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Wei Z, Gao M, Liu Y, Zeng R, Liu J, Sun S, Li S, Hu L, Xiang R, Mo R, Song Z, Chen Z, Bao D, Hua D, Zouboulis CC, Feng Y, Li J, Yang Y. TRPV3 promotes sebocyte inflammation via transcriptional modulating TLR2 in acne. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167195. [PMID: 38648901 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Acne is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 3 (TRPV3) is an ion channel that is involved in inflammatory dermatosis development. However, the involvement of TRPV3 in acne-related inflammation remains unclear. Here, we used acne-like mice and human sebocytes to examine the role of TRPV3 in the development of acne. We found that TRPV3 expression increased in the skin lesions of Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes)-injected acne-like mice and the facial sebaceous glands (SGs) of acne patients. TRPV3 promoted inflammatory cytokines and chemokines secretion in human sebocytes and led to neutrophil infiltration surrounding the SGs in acne lesions, further exacerbating sebaceous inflammation and participating in acne development. Mechanistically, TRPV3 enhanced TLR2 level by promoting transcriptional factor phosphorylated-FOS-like antigen-1 (p-FOSL1) expression and its binding to the TLR2 promoter, leading to TLR2 upregulation and downstream NF-κB signaling activation. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of TRPV3 both alleviated acne-like skin inflammation in mice via the TLR2-NF-κB axis. Thus, our study revealed the critical role of TRPV3 in sebaceous inflammation and indicated its potential as an acne therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Wei
- Genetic Skin Disease Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Gao
- Genetic Skin Disease Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Yihe Liu
- Genetic Skin Disease Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuya Sun
- Genetic Skin Disease Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Siyuan Li
- Genetic Skin Disease Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Linghan Hu
- Genetic Skin Disease Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruiyu Xiang
- Genetic Skin Disease Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Ran Mo
- Genetic Skin Disease Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongya Song
- Genetic Skin Disease Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiming Chen
- Genetic Skin Disease Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Bao
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Di Hua
- Genetic Skin Disease Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Christos C Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Staedtisches Klinikum Dessau, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Dessau, Germany
| | - Yanyan Feng
- Department of Dermatology, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Genetic Skin Disease Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.
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Kleemann J, Cinatl J, Hoffmann S, Zöller N, Özistanbullu D, Zouboulis CC, Kaufmann R, Kippenberger S. Alcohol Promotes Lipogenesis in Sebocytes-Implications for Acne. Cells 2024; 13:328. [PMID: 38391942 PMCID: PMC10886960 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The oral consumption of alcohol (ethanol) has a long tradition in humans and is an integral part of many cultures. The causal relationship between ethanol consumption and numerous diseases is well known. In addition to the well-described harmful effects on the liver and pancreas, there is also evidence that ethanol abuse triggers pathological skin conditions, including acne. In the present study, we addressed this issue by investigating the effect of ethanol on the energy metabolism in human SZ95 sebocytes, with particular focus on qualitative and quantitative lipogenesis. It was found that ethanol is a strong trigger for lipogenesis, with moderate effects on cell proliferation and toxicity. We identified the non-oxidative metabolism of ethanol, which produced fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs), as relevant for the lipogenic effect-the oxidative metabolism of ethanol does not contribute to lipogenesis. Correspondingly, using the Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer, we found an inhibition of the mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate as a measure of mitochondrial ATP production by ethanol. The ATP production rate from glycolysis was not affected. These data corroborate that ethanol-induced lipogenesis is independent from oxygen. In sum, our results give a causal explanation for the prevalence of acne in heavy drinkers, confirming that alcoholism should be considered as a systemic disease. Moreover, the identification of key factors driving ethanol-dependent lipogenesis may also be relevant in the treatment of acne vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kleemann
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (J.K.); (N.Z.); (D.Ö.); (R.K.)
| | - Jindrich Cinatl
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
- Dr. Petra Joh-Forschungshaus, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stephanie Hoffmann
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (J.K.); (N.Z.); (D.Ö.); (R.K.)
| | - Nadja Zöller
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (J.K.); (N.Z.); (D.Ö.); (R.K.)
| | - Deniz Özistanbullu
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (J.K.); (N.Z.); (D.Ö.); (R.K.)
| | - Christos C. Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergy and Immunology, Staedtisches Klinikum Dessau, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, 06847 Dessau, Germany;
| | - Roland Kaufmann
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (J.K.); (N.Z.); (D.Ö.); (R.K.)
| | - Stefan Kippenberger
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (J.K.); (N.Z.); (D.Ö.); (R.K.)
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Tu M, Liu R, Xue J, Xiao B, Li J, Liang L. Urban Particulate Matter Triggers Meibomian Gland Dysfunction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:8. [PMID: 38315493 PMCID: PMC10851789 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.2.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The meibomian gland (MG), as the largest modified sebaceous gland, is potentially damaged by urban particulate matter (UPM) based on epidemiological evidence, but the specific experimental mechanisms remain unknown. This study investigated the effects of UPM on MG dysfunction (MGD) in rodent models. Methods Female C57BL/6J mice received eye drops containing UPM suspension or PBS for 14 days. The proliferative capacity and progenitor of MG were evaluated by immunofluorescence. Cell apoptosis was confirmed by TUNEL assay, along with the analysis of caspase family expression. Lipid accumulation was visualized by Oil Red O staining and LipidTox staining. Ductal hyperkeratinization, neutrophil infiltration, and pyroptosis activation were detected through immunostaining. The relative gene expression and signaling pathway activation were determined by Western blot analysis. Results Administration of UPM caused MGD-like clinical signs, manifested as distinct corneal epithelial erosion, increased MG orifice occlusion, and glandular dropout. UPM exposure significantly induced progenitor loss, cellular apoptosis, and lipogenic disorder in MG, by reducing P63/Lrig1 expression and increasing cleaved caspase-8, -9, and -3 and meibum lipogenic protein (HMGCR/SREBP-1) expression. UPM-treated mice exhibited ductal hyperkeratinization and neutrophil recruitment. Simultaneously, pyroptosis was motivated, as indicated by the heightened expression of NLRP3 and the cleavage of caspase-1 and -4 and gasdermin D, as well as the increase in IL-1β and IL-18 downstream. The underlying pathological mechanisms of UPM involve the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-κB. Conclusions These results provided direct evidence for the toxicity of UPM in MG. UPM-induced activation of pyroptosis and mitogen-activated protein kinase/nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway might account for the inflammatory MGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqian Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ren Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianwen Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingyi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
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Melnik BC. Acne Transcriptomics: Fundamentals of Acne Pathogenesis and Isotretinoin Treatment. Cells 2023; 12:2600. [PMID: 37998335 PMCID: PMC10670572 DOI: 10.3390/cells12222600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This review on acne transcriptomics allows for deeper insights into the pathogenesis of acne and isotretinoin's mode of action. Puberty-induced insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), insulin and androgen signaling activate the kinase AKT and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). A Western diet (hyperglycemic carbohydrates and milk/dairy products) also co-stimulates AKT/mTORC1 signaling. The AKT-mediated phosphorylation of nuclear FoxO1 and FoxO3 results in their extrusion into the cytoplasm, a critical switch which enhances the transactivation of lipogenic and proinflammatory transcription factors, including androgen receptor (AR), sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (SREBF1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), but reduces the FoxO1-dependent expression of GATA binding protein 6 (GATA6), the key transcription factor for infundibular keratinocyte homeostasis. The AKT-mediated phosphorylation of the p53-binding protein MDM2 promotes the degradation of p53. In contrast, isotretinoin enhances the expression of p53, FoxO1 and FoxO3 in the sebaceous glands of acne patients. The overexpression of these proapoptotic transcription factors explains isotretinoin's desirable sebum-suppressive effect via the induction of sebocyte apoptosis and the depletion of BLIMP1(+) sebocyte progenitor cells; it also explains its adverse effects, including teratogenicity (neural crest cell apoptosis), a reduced ovarian reserve (granulosa cell apoptosis), the risk of depression (the apoptosis of hypothalamic neurons), VLDL hyperlipidemia, intracranial hypertension and dry skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany
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Zouboulis CC, Hossini AM, Hou X, Wang C, Weylandt KH, Pietzner A. Effects of Moringa oleifera Seed Oil on Cultured Human Sebocytes In Vitro and Comparison with Other Oil Types. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10332. [PMID: 37373478 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The seeds of Moringa oleifera (horseradish tree) contain about 40% of one of the most stable vegetable oils (Moringa seed oil). Therefore, the effects of Moringa seed oil on human SZ95 sebocytes were investigated and were compared with other vegetable oils. Immortalized human SZ95 sebocytes were treated with Moringa seed oil, olive oil, sunflower oil, linoleic acid and oleic acid. Lipid droplets were visualized by Nile Red fluorescence, cytokine secretion via cytokine antibody array, cell viability with calcein-AM fluorescence, cell proliferation by real-time cell analysis, and fatty acids were determined by gas chromatography. Statistical analysis was performed by the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test, the Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn's multiple comparison test. The vegetable oils tested stimulated sebaceous lipogenesis in a concentration-dependent manner. The pattern of lipogenesis induced by Moringa seed oil and olive oil was comparable to lipogenesis stimulated by oleic acid with also similar fatty acid secretion and cell proliferation patterns. Sunflower oil induced the strongest lipogenesis among the tested oils and fatty acids. There were also differences in cytokine secretion, induced by treatment with different oils. Moringa seed oil and olive oil, but not sunflower oil, reduced the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, in comparison to untreated cells, and exhibited a low n-6/n-3 index. The anti-inflammatory oleic acid detected in Moringa seed oil probably contributed to its low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and induction of cell death. In conclusion, Moringa seed oil seems to concentrate several desired oil properties on sebocytes, such as high content level of the anti-inflammatory fatty acid oleic acid, induction of similar cell proliferation and lipogenesis patterns compared with oleic acid, lipogenesis with a low n-6/n-3 index and inhibition of secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These properties characterize Moringa seed oil as an interesting nutrient and a promising ingredient in skin care products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos C Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Staedtisches Klinikum Dessau, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, 06847 Dessau, Germany
| | - Amir M Hossini
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Staedtisches Klinikum Dessau, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, 06847 Dessau, Germany
| | - Xiaoxiao Hou
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Staedtisches Klinikum Dessau, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, 06847 Dessau, Germany
| | - Chaoxuan Wang
- Division of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Metabolism and Oncology, University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany
- Division of Psychosomatic Medicine, Medical Department, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten H Weylandt
- Division of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Metabolism and Oncology, University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Anne Pietzner
- Division of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Metabolism and Oncology, University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany
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The Critical Role of Galectin-12 in Modulating Lipid Metabolism in Sebaceous Glands. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 143:913-924.e4. [PMID: 36535362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sebaceous glands play an important role in maintaining the skin barrier function by producing lipids. Dysregulated lipid production in these glands may contribute to the pathogenesis of human skin diseases. Galectin-12, a member of the β-galactoside‒binding lectin family, is preferentially expressed in adipocytes, where it regulates adipogenesis and functions as an intrinsic negative regulator of lipolysis. It is also expressed by sebocytes and contributes to the proliferation of this cell type. In this study, we show the association between galectin-12 expression and sebocyte differentiation. Galectin-12 knockdown in a human sebocyte cell line reduced lipogenesis and decreased the production of cholesteryl esters, triglycerides, free fatty acids, and cholesterol. Metabolomic analysis of skin surface lipids showed that the levels of the lipids mentioned earlier decreased in sebaceous gland‒specific galectin-12‒knockout mice compared with that in wild-type mice. In addition, galectin-12 positively regulated peroxisome proliferator‒activated receptor-γ transcriptional activity in sebocytes stimulated with fatty acids. Downregulating galectin-12 suppressed the expression of peroxisome proliferator‒activated receptor-γ target genes-acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase 2 gene ACS2 and diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 gene DGAT1-that are required for fatty acid activation and cholesterol and triglyceride biosynthesis. In conclusion, galectin-12 is a positive regulator of sebaceous lipid metabolism with a potential role in the maintenance of skin homeostasis.
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Zouboulis CC, Coenye T, He L, Kabashima K, Kobayashi T, Niemann C, Nomura T, Oláh A, Picardo M, Quist SR, Sasano H, Schneider MR, Törőcsik D, Wong SY. Sebaceous immunobiology - skin homeostasis, pathophysiology, coordination of innate immunity and inflammatory response and disease associations. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1029818. [PMID: 36439142 PMCID: PMC9686445 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1029818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This review presents several aspects of the innovative concept of sebaceous immunobiology, which summarizes the numerous activities of the sebaceous gland including its classical physiological and pathophysiological tasks, namely sebum production and the development of seborrhea and acne. Sebaceous lipids, which represent 90% of the skin surface lipids in adolescents and adults, are markedly involved in the skin barrier function and perifollicular and dermal innate immune processes, leading to inflammatory skin diseases. Innovative experimental techniques using stem cell and sebocyte models have clarified the roles of distinct stem cells in sebaceous gland physiology and sebocyte function control mechanisms. The sebaceous gland represents an integral part of the pilosebaceous unit and its status is connected to hair follicle morphogenesis. Interestingly, professional inflammatory cells contribute to sebocyte differentiation and homeostasis, whereas the regulation of sebaceous gland function by immune cells is antigen-independent. Inflammation is involved in the very earliest differentiation changes of the pilosebaceous unit in acne. Sebocytes behave as potent immune regulators, integrating into the innate immune responses of the skin. Expressing inflammatory mediators, sebocytes also contribute to the polarization of cutaneous T cells towards the Th17 phenotype. In addition, the immune response of the perifollicular infiltrate depends on factors produced by the sebaceous glands, mostly sebaceous lipids. Human sebocytes in vitro express functional pattern recognition receptors, which are likely to interact with bacteria in acne pathogenesis. Sex steroids, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ligands, neuropeptides, endocannabinoids and a selective apoptotic process contribute to a complex regulation of sebocyte-induced immunological reaction in numerous acquired and congenital skin diseases, including hair diseases and atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos C. Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Dessau, Germany
| | - Tom Coenye
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Li He
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kobayashi
- Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Catherin Niemann
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, CMMC Research Institute, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Takashi Nomura
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Attila Oláh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mauro Picardo
- San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sven R. Quist
- Department of Dermatology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Marlon R. Schneider
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Törőcsik
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen and ELKH-DE Allergology Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sunny Y. Wong
- Departments of Dermatology and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Na HW, Kim HS, Choi H, Cha N, Seo YR, Hong YD, Kim HJ. Transcriptome Analysis of Particulate Matter 2.5-Induced Abnormal Effects on Human Sebocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911534. [PMID: 36232834 PMCID: PMC9570376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5), an atmospheric pollutant with an aerodynamic diameter of <2.5 μm, can cause serious human health problems, including skin damage. Since sebocytes are involved in the regulation of skin homeostasis, it is necessary to study the effects of PM2.5 on sebocytes. We examined the role of PM2.5 via the identification of differentially expressed genes, functional enrichment and canonical pathway analysis, upstream regulator analysis, and disease and biological function analysis through mRNA sequencing. Xenobiotic and lipid metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell barrier damage-related pathways were enriched; additionally, PM2.5 altered steroid hormone biosynthesis and retinol metabolism-related pathways. Consequently, PM2.5 increased lipid synthesis, lipid peroxidation, inflammatory cytokine expression, and oxidative stress and altered the lipid composition and expression of factors that affect cell barriers. Furthermore, PM2.5 altered the activity of sterol regulatory element binding proteins, mitogen-activated protein kinases, transforming growth factor beta-SMAD, and forkhead box O3-mediated pathways. We also suggest that the alterations in retinol and estrogen metabolism by PM2.5 are related to the damage. These results were validated using the HairSkin® model. Thus, our results provide evidence of the harmful effects of PM2.5 on sebocytes as well as new targets for alleviating the skin damage it causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Won Na
- Research and Innovation Center, AMOREPACIFIC, Yongin 17074, Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Kim
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, Goyang 10326, Korea
| | - Hyunjung Choi
- Research and Innovation Center, AMOREPACIFIC, Yongin 17074, Korea
| | - Nari Cha
- Research and Innovation Center, AMOREPACIFIC, Yongin 17074, Korea
| | - Young Rok Seo
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, Goyang 10326, Korea
| | - Yong Deog Hong
- Research and Innovation Center, AMOREPACIFIC, Yongin 17074, Korea
| | - Hyoung-June Kim
- Research and Innovation Center, AMOREPACIFIC, Yongin 17074, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-280-5827; Fax: +82-31-899-2595
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Liu R, Li J, Xu Y, Chen Z, Ye H, Tang J, Wei L, Liang L. Melatonin Attenuates LPS-Induced Proinflammatory Cytokine Response and Lipogenesis in Human Meibomian Gland Epithelial Cells via MAPK/NF-κB Pathway. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:6. [PMID: 35506935 PMCID: PMC9078073 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.5.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Inflammation contributes to the development of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) under specific disease conditions, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We examined whether lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced a proinflammatory cytokine response and lipogenesis in human meibomian gland epithelial cells (HMGECs) and whether melatonin (MLT), a powerful anti-inflammatory regent in the eyes, could protect against LPS-induced disorders. Methods Human meibomian gland (MG) tissues and immortalized HMGECs were stained to identify Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and MLT receptors (MT1 and MT2). HMGECs were pretreated with or without MLT and then stimulated with LPS. Then, TLR4 activation, cytokine levels, lipid synthesis, apoptosis, autophagy, and MAPK/NF-κB factor phosphorylation in HMGECs were analyzed. Results TLR4, MT1, and MT2 were expressed in human MG acini and HMGECs. Pretreatment with MLT inhibited the TLR4/MyD88 signaling and attenuated proinflammatory cytokine response and lipogenesis in LPS-stimulated HMGECs, which manifested as decreased production of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α), reduced lipid droplet formation, and downregulated expression of meibum lipogenic proteins (ADFP, ELOVL4, and SREBP-1). Phospho-histone H2A.X foci, lysosome accumulation, and cytoplasmic cleaved caspase 3/LC3B-II staining were increased in LPS-stimulated HMGECs, indicating enhanced cell death mediated by apoptosis and autophagy during LPS-induced lipogenesis. MLT downregulated cleaved caspase 3 levels and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio to alleviate apoptosis and ameliorated the expression of Beclin 1 and LC3B-II to inhibit autophagy. The protective mechanisms of MLT include the inhibition of MAPK and NF-κB phosphorylation. Conclusions MLT attenuated lipogenesis, apoptosis, and autophagy in HMGECs induced by proinflammatory stimuli, indicating the protective potential of MLT in MGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinhui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lai Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingyi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
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Zouboulis CC, Angres S. Macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 and corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulate the inflammatory signalling in human sebocytes through activation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase and fatty acid desaturase 2. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 35:493-501. [PMID: 33131141 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.17016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 (MALP-2) activates cells carrying a functional Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2/6. Human sebocytes express functional TLR-2, TLR-4 and CD14. Upregulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) and fatty acid desaturase-2 (FADS2) expression induces pro-inflammatory sebaceous activity. On the other hand, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is likely to serve as an autocrine stress hormone in human sebocytes. In addition to its antiproliferative, lipogenetic and androgen-activating functions, CRH exhibits a pro-inflammatory action and its expression is upregulated in acne-involved sebaceous glands. OBJECTIVE Determination of the pro-inflammatory function of MALP-2 and CRH and clarification of the option that MALP-2 and/or CRH activity on human sebocytes might be mediated through SCD and/or FADS2. METHODS SZ95 sebocytes were treated with MALP-2, CRH and the SCD inhibitor/ligand FPCA. SCD, FADS2, TLR-2 mRNA and protein levels and IL-6 and IL-8 secretion were investigated. Intracellular CRH levels were assessed under treatment with CRH, MALP-2, linoleic acid and arachidonic acid. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and dexamethasone served as positive and negative controls, respectively. RESULTS MALP-2 upregulated SCD, FADS2, TLR-2 mRNA and protein levels and IL-6 and IL-8 secretion from SZ95 sebocytes. Co-incubation of SZ95 sebocytes with MALP-2/FPCA did not affect the MALP-2-induced SCD mRNA upregulation but reduced FADS2 mRNA levels and inhibited IL-8 secretion. CRH induced an early, low-level SCD and FADS2 upregulation and TLR-2 and IL-8 secretion. High intracellular CRH concentrations could be detected early after CRH treatment and persisted up to 24 h. MALP-2 stimulated intracellular CRH levels. CONCLUSIONS MALP-2 stimulates the inflammatory signalling in human sebocytes through SCD and FADS2 activation. Inhibition of FADS2 mRNA levels and IL-8 secretion through MALP-2/FCPA co-incubation and diminution of fatty acid unsaturation might lead to a reduction of pro-inflammatory sebaceous lipids. CRH upregulates inflammatory signalling via the SCD/FADS2 pathway, and MALP-2 selectively enhances CRH levels in human sebocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Dessau, Germany
| | - S Angres
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Dessau, Germany
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11
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Zouboulis CC. Endocrinology and immunology of acne: Two sides of the same coin. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:840-859. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.14172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christos C. Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology Dessau Medical Center Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg Dessau Germany
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12
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Zouboulis CC, Yoshida GJ, Wu Y, Xia L, Schneider MR. Sebaceous gland: Milestones of 30‐year modelling research dedicated to the “brain of the skin”. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:1069-1079. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.14184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christos C. Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology Dessau Medical Center Brandenburg Medical School Theodore Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg Dessau Germany
| | - Go J. Yoshida
- Department of Immunological Diagnosis Juntendo University School of Medicine Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo Japan
| | - Yaojiong Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technology Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School and Tsinghua‐Berkeley Shenzhen Institute Tsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Longqing Xia
- Department of Dermatology Renji Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai China
| | - Marlon R. Schneider
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R) Berlin Germany
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Briganti S, Flori E, Mastrofrancesco A, Ottaviani M. Acne as an altered dermato‐endocrine response problem. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:833-839. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.14168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Briganti
- Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS Rome Italy
| | - Enrica Flori
- Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS Rome Italy
| | - Arianna Mastrofrancesco
- Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS Rome Italy
| | - Monica Ottaviani
- Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS Rome Italy
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Kovács D, Hegyi K, Szegedi A, Deák D, Póliska S, Rühl R, Zouboulis C, Törőcsik D. Isotretinoin is indirectly effective in sebocytes. Br J Dermatol 2019; 182:1052-1054. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.18562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Kovács
- Department of Dermatology Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
| | - K. Hegyi
- Department of Dermatology Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
| | - A. Szegedi
- Department of Dermatology Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
- Division of Dermatological Allergology Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
| | - D. Deák
- Department of Dermatology Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
| | - Sz. Póliska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Genomic Medicine and Bioinformatics Core Facility Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
| | - R. Rühl
- Paprika Bioanalytics BT Debrecen Hungary
| | - C.C. Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology Dessau Medical Center Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane Dessau Germany
| | - D. Törőcsik
- Department of Dermatology Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
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15
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Agamia NF, Roshdy OH, Abdelmaksoud RE, Abdalla DM, Talaat IM, Zaki EI, El Tawdy A, Melnik BC. Effect of oral isotretinoin on the nucleo‐cytoplasmic distribution of FoxO1 and FoxO3 proteins in sebaceous glands of patients with acne vulgaris. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:1344-1351. [PMID: 30240097 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naglaa Fathi Agamia
- Department of Dermatology, Andrology and VenereologyFaculty of MedicineAlexandria University Alexandria Egypt
| | - Osama Hussein Roshdy
- Department of Dermatology, Andrology and VenereologyFaculty of MedicineAlexandria University Alexandria Egypt
| | - Rania ElSaied Abdelmaksoud
- Department of Dermatology, Andrology and VenereologyFaculty of MedicineAlexandria University Alexandria Egypt
| | - Dina Mohamed Abdalla
- Department of PathologyFaculty of MedicineAlexandria University Alexandria Egypt
| | - Iman Mamdouh Talaat
- Department of PathologyFaculty of MedicineAlexandria University Alexandria Egypt
- Department of Clinical SciencesCollege of MedicineUniversity of Sharjah Sharjah UAE
| | - Eiman Ibrahim Zaki
- Department of Histology and Cell BiologyFaculty of MedicineAlexandria University Alexandria Egypt
| | - Amira El Tawdy
- Department of DermatologyFaculty of MedicineCairo University Cairo Egypt
| | - Bodo C. Melnik
- Department of DermatologyEnvironmental Medicine and Health TheoryUniversity of Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
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Burney W, Bosanac S, Nguyen C, Isseroff R, Sivamani R. Short-term exposure of human sebocytes to 13-cis
-retinoic acid induces acnegenic changes. Br J Dermatol 2018; 179:1201-1202. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Burney
- Department of Dermatology; University of California-Davis; Sacramento CA U.S.A
| | - S.S. Bosanac
- School of Medicine; University of California-Davis; Sacramento CA U.S.A
| | - C. Nguyen
- Department of Dermatology; University of California-Davis; Sacramento CA U.S.A
| | - R.R. Isseroff
- Department of Dermatology; University of California-Davis; Sacramento CA U.S.A
- Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System; Dermatology Service; Mather CA U.S.A
| | - R.K. Sivamani
- Department of Dermatology; University of California-Davis; Sacramento CA U.S.A
- Department of Biological Sciences; California State University; Sacramento CA U.S.A
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Schneider MR, Zouboulis CC. Primary sebocytes and sebaceous gland cell lines for studying sebaceous lipogenesis and sebaceous gland diseases. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:484-488. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marlon R. Schneider
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR); German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R); Berlin Germany
| | - Christos C. Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology; Dessau Medical Center; Brandenburg Medical School Theodore Fontane; Dessau Germany
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Differentiation Model Establishment and Differentiation-Related Protein Screening in Primary Cultured Human Sebocytes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:7174561. [PMID: 29850553 PMCID: PMC5907408 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7174561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sebocyte differentiation is a continuous process, but its potential molecular mechanism remains unclear. We aimed to establish a novel sebocyte differentiation model using human primary sebocytes and to identify the expression profiles of differentiation-associated proteins. Primary human sebocytes were cultured on Sebomed medium supplemented with 2% serum for 7 days. Flow cytometry showed that S phase cells were decreased time-dependently, while G1 and subG1 (apoptosis) phase cells increased under serum starvation. Transmission electron microscopy and Oil Red O staining revealed a gradual increase of intracellular lipid accumulation. Expression of proliferation marker was diminished, while expression of differentiation, apoptosis, and lipogenic markers elevated gradually during 7-day culture. iTRAQ analysis identified 3582 expressed proteins in this differentiation model. Compared with day 0, number of differentially expressed proteins was 132, 54, 321, and 96 at days 1, 3, 5, and 7, respectively. Two overexpressed proteins (S100 calcium binding protein P and ferredoxin reductase) and 2 downexpressed proteins (adenosine deaminase and keratin 10) were further confirmed by Western blot and immunohistochemistry.
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19
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Fatty acids and related lipid mediators in the regulation of cutaneous inflammation. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:119-129. [PMID: 29330355 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human skin has a distinct profile of fatty acids and related bioactive lipid mediators that regulate many aspects of epidermal and dermal homeostasis, including immune and inflammatory reactions. Sebum lipids act as effective antimicrobial agents, shape immune cell communications and contribute to the epidermal lipidome. The essential fatty acid linoleic acid is crucial for the structure of the epidermal barrier, while polyunsaturated fatty acids act as precursors to eicosanoids, octadecanoids and docosanoids through cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase-mediated reactions, and endocannabinoids and N-acyl ethanolamines. Cross-communication between these families of bioactive lipids suggests that their cutaneous activities should be considered as part of a wider metabolic network that can be targeted to maintain skin health, control inflammation and improve skin pathologies.
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Abstract
This review based on translational research predicts that the transcription factor p53 is the key effector of all anti-acne therapies. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and isotretinoin (13-cis retinoic acid) enhance p53 expression. Tetracyclines and macrolides via inhibiting p450 enzymes attenuate ATRA degradation, thereby increase p53. Benzoyl peroxide and hydrogen peroxide elicit oxidative stress, which upregulates p53. Azelaic acid leads to mitochondrial damage associated with increased release of reactive oxygen species inducing p53. p53 inhibits the expression of androgen receptor and IGF-1 receptor, and induces the expression of IGF binding protein 3. p53 induces FoxO1, FoxO3, p21 and sestrin 1, sestrin 2, and tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), the key inducer of isotretinoin-mediated sebocyte apoptosis explaining isotretinoin's sebum-suppressive effect. Anti-androgens attenuate the expression of miRNA-125b, a key negative regulator of p53. It can thus be concluded that all anti-acne therapies have a common mode of action, i.e., upregulation of the guardian of the genome p53. Immortalized p53-inactivated sebocyte cultures are unfortunate models for studying acne pathogenesis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Am Finkenhügel 7a, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany.
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21
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Zouboulis CC. Further Evidence of Sebaceous Differentiation Uniqueness: Holocrine Secretion of Sebocytes Is a Multistep, Cell-Specific Lysosomal DNase2-Mediated Mode of Programmed Cell Death. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:537-539. [PMID: 28235441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Holocrine secretion by sebocytes does not occur via increased cell volume, but rather from programmed DNA fragmentation and death, which differs from apoptosis. Moreover, it can be enhanced with increased rates of induced terminal sebocyte differentiation. Fischer et al. address the mode of holocrine sebocyte secretion, and they demonstrate that its mechanism differs from that of apoptosis, necroptosis, and cornification, being a multistep, cell-specific lysosomal DNase2-mediated mode of programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos C Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Dessau, Germany.
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22
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Sato T, Akimoto N, Takahashi A, Ito A. Triptolide suppresses ultraviolet B-enhanced sebum production by inhibiting the biosynthesis of triacylglycerol in hamster sebaceous glands in vivo and in vitro. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:361-366. [PMID: 28672939 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation causes alterations in cutaneous barrier function, including excessive production of sebum in sebaceous glands, which is associated with the aggravation of acne. This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of triptolide, a diterpenoid triepoxide from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, on sebocytic lipogenesis in UVB-irradiated hamster skin in vivo and in vitro. Topical application of triptolide decreased the UVB-enhanced sebum accumulation in the sebaceous glands of hamster skin. The level of triacylglycerol (TG), a major sebum component, on the skin surface was reduced by triptolide treatment in UVB-irradiated hamsters, whereas there was no change in that of free-fatty acids and cholesterol, which are minor sebum components. UVB irradiation significantly enhanced TG production (P<0.01 in extracellular lipids, P<0.05 in intracellular lipids), and the activity of acyl coenzyme A/diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT), a rate-limiting enzyme of TG synthesis, in differentiated hamster sebocytes (P<0.05 at 6 h and UVB of 0.62 kJ/m2, P<0.001 at 24 h and UVB 0.37 or 0.62 kJ/m2). Furthermore, triptolide significantly inhibited UVB-enhanced TG production (P<0.05 at 28 nM and P<0.01 at 56 and 112 nM triptolide) and DGAT activity (P<0.01 at 28 nM and P<0.001 at 56 and 112 nM triptolide) in differentiated hamster sebocytes. These results provide novel evidence that triptolide decreases UVB-enhanced sebum production by inhibiting DGAT-dependent TG biosynthesis in differentiated hamster sebocytes. These findings may be applicable to the prevention of acne aggravation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sato
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Noriko Akimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Aiko Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Akira Ito
- The Institute for Social Medicine, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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Zouboulis CC, Picardo M, Ju Q, Kurokawa I, Törőcsik D, Bíró T, Schneider MR. Beyond acne: Current aspects of sebaceous gland biology and function. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2016; 17:319-334. [PMID: 27726049 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-016-9389-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The sebaceous gland is most commonly found in association with a hair follicle. Its traditional function is the holocrine production of sebum, a complex mixture of lipids, cell debris, and other rather poorly characterized substances. Due to the gland's central role in acne pathogenesis, early research had focused on its lipogenic activity. Less studied aspects of the sebaceous gland, such as stem cell biology, the regulation of cellular differentiation by transcription factors, the significance of specific lipid fractions, the endocrine and specially the neuroendocrine role of the sebaceous gland, and its contribution to the innate immunity, the detoxification of the skin, and skin aging have only recently attracted the attention of researchers from different disciplines. Here, we summarize recent multidisciplinary progress in sebaceous gland research and discuss how sebaceous gland research may stimulate the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting specific molecular pathways of the pathogenesis of skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos C Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Auenweg 38, 06847, Dessau, Germany.
| | - Mauro Picardo
- San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Qiang Ju
- Department of Dermatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ichiro Kurokawa
- Department of Dermatology, Meiwa Hospital, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Dániel Törőcsik
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Bíró
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Marlon R Schneider
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Arora R, Kumar R, Mahajan J, Vig AP, Singh B, Singh B, Arora S. 3-Butenyl isothiocyanate: a hydrolytic product of glucosinolate as a potential cytotoxic agent against human cancer cell lines. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2016; 53:3437-3445. [PMID: 27777449 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-016-2316-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study envisages the cytotoxic potential of 3-butenyl isothiocyanate isolated from Brassica juncea L. Czern var. Pusa Jaikisan against the human cancer cell lines viz. prostate, bone osteosarcoma, cervical, liver, neuroblastoma and breast cancer. As the compound was observed to be more effective against prostate cancer cell line, therefore, this cell line was further used to study the mechanism of cell death using neutral red assay, reactive oxygen species assay, mitochondrial membrane potential assay, microscopic and cell cycle analysis. The mechanistic analysis indicated that it induced the cell death of prostate cancer cells via apoptosis and hence made it an excellent choice as an effective anticancer compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Arora
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005 India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005 India
| | - Jyoti Mahajan
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005 India
| | - Adarsh P Vig
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005 India
| | - Bikram Singh
- Natural Plant Products Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource and Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061 India
| | - Balbir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005 India
| | - Saroj Arora
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005 India
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25
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Jester JV, Potma E, Brown DJ. PPARγ Regulates Mouse Meibocyte Differentiation and Lipid Synthesis. Ocul Surf 2016; 14:484-494. [PMID: 27531629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous reports suggest that age-related meibomian gland atrophy is associated with decreased expression of the lipid-sensitive nuclear receptor, PPARγ. The purpose of this study was to identify the role of PPARγ in modulating meibocyte lipid synthesis. METHODS Cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions from meibomian glands of young (2M) and old (2Y) C57Bl6 mice were probed using antibodies specific for PPARγ. Mouse meibocytes were cultured, immortalized using a SV40 lentiviral vector, and evaluated for lipid synthesis using LipidTox staining and CARS/Raman microspectroscopy. Lipid synthesizing clones were tested for effects of PPARγ agonist, rosiglitazone, on lipid synthesis and PPARγ localization, post-translational modification and induction of PPARγ response genes. RESULTS The cytoplasmic fraction in young mice contained both 50 and 72 kDa PPARγ bands that were absent or reduced by 75% in older mice, respectively. Cultured meibocytes produced neutral lipid containing equal amounts of wax and cholesterol esters, similar to mouse meibum. Addition of rosiglitazone (10-50 μM) significantly increased lipid production (P<.05) in meibocytes, associated with SUMO1 sumoylation and cytoplasmic accumulation of the 72 kDa PPARγ. Rosiglitazone also increased the localization of PPARγ to the cytoplasm and up-regulated of PPARγ, ADP and ADFP mRNA. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the loss of cytoplasmic/vesicular PPARγ localization in older, atrophic mouse meibomian glands. Furthermore, PPARγ stimulates lipid synthesis in mouse meibocytes, associated with PPARγ sumoylation and translocation to the cytoplasm. Taken together these data suggest that lipid synthesis in older mice is down regulated by a PPARγ mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- James V Jester
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA.
| | - Eric Potma
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Donald J Brown
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
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Lee SE, Kim JM, Jeong SK, Choi EH, Zouboulis CC, Lee SH. Expression of Protease-Activated Receptor-2 in SZ95 Sebocytes and its Role in Sebaceous Lipogenesis, Inflammation, and Innate Immunity. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2219-2227. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Barrault C, Garnier J, Pedretti N, Cordier-Dirikoc S, Ratineau E, Deguercy A, Bernard FX. Androgens induce sebaceous differentiation in sebocyte cells expressing a stable functional androgen receptor. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 152:34-44. [PMID: 25864624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Androgens act through non-genomic and androgen receptor (AR)-dependent genomic mechanisms. AR is expressed in the sebaceous gland and the importance of androgens in the sebaceous function is well established. However, the in vitro models used to date have failed to evidence a clear genomic effect (e.g., modification of gene expression profile) of androgens on human sebocyte cells. In order to study the impact of active androgens in sebocytes, we constructed a stable human sebocyte cell line derived from SEBO662 [17] constitutively expressing a fully functional AR. In these SEBO662 AR+ cells, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) induced AR nuclear translocation and the strong modulation of a set of transcripts (RASD1, GREB1...) known to be androgen-sensitive in other androgenic cells and tissues. Moreover, we observed that DHT precociously down-regulated markers for immature follicular cells (KRT15, TNC) and for hair lineage (KRT75, FST) and up-regulated the expression of genes potentially related to sebocyte differentiation (MUC1/EMA, AQP3, FADS2). These effects were fully confirmed at the protein level. In addition, DHT-stimulated SEBO662 AR+, cultured in a low-calcium defined keratinocyte medium without serum or any complement, neosynthesize lipids, including sebum lipids, and store increased amounts of triglycerides in lipid droplets. DHT also induces morphological changes, increases cell size, and treatments over 7 days lead to a time-dependent increase in the population of apoptotic DNA-fragmented cells. Taken together, these results show for the first time that active androgens alone can engage immature sebocytes in a clear lipogenic differentiation process (Graphical abstract). These effects depend on the expression of a functional AR in these cells. This model should be of interest for revisiting the mechanisms of the sebaceous function in vitro and for the design of relevant pharmacological models for drug or compound testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julien Garnier
- BIOalternatives, 1 bis rue des Plantes, 86160 Gençay, France.
| | | | | | | | - Alain Deguercy
- BIOalternatives, 1 bis rue des Plantes, 86160 Gençay, France.
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Gupta M, Mahajan VK, Mehta KS, Chauhan PS, Rawat R. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and PPAR agonists: the ‘future’ in dermatology therapeutics? Arch Dermatol Res 2015; 307:767-80. [PMID: 25986745 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-015-1571-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mrinal Gupta
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Dr. R. P. Govt. Medical College, Kangra, Tanda, 176001, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Vikram K Mahajan
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Dr. R. P. Govt. Medical College, Kangra, Tanda, 176001, Himachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Karaninder S Mehta
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Dr. R. P. Govt. Medical College, Kangra, Tanda, 176001, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Pushpinder S Chauhan
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Dr. R. P. Govt. Medical College, Kangra, Tanda, 176001, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ritu Rawat
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Dr. R. P. Govt. Medical College, Kangra, Tanda, 176001, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Nikolakis G, Seltmann H, Hossini AM, Makrantonaki E, Knolle J, Zouboulis CC. Ex vivohuman skin and SZ95 sebocytes exhibit a homoeostatic interaction in a novel coculture contact model. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:497-502. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Nikolakis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology; Dessau Medical Center; Dessau Germany
| | - Holger Seltmann
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology; Dessau Medical Center; Dessau Germany
| | - Amir M. Hossini
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology; Dessau Medical Center; Dessau Germany
| | - Evgenia Makrantonaki
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology; Dessau Medical Center; Dessau Germany
| | - Jürgen Knolle
- Institute of Pathology; Dessau Medical Center; Dessau Germany
| | - Christos C. Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology; Dessau Medical Center; Dessau Germany
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Kim SY, Hyun MY, Go KC, Zouboulis CC, Kim BJ. Resveratrol exerts growth inhibitory effects on human SZ95 sebocytes through the inactivation of the PI3-K/Akt pathway. Int J Mol Med 2015; 35:1042-50. [PMID: 25672876 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol is known to be a naturally produced polyphenol that is able to reduce cell proliferation in several types of cancer cells and adipocytes. However, the antiproliferative effects of resveratrol on the growth of human sebocytes are not yet clear. In the present study, we investigated possible cellular pathways associated with these growth inhibitory effects on human SZ95 sebocytes. Our results revealed that resveratrol inhibited the proliferation of sebocytes, and that this resulted in disruption of the cell cycle. The inactivation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), Akt and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ was also shown to be involved in the inhibition of sebocyte growth by resveratrol. To examine the antiproliferative effects of resveratrol, we determined the levels of cell cycle control proteins. Resveratrol inhibited cyclin D1 synthesis, whereas it stimulated p21WAF1/CIP1 (p21) and p27KIP1 (p27) synthesis. In addition, we demonstrated that the resveratrol-mediated cell cycle arrest resulted in an increase in the proportion of cells in the sub-G0/G1 phase. Moreover, we found that the growth inhibitory effects of resveratrol were enhanced by treatment with LY294002 [a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) inhibitor] more so than by treatment with PD98059 (a MEK inhibitor), which indicates that resveratrol exerts its inhibitory effects on sebocyte proliferation through the inhibition of Akt. Linoleic acid (LA) is a well-established lipid inducer in sebocytes and is known to stimulate sebocyte differentiation through the upregulation of PPAR-γ. In this study, resveratrol was found to decrease the lipid content and PPAR-γ expression during LA-stimulated lipogenesis. Our results indicate that resveratrol plays a critical role in the inhibition of sebocyte growth through the inactivation of the Akt pathway. The present data suggest that resveratrol may be used as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of acne vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Kim
- Major in Biomedical Science, Department of Medicine, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 156‑756, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo Yeol Hyun
- Department of Dermatology, Chung‑Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 156‑756, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Chan Go
- Major in Biomedical Science, Department of Medicine, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 156‑756, Republic of Korea
| | - Christos C Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Dessau 06847, Germany
| | - Beom Joon Kim
- Major in Biomedical Science, Department of Medicine, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 156‑756, Republic of Korea
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Inoue T, Miki Y, Kakuo S, Hachiya A, Kitahara T, Aiba S, Zouboulis CC, Sasano H. Expression of steroidogenic enzymes in human sebaceous glands. J Endocrinol 2014; 222:301-12. [PMID: 24938708 DOI: 10.1530/joe-14-0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Androgens are well known to influence sebum synthesis and secretion. Various factors related to androgen biosynthesis are expressed in human sebaceous glands. In this study, immunohistochemical analysis of human skin specimens from 43 subjects indicated that various androgen-producing and -metabolizing enzymes were functionally localized to sebocytes accumulating lipid droplets and that the exclusive expression of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (17β-HSD2 (HSD17B2)) in sebaceous glands was negatively correlated with that of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ (PPARG)), which also significantly changed in an age-dependent manner. We also demonstrated that the changes of 17β-HSD2 expression in human immortalized sebocytes (SZ95) influenced the expressions of sebogenesis-related factors. In addition, the overexpression of 17β-HSD2 in SZ95 significantly increased the androstenedione production and markedly decreased the amounts of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone when DHEA was added externally. On the other hand, the phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin, which is well known to induce sebum secretion and the onset and/or aggravation of acne, was increased by the addition of testosterone in the presence of IGF1 in hamster sebocytes. These results all indicated that local androgen biosynthesis and metabolism in human sebaceous glands could play a pivotal role in sebum synthesis and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Inoue
- Departments of PathologyDermatologyTohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, JapanBiological Science LaboratoriesKao Corporation, Haga, Tochigi, JapanDepartments of DermatologyVenereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Dessau, GermanyDepartments of PathologyDermatologyTohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, JapanBiological Science LaboratoriesKao Corporation, Haga, Tochigi, JapanDepartments of DermatologyVenereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Dessau, Germany
| | - Yasuhiro Miki
- Departments of PathologyDermatologyTohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, JapanBiological Science LaboratoriesKao Corporation, Haga, Tochigi, JapanDepartments of DermatologyVenereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Dessau, Germany
| | - Shingo Kakuo
- Departments of PathologyDermatologyTohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, JapanBiological Science LaboratoriesKao Corporation, Haga, Tochigi, JapanDepartments of DermatologyVenereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Dessau, Germany
| | - Akira Hachiya
- Departments of PathologyDermatologyTohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, JapanBiological Science LaboratoriesKao Corporation, Haga, Tochigi, JapanDepartments of DermatologyVenereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Dessau, Germany
| | - Takashi Kitahara
- Departments of PathologyDermatologyTohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, JapanBiological Science LaboratoriesKao Corporation, Haga, Tochigi, JapanDepartments of DermatologyVenereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Dessau, Germany
| | - Setsuya Aiba
- Departments of PathologyDermatologyTohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, JapanBiological Science LaboratoriesKao Corporation, Haga, Tochigi, JapanDepartments of DermatologyVenereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Dessau, Germany
| | - Christos C Zouboulis
- Departments of PathologyDermatologyTohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, JapanBiological Science LaboratoriesKao Corporation, Haga, Tochigi, JapanDepartments of DermatologyVenereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Dessau, Germany
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Departments of PathologyDermatologyTohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, JapanBiological Science LaboratoriesKao Corporation, Haga, Tochigi, JapanDepartments of DermatologyVenereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Dessau, Germany
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Oláh A, Tóth BI, Borbíró I, Sugawara K, Szöllõsi AG, Czifra G, Pál B, Ambrus L, Kloepper J, Camera E, Ludovici M, Picardo M, Voets T, Zouboulis CC, Paus R, Bíró T. Cannabidiol exerts sebostatic and antiinflammatory effects on human sebocytes. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3713-24. [PMID: 25061872 DOI: 10.1172/jci64628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) regulates multiple physiological processes, including cutaneous cell growth and differentiation. Here, we explored the effects of the major nonpsychotropic phytocannabinoid of Cannabis sativa, (-)-cannabidiol (CBD), on human sebaceous gland function and determined that CBD behaves as a highly effective sebostatic agent. Administration of CBD to cultured human sebocytes and human skin organ culture inhibited the lipogenic actions of various compounds, including arachidonic acid and a combination of linoleic acid and testosterone, and suppressed sebocyte proliferation via the activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid-4 (TRPV4) ion channels. Activation of TRPV4 interfered with the prolipogenic ERK1/2 MAPK pathway and resulted in the downregulation of nuclear receptor interacting protein-1 (NRIP1), which influences glucose and lipid metabolism, thereby inhibiting sebocyte lipogenesis. CBD also exerted complex antiinflammatory actions that were coupled to A2a adenosine receptor-dependent upregulation of tribbles homolog 3 (TRIB3) and inhibition of the NF-κB signaling. Collectively, our findings suggest that, due to the combined lipostatic, antiproliferative, and antiinflammatory effects, CBD has potential as a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of acne vulgaris.
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Farkaš R, Ďatková Z, Mentelová L, Löw P, Beňová-Liszeková D, Beňo M, Sass M, Řehulka P, Řehulková H, Raška O, Kováčik L, Šmigová J, Raška I, Mechler BM. Apocrine secretion in Drosophila salivary glands: subcellular origin, dynamics, and identification of secretory proteins. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94383. [PMID: 24732043 PMCID: PMC3986406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the well defined mechanism of merocrine exocytosis, the mechanism of apocrine secretion, which was first described over 180 years ago, remains relatively uncharacterized. We identified apocrine secretory activity in the late prepupal salivary glands of Drosophila melanogaster just prior to the execution of programmed cell death (PCD). The excellent genetic tools available in Drosophila provide an opportunity to dissect for the first time the molecular and mechanistic aspects of this process. A prerequisite for such an analysis is to have pivotal immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, biochemical and proteomic data that fully characterize the process. Here we present data showing that the Drosophila salivary glands release all kinds of cellular proteins by an apocrine mechanism including cytoskeletal, cytosolic, mitochondrial, nuclear and nucleolar components. Surprisingly, the apocrine release of these proteins displays a temporal pattern with the sequential release of some proteins (e.g. transcription factor BR-C, tumor suppressor p127, cytoskeletal β-tubulin, non-muscle myosin) earlier than others (e.g. filamentous actin, nuclear lamin, mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase). Although the apocrine release of proteins takes place just prior to the execution of an apoptotic program, the nuclear DNA is never released. Western blotting indicates that the secreted proteins remain undegraded in the lumen. Following apocrine secretion, the salivary gland cells remain quite vital, as they retain highly active transcriptional and protein synthetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Farkaš
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia,
| | - Zuzana Ďatková
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia,
- Department of Genetics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Mentelová
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia,
- Department of Genetics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Péter Löw
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lorand Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Denisa Beňová-Liszeková
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia,
| | - Milan Beňo
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia,
| | - Miklós Sass
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lorand Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pavel Řehulka
- Institute of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Řehulková
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine - Cardioangiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Otakar Raška
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Kováčik
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Šmigová
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Raška
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bernard M. Mechler
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
Acne is the most common skin disorder. In the majority of cases, acne is a disease that changes its skin distribution and severity over time; moreover, it can be a physically (scar development) and psychologically damaging condition that lasts for years. According to its clinical characteristics, it can be defined as a chronic disease according to the World Health Organization criteria. Acne is also a cardinal component of many systemic diseases or syndromes, such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia, seborrhea-acne-hirsutism-androgenetic alopecia syndrome, polycystic ovarian syndrome, hyperandrogenism-insulin resistance-acanthosis nigricans syndrome, Apert syndrome, synovitis-acne-pustulosis-hyperostosis-osteitis syndrome, and pyogenic arthritis-pyoderma gangrenosum-acne syndrome. Recent studies on the Ache hunter gatherers of Paraguay detected the lack of acne in association with markedly lower rates of obesity, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and cardiovascular diseases, a finding that indicates either a nutritional or a genetic background of this impressive concomitance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos C Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology, and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Auenweg 38, 06847 Dessau, Germany.
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Zouboulis CC, Jourdan E, Picardo M. Acne is an inflammatory disease and alterations of sebum composition initiate acne lesions. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2013; 28:527-32. [PMID: 24134468 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hyperseborrhoea has been considered as a major aetiopathogenetic factor of acne. However, changes in sebaceous gland activity not only correlate with seborrhoea but also with alterations in sebum fatty acid composition. Current findings indicate that sebum lipid fractions with proinflammatory properties and inflammatory tissue cascades are associated in the process of the development of acne lesions. The oxidant/antioxidant ratio of the skin surface lipids and alterations of lipid composition are the main players in the induction of acne inflammation. Nutrition may influence the development of seborrhoea, the fractions of sebum lipids and acne. Acne is an inflammatory disease probably triggered, among others, by proinflammatory sebum lipid fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Dessau, Germany
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Dozsa A, Dezso B, Toth BI, Bacsi A, Poliska S, Camera E, Picardo M, Zouboulis CC, Bíró T, Schmitz G, Liebisch G, Rühl R, Remenyik E, Nagy L. PPARγ-mediated and arachidonic acid-dependent signaling is involved in differentiation and lipid production of human sebocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:910-920. [PMID: 24129064 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptional basis of sebocyte differentiation and lipid production is mostly unclear. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), a lipid-activated transcription factor, has been implicated in differentiation and lipid metabolism of various cell types. Here, we show that PPARγ is differentially expressed in normal and pathological human sebocytes and appears to have roles in their differentiation and lipid production. We used laser-microdissected normal and pathological human sebaceous glands (SGs) and SZ95 cells (immortalized sebocyte cell line) analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. Lipids were analyzed by quantitative fluorimetry- and mass spectrometry-based approaches. We have observed that PPARγ and its target genes, ADRP (adipose differentiation-related protein) and PGAR (PPARγ angiopoietin-related protein), are expressed in sebocytes and show association with their level of differentiation. Also, PPARγ is present in normal and hyperplastic SG, whereas its expression levels are decreased in SG adenoma and SG carcinoma cells, reflecting a maturation-linked expression pattern. Furthermore, in SZ95 sebocytes, naturally occurring lipids, including arachidonic acid and arachidonic acid keto-metabolites (e.g., 5-KETE (5-oxo-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid), 12-KETE (12-oxo-5Z,8Z,10E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid)), appear to regulate PPARγ signaling pathways, which in turn modulate phospholipid biosynthesis and induce neutral lipid synthesis. Collectively, our findings highlight the importance of endogenous ligand-activated PPARγ signaling in human sebocyte biology and suggest that PPARγ might be a promising candidate for the clinical management of SG disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniko Dozsa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Dermatology, Health Care Center, Miskolc, Hungary
| | - Balazs Dezso
- Department of Pathology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Balazs I Toth
- DE-MTA "Lendület" Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Bacsi
- Department of Immunology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Szilard Poliska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Emanuela Camera
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center for Metabolomics Research, Institute of Dermatology San Gallicano (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Picardo
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center for Metabolomics Research, Institute of Dermatology San Gallicano (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Christos C Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Dessau, Germany
| | - Tamás Bíró
- DE-MTA "Lendület" Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gerd Schmitz
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ralph Rühl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Eva Remenyik
- Department of Dermatology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; DE-MTA "Lendület" Immunogenomics Research Group, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Hinde E, Haslam IS, Schneider MR, Langan EA, Kloepper JE, Schramm C, Zouboulis CC, Paus R. A practical guide for the study of human and murine sebaceous glandsin situ. Exp Dermatol 2013; 22:631-7. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Hinde
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair; University of Manchester; Manchester; UK
| | - Iain S. Haslam
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair; University of Manchester; Manchester; UK
| | - Marlon R. Schneider
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology; Gene Center; LMU Munich; Munich; Germany
| | | | | | | | - Christos C. Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology; Dessau Medical Center; Dessau; Germany
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Yoshida GJ, Saya H, Zouboulis CC. Three-dimensional culture of sebaceous gland cells revealing the role of prostaglandin E2-induced activation of canonical Wnt signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 438:640-6. [PMID: 23948691 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.07.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a proinflammatory mediator and activates the canonical Wnt-β-catenin signaling pathway in hematopoietic stem cells. The SZ95 cell line was established from human sebaceous gland cells and is studied as a model system for these cells. Given that 2D culture of SZ95 cells does not recapitulate the organization of sebaceous glands in situ, we developed a 3D culture system for these cells and examined the effects of PGE2 on cell morphology and function. RESULTS SZ95 cells maintained in 3D culture formed organoids that mimicked the organization of sebaceous glands in situ, including the establishment of a basement membrane. Organoids exposed to PGE2 were larger and adopted a more complex organization compared with control organoids. PGE2 activated the canonical Wnt signaling pathway as well as increased cell viability and proliferation, mitochondrial metabolism, and lipid synthesis in the organoids. CONCLUSIONS Culture of SZ95 cells in 3D culture system recapitulates the structure and susceptibility to PGE2 of sebaceous glands in situ and should prove useful for studies of the response of these glands to inflammation and other environmental stressors. Our results also implicate PGE2-induced activation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway in regulation of the morphology,proliferation, and function of "semi-vivo" sebaceous glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go J Yoshida
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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40
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Kakanj P, Reuter K, Séquaris G, Wodtke C, Schettina P, Frances D, Zouboulis CC, Lanske B, Niemann C. Indian hedgehog controls proliferation and differentiation in skin tumorigenesis and protects against malignant progression. Cell Rep 2013; 4:340-51. [PMID: 23871669 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the hedgehog pathway drive the formation of tumors in many different organs, including the development of basal cell carcinoma in the skin. However, little is known about the role of epidermal Indian hedgehog (Ihh) in skin physiology. Using mouse genetics, we identified overlapping and distinct functions of Ihh in different models of epidermal tumorigenesis. Epidermal deletion of Ihh resulted in increased formation of benign squamous papilloma. Strikingly, Ihh-deficient mice showed an increase in malignant squamous cell carcinoma and developed lung and lymph node metastases. In a sebaceous gland tumor model, Ihh deficiency inhibited tumor cell differentiation. More mechanistically, IHH stimulated cell proliferation by activating the transcription factor GLI2 in human keratinocytes and human tumors. Thus, our results uncover important functions for Ihh signaling in controlling proliferation, differentiation, malignant progression, and metastasis of epithelial cancer, establishing Ihh as a gatekeeper for controlling the grade of tumor malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Kakanj
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne CMMC, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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41
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Liman N, Alan E. The process of apoptosis in a holocrine gland as shown by the avian uropygial gland. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 296:504-20. [PMID: 23362229 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to elucidate the presence of apoptosis and the localization of apoptosis-related Bax and survivin proteins and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) within the chicken uropygial gland, a specialized holocrine secretory gland. In day-old chicks, survivin and Bax immunoreactivities were observed in the cell cytoplasm of the germinative and secretory layers of the luminal epithelium and tubules. During this period, the TUNEL reaction, an indication of apoptosis, was only sporadically positive in the tubules. From the 7th day to the 150th day of posthatching, survivin was detected in the cytoplasm of cells in the germinative layer and in the nuclei of some cells in the secretory layers of the gland. The germinative layer cells showed weak homogeneous cytoplasmic staining for Bax, whereas the cells of the secretory and intermediate layers of luminal epithelium and tubules exhibited granular cytoplasmic staining. After day 7, TUNEL-positive cells were observed in the secretory and degenerative layers of the luminal epithelium and central tubules. After day 12, some TUNEL-positive cells were also seen in the peripheral tubules. At all posthatch ages, the cytoplasm and nucleus of the germinative layers of luminal epithelium and tubules reacted with PCNA, whereas only a small number of cell nuclei in the secretory layers were immunopositive. These results support the theory that specific PCNA/Bax/survivin expression patterns could reflect particular cell differentiation states in the uropygial gland and that holocrine secretion in the gland is realized mainly by way of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narin Liman
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkey.
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42
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Kendall AC, Nicolaou A. Bioactive lipid mediators in skin inflammation and immunity. Prog Lipid Res 2012; 52:141-64. [PMID: 23124022 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The skin is the primary barrier from the outside environment, protecting the host from injury, infectious pathogens, water loss and solar ultraviolet radiation. In this role, it is supported by a highly organized system comprising elements of innate and adaptive immunity, responsive to inflammatory stimuli. The cutaneous immune system is regulated by mediators such as cytokines and bioactive lipids that can initiate rapid immune responses with controlled inflammation, followed by efficient resolution. However, when immune responses are inadequate or mounted against non-infectious agents, these mediators contribute to skin pathologies involving unresolved or chronic inflammation. Skin is characterized by active lipid metabolism and fatty acids play crucial roles both in terms of structural integrity and functionality, in particular when transformed to bioactive mediators. Eicosanoids, endocannabinoids and sphingolipids are such key bioactive lipids, intimately involved in skin biology, inflammation and immunity. We discuss their origins, role and influence over various cells of the epidermis, dermis and cutaneous immune system and examine their function in examples of inflammatory skin conditions. We focus on psoriasis, atopic and contact dermatitis, acne vulgaris, wound healing and photodermatology that demonstrate dysregulation of bioactive lipid metabolism and examine ways of using this insight to inform novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Kendall
- School of Pharmacy and Centre for Skin Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
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43
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Kurihara H, Sato T, Akimoto N, Ito A. Differentiated hamster sebocytes exhibit apoptosis-resistant phenotype by the augmentation of intracellular calcium levelin vitro. Exp Dermatol 2012; 22:57-9. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Kurihara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences; Hachioji; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Takashi Sato
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences; Hachioji; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Noriko Akimoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences; Hachioji; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Akira Ito
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences; Hachioji; Tokyo; Japan
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Endocannabinoids regulate growth and survival of human eccrine sweat gland-derived epithelial cells. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:1967-76. [PMID: 22513781 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The functional existence of the emerging endocannabinoid system (ECS), one of the new neuroendocrine players in cutaneous biology, is recently described in the human skin. In this study, using human eccrine sweat gland-derived immortalized NCL-SG3 model cells and a wide array of cellular and molecular assays, we investigated the effects of prototypic endocannabinoids (anandamide, 2-arachidonoylglycerol) on cellular functions. We show here that both endocannabinoids dose-dependently suppressed proliferation, induced apoptosis, altered expressions of various cytoskeleton proteins (e.g., cytokeratins), and upregulated lipid synthesis. Interestingly, as revealed by specific agonists and antagonists as well as by RNA interference, neither the metabotropic cannabinoid receptors (CB) nor the "ionotropic" CB transient receptor potential ion channels, expressed by these cells, mediated the cellular actions of the endocannabinoids. However, the endocannabinoids selectively activated the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Finally, other elements of the ECS (i.e., enzymes involved in the synthesis and degradation of endocannabinoids) were also identified on NCL-SG3 cells. These results collectively suggest that cannabinoids exert a profound regulatory role in the biology of the appendage. Therefore, from a therapeutic point of view, upregulation of endocannabinoid levels might help to manage certain sweat gland-derived disorders (e.g., tumors) characterized by unwanted growth.
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45
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Protein kinase C isoforms have differential roles in the regulation of human sebocyte biology. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:1988-97. [PMID: 22475757 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms have crucial roles in cutaneous signaling. Interestingly, we lack information about their involvement in human sebaceous gland biology. Therefore, in this current study, we investigated the functions of the PKC system in human immortalized SZ95 sebocytes. Using molecular biological approaches, imaging, and functional assays, we report that SZ95 sebocytes express the conventional cPKCα; the novel nPKCδ, ɛ, and η; and the atypical aPKCζ. Activation of the PKC system by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) stimulated lipid synthesis (a hallmark of differentiation) and resulted in translocation and then downregulation of cPKCα and nPKCδ. In good accord with these findings, the effect of PMA was effectively abrogated by inhibitors and short interfering RNA-mediated "silencing" of cPKCα and nPKCδ. Of further importance, molecular or pharmacological inhibition of nPKCδ also prevented the lipogenic and apoptosis-promoting action of arachidonic acid. Finally, we also found that "knockdown" of the endogenous aPKCζ activity markedly increased basal lipid synthesis and apoptosis, suggesting its constitutive activity in suppressing these processes. Collectively, our findings strongly argue for the fact that certain PKCs have pivotal, isoform-specific, differential, and antagonistic roles in the regulation of human sebaceous gland-derived sebocyte biology.
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46
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Yager JA, Gross TL, Shearer D, Rothstein E, Power H, Sinke JD, Kraus H, Gram D, Cowper E, Foster A, Welle M. Abnormal sebaceous gland differentiation in 10 kittens (‘sebaceous gland dysplasia’) associated with generalized hypotrichosis and scaling. Vet Dermatol 2012; 23:136-44, e30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2011.01029.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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van Esch E, Brennan S. Sebaceous gland metaplasia in the oesophagus of a cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). J Comp Pathol 2012; 147:248-52. [PMID: 22305858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2011.11.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microscopical evaluation of tissues from a mature female cynomolgus monkey assigned to a 13-week oral toxicity study revealed nests of sebaceous cells within the mucosa of the distal oesophagus. The sebaceous cell nests showed normal differentiation from basally-oriented seboblasts to centrally-orientated mature sebocytes. No excretory ducts were found, but solitary or small groups of vacuolated sebocytes were present in the overlying normal, non-keratinized squamous epithelium. The finding of sebaceous cells, of presumed ectodermal origin, in the oesophageal mucosa, which is of endodermal origin, is of scientific interest. Different theories may explain the existence of this peculiarity, but sebaceous gland metaplasia is the most plausible. The mucosal change was thought to be unrelated to treatment and is the first case of sebaceous gland metaplasia reported in the oesophagus of a non-human primate.
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Affiliation(s)
- E van Esch
- InSight Pathology B.V., Oss, The Netherlands.
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48
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Everts HB. Endogenous retinoids in the hair follicle and sebaceous gland. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1821:222-9. [PMID: 21914489 PMCID: PMC3237781 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A and its derivatives (retinoids) are critically important in the development and maintenance of multiple epithelial tissues, including skin, hair, and sebaceous glands, as shown by the detrimental effects of either vitamin A deficiency or toxicity. Thus, precise levels of retinoic acid (RA, active metabolite) are needed. These precise levels of RA are achieved by regulating several steps in the conversion of dietary vitamin A (retinol) to RA and RA catabolism. This review discusses the localization of RA synthesis to specific sites within the hair follicle and sebaceous gland, including their stem cells, during both homeostasis and disease states. It also discusses what is known about the specific roles of RA within the hair follicle and sebaceous gland. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Retinoid and Lipid Metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen B Everts
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Oio State University, 350 Campell Hall, 1787 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Identification and characterization of ABCB1-mediated and non-apoptotic sebum secretion in differentiated hamster sebocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1811:1090-6. [PMID: 21889999 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Sebaceous glands secrete sebum onto the skin surface in a holocrine manner and as such a thin lipid layer is formed as a physiological barrier. In the present study, extracellular level of triacylglycerols (TG), a major sebum component, as well as intracellular TG accumulation was augmented in insulin-differentiated hamster sebocytes (DHS). The DHS exhibited phosphatidylserine exposure in an apoptosis-independent manner. In addition, intracellular ATP level and membrane-transporter activity using a substrate, Rhodamine 123, were highly detectable in the DHS rather than in the undifferentiated hamster sebocytes. A membrane-transporter activating reagent, 2'(3')-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl) adenosine 5'-triphosphate (BzATP), enhanced transporter activity, extracellular TG level, and phosphatidylserine exposure in the DHS. Both transporter activity and TG secretion were suppressed by R-verapamil, a potent membrane-transporter inhibitor, in the BzATP-treated and untreated DHS. Furthermore, the gene expression and production of ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1 (ABCB1) were augmented in the DHS. ABCB1 was also detectable in sebaceous glands in the skin of hamsters. Moreover, the cell-differentiation- and BzATP-augmented transporter activity and TG secretion were dose-dependently inhibited by adding not only an ABCB1 antibody but also a selective inhibitor of ABCB1, PSC833. Thus, these results provide novel evidence that ABCB1 is involved in sebum secretion in the DHS, which is associated with non-apoptotic phosphatidylserine exposure and the increased level of intracellular ATP. These findings should accelerate the understanding of sebum secretion occurring in a holocrine-independent manner in sebaceous glands, and may contribute to the development of therapies for sebaceous gland disorders such as acne, seborrhea, and xerosis.
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50
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Zouboulis CC. Zileuton, a new efficient and safe systemic anti-acne drug. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2011; 1:188-92. [PMID: 20436887 DOI: 10.4161/derm.1.3.8368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Tissue inflammation is a major component of the acne process. Leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) is considered to be a major player in the development of tissue inflammation. Synthesis of LTB(4) is controlled by the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase. Since Zileuton blocks the activity of 5-lipoxygenase, experimental and clinical studies have been conducted to test mode of function, as well as efficacy and safety of this compound in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Human SZ95 sebocytes and inflammatory cells in vitro express the enzymes of the leukotriene pathway at mRNA and protein levels and enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of LTB(4) are activated in sebaceous glands of acne lesions. Pre-treatment of SZ95 sebocytes with Zileuton partially prevented short-term arachidonic acid-induced effects, such as induction of LTB(4), increase of neutral lipid content and stimulation of interlekin-6 release. Long-term treatment with Zileuton directly reduced the content of neutral lipids and interleukin-6 release from SZ95 seb ocytes. PPAR mRNA levels were not regulated by Zileuton. In a first pilot clinical study with 10 patients with papulopustular acne Zileuton 4 x 600 mg/d p.o. for 3 months decreased the acne severity index in a time-dependent manner being 41% of the initial score at week 12 (p < 0.05). This was mostly due to a decrease of the number of inflammatory lesions of 29% (p < 0.01). In addition, total sebum lipids significantly decreased (35%, p < 0.05) and the pro-inflammatory free fatty acids (22%) and lipoperoxides (26%) were markedly diminished in patients' sebum under treatment. The magnitude of clinical improvement strongly correlated with the reduction of total sebum lipids (p = 0.0009, r(2) = 0.81) and free fatty acids (p = 0.0003, r(2) = 0.82). In a further study, a 40-year-old female with mild disseminated sebaceous gland hyperplasia and seborrhea, responded with normalization of the casual skin surface lipids and similar reduction of facial sebum synthesis under treatment with Zileuton over 2weeks and-after a wash-out phase-low-dose isotretinoin (10 mg/2nd d) over 5 weeks. These data are in agreement with a phase II multicenter, clinical study in 101 patients with mild to moderate inflammatory facial acne conducted in the US, which showed a significant efficacy of Zileuton in a subset of patients with moderate acne, whereas those patients treated with Zileuton showed a significant mean decrease in inflammatory lesions compared to the placebo group. In all clinical studies, Zileuton was found to be safe and well tolerated.
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