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Wheeler JJ, Domenichiello AF, Jensen JR, Keyes GS, Maiden KM, Davis JM, Ramsden CE, Mishra SK. Endogenous Derivatives of Linoleic Acid and their Stable Analogs Are Potential Pain Mediators. JID INNOVATIONS 2023; 3:100177. [PMID: 36876220 PMCID: PMC9982331 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2022.100177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is characterized by intense pruritus, with a subset of individuals with psoriasis experiencing thermal hypersensitivity. However, the pathophysiology of thermal hypersensitivity in psoriasis and other skin conditions remains enigmatic. Linoleic acid is an omega-6 fatty acid that is concentrated in the skin, and oxidation of linoleic acid into metabolites with multiple hydroxyl and epoxide functional groups has been shown to play a role in skin barrier function. Previously, we identified several linoleic acid‒derived mediators that were more concentrated in psoriatic lesions, but the role of these lipids in psoriasis remains unknown. In this study, we report that two such compounds-9,10-epoxy-13-hydroxy-octadecenoate and 9,10,13-trihydroxy-octadecenoate-are present as free fatty acids and induce nociceptive behavior in mice but not in rats. By chemically stabilizing 9,10-epoxy-13-hydroxy-octadecenoate and 9,10,13-trihydroxy-octadecenoate through the addition of methyl groups, we observed pain and hypersensitization in mice. The nociceptive responses suggest an involvement of the TRPA1 channel, whereas hypersensitive responses induced by these mediators may require both TRPA1 and TRPV1 channels. Furthermore, we showed that 9,10,13-trihydroxy-octadecenoate‒induced calcium transients in sensory neurons are mediated through the Gβγ subunit of an unidentified G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR). Overall, mechanistic insights from this study will guide the development of potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of pain and hypersensitivity.
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Key Words
- 9,10,13-THL, 9,10,13-trihydroxy-octadecenoate
- 9,13-EHL, 13-hydroxy-9,10-epoxy octadecenoate
- CFA, complete Freund’s adjuvant
- DRG, dorsal root ganglia
- GPCR, G-protein coupled receptor
- HODE, hydroxyoctadecenoate
- KO, knockout
- LA, linoleic acid
- LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography‒tandem mass spectrometry
- PGE2, prostaglandin E2
- TRP, transient receptor potential
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. Wheeler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anthony F. Domenichiello
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Intramural Program of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer R. Jensen
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Intramural Program of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Gregory S. Keyes
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Intramural Program of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristen M. Maiden
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Intramural Program of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Obstetrics-Gynecology Program, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - John M. Davis
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ilinois, USA
| | - Christopher E. Ramsden
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Intramural Program of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Santosh K. Mishra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Correspondence: Santosh K. Mishra, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, RB 242, Raleigh 27607, North Carolina, USA.
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Hajeyah AA, Griffiths WJ, Wang Y, Finch AJ, O’Donnell VB. The Biosynthesis of Enzymatically Oxidized Lipids. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:591819. [PMID: 33329396 PMCID: PMC7711093 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.591819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatically oxidized lipids are a specific group of biomolecules that function as key signaling mediators and hormones, regulating various cellular and physiological processes from metabolism and cell death to inflammation and the immune response. They are broadly categorized as either polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) containing (free acid oxygenated PUFA "oxylipins", endocannabinoids, oxidized phospholipids) or cholesterol derivatives (oxysterols, steroid hormones, and bile acids). Their biosynthesis is accomplished by families of enzymes that include lipoxygenases (LOX), cyclooxygenases (COX), cytochrome P450s (CYP), and aldo-keto reductases (AKR). In contrast, non-enzymatically oxidized lipids are produced by uncontrolled oxidation and are broadly considered to be harmful. Here, we provide an overview of the biochemistry and enzymology of LOXs, COXs, CYPs, and AKRs in humans. Next, we present biosynthetic pathways for oxylipins, oxidized phospholipids, oxysterols, bile acids and steroid hormones. Last, we address gaps in knowledge and suggest directions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Hajeyah
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Ali A. Hajeyah,
| | - William J. Griffiths
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Finch
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie B. O’Donnell
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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3
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An JU, Song YS, Kim KR, Ko YJ, Yoon DY, Oh DK. Biotransformation of polyunsaturated fatty acids to bioactive hepoxilins and trioxilins by microbial enzymes. Nat Commun 2018; 9:128. [PMID: 29317615 PMCID: PMC5760719 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02543-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepoxilins (HXs) and trioxilins (TrXs) are involved in physiological processes such as inflammation, insulin secretion and pain perception in human. They are metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, formed by 12-lipoxygenase (LOX) and epoxide hydrolase (EH) expressed by mammalian cells. Here, we identify ten types of HXs and TrXs, produced by the prokaryote Myxococcus xanthus, of which six types are new, namely, HXB5, HXD3, HXE3, TrXB5, TrXD3 and TrXE3. We succeed in the biotransformation of PUFAs into eight types of HXs (>35% conversion) and TrXs (>10% conversion) by expressing M. xanthus 12-LOX or 11-LOX with or without EH in Escherichia coli. We determine 11-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid, HXB3, HXB4, HXD3, TrXB3 and TrXD3 as potential peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ partial agonists. These findings may facilitate physiological studies and drug development based on lipid mediators. Hepoxilins (HXs) and trioxilins (TrXs) are lipid metabolites with roles in inflammation and insulin secretion. Here, the authors discover a prokaryotic source of HXs and TrXs, identify the biosynthetic enzymes and heterologously express HXs and TrXs in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ung An
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Song
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Rok Kim
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Joo Ko
- National Center for Inter-University Research Facilities (NCIRF), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Young Yoon
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Mauldin EA, Wang P, Evans E, Cantner CA, Ferracone JD, Credille KM, Casal ML. Autosomal Recessive Congenital Ichthyosis in American Bulldogs Is Associated With NIPAL4 (ICHTHYIN) Deficiency. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:654-62. [PMID: 25322746 DOI: 10.1177/0300985814551425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A minority of patients with nonsyndromic autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI) display mutations in NIPAL4 (ICHTHYIN). This protein plays a role in epidermal lipid metabolism, although the mechanism is unknown. The study describes a moderate form of ARCI in an extended pedigree of American Bulldogs that is linked to the gene encoding ichthyin. The gross phenotype was manifest as a disheveled pelage shortly after birth, generalized scaling, and adherent brown scale with erythema of the abdominal skin. Pedigree analysis indicated an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Ultrastructurally, the epidermis showed discontinuous lipid bilayers, unprocessed lipid within corneocytes, and abnormal lamellar bodies. Linkage analysis, performed by choosing simple sequence repeat markers and single-nucleotide polymorphisms near genes known to cause ACRI, revealed an association with NIPAL4. NIPAL4 was identified and sequenced using standard methods. No mutation was identified within the gene, but affected dogs had a SINE element 5' upstream of exon 1 in a highly conserved region. Of 545 DNA samples from American Bulldogs, 32 dogs (17 females, 15 males) were homozygous for the polymerase chain reaction fragment. All affected dogs were homozygous, with parents heterozygous for the insertion. Immunolabeling revealed an absence of ichthyin in the epidermis. This is the first description of ARCI associated with decreased expression of NIPAL4 in nonhuman species.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Mauldin
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - P Wang
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - E Evans
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C A Cantner
- Brandywine Veterinary Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, Chadds Ford, PA, USA
| | - J D Ferracone
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K M Credille
- Eli Lilly and Co, University of Pennsylvania, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - M L Casal
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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5
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Muñoz-Garcia A, Thomas CP, Keeney DS, Zheng Y, Brash AR. The importance of the lipoxygenase-hepoxilin pathway in the mammalian epidermal barrier. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1841:401-8. [PMID: 24021977 PMCID: PMC4116325 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This review covers the background to discovery of the two key lipoxygenases (LOX) involved in epidermal barrier function, 12R-LOX and eLOX3, and our current views on their functioning. In the outer epidermis, their consecutive actions oxidize linoleic acid esterified in ω-hydroxy-ceramide to a hepoxilin-related derivative. The relevant background to hepoxilin and trioxilin biochemistry is briefly reviewed. We outline the evidence that linoleate in the ceramide is the natural substrate of the two LOX enzymes and our proposal for its importance in construction of the epidermal water barrier. Our hypothesis is that the oxidation promotes hydrolysis of the oxidized linoleate moiety from the ceramide. The resulting free ω-hydroxyl of the ω-hydroxyceramide is covalently bound to proteins on the surface of the corneocytes to form the corneocyte lipid envelope, a key barrier component. Understanding the role of the LOX enzymes and their hepoxilin products should provide rational approaches to ameliorative therapy for a number of the congenital ichthyoses involving compromised barrier function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled The Important Role of Lipids in the Epidermis and their Role in the Formation and Maintenance of the Cutaneous Barrier. Guest Editors: Kenneth R. Feingold and Peter Elias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustí Muñoz-Garcia
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Christopher P Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Diane S Keeney
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Yuxiang Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Alan R Brash
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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6
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Krieg P, Rosenberger S, de Juanes S, Latzko S, Hou J, Dick A, Kloz U, van der Hoeven F, Hausser I, Esposito I, Rauh M, Schneider H. Aloxe3 knockout mice reveal a function of epidermal lipoxygenase-3 as hepoxilin synthase and its pivotal role in barrier formation. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 133:172-80. [PMID: 22832496 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the lipoxygenase (LOX) genes ALOX12B and ALOXE3 are the second most common cause of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis. The encoded proteins, 12R-LOX and epidermal LOX-3 (eLOX-3), act in sequence to convert fatty acid substrates via R-hydroperoxides to specific epoxyalcohol derivatives and have been proposed to operate in the same metabolic pathway during epidermal barrier formation. Here, we show that eLOX-3 deficiency in mice results in early postnatal death, associated with similar but somewhat less severe barrier defects and morphological changes than reported earlier for the 12R-LOX-knockout mice. Skin lipid analysis demonstrated that the severity of barrier failure is related to the loss of covalently bound ceramides in both 12R-LOX- and eLOX-3-null mice, confirming a proposed functional linkage of the LOX pathway to ceramide processing and formation of the corneocyte lipid envelope. Furthermore, analysis of free oxygenated fatty acid metabolites revealed strongly reduced levels of hepoxilin metabolites in eLOX-3-deficient epidermis, indicating an additional function of eLOX-3 in mammalian skin as a hepoxilin synthase linked to the 12S-LOX pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Krieg
- Genome Modifications and Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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7
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Kamada H, Matsui Y, Sakurai Y, Tanigawa T, Itoh M, Kawamoto S, Kai K, Sasaki T, Takahashi K, Hayashi M, Takayama Y, Nakamura M, Kadokawa H, Ueda Y, Sutoh M, Murai M. Twelve oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid induces fetal membrane release after delivery in cows. Placenta 2011; 33:106-13. [PMID: 22118869 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Fetal fibroblast cell culture from cotyledons of bovine placenta and animal experiments close to term were used to elucidate afterbirth release and factors missing in the signal transduction mechanism for retained fetal membranes (RFM) after delivery. In cell culture the addition of arachidonic acid (Ara) to the medium caused rapid release to free floating cell in the culture dish, accompanied by matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activation, being consistent with previous in vivo observations, where a relation between MMP and fetal membrane release had been shown. Ara-induced cell floating was not inhibited by the addition of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor, and not induced by the addition of PGF2α or PGE2 to replace Ara, while 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX) metabolite of Ara, 12-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-oxoETE), strongly induced cell floating. In the animal experiments, 12-oxoETE injection to delivery-induced cows (n = 6) using prostaglandin (PG) and dexamethazone resulted in rapid release of fetal membranes. In cows with natural calf delivery, a 12-oxoETE peak (11.7-16.8 ng/ml) was observed in maternal blood plasma prior to release of fetal membranes. This investigation thus gives new indications for that the mediator for fetal membrane release is 12-oxoETE and not PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kamada
- NARO Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan.
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8
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Biosynthesis of 14,15-Hepoxilins in Human L1236 Hodgkin Lymphoma Cells and Eosinophils. Lipids 2010; 46:69-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-010-3485-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Elias PM, Williams ML, Holleran WM, Jiang YJ, Schmuth M. Pathogenesis of permeability barrier abnormalities in the ichthyoses: inherited disorders of lipid metabolism. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:697-714. [PMID: 18245815 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r800002-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Many of the ichthyoses are associated with inherited disorders of lipid metabolism. These disorders have provided unique models to dissect physiologic processes in normal epidermis and the pathophysiology of more common scaling conditions. In most of these disorders, a permeability barrier abnormality "drives" pathophysiology through stimulation of epidermal hyperplasia. Among primary abnormalities of nonpolar lipid metabolism, triglyceride accumulation in neutral lipid storage disease as a result of a lipase mutation provokes a barrier abnormality via lamellar/nonlamellar phase separation within the extracellular matrix of the stratum corneum (SC). Similar mechanisms account for the barrier abnormalities (and subsequent ichthyosis) in inherited disorders of polar lipid metabolism. For example, in recessive X-linked ichthyosis (RXLI), cholesterol sulfate (CSO(4)) accumulation also produces a permeability barrier defect through lamellar/nonlamellar phase separation. However, in RXLI, the desquamation abnormality is in part attributable to the plurifunctional roles of CSO(4) as a regulator of both epidermal differentiation and corneodesmosome degradation. Phase separation also occurs in type II Gaucher disease (GD; from accumulation of glucosylceramides as a result of to beta-glucocerebrosidase deficiency). Finally, failure to assemble both lipids and desquamatory enzymes into nascent epidermal lamellar bodies (LBs) accounts for both the permeability barrier and desquamation abnormalities in Harlequin ichthyosis (HI). The barrier abnormality provokes the clinical phenotype in these disorders not only by stimulating epidermal proliferation, but also by inducing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Elias
- Dermatology Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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10
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Abstract
The recent convergence of genetic and biochemical evidence on the activities of lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes has implicated the production of hepoxilin derivatives (fatty acid epoxyalcohols) in the pathways leading to formation of the water-impermeable barrier of the outer epidermis. The enzymes 12R-LOX and eLOX3 are mutated in a rare form of congenital ichthyosis, and, in vitro, the two enzymes function together to convert arachidonic acid to a specific hepoxilin. Taken together, these lines of evidence suggest an involvement of these enzymes and their products in skin barrier function in all normal subjects. The natural occurrence of the specific hepoxilin products, and their biological role, whether structural or signaling, remain to be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Brash
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Zheyong Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - William E Boeglin
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Claus Schneider
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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11
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Yu Z, Schneider C, Boeglin WE, Brash AR. Epidermal lipoxygenase products of the hepoxilin pathway selectively activate the nuclear receptor PPARalpha. Lipids 2007; 42:491-7. [PMID: 17436029 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-007-3054-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Accepted: 02/16/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid can be transformed into a specific epoxyalcohol product via the sequential action of two epidermal lipoxygenases, 12R-LOX and eLOX3. Functional impairment of either lipoxygenase gene (ALOX12B or ALOXE3) results in ichthyosis, suggesting a role for the common epoxyalcohol product or its metabolites in the differentiation of normal human skin. Here we tested the ability of products derived from the epidermal LOX pathway to activate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors PPARalpha, gamma, and delta, which have been implicated in epidermal differentiation. Using a dual luciferase reporter assay in PC3 cells, the 12R-LOX/eLOX3-derived epoxyalcohol, 8R-hydroxy-11R,12R-epoxyeicosa-5Z,9E,14Z-trienoic acid, activated PPARalpha with similar in potency to the known natural ligand, 8S-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (8S-HETE) (both at 10 microM concentration). In contrast, the PPARgamma and PPARdelta receptor isoforms were not activated by the epoxyalcohol. Activation of PPARalpha was also observed using the trihydroxy hydrolysis products (trioxilins) of the unstable epoxyalcohol. Of the four trioxilins isolated and characterized, the highest activation was observed with the isomer that is also formed by enzymatic hydrolysis of the epoxyalcohol. Formation of a ligand for the nuclear receptor PPARalpha may be one possibility by which 12R-LOX and eLOX3 contribute to epidermal differentiation.
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MESH Headings
- 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid/metabolism
- 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/analogs & derivatives
- 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/chemistry
- 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/metabolism
- Arachidonate Lipoxygenases/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line
- Epidermal Cells
- Epidermis/enzymology
- Genes, Reporter
- Humans
- Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids/metabolism
- Lipoxygenase/metabolism
- Luciferases/genetics
- Luciferases/metabolism
- PPAR alpha/metabolism
- PPAR delta/metabolism
- PPAR gamma/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheyong Yu
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 23rd Ave. at Pierce, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
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12
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Yu Z, Schneider C, Boeglin WE, Brash AR. Human and mouse eLOX3 have distinct substrate specificities: implications for their linkage with lipoxygenases in skin. Arch Biochem Biophys 2006; 455:188-96. [PMID: 17045234 PMCID: PMC2636205 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2006.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Revised: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 09/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetic and biochemical evidence suggests a functional link between human 12R-lipoxygenase (12R-LOX) and epidermal lipoxygenase-3 (eLOX3) in normal differentiation of the epidermis; LOX-derived fatty acid hydroperoxide is isomerized by the atypical eLOX3 into a specific epoxyalcohol that is a potential mediator in the pathway. Mouse epidermis expresses a different complement of LOX enzymes, and therefore this metabolic linkage could differ. To test this concept, we compared the substrate specificities of recombinant mouse and human eLOX3 toward sixteen hydroperoxy stereoisomers of arachidonic and linoleic acids. Both enzymes metabolized R-hydroperoxides 2-3 times faster than the corresponding S enantiomers. Whereas 12R-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12R-HPETE) is the best substrate for human eLOX3 (2.4 s(-1); at 30 microM substrate), mouse eLOX3 shows the highest turnover with 8R-HPETE (2.9 s(-1)) followed by 8S-HPETE (1.3 s(-1)). Novel product structures were characterized from reactions of mouse eLOX3 with 5S-, 8R-, and 8S-HPETEs. 8S-HPETE is converted specifically to a single epoxyalcohol, identified as 10R-hydroxy-8S,9S-epoxyeicosa-5Z,11Z,14Z-trienoic acid. The substrate preference of mouse eLOX3 and the unique occurrence of an 8S-LOX enzyme in mouse skin point to a potential LOX pathway for the production of epoxyalcohol in murine epidermal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alan R. Brash
- Corresponding author: Alan R. Brash, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 23rd Ave. at Pierce, Nashville, TN 37232-6602. Tel.: 615-343-4495; Fax: 615-322-4707; E-mail:
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13
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Lefèvre C, Bouadjar B, Ferrand V, Tadini G, Mégarbané A, Lathrop M, Prud'homme JF, Fischer J. Mutations in a new cytochrome P450 gene in lamellar ichthyosis type 3. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15:767-76. [PMID: 16436457 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddi491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the identification of mutations in a non-syndromic autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI) in a new gene mapping within a previously identified locus on chromosome 19p12-q12, which has been defined as LI3 in the OMIM database (MIM 604777). The phenotype usually presents as lamellar ichthyosis and hyperlinearity of palms and soles. Seven homozygous mutations including five missense mutations and two deletions were identified in a new gene, FLJ39501, on chromosome 19p12 in 21 patients from 12 consanguineous families from Algeria, France, Italy and Lebanon. FLJ39501 encodes a protein which was found to be a cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily F, polypeptide 2 homolog of the leukotriene B4-omega-hydroxylase (CYP4F2) and could catalyze the 20-hydroxylation of trioxilin A3 from the 12(R)-lipoxygenase pathway. Further oxidation of this substrate by the fatty alcohol:nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide oxidoreductase (FAO) enzyme complex, in which one component, ALDH3A2, is known to be mutated in Sjögren-Larsson syndrome (characterized by ichthyosis and spastic paraplegia), would lead to 20-carboxy-(R)-trioxilin A3. This compound could be involved in skin hydration and would be the essential missing product in most forms of ARCI. Its chiral homolog, 20-carboxy-(S)-trioxilin A3, could be implicated in spastic paraplegia and in the maintenance of neuronal integrity.
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14
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Du L, Yermalitsky V, Hachey DL, Jagadeesh SG, Falck JR, Keeney DS. A biosynthetic pathway generating 12-hydroxy-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid from arachidonic acid is active in mouse skin microsomes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 316:371-9. [PMID: 16169934 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.093922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermis expresses cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, and cytochromes P450, which utilize arachidonic acid to generate a diverse array of lipid mediators affecting epidermal cellular differentiation and functions. Recent studies show that mouse epidermis expresses CYP2B19, a keratinocyte-specific epoxygenase that generates 11,12- and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic (EET) acids from arachidonate. We studied CYP2B19-dependent metabolism in mouse epidermal microsomes, reconstituted in the presence of [1-(14)C]arachidonic acid. The majority of the (14)C products formed independently of NADPH, indicative of robust epidermal cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase activities. We studied two NADPH-dependent products generated in a highly reproducible manner from arachidonate. One of these (product I) coeluted with the CYP2B19 product 14,15-EET on a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system; there was no evidence for other regioisomeric EET products. Further analyses proved that product I was not an epoxy fatty acid, based on different retention times on a normal-phase HPLC system and failure of product I to undergo hydrolysis in acidic solution. We analyzed purified epidermal (14)C products by liquid chromatography negative electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Structures of the NADPH-dependent products were confirmed to be 12-oxo-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid (I) and 12-hydroxy-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid (II). This was the first evidence for a 12-hydroxy-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid biosynthetic pathway in mouse epidermis. Epidermal microsomes also generated 12-hydroperoxy, 12-hydroxy, and 12-oxo eicosatetraenoic acids from arachidonate, possible intermediates in the 12-hydroxy-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid biosynthetic pathway. These results predict that hydroxyeicosatrienoic acids are synthesized from arachidonate in human epidermis. This would have important implications for human skin diseases given the known pro- and anti-inflammatory activities of stereo- and regioisomeric hydroxyeicosatrienoic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Du
- Department of Medicine/Dermatology and Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, 607 Light Hall (0146), Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA
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15
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Newman JW, Morisseau C, Hammock BD. Epoxide hydrolases: their roles and interactions with lipid metabolism. Prog Lipid Res 2005; 44:1-51. [PMID: 15748653 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2004.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The epoxide hydrolases (EHs) are enzymes present in all living organisms, which transform epoxide containing lipids by the addition of water. In plants and animals, many of these lipid substrates have potent biologically activities, such as host defenses, control of development, regulation of inflammation and blood pressure. Thus the EHs have important and diverse biological roles with profound effects on the physiological state of the host organisms. Currently, seven distinct epoxide hydrolase sub-types are recognized in higher organisms. These include the plant soluble EHs, the mammalian soluble epoxide hydrolase, the hepoxilin hydrolase, leukotriene A4 hydrolase, the microsomal epoxide hydrolase, and the insect juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase. While our understanding of these enzymes has progressed at different rates, here we discuss the current state of knowledge for each of these enzymes, along with a distillation of our current understanding of their endogenous roles. By reviewing the entire enzyme class together, both commonalities and discrepancies in our understanding are highlighted and important directions for future research pertaining to these enzymes are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Newman
- Department of Entomology, UCDavis Cancer Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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16
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Yu Z, Schneider C, Boeglin WE, Marnett LJ, Brash AR. The lipoxygenase gene ALOXE3 implicated in skin differentiation encodes a hydroperoxide isomerase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:9162-7. [PMID: 12881489 PMCID: PMC170889 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1633612100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes form fatty acid hydroperoxides used in membrane remodeling and cell signaling. Mammalian epidermal LOX type 3 (eLOX3) is distinctive in totally lacking this typical oxygenase activity. Surprisingly, genetic evidence has linked mutations in eLOX3 or a colocalizing enzyme, 12R-LOX, to disruption of the normal permeability barrier of the skin [Jobard, F., Lefèvre, C., Karaduman, A., Blanchet-Bardon, C., Emre, S., Weissenbach, J., Ozgüc, M., Lathrop, M., Prud'homme, J. F. & Fischer, J. (2002) Hum. Mol. Genet. 11, 107-113]. Herein we identify a logical link of the biochemistry to the genetics. eLOX3 functions as a hydroperoxide isomerase (epoxyalcohol synthase) by using the product of 12R-LOX as the preferred substrate. 12R-Hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12R-HPETE) is converted to 8R-hydroxy-11R,12R-epoxyeicosa-5Z,9E,14Z-trienoic acid, one of the isomers of hepoxilin A3, and to 12-ketoeicosatetraenoic acid in a 2:1 ratio. Other hydroperoxides, including 8R-HPETE, 12S-HPETE, and 15S-HPETE, as well as the 13S- and 13R-hydroperoxides of linoleic acid are converted less efficiently. Mass spectrometric analysis of the epoxyalcohol formed from [18O]15S-HPETE showed that both hydroperoxy oxygens are retained in the product. We propose that the ferrous form of eLOX3 initiates a redox cycle, unprecedented among LOX in being autocatalytic, in which the hydroperoxy substrate is isomerized to the epoxyalcohol or keto product. Our results provide strong biochemical evidence for a functional linkage of 12R-LOX and eLOX3 and clues into skin biochemistry and the etiology of ichthyosiform diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheyong Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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17
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Kuhn H, Walther M, Kuban RJ. Mammalian arachidonate 15-lipoxygenases structure, function, and biological implications. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2002; 68-69:263-90. [PMID: 12432923 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-6980(02)00035-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) constitute a heterogeneous family of lipid peroxidizing enzymes capable of oxygenating polyunsaturated fatty acids to their corresponding hydroperoxy derivatives. In mammals, LOXs are classified with respect to their positional specificity of arachidonic acid oxygenation into 5-, 8-, 12-, and 15-LOXs. Arachidonate 15-LOXs may be sub-classified into a reticulocyte-type (type-1) and an epidermis-type (type-2) enzyme. Since the leukocyte-type 12-LOXs are very similar to the reticulocyte-type 15-LOXs, these enzymes are designated 12/15-LOXs. Several LOX isoforms, in particular the reticulocyte-type 15-LOX and the human 5-LOX, are well characterized with respect to their structural and functional properties On the other hand, the biological role of most LOX-isozymes including the reticulocyte-type 15-LOC is far from clear. This review is intended to summarize the recent developments in 15-LOX research with particular emphasis to molecular enzymology and regulation of gene expression. In addition, the major hypotheses on the physiological and patho-physiological roles of 15-LOXs will be discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Kuhn
- Institute of Biochemistry, University Clinics Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
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18
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Jankov RP, Luo X, Demin P, Aslam R, Hannam V, Tanswell AK, Pace-Asciak CR. Hepoxilin analogs inhibit bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in the mouse. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 301:435-40. [PMID: 11961041 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.301.2.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bleomycin has been suggested to incite plasma extravasation and influx of inflammatory cells leading to pulmonary fibrosis. We hypothesized that stable analogs of the 12-lipoxygenase product, hepoxilin, may attenuate these effects. We initially investigated the effects of the four hepoxilin analogs (PBT-1 to -4) coadministered intradermally with bleomycin and found that PBT-1 and -2 significantly opposed the vascular permeability effects of bleomycin in rat skin. We subsequently tested the hepoxilin analogs for their actions in opposing the intratracheal bleomycin-evoked acute inflammatory phase of lung fibrosis in the mouse, characterized by a marked accumulation of macrophages and an increase in the rate of collagen synthesis and deposition. We found that the bleomycin-evoked effects on macrophage influx were inhibited by all the hepoxilin analogs (PBT-1, -3, and -4 > PBT-2) administered i.p. for 8 days. Increased total lung collagen was completely abrogated by PBT-1 and -2, whereas PBT-3 and -4 had little effect. A dose-response study with PBT-1 indicated that the effective dose for inhibition of bleomycin-induced inflammatory and histological changes was below 10 microg/day. These studies demonstrate an in vivo action of stable analogs of hepoxilin and support an effect on inflammation and vascular permeability from these novel compounds, especially for PBT-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Jankov
- Programmes in Lung Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Antón R, Camacho M, Puig L, Vila L. Hepoxilin B3 and its enzymatically formed derivative trioxilin B3 are incorporated into phospholipids in psoriatic lesions. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 118:139-46. [PMID: 11851887 DOI: 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01593.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies we observed that normal human epidermis forms 12-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-oxo-ETE) and hepoxilin B3 (HxB3) as major eicosanoids, both being elevated in psoriasis. We also observed that normal epidermis, in a reaction probably catalyzed by 12-lipoxygenase, only synthesize one of the two possible 10-hydroxy epimers of HxB3. We have now extended these previous studies investigating further transformation of HxB3 into trioxilin B3 (TrXB3) and esterification of both into phospholipids. Phospholipids were extracted from normal epidermis and from psoriatic scales. A combination of high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated the occurrence of HxB3 and TrXB3 in the phospholipids of psoriatic lesions. Alkaline- and phospholipase-A2-mediated hydrolysis of the phospholipids yielded similar quantities of both HxB3 and TrXB3 indicating their preference for the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids. The thin layer chromatography analysis of the phospholipid classes after incubation of epidermal cells with [14C]-labeled HxB3, TrXB3, 12-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE), 12-oxo-ETE, or 15-HETE showed that 12-HETE was the most esterified (12-HETE >15-HETE > TrXB3 > 12-oxo-ETE > HxB3). HxB3 and TrXB3 were mainly esterified in phosphatidyl-choline and phosphatidyl-ethanolamine. HxB3 was also enzymatically converted into TrXB3 in vitro. HxB3 epoxide hydrolase-like activity was not observed when boiled tissue was incubated with [14C]-HxB3, this activity being located in the cytosol fraction (100,000 x g supernatant) of fresh tissue. These findings suggest that in vivo some part of HxB3 is transformed into TrXB3 and both compounds are partially incorporated into the phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Antón
- Laboratory of Inflammation Mediators, Institute of Research of the Santa Creu i Sant Pau Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Reynaud D, Sun A, Demin P, Pac-Asciak CR. Improved high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the combined analysis of phospholipase, lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase activities. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 762:175-80. [PMID: 11678377 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00363-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We report herein an improved method for the high-performance liquid chromatographic separation and analysis of eicosanoids formed during the stimulation of human platelets in vitro with collagen. Since the products of interest, excepting arachidonic acid, contain hydroxyl groups (one to several), our method involves the conversion of the hydroxyl groups into acetates (pyridine/acetic anhydride) after derivatization with anthryl diazomethane (ADAM) rendering the compounds with much decreased polarity for separation on a reversed-phase column. This procedure is superior to that involving ADAM esters only, i.e. with free hydroxyl groups, as it leads to the excellent separation of the desired compounds from each other and from extraneous peaks observed due to the ADAM reagent and sharpens the peak of thromboxane. We have successfully applied the method to investigate the formation of thromboxane B2 and 12-hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid (HHT) (products of cyclooxygenase and thromboxane A2 synthase), 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE, a 12-lipoxygenase product) and arachidonic acid (AA, product of phospholipase A2) formed during the in vitro aggregation of human platelets induced by collagen. A correlation between the inhibition of aggregation by aspirin and thromboxane/HHT formation was observed. All four compounds can be chromatographed in a single run. We employed prostaglandin B1 (PGB1) as internal reference standard to quantify the products. The method is useful to investigate selectivity of drugs which may affect either or all of these enzyme pathways at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Reynaud
- Programme in Integrative Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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