitivity. NEW METHOD In this study, we employ BLI to track luciferase-expressing human neural progenitor cells (hNPC(Luc2)) in the rat striatum long-term. RESULTS We show that hNPC(Luc2) are detectable in the rat striatum. Furthermore, we demonstrate that using this tracking method, surviving grafts can be detected in vivo for up to 12 weeks, while those that were rejected do not produce bioluminescence signal. We also demonstrate the ability to discern hNPC(Luc2) contralateral migration. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Some of the advantages of BLI compared to other imaging methods used to track progenitor/stem cells include its sensitivity and specificity, low background signal and ability to distinguish surviving grafts from rejected ones over the long term while the blood-brain barrier remains intact. CONCLUSIONS These new findings may be useful in future preclinical applications developing cell-based treatments for neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ksenija Bernau
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, 4325a Veterinary Medicine Building, 2015 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Christina M Lewis
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1005 Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - Anna M Petelinsek
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, 4325a Veterinary Medicine Building, 2015 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Hélène A Benink
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Rd., Fitchburg, WI 53711, USA.
| | - Chad A Zimprich
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Rd., Fitchburg, WI 53711, USA.
| | - M Elizabeth Meyerand
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1129 Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - Masatoshi Suzuki
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, 4124 Veterinary Medicine Building, 2015 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Clive N Svendsen
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, 5009 Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lippmann ES, Al-Ahmad A, Azarin SM, Palecek SP, Shusta EV. A retinoic acid-enhanced, multicellular human blood-brain barrier model derived from stem cell sources. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4160. [PMID: 24561821 PMCID: PMC3932448 DOI: 10.1038/srep04160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) models are often used to investigate BBB function and screen brain-penetrating therapeutics, but it has been difficult to construct a human model that possesses an optimal BBB phenotype and is readily scalable. To address this challenge, we developed a human in vitro BBB model comprising brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs), pericytes, astrocytes and neurons derived from renewable cell sources. First, retinoic acid (RA) was used to substantially enhance BBB phenotypes in human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived BMECs, particularly through adherens junction, tight junction, and multidrug resistance protein regulation. RA-treated hPSC-derived BMECs were subsequently co-cultured with primary human brain pericytes and human astrocytes and neurons derived from human neural progenitor cells (NPCs) to yield a fully human BBB model that possessed significant tightness as measured by transendothelial electrical resistance (~5,000 Ωxcm(2)). Overall, this scalable human BBB model may enable a wide range of neuroscience studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan S Lippmann
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Abraham Al-Ahmad
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Samira M Azarin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sean P Palecek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Eric V Shusta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tam RY, Fuehrmann T, Mitrousis N, Shoichet MS. Regenerative therapies for central nervous system diseases: a biomaterials approach. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:169-88. [PMID: 24002187 PMCID: PMC3857664 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) has a limited capacity to spontaneously regenerate following traumatic injury or disease, requiring innovative strategies to promote tissue and functional repair. Tissue regeneration strategies, such as cell and/or drug delivery, have demonstrated promising results in experimental animal models, but have been difficult to translate clinically. The efficacy of cell therapy, which involves stem cell transplantation into the CNS to replace damaged tissue, has been limited due to low cell survival and integration upon transplantation, while delivery of therapeutic molecules to the CNS using conventional methods, such as oral and intravenous administration, have been limited by diffusion across the blood-brain/spinal cord-barrier. The use of biomaterials to promote graft survival and integration as well as localized and sustained delivery of biologics to CNS injury sites is actively being pursued. This review will highlight recent advances using biomaterials as cell- and drug-delivery vehicles for CNS repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger Y Tam
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, ON, Canada,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tobias Fuehrmann
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, ON, Canada,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nikolaos Mitrousis
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Molly S Shoichet
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, ON, Canada,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, 160 College Street, Room 514, Toronto, ON, Canada, Tel: +416 978 1460, Fax: +416 978 4317, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Balamurugan K, Sterneck E. The many faces of C/EBPδ and their relevance for inflammation and cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2013; 9:917-33. [PMID: 24155666 PMCID: PMC3805898 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The CCAAT/enhancer binding protein delta (CEBPD, C/EBPδ) is a transcription factor that modulates many biological processes including cell differentiation, motility, growth arrest, proliferation, and cell death. The diversity of C/EBPδ's functions depends in part on the cell type and cellular context and can have opposing outcomes. For example, C/EBPδ promotes inflammatory signaling, but it can also inhibit pro-inflammatory pathways, and in a mouse model of mammary tumorigenesis, C/EBPδ reduces tumor incidence but promotes tumor metastasis. This review highlights the multifaceted nature of C/EBPδ's functions, with an emphasis on pathways that are relevant for cancer and inflammation, and illustrates how C/EBPδ emerged from the shadow of its family members as a fascinating “jack of all trades.” Our current knowledge on C/EBPδ indicates that, rather than being essential for a specific cellular process, C/EBPδ helps to interpret a variety of cues in a cell-type and context-dependent manner, to adjust cellular functions to specific situations. Therefore, insights into the roles and mechanisms of C/EBPδ signaling can lead to a better understanding of how the integration of different signaling pathways dictates normal and pathological cell functions and physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuppusamy Balamurugan
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD-21702-1201, U.S.A
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Dooley D, Vidal P, Hendrix S. Immunopharmacological intervention for successful neural stem cell therapy: New perspectives in CNS neurogenesis and repair. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 141:21-31. [PMID: 23954656 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological support and stimulation of endogenous and transplanted neural stem cells (NSCs) is a major challenge in brain repair. Trauma to the central nervous system (CNS) results in a distinct inflammatory response caused by local and infiltrating immune cells. This makes NSC-supported regeneration difficult due to the presence of inhibitory immune factors which are upregulated around the lesion site. The continual and dual role of the neuroinflammatory response leaves it difficult to decipher upon a single modulatory strategy. Therefore, understanding the influence of cytokines upon regulation of NSC self-renewal, proliferation and differentiation is crucial when designing therapies for CNS repair. There is a plethora of partially conflicting data in vitro and in vivo on the role of cytokines in modulating the stem cell niche and the milieu around NSC transplants. This is mainly due to the pleiotropic role of many factors. In order for cell-based therapy to thrive, treatment must be phase-specific to the injury and also be personalized for each patient, i.e. taking age, sex, neuroimmune and endocrine status as well as other key parameters into consideration. In this review, we will summarize the most relevant information concerning interleukin (IL)-1, IL-4, IL-10, IL-15, IFN-γ, the neuropoietic cytokine family and TNF-α in order to extract promising therapeutic approaches for further research. We will focus on the consequences of neuroinflammation on endogenous brain stem cells and the transplantation environment, the effects of the above cytokines on NSCs, as well as immunopharmacological manipulation of the microenvironment for potential therapeutic use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dearbhaile Dooley
- Dep. of Morphology & Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Belgium
| | - Pia Vidal
- Dep. of Morphology & Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Belgium
| | - Sven Hendrix
- Dep. of Morphology & Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mousa A, Bakhiet M. Role of cytokine signaling during nervous system development. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:13931-57. [PMID: 23880850 PMCID: PMC3742226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140713931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are signaling proteins that were first characterized as components of the immune response, but have been found to have pleiotropic effects in diverse aspects of body function in health and disease. They are secreted by numerous cells and are used extensively in intercellular communications to produce different activities, including intricate processes engaged in the ontogenetic development of the brain. This review discusses factors involved in brain growth regulation and recent findings exploring cytokine signaling pathways during development of the central nervous system. In view of existing data suggesting roles for neurotropic cytokines in promoting brain growth and repair, these molecules and their signaling pathways might become targets for therapeutic intervention in neurodegenerative processes due to diseases, toxicity, or trauma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyaa Mousa
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Kuwait University, Safat 13060, Kuwait; E-Mail:
| | - Moiz Bakhiet
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Princess Al-Jawhara Center for Genetics and Inherited Diseases, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, P.O. Box 26671 Manama, Bahrain
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +973-1723-7300
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wang J, O'Bara MA, Pol SU, Sim FJ. CD133/CD140a-based isolation of distinct human multipotent neural progenitor cells and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:2121-31. [PMID: 23488628 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the specification of oligodendrocyte fate from multipotent neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in developing human brain are unknown. In this study, we sought to identify antigens sufficient to distinguish NPCs free from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). We investigated the potential overlap of NPC and OPC antigens using multicolor fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) for CD133/PROM1, A2B5, and CD140a/PDGFαR antigens. Surprisingly, we found that CD133, but not A2B5, was capable of enriching for OLIG2 expression, Sox10 enhancer activity, and oligodendrocyte potential. As a subpopulation of CD133-positive cells expressed CD140a, we asked whether CD133 enriched bone fide NPCs regardless of CD140a expression. We found that CD133(+)CD140a(-) cells were highly enriched for neurosphere initiating cells and were multipotent. Importantly, when analyzed immediately following isolation, CD133(+)CD140a(-) NPCs lacked the capacity to generate oligodendrocytes. In contrast, CD133(+)CD140a(+) cells were OLIG2-expressing OPCs capable of oligodendrocyte differentiation, but formed neurospheres with lower efficiency and were largely restricted to glial fate. Gene expression analysis further confirmed the stem cell nature of CD133(+)CD140a(-) cells. As human CD133(+) cells comprised both NPCs and OPCs, CD133 expression alone cannot be considered a specific marker of the stem cell phenotype, but rather comprises a heterogeneous mix of glial restricted as well as multipotent neural precursors. In contrast, CD133/CD140a-based FACS permits the separation of defined progenitor populations and the study of neural stem and oligodendrocyte fate specification in the human brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Volpato FZ, Führmann T, Migliaresi C, Hutmacher DW, Dalton PD. Using extracellular matrix for regenerative medicine in the spinal cord. Biomaterials 2013; 34:4945-55. [PMID: 23597407 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration within the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) is limited, and traumatic injury often leads to permanent functional motor and sensory loss. The lack of regeneration following spinal cord injury (SCI) is mainly caused by the presence of glial scarring, cystic cavitation and a hostile environment to axonal growth at the lesion site. The more prominent experimental treatment strategies focus mainly on drug and cell therapies, however recent interest in biomaterial-based strategies are increasing in number and breadth. Outside the spinal cord, approaches that utilize the extracellular matrix (ECM) to promote tissue repair show tremendous potential for various application including vascular, skin, bone, cartilage, liver, lung, heart and peripheral nerve tissue engineering (TE). Experimentally, it is unknown if these approaches can be successfully translated to the CNS, either alone or in combination with synthetic biomaterial scaffolds. In this review we outline the first attempts to apply the potential of ECM-based biomaterials and combining cell-derived ECM with synthetic scaffolds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Zomer Volpato
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove 4059, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Majumder A, Banerjee S, Harrill JA, Machacek DW, Mohamad O, Bacanamwo M, Mundy WR, Wei L, Dhara SK, Stice SL. Neurotrophic effects of leukemia inhibitory factor on neural cells derived from human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2013; 30:2387-99. [PMID: 22899336 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Various growth factor cocktails have been used to proliferate and then differentiate human neural progenitor (NP) cells derived from embryonic stem cells (ESC) for in vitro and in vivo studies. However, the cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) has been largely overlooked. Here, we demonstrate that LIF significantly enhanced in vitro survival and promoted differentiation of human ESC-derived NP cells. In NP cells, as well as NP-derived neurons, LIF reduced caspase-mediated apoptosis and reduced both spontaneous and H2O2-induced reactive oxygen species in culture. In vitro, NP cell proliferation and the yield of differentiated neurons were significantly higher in the presence of LIF. In NP cells, LIF enhanced cMyc phosphorylation, commonly associated with self-renewal/proliferation. Also, in differentiating NP cells LIF activated the phosphoinositide 3-kinase and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathways, associated with cell survival and reduced apoptosis. When differentiated in LIF+ media, neurite outgrowth and ERK1/2 phosphorylation were potentiated together with increased expression of gp130, a component of the LIF receptor complex. NP cells, pretreated in vitro with LIF, were effective in reducing infarct volume in a model of focal ischemic stroke but LIF did not lead to significantly improved initial NP cell survival over nontreated NP cells. Our results show that LIF signaling significantly promotes human NP cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation in vitro. Activated LIF signaling should be considered in cell culture expansion systems for future human NP cell-based therapeutic transplant studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Majumder
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Modeling the blood-brain barrier using stem cell sources. Fluids Barriers CNS 2013; 10:2. [PMID: 23305164 PMCID: PMC3564868 DOI: 10.1186/2045-8118-10-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a selective endothelial interface that controls trafficking between the bloodstream and brain interstitial space. During development, the BBB arises as a result of complex multicellular interactions between immature endothelial cells and neural progenitors, neurons, radial glia, and pericytes. As the brain develops, astrocytes and pericytes further contribute to BBB induction and maintenance of the BBB phenotype. Because BBB development, maintenance, and disease states are difficult and time-consuming to study in vivo, researchers often utilize in vitro models for simplified analyses and higher throughput. The in vitro format also provides a platform for screening brain-penetrating therapeutics. However, BBB models derived from adult tissue, especially human sources, have been hampered by limited cell availability and model fidelity. Furthermore, BBB endothelium is very difficult if not impossible to isolate from embryonic animal or human brain, restricting capabilities to model BBB development in vitro. In an effort to address some of these shortcomings, advances in stem cell research have recently been leveraged for improving our understanding of BBB development and function. Stem cells, which are defined by their capacity to expand by self-renewal, can be coaxed to form various somatic cell types and could in principle be very attractive for BBB modeling applications. In this review, we will describe how neural progenitor cells (NPCs), the in vitro precursors to neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, can be used to study BBB induction. Next, we will detail how these same NPCs can be differentiated to more mature populations of neurons and astrocytes and profile their use in co-culture modeling of the adult BBB. Finally, we will describe our recent efforts in differentiating human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to endothelial cells with robust BBB characteristics and detail how these cells could ultimately be used to study BBB development and maintenance, to model neurological disease, and to screen neuropharmaceuticals.
Collapse
|
30
|
Supeno NE, Pati S, Hadi RA, Ghani ARI, Mustafa Z, Abdullah JM, Idris FM, Han X, Jaafar H. IGF-1 acts as controlling switch for long-term proliferation and maintenance of EGF/FGF-responsive striatal neural stem cells. Int J Med Sci 2013; 10:522-31. [PMID: 23532711 PMCID: PMC3607237 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.5325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term maintenance of neural stem cells in vitro is crucial for their stage specific roles in neurogenesis. To have an in-depth understanding of optimal conditional microenvironmental niche for long-term maintenance of neural stem cells (NSCs), we imposed different combinatorial treatment of growth factors to EGF/FGF-responsive cells. We hypothesized, that IGF-1-treatment can provide an optimal niche for long-term maintenance and proliferation of EGF/FGF-responsive NSCs. OBJECTIVE This study was performed to investigate the cellular morphology and growth of rat embryonic striatal tissue derived-NSCs in long-term culture under the influence of different combinatorial effects of certain growth factors, such as EGF, bFGF, LIF and IGF-1. METHODS The NSCs were harvested and cultured from striatal tissue of 18 days old rat embryos. We have generated neurospheres from these NSCs and cultured them till passage 7 (28 days in vitro) under four different conditional microenvironments: (A) without growth factor, (B) EGF/bFGF, (C) EGF/bFGF/LIF, (D) EGF/bFGF/IGF-1 and (E) EGF/bFGF/LIF/IGF-1. Isolated NSCs were characterised by Immunoflouroscence for nestin expression. The cell growth and proliferation was evaluated at different time intervals (P1, P3, P5 & P7), assessing the metabolic activity based cell proliferation. Apoptosis was studied in each of these groups by In situ cell death assay. RESULTS Our results demonstrated certain important findings relevant to long-term culture and maintenance of striatal NSC-derived neurospheres. This suggested that IGF-1 can induce enhanced cell proliferation during early stages of neurogenesis, impose long-term maintenance (up to passage 7) to cultured NSCs and enhance survival efficiency in vitro, in the presence of EGF and FGF. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the hypothesis that the enforcement of IGF-1 treatment to the EGF/FGF-responsive NSCs, can lead to enhanced cell proliferation during early stages of neurogenesis, and an extended life span in vitro. This information will be beneficial for improving future therapeutic implication of NSCs, by addressing improved in vitro production of NSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nor Entan Supeno
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Buono KD, Vadlamuri D, Gan Q, Levison SW. Leukemia inhibitory factor is essential for subventricular zone neural stem cell and progenitor homeostasis as revealed by a novel flow cytometric analysis. Dev Neurosci 2012; 34:449-62. [PMID: 23258129 DOI: 10.1159/000345155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells rely on extracellular signals produced by the niche, which dictate their ability to self-renew, expand and differentiate. It is essential to have sensitive and reproducible methods of either quantifying or isolating these stem cells and progenitors to understand their intrinsic properties and how extrinsic signals regulate their development. However, stem cells are difficult to distinguish from multipotential progenitors, which may look and act like them. Here we define a 4-color flow cytometry panel using CD133, LeX, CD140a, NG2 to define a neural stem cell (NSC) as well as 4 classes of multipotential progenitors and 3 classes of bipotential progenitors, several of which have not been described previously. We performed gain and loss of function studies for leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and showed a depletion of NSCs, a subset of multipotential neural precursors and immature oligodendrocytes in LIF null mice. Gain of function studies showed that LIF increased the abundance of these precursors. Our studies also show that these NPs have differential requirements for LIF and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and for epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) for their propagation in vitro. Surprisingly, the related cytokine, CNTF, was less potent than LIF in increasing the NSCs and more potent than LIF in increasing the PDGF responsive multipotential precursors. Finally, we show that LIF increases the expression of the core transcription factors: Klf4, Fbx15, Nanog, Sox2 and c-Myc. Altogether our FACS (fluorescence-activated cell sorter) analyses reveal that the neonatal subventricular zone is far more heterogeneous than previously suspected and our studies provide new insights into the signals and mechanisms that regulate their self-renewal and proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krista D Buono
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wen X, Liu L, Deng M, Zhang L, Liu R, Xing Y, Zhou X, Nie X. Characterization of p75+ ectomesenchymal stem cells from rat embryonic facial process tissue. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 427:5-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.08.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
33
|
LIF maintains progenitor phenotype of endothelial progenitor cells via Krüppel-like factor 4. Microvasc Res 2012; 84:270-7. [PMID: 22835519 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) participate in post-natal vasculogenesis. Maintaining the preliminary progenitor phenotype and good proliferation capacity of EPCs is key to their use in treating cardiovascular ischemic diseases. However, transcriptional regulation in EPCs remains largely unknown. We investigated the effect of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) combined with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on EPCs and the potential roles of Krüppel-like transcription factors (KLFs). METHODS AND RESULTS Co-treatment with LIF and VEGF (100 ng/ml each) (V+L) could increase EPC colony-forming units and CD34 expression, which reflects the EPC progenitor phenotype and alleviated differentiation of EPCs. The effect was associated with Akt activation and increased expression of KLF4. Upregulation of KLF4 induced by V+L could be inhibited by transfection with dominant-negative Akt adenovirus. Furthermore, overexpression of KLF4 in EPCs enhanced the expression of CD34 and alleviated cell differentiation but did not increase the phosphorylation of Akt. CONCLUSIONS LIF combined with VEGF can maintain the preliminary, progenitor phenotype of EPCs and alleviate cell differentiation by upregulating KLF4, which may provide new insights into transcriptional regulation in EPCs.
Collapse
|
34
|
Li X, Liu X, Zhao W, Wen X, Zhang N. Manipulating neural-stem-cell mobilization and migration in vitro. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:2087-95. [PMID: 22342829 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem-cell transplantation is a promising strategy for the treatment of neural diseases and injuries, since the central nervous system (CNS) has a very limited capacity to repopulate the lost cells. Transplantation strategies face many difficulties including low viability, lack of control of stem-cell fate, and low levels of cell engraftment after transplantation. An alternative strategy for CNS repair without transplantation is using endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) and precursor cells. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a pleiotropic cytokine of mesenchymal origin, exerts a strong chemoattractive effect on stem cells. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), a key regulator for stem-cell proliferation, mobilization, and fate choices, is currently being characterized for endogenous NSC manipulation for brain regeneration. In this study, HGF and LIF have been loaded into hydrogels and degradable nanoparticles, respectively, for sustained, long-term, localized delivery. We examine the use of HGF-loaded hydrogels and LIF-loaded nanoparticles for manipulating migration and mobilization of human NSCs in vitro. The combination of LIF-loaded nanoparticles and HGF-loaded hydrogels significantly mobilized hNSCs and promoted their migration in vitro. Studies are in progress to evaluate endogenous NSC mobilization and migration in vivo with simultaneous, controlled delivery of LIF at the natural reservoir of endogenous NSCs and HGF at the injury or disease site for in situ tissue regeneration.
Collapse
|
35
|
Gene expression profile of adult human olfactory bulb and embryonic neural stem cell suggests distinct signaling pathways and epigenetic control. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33542. [PMID: 22485144 PMCID: PMC3317670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Global gene expression profiling was performed using RNA from human embryonic neural stem cells (hENSC), and adult human olfactory bulb-derived neural stem cells (OBNSCs), to define a gene expression pattern and signaling pathways that are specific for each cell lineage. We have demonstrated large differences in the gene expression profile of human embryonic NSC, and adult human OBNSCs, but less variability between parallel cultures. Transcripts of genes involved in neural tube development and patterning (ALDH1A2, FOXA2), progenitor marker genes (LMX1a, ALDH1A1, SOX10), proliferation of neural progenitors (WNT1 and WNT3a), neuroplastin (NPTN), POU3F1 (OCT6), neuroligin (NLGN4X), MEIS2, and NPAS1 were up-regulated in both cell populations. By Gene Ontology, 325 out of 3875 investigated gene sets were scientifically different. 41 out of the 307 investigated Cellular Component (CC) categories, 45 out of the 620 investigated Molecular Function (MF) categories, and 239 out of the 2948 investigated Biological Process (BP) categories were significant. KEGG Pathway Class Comparison had revealed that 75 out of 171 investigated gene sets passed the 0.005 significance threshold. Levels of gene expression were explored in three signaling pathways, Notch, Wnt, and mTOR that are known to be involved in NS cell fates determination. The transcriptional signature also deciphers the role of genes involved in epigenetic modifications. SWI/SNF DNA chromatin remodeling complex family, including SMARCC1 and SMARCE1, were found specifically up-regulated in our OBNSC but not in hENSC. Differences in gene expression profile of transcripts controlling epigenetic modifications, and signaling pathways might indicate differences in the therapeutic potential of our examined two cell populations in relation to in cell survival, proliferation, migration, and differentiation following engraftments in different CNS insults.
Collapse
|
36
|
Liu T, Chen Q, Huang Y, Huang Q, Jiang L, Guo L. Low microRNA-199a expression in human amniotic epithelial cell feeder layers maintains human-induced pluripotent stem cell pluripotency via increased leukemia inhibitory factor expression. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2012; 44:197-206. [PMID: 22285730 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmr127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells share the same key properties as embryonic stem cells, and may be generated from patient- or disease-specific sources, which makes them attractive for personalized medicine, drug screens, or cellular therapy. Long-term cultivation and maintenance of normal iPS cells in an undifferentiated self-renewing state is a major challenge. Our previous studies have shown that human amniotic epithelial cells (HuAECs) could provide a good source of feeder cells for mouse and human embryonic stem cells, or spermatogonial stem cells, as they express endogenous leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) at high levels. Here, we examined the effect of exogenous microRNA-199a regulation on endogenous LIF expression in HuAECs, and in turn on human iPS cell pluripotency. We found that HuAECs feeder cells transfected with microRNA-199a mutant expressed LIF at high levels, allowing iPS to maintain a high level of alkaline phosphatase activity in long-term culture and form teratomas in severe combined immunodeficient mice. The expression of stem cell markers was increased in iPS cultured on HuAECs feeder cells transfected with the microRNA-199a mutant, compared with iPS cultured on HuAECs transfected with microRNA-199a or mouse embryo fibroblasts. Taken together, these results suggested that LIF expression might be regulated by microRNA-199a, and LIF was a crucial component in feeder cells, and also was required for maintenance of human iPS cells in an undifferentiated, proliferative state capable of self-renewal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Te Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hawryluk GWJ, Mothe AJ, Chamankhah M, Wang J, Tator C, Fehlings MG. In vitro characterization of trophic factor expression in neural precursor cells. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 21:432-47. [PMID: 22013972 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In cellular transplantation strategies for repairing the injured central nervous system, interactions between transplanted neural precursor cells (NPCs) and host tissue remain incompletely understood. Although trophins may contribute to the benefits observed, little research has explored this possibility. Candidate trophic factors were identified, and primers were designed for these genes. Template RNA was isolated from 3 NPC sources, and also from bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and embryonic fibroblasts as comparative controls. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to determine the effect of cell source, passaging, cellular differentiation, and environmental changes on trophin factor expression in NPCs. Results were analyzed with multivariate statistical analyses. NPCs, BMSCs, and fibroblasts each expressed trophic factors in unique patterns. Trophic factor expression was similar among NPCs whether harvested from rat or mouse, brain or spinal cord, or their time in culture. The expression of neurotrophin NT-3, NT-4/5, glial-derived neurotrophic factor, and insulin-like growth factor-1 decreased with time in culture. Induced differentiation of NPCs led to a marked and statistically significant increase in the expression of trophic factors. Culture conditions and environmental changes were also associated with significant changes in trophin expression. These results suggest that trophins could contribute to the benefits associated with transplantation of NPCs as well as BMSCs. Trophic factor expression changes with NPC differentiation and environmental conditions, which could have important implications with regard to their behavior after in vivo transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W J Hawryluk
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Neuroscience Centre, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Neural stem/progenitor cells from the adult human spinal cord are multipotent and self-renewing and differentiate after transplantation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27079. [PMID: 22073257 PMCID: PMC3206885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC) transplantation is a promising therapy for spinal cord injury (SCI). However, little is known about NSPC from the adult human spinal cord as a donor source. We demonstrate for the first time that multipotent and self-renewing NSPC can be cultured, passaged and transplanted from the adult human spinal cord of organ transplant donors. Adult human spinal cord NSPC require an adherent substrate for selection and expansion in EGF (epidermal growth factor) and FGF2 (fibroblast growth factor) enriched medium. NSPC as an adherent monolayer can be passaged for at least 9 months and form neurospheres when plated in suspension culture. In EGF/FGF2 culture, NSPC proliferate and primarily express nestin and Sox2, and low levels of markers for differentiating cells. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) promotes NSPC proliferation and significantly enhances GFAP expression in hypoxia. In differentiating conditions in the presence of serum, these NSPC show multipotentiality, expressing markers of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP) significantly enhances neuronal differentiation. We transplanted the multipotent NSPC into SCI rats and show that the xenografts survive, are post-mitotic, and retain the capacity to differentiate into neurons and glia. Together, these findings reveal that multipotent self-renewing NSPC cultured and passaged from adult human spinal cords of organ transplant donors, respond to exogenous factors that promote selective differentiation, and survive and differentiate after transplantation into the injured spinal cord.
Collapse
|
39
|
Gowing G, Svendsen CN. Stem cell transplantation for motor neuron disease: current approaches and future perspectives. Neurotherapeutics 2011; 8:591-606. [PMID: 21904789 PMCID: PMC3210365 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-011-0068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor neuron degeneration leading to muscle atrophy and death is a pathological hallmark of disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or spinal muscular atrophy. No effective treatment is available for these devastating diseases. At present, cell-based therapies targeting motor neuron replacement, support, or as a vehicle for the delivery of neuroprotective molecules are being investigated. Although many challenges and questions remain, the beneficial effects observed following transplantation therapy in animal models of motor neuron disease has sparked hope and a number of clinical trials. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of cell-based therapeutics for motor neuron disorders, with a particular emphasis on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Gowing
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Clive N. Svendsen
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lippmann ES, Weidenfeller C, Svendsen CN, Shusta EV. Blood-brain barrier modeling with co-cultured neural progenitor cell-derived astrocytes and neurons. J Neurochem 2011; 119:507-20. [PMID: 21854389 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) models often consist of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) that are co-cultured with other cells of the neurovascular unit, such as astrocytes and neurons, to enhance BBB properties. Obtaining primary astrocytes and neurons for co-culture models can be laborious, while yield and heterogeneity of primary isolations can also be limiting. Neural progenitor cells (NPCs), because of their self-renewal capacity and ability to reproducibly differentiate into tunable mixtures of neurons and astrocytes, represent a facile, readily scalable alternative. To this end, differentiated rat NPCs were co-cultured with rat BMECs and shown to induce BBB properties such as elevated trans-endothelial electrical resistance, improved tight junction continuity, polarized p-glycoprotein efflux, and low passive permeability at levels indistinguishable from those induced by primary rat astrocyte co-culture. An NPC differentiation time of 12 days, with the presence of 10% fetal bovine serum, was found to be crucial for generating NPC-derived progeny capable of inducing the optimal response. This approach could also be extended to human NPC-derived astrocytes and neurons which similarly regulated BBB induction. The distribution of rat or human NPC-derived progeny under these conditions was found to be a roughly 3 : 1 mixture of astrocytes to neurons with varying degrees of cellular maturity. BMEC gene expression analysis was conducted using a BBB gene panel, and it was determined that 23 of 26 genes were similarly regulated by either differentiated rat NPC or rat astrocyte co-culture while three genes were differentially altered by the rat NPC-derived progeny. Taken together, these results demonstrate that NPCs are an attractive alternative to primary neural cells for use in BBB co-culture models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan S Lippmann
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Andres RH, Horie N, Slikker W, Keren-Gill H, Zhan K, Sun G, Manley NC, Pereira MP, Sheikh LA, McMillan EL, Schaar BT, Svendsen CN, Bliss TM, Steinberg GK. Human neural stem cells enhance structural plasticity and axonal transport in the ischaemic brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 134:1777-89. [PMID: 21616972 PMCID: PMC3102243 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awr094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation promises new hope for the treatment of stroke although significant questions remain about how the grafted cells elicit their effects. One hypothesis is that transplanted stem cells enhance endogenous repair mechanisms activated after cerebral ischaemia. Recognizing that bilateral reorganization of surviving circuits is associated with recovery after stroke, we investigated the ability of transplanted human neural progenitor cells to enhance this structural plasticity. Our results show the first evidence that human neural progenitor cell treatment can significantly increase dendritic plasticity in both the ipsi- and contralesional cortex and this coincides with stem cell-induced functional recovery. Moreover, stem cell-grafted rats demonstrated increased corticocortical, corticostriatal, corticothalamic and corticospinal axonal rewiring from the contralesional side; with the transcallosal and corticospinal axonal sprouting correlating with functional recovery. Furthermore, we demonstrate that axonal transport, which is critical for both proper axonal function and axonal sprouting, is inhibited by stroke and that this is rescued by the stem cell treatment, thus identifying another novel potential mechanism of action of transplanted cells. Finally, we established in vitro co-culture assays in which these stem cells mimicked the effects observed in vivo. Through immunodepletion studies, we identified vascular endothelial growth factor, thrombospondins 1 and 2, and slit as mediators partially responsible for stem cell-induced effects on dendritic sprouting, axonal plasticity and axonal transport in vitro. Thus, we postulate that human neural progenitor cells aid recovery after stroke through secretion of factors that enhance brain repair and plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Andres
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Stroke Centre, Stanford Institute for Neuro-Innovation and Translational Neurosciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305-5487, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wakeman DR, Dodiya HB, Kordower JH. Cell transplantation and gene therapy in Parkinson's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 78:126-58. [PMID: 21259269 DOI: 10.1002/msj.20233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting, in part, dopaminergic motor neurons of the ventral midbrain and their terminal projections that course to the striatum. Symptomatic strategies focused on dopamine replacement have proven effective at remediating some motor symptoms during the course of disease but ultimately fail to deliver long-term disease modification and lose effectiveness due to the emergence of side effects. Several strategies have been experimentally tested as alternatives for Parkinson's disease, including direct cell replacement and gene transfer through viral vectors. Cellular transplantation of dopamine-secreting cells was hypothesized as a substitute for pharmacotherapy to directly provide dopamine, whereas gene therapy has primarily focused on restoration of dopamine synthesis or neuroprotection and restoration of spared host dopaminergic circuitry through trophic factors as a means to enhance sustained controlled dopamine transmission. This seems now to have been verified in numerous studies in rodents and nonhuman primates, which have shown that grafts of fetal dopamine neurons or gene transfer through viral vector delivery can lead to improvements in biochemical and behavioral indices of dopamine deficiency. However, in clinical studies, the improvements in parkinsonism have been rather modest and variable and have been plagued by graft-induced dyskinesias. New developments in stem-cell transplantation and induced patient-derived cells have opened the doors for the advancement of cell-based therapeutics. In addition, viral-vector-derived therapies have been developed preclinically with excellent safety and efficacy profiles, showing promise in clinical trials thus far. Further progress and optimization of these therapies will be necessary to ensure safety and efficacy before widespread clinical use is deemed appropriate.
Collapse
|
43
|
Gomi M, Aoki T, Takagi Y, Nishimura M, Ohsugi Y, Mihara M, Nozaki K, Hashimoto N, Miyamoto S, Takahashi J. Single and local blockade of interleukin-6 signaling promotes neuronal differentiation from transplanted embryonic stem cell-derived neural precursor cells. J Neurosci Res 2011; 89:1388-99. [PMID: 21557295 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Safe and efficient transplantation of embryonic stem (ES) cells to the brain requires that local inflammatory and immune responses to allogeneic grafts are inhibited. To investigate cytokines that affect graft cell survival and differentiation, we used stromal cell-derived inducing activity to induce the differentiation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) from mouse ES cells and transplanted the NPCs into mouse brain. Examination of surrounding brain tissue revealed elevated expression levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, and IL-6 in response to NPC transplantation. Among these, only IL-6 reduced neuronal differentiation and promoted glial differentiation in vitro. When we added anti-IL-6 receptor antibodies to NPCs during transplantation, this single and local blockade of IL-6 signaling reduced the accumulation of host-derived leukocytes, including microglia. Furthermore, it also promoted neuronal differentiation and reduced glial differentiation from the grafted NPCs to an extent similar to that with systemic and continuous administration of cyclosporine A. These results suggest that local administration of anti-IL-6 receptor antibodies with NPCs may promote neuronal differentiation during the treatment of neurological diseases with cell replacement therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Gomi
- Department of Biological Repair, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Baghbaderani BA, Behie LA, Mukhida K, Hong M, Mendez I. New bioengineering insights into human neural precursor cell expansion in culture. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 27:776-87. [PMID: 21485037 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding initial cell growth, interactions associated with the process of expansion of human neural precursor cells (hNPCs), and cellular events pre- and postdifferentiation are important for developing bioprocessing protocols to reproducibly generate multipotent cells that can be used in basic research or the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Herein, we report the in vitro responses of telencephalon hNPCs grown in a serum-free growth medium using time-lapse live imaging as well as cell-surface marker, aggregate size, and immunocytochemical analyses. Time-lapse analysis of hNPC initial expansion indicated that cell-surface attachment in stationary culture and the frequency of cell-cell interaction in suspension conditions are important for subsequent aggregate formation and hNPC growth. In the absence of cell-surface attachment in low-attachment stationary culture, large aggregates of cells were formed and expansion was adversely affected. The majority of the telencephalon hNPCs expressed CD29, CD90, and CD44 (cell surface markers involved in cell-ECM and cell-cell interactions to regulate biological functions such as proliferation), suggesting that cell-surface attachment and cell-cell interactions play a significant role in the subsequent formation of cell aggregates and the expansion of hNPCs. Before differentiation, about 90% of the cells stained positive for nestin and expressed two neural precursor cells surface markers (CD133 and CD24). Upon withdrawal of growth cytokines, hNPCs first underwent cell division and then differentiated preferentially towards a neuronal rather than a glial phenotype. This study provides key information regarding human NPC behavior under different culture conditions and favorable culture conditions that are important in establishing reproducible hNPC expansion protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Behnam A Baghbaderani
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta T2N 1N4
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Liu T, Guo L, Liu Z, Cheng W. Human amniotic epithelial cells maintain mouse spermatogonial stem cells in an undifferentiated state due to high leukemia inhibitor factor (LIF) expression. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2011; 47:318-26. [PMID: 21424242 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-011-9396-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), like other stem cells, have unique properties: prolonged proliferation, self-renewal, generation of differentiated progeny, and maintenance of developmental potential. Long-term cultivation of normal SSCs into stable cell lines, and maintaining SSCs in an undifferentiated state capable of self-renewal, is a major challenge. Here, we compare the effect of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) expression on mouse SSCs isolated from testicular tissue cultured under different conditions. We found that human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs) with high LIF expression (LIF(high)) feeder cells allowed mouse SSCs to maintain a high level of AP activity when cultured long term. Expression of some important stem cell markers was higher in mouse SSCs cultured on hAECs (LIF(high)) compared to those cultured on hAECs (LIF(low)). Taken together, these results suggest that LIF expression could be a crucial component for feeder cells to maintain mouse SSCs in an undifferentiated, proliferative state capable of self-renewal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Te Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chen HC, Ma HI, Sytwu HK, Wang HW, Chen CCV, Liu SC, Chen CH, Chen HK, Wang CH. Neural stem cells secrete factors that promote auditory cell proliferation via a leukemia inhibitory factor signaling pathway. J Neurosci Res 2011; 88:3308-18. [PMID: 20882565 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The capacity for perpetual self-renewal is one of the main characteristics of stem cells. Little is known about the effect of embryonic neural stem cell (NSC)-secreted factors on auditory cell proliferation in vitro. In the present work, two auditory cell types were cultured in the presence of NSC-secreted molecules and were evaluated in vitro. Our results demonstrated that both cell viability and cell proliferation were significantly enhanced upon treatment with NSC conditioned medium, which contains significantly elevated levels of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) secreted by NSCs. The NSC conditioned medium not only activated the expression of leukemia inhibitory factor receptor in House Ear Institute-organ of Corti 1 cells but also up-regulated the LIF downstream signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) 1 and STAT3. Blocking either the LIF signaling pathway with neutralizing antibodies or the downstream Janus kinase (JAK)/STAT pathway with JAK2 inhibitor AG490 resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation, suggesting that NSC-secreted molecules promote auditory cell survival via the regulatory LIF/JAK/STAT signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Chien Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Yun SJ, Byun K, Bhin J, Oh JH, Nhung LTH, Hwang D, Lee B. Transcriptional regulatory networks associated with self-renewal and differentiation of neural stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2010; 225:337-47. [PMID: 20607797 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are self-renewing, multipotent cells that can generate neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes of the nervous system. NSCs have been extensively studied because they can be used to treat impaired cells and tissues or improve regenerative power of degenerating cells in neurodegenerative diseases or spinal cord injuries. For successful clinical applications of NSCs, it is essential to understand the mechanisms underlying self-renewal and differentiation of NSCs, which involve complex interplays among key factors including transcription factors, epigenetic control, microRNAs, and signaling pathways. Despite numerous studies on such factors, a holistic view of their interplays during neural development still remains elusive. In this review, we present recently identified potential regulatory factors and their targets by genomics and proteomics technologies and then integrate them into regulatory networks that describe their complex interplays to achieve self-renewal and differentiation of NSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- So Jeong Yun
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Alexanian AR, Svendsen CN, Crowe MJ, Kurpad SN. Transplantation of human glial-restricted neural precursors into injured spinal cord promotes functional and sensory recovery without causing allodynia. Cytotherapy 2010; 13:61-8. [PMID: 20735167 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2010.510504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Traumatic injuries of the central nervous system cause damage and degeneration of specific cell populations with subsequent functional loss. Cell transplantation is a strategy to treat such injuries by replacing lost or damaged cell populations. Many kinds of cells are considered candidates for intraspinal transplantation. Human neural precursor cells (hNPC) derived from post-mortem fetal tissue are easy to isolate and expand, and are capable of producing large numbers of neuronal and glial cells. After transplantation into the nervous system, hNPC produce mature neural phenotypes and permit functional improvement in some models of neurodegenerative disease. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the therapeutic effect of different neuronal and glial progenitor populations of hNPC on locomotor and sensory functions of spinal cord-injured (SCI) rats. METHODS Different populations of progenitor cells were obtained from hNPC by cell sorting and neural induction, resulting in cell cultures that were NCAM(+) A2B5(+), NCAM(+) A2B5(-) or A2B5(+) NG2(+). These different cell populations were then tested for efficacy in repair of the injured spinal cord by transplantation into rats with SCI. RESULTS The A2B5(+) NG2(+) population of hNPC significantly improved locomotor and sensory (hindlimb) functional recovery of SCI rats. Importantly, no abnormal pain responses were observed in the forelimbs following transplantation. CONCLUSIONS This treatment approach can improve functional recovery after SCI without causing allodynia. Further studies will be conducted to investigate the ability of A2B5(+) NG2(+) cells to survive, differentiate and integrate in the injured spinal cord.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arshak R Alexanian
- Neuroscience Research Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin/VAMC, 5000 W. National Ave. 151, Milwaukee, WI 53295, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Baghbaderani BA, Mukhida K, Sen A, Kallos MS, Hong M, Mendez I, Behie LA. Bioreactor expansion of human neural precursor cells in serum-free media retains neurogenic potential. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 105:823-33. [PMID: 19882735 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Human neural precursor cells (hNPCs), harvested from somatic tissue and grown in vitro, may serve as a source of cells for cell replacement strategies aimed at treating neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and intractable spinal cord pain. A crucial element in a robust clinical production method for hNPCs is a serum-free growth medium that can support the rapid expansion of cells while retaining their multipotency. Here, we report the development of a cell growth medium (PPRF-h2) for the expansion of hNPCs, achieving an overall cell-fold expansion of 10(13) over a period of 140 days in stationary culture which is significantly greater than other literature results. More importantly, hNPC expansion could be scaled-up from stationary culture to suspension bioreactors using this medium. Serial subculturing of the cells in suspension bioreactors resulted in an overall cell-fold expansion of 7.8 x 10(13) after 140 days. These expanded cells maintained their multipotency including the capacity to generate large numbers of neurons (about 60%). In view of our previous studies regarding successful transplantation of the bioreactor-expanded hNPCs in animal models of neurological disorders, these results have demonstrated that PPRF-h2 (containing dehydroepiandrosterone, basic fibroblast growth factor and human leukemia inhibitory factor) can successfully facilitate the production of large quantities of hNPCs with potential to be used in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Behnam A Baghbaderani
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility (PPRF), Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Two factor reprogramming of human neural stem cells into pluripotency. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7044. [PMID: 19763260 PMCID: PMC2739296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Reprogramming human somatic cells to pluripotency represents a valuable resource for the development of in vitro based models for human disease and holds tremendous potential for deriving patient-specific pluripotent stem cells. Recently, mouse neural stem cells (NSCs) have been shown capable of reprogramming into a pluripotent state by forced expression of Oct3/4 and Klf4; however it has been unknown whether this same strategy could apply to human NSCs, which would result in more relevant pluripotent stem cells for modeling human disease. Methodology and Principal Findings Here, we show that OCT3/4 and KLF4 are indeed sufficient to induce pluripotency from human NSCs within a two week time frame and are molecularly indistinguishable from human ES cells. Furthermore, human NSC-derived pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into all three germ lineages both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions/Significance We propose that human NSCs represent an attractive source of cells for producing human iPS cells since they only require two factors, obviating the need for c-MYC, for induction into pluripotency. Thus, in vitro human disease models could be generated from iPS cells derived from human NSCs.
Collapse
|