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Rakoczy K, Kaczor J, Sołtyk A, Jonderko L, Sędzik M, Lizon J, Lewandowska A, Saczko M, Kulbacka J. Pregnancy, abortion, and birth control methods' complicity with breast cancer occurrence. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 590:112264. [PMID: 38705365 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Reproductive factors play significantly important roles in determining the breast cancer (BC) risk. The impact of pregnancy, abortion, and birth control methods on tumor development remains unclear. It has been found that early full-term pregnancies in young women can lower their lifetime risk of developing the type of cancer in question. However, having a first full-term pregnancy at an older age can increase this risk. The relationship between pregnancy and breast cancer (BC) is, however, much more complicated. Both induced and spontaneous abortions lead to sudden changes in hormonal balance, which could cause different effects on sensitive breast epithelial cells, making abortion a potential risk factor for breast cancer. The influence of hormonal contraception on carcinogenesis is not comprehensively understood, and therefore, more exhaustive analysis of existing data and further investigation is needed. This review explores how the mentioned reproductive factors affect the risk of breast cancer (BC), focusing on the molecular mechanisms that contribute to its complexity. By comprehending this intricate network of relationships, we can develop new strategies for predicting and treating the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Rakoczy
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 5, 50-345, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Kaczor
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 5, 50-345, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Adam Sołtyk
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 5, 50-345, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Laura Jonderko
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 5, 50-345, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Sędzik
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 5, 50-345, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Julia Lizon
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 5, 50-345, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Lewandowska
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 5, 50-345, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Saczko
- A. Falkiewicz Specialist Hospital in Wroclaw, Warszawska 2, 52-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Julita Kulbacka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211a, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Santariškių 5, 08410, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Fu S, Ke H, Yuan H, Xu H, Chen W, Zhao L. Dual role of pregnancy in breast cancer risk. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2024; 352:114501. [PMID: 38527592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2024.114501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Reproductive history is one of the strongest risk factors for breast cancer in women. Pregnancy can promote short-term breast cancer risk, but also reduce a woman's lifetime risk of breast cancer. Changes in hormone levels before and after pregnancy are one of the key factors in breast cancer risk. This article summarizes the changes in hormone levels before and after pregnancy, and the roles of hormones in mammary gland development and breast cancer progression. Other factors, such as changes in breast morphology and mammary gland differentiation, changes in the proportion of mammary stem cells (MaSCs), changes in the immune and inflammatory environment, and changes in lactation before and after pregnancy, also play key roles in the occurrence and development of breast cancer. This review discusses the dual effects and the potential mechanisms of pregnancy on breast cancer risk from the above aspects, which is helpful to understand the complexity of female breast cancer occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiting Fu
- Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Hao Ke
- Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang 330031, China
| | | | - Huaimeng Xu
- Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Wenyan Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Third Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang 330009, China
| | - Limin Zhao
- Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang 330031, China.
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Abraham M, Lak MA, Gurz D, Nolasco FOM, Kondraju PK, Iqbal J. A Narrative Review of Breastfeeding and Its Correlation With Breast Cancer: Current Understanding and Outcomes. Cureus 2023; 15:e44081. [PMID: 37750138 PMCID: PMC10518059 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding has been extensively studied in relation to breast cancer risk. The results of the reviewed studies consistently show a decreased risk of breast cancer associated with breastfeeding, especially for 12 months or longer. This protective effect is attributed to hormonal, immunological, and physiological changes during lactation. Breastfeeding also appears to have a greater impact on reducing breast cancer risk in premenopausal women and specific breast cancer subtypes. Encouraging breastfeeding has dual benefits: benefiting infants and reducing breast cancer risk long-term. Healthcare professionals should provide evidence-based guidance on breastfeeding initiation, duration, and exclusivity, while public health policies should support breastfeeding by creating enabling environments. This review examines the existing literature and analyzes the correlation between breastfeeding and breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merin Abraham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, IND
| | - Muhammad Ali Lak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Combined Military Hospital, Lahore, PAK
| | - Danyel Gurz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Combined Military Hospital, Lahore, PAK
| | | | | | - Javed Iqbal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Hospital, Lahore, PAK
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Su Y, Dang NM, Depypere H, Santucci-Pereira J, Gutiérrez-Díez PJ, Kanefsky J, Janssens JP, Russo J. Recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin induces signaling pathways towards cancer prevention in the breast of BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Eur J Cancer Prev 2023; 32:126-138. [PMID: 35881946 PMCID: PMC9800649 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strategies for breast cancer prevention in women with germline BRCA1/2 mutations are limited. We previously showed that recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin (r-hCG) induces mammary gland differentiation and inhibits mammary tumorigenesis in rats. The present study investigated hCG-induced signaling pathways in the breast of young nulliparous women carrying germline BRCA1/2 mutations. METHODS We performed RNA-sequencing on breast tissues from 25 BRCA1/2 mutation carriers who received r-hCG treatment for 3 months in a phase II clinical trial, we analyzed the biological processes, reactome pathways, canonical pathways, and upstream regulators associated with genes differentially expressed after r-hCG treatment, and validated genes of interest. RESULTS We observed that r-hCG induces remarkable transcriptomic changes in the breast of BRCA1/2 carriers, especially in genes related to cell development, cell differentiation, cell cycle, apoptosis, DNA repair, chromatin remodeling, and G protein-coupled receptor signaling. We revealed that r-hCG inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling, MYC, HMGA1 , and HOTAIR , whereas activates TGFB/TGFBR-SMAD2/3/4, BRCA1, TP53, and upregulates BRCA1 protein. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the use of r-hCG at young age may reduce the risk of breast cancer in BRCA1/2 carriers by inhibiting pathways associated with stem/progenitor cell maintenance and neoplastic transformation, whereas activating genes crucial for breast epithelial differentiation and lineage commitment, and DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanrong Su
- The Irma H Russo, MD, Breast Cancer Research Laboratory at the Fox Chase Cancer Center-Temple Health, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Yanrong Su, Nhi M. Dang, and Herman Depypere
| | - Nhi M. Dang
- The Irma H Russo, MD, Breast Cancer Research Laboratory at the Fox Chase Cancer Center-Temple Health, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Yanrong Su, Nhi M. Dang, and Herman Depypere
| | - Herman Depypere
- Department of Gynecology, Breast and Menopause clinic, University Hospital of Ghent, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- These authors contributed equally: Yanrong Su, Nhi M. Dang, and Herman Depypere
| | - Julia Santucci-Pereira
- The Irma H Russo, MD, Breast Cancer Research Laboratory at the Fox Chase Cancer Center-Temple Health, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | | | - Joice Kanefsky
- The Irma H Russo, MD, Breast Cancer Research Laboratory at the Fox Chase Cancer Center-Temple Health, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Jaak Ph. Janssens
- European Cancer Prevention Organization, University of Hasselt, Klein Hilststraat 5, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Jose Russo
- The Irma H Russo, MD, Breast Cancer Research Laboratory at the Fox Chase Cancer Center-Temple Health, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
- Dr. Russo conceived the study and supervised the work. Dr. Russo passed away on September 24, 2021
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Yao R, Zhang Y, Wu K, Li Z, He M, Fengyue B. Quantitative assessment for characterization of breast lesion tissues using adaptively decomposed ultrasound RF images. Biomed Signal Process Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2022.103559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Özkan H, Öztürk DG, Korkmaz G. Transcriptional Factor Repertoire of Breast Cancer in 3D Cell Culture Models. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14041023. [PMID: 35205770 PMCID: PMC8870600 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14041023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Knowledge of the transcriptional regulation of breast cancer tumorigenesis is largely based on studies performed in two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture models, which lack tissue architecture and therefore fail to represent tumor heterogeneity. However, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models are better at mimicking in vivo tumor microenvironment, which is critical in regulating cellular behavior. Hence, 3D cell culture models hold great promise for translational breast cancer research. Abstract Intratumor heterogeneity of breast cancer is driven by extrinsic factors from the tumor microenvironment (TME) as well as tumor cell–intrinsic parameters including genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptomic traits. The extracellular matrix (ECM), a major structural component of the TME, impacts every stage of tumorigenesis by providing necessary biochemical and biomechanical cues that are major regulators of cell shape/architecture, stiffness, cell proliferation, survival, invasion, and migration. Moreover, ECM and tissue architecture have a profound impact on chromatin structure, thereby altering gene expression. Considering the significant contribution of ECM to cellular behavior, a large body of work underlined that traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures depriving cell–cell and cell–ECM interactions as well as spatial cellular distribution and organization of solid tumors fail to recapitulate in vivo properties of tumor cells residing in the complex TME. Thus, three-dimensional (3D) culture models are increasingly employed in cancer research, as these culture systems better mimic the physiological microenvironment and shape the cellular responses according to the microenvironmental cues that will regulate critical cell functions such as cell shape/architecture, survival, proliferation, differentiation, and drug response as well as gene expression. Therefore, 3D cell culture models that better resemble the patient transcriptome are critical in defining physiologically relevant transcriptional changes. This review will present the transcriptional factor (TF) repertoire of breast cancer in 3D culture models in the context of mammary tissue architecture, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and metastasis, cell death mechanisms, cancer therapy resistance and differential drug response, and stemness and will discuss the impact of culture dimensionality on breast cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hande Özkan
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Deniz Gülfem Öztürk
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Correspondence: (D.G.Ö.); (G.K.)
| | - Gozde Korkmaz
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Correspondence: (D.G.Ö.); (G.K.)
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Krishnan R, Patel PS, Hakem R. BRCA1 and Metastasis: Outcome of Defective DNA Repair. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010108. [PMID: 35008272 PMCID: PMC8749860 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary BRCA1 has critical functions in accurately repairing double stand breaks in the DNA through a process known as homologous recombination. BRCA1 also has various functions in other cellular processes that safeguard the genome. Thus, mutations or silencing of this tumor suppressor significantly increases the risk of developing breast, ovarian, and other cancers. Metastasis refers to the spread of cancer to other parts of the body and is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which BRCA1 mutations contribute to the metastatic and aggressive nature of the tumor cells. Abstract Heritable mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are a major risk factor for breast and ovarian cancer. Inherited mutations in BRCA1 increase the risk of developing breast cancers by up to 72% and ovarian cancers by up to 69%, when compared to individuals with wild-type BRCA1. BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) are both important for homologous recombination-mediated DNA repair. The link between BRCA1/2 mutations and high susceptibility to breast cancer is well established. However, the potential impact of BRCA1 mutation on the individual cell populations within a tumor microenvironment, and its relation to increased aggressiveness of cancer is not well understood. The objective of this review is to provide significant insights into the mechanisms by which BRCA1 mutations contribute to the metastatic and aggressive nature of the tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehna Krishnan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; (R.K.); (P.S.P.)
| | - Parasvi S. Patel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; (R.K.); (P.S.P.)
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Razqallah Hakem
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; (R.K.); (P.S.P.)
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Correspondence: or
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Pregnancy Inhibits Mammary Carcinogenesis by Persistently Altering the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133207. [PMID: 34206988 PMCID: PMC8267621 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Breast cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers and it is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in women. Early first full-term pregnancy has been known to reduce the life-time risk of breast cancer. The actual mechanism by which pregnancy reduces the life-time risk of breast cancer is not well understood. It is well established that hormones are vital for a successful full-term pregnancy and they can also influence the risk of breast cancer. The emphasis has been placed mainly on the ovarian hormones estrogen and progesterone. It is also known that hypothalamic and pituitary hormones can impact the breast. In this study, we investigated how pregnancy alters the hypothalamic/pituitary hormones and what effect these hormonal alterations have on the risk of breast cancer development. Our results demonstrate that pregnancy persistently alters the hypothalamic–pituitary hormonal axis leading to the reduction of breast cancer risk. Abstract Early full-term pregnancy is known to reduce the lifetime risk of breast cancer. Although the phenomenon of parity-induced protection is well-established, the physiological mechanisms involved in this protection are not clear. Earlier reports have shown that pregnancy results in alterations of hormone levels. How pregnancy affects hypothalamic hormones and how the change, if any, influences breast cancer is not well understood. Seven-week-old female Lewis rats were given N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Two weeks post carcinogen exposure, a set of females were housed with males to generate the parous rats and another set of rats served as the nulliparous controls. Mammary tumorigenesis was assessed for 9 months. Hypothalamic and pituitary levels of hormones were measured at various timepoints. Further, animals were also challenged with growth hormone and prolactin secretagogues to test the effect of pregnancy on the hypothalamic–pituitary hormonal axis. Persistent alterations in the level of growth hormone-releasing hormone, thyrotropin releasing hormone, dopamine, and somatostatin in the hypothalamus of parous animals was observed. Further, we also observed that pregnancy had a significant effect on the pituitary gland and its response to growth hormone and prolactin secretagogues. Our studies using the rodent model system demonstrate that pregnancy could be reducing the risk of breast cancer by persistently altering the hypothalamic–pituitary axis, which could have implications for breast cancers in humans as well.
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Depypere H, Su Y, Dang N, Poppe B, Stanczyk F, Janssens J, Russo J. Prolonged recombinant pregnancy hormone use in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Eur J Cancer Prev 2021; 30:195-203. [PMID: 33720054 PMCID: PMC8011504 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An early first full-time pregnancy substantially reduces the risk of developing breast cancer later in life. Extensive studies indicate that this protective effect is mediated by the pregnancy hormone human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). METHODS In this proof-of-concept study 33 women with a BRCA mutation received recombinant-hCG (r-hCG). A 4-mm breast biopsy was obtained before (T1) and after 12 weeks of r-hCG injections (T2), as well as 6 months later (T3). The tissue was examined using RNA-sequencing methodology to determine if the 'high-risk' transcriptomic signature was converted to a 'low-risk' signature as in an early first full-time pregnancy. A stringent clinical safety monitoring was performed. RESULTS The r-hCG administration was well tolerated in all participants. No clinically relevant changes were observed. In 25 women, the RNA quality was good for RNA sequencing in all three breast tissue biopsies. In response to the r-hCG, we observed 1907 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (1032 up, 875 down) at T2 vs. T1 and 1065 DEGs (897 up, 168 down) at T3 vs. T1 in the group of women (n = 11) not using any hormonal contraceptives during the study. There was no response at T2 vs. T1 and a small number of DEGs, 260 (214 up, 46 down) at T3 vs. T1 in the group of 14 women using contraceptives. CONCLUSIONS In summary, r-hCG has a remarkable effect on the gene expression profile of breast tissues from BRCA1/2 carriers who did not use any contraception. This opens an opportunity for a novel preventive strategy to reduce the incidence of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Depypere
- Department of Gynecology, Breast and Menopause Clinic, University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yanrong Su
- The Irma H Russo, MD-Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center-Temple Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nhi Dang
- The Irma H Russo, MD-Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center-Temple Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bruce Poppe
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Stanczyk
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jaak Janssens
- European Cancer Prevention Organization, University of Hasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Jose Russo
- The Irma H Russo, MD-Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center-Temple Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Titiloye NA, Bedu-Addo K, Atta Manu E, Ameh-Mensah C, Opoku F, Duduyemi BM. Breast lesions and cancer: histopathology and molecular classification in a referral hospital in Ghana. ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/20905068.2021.1907960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - K. Bedu-Addo
- Department of Physiology, SMD, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - E. Atta Manu
- Department of Physiology, SMD, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - F. Opoku
- Department of Physiology, SMD, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - B. M. Duduyemi
- Department of Pathology, SMD, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana
- University of Sierra Leone Teaching Hospital Complex, Freetown, Sierra Leone
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Miklikova S, Trnkova L, Plava J, Bohac M, Kuniakova M, Cihova M. The Role of BRCA1/2-Mutated Tumor Microenvironment in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:575. [PMID: 33540843 PMCID: PMC7867315 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Taking into account the factors of high incidence rate, prevalence and mortality, breast cancer represents a crucial social and economic burden. Most cases of breast cancer develop as a consequence of somatic mutations accumulating in mammary epithelial cells throughout lifetime and approximately 5-10% can be ascribed to monogenic predispositions. Even though the role of genetic predispositions in breast cancer is well described in the context of genetics, very little is known about the role of the microenvironment carrying the same aberrant cells impaired by the germline mutation in the breast cancer development and progression. Based on the clinical observations, carcinomas carrying mutations in hereditary tumor-suppressor genes involved in maintaining genome integrity such as BRCA1/2 have worse prognosis and aggressive behavior. One of the mechanisms clarifying the aggressive nature of BRCA-associated tumors implies alterations within the surrounding adipose tissue itself. The objective of this review is to look at the role of BRCA1/2 mutations in the context of breast tumor microenvironment and plausible mechanisms by which it contributes to the aggressive behavior of the tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Miklikova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (S.M.); (L.T.); (J.P.)
| | - Lenka Trnkova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (S.M.); (L.T.); (J.P.)
| | - Jana Plava
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (S.M.); (L.T.); (J.P.)
| | - Martin Bohac
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, National Cancer Institute, Klenova 1, 83310 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Department of Oncosurgery, National Cancer Institute, Klenova 1, 83310 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Regenmed Ltd., Medena 29, 81108 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marcela Kuniakova
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 81108 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Marina Cihova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (S.M.); (L.T.); (J.P.)
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Bruno E, Oliverio A, Paradiso A, Daniele A, Tommasi S, Terribile DA, Filippone A, Digennaro M, Pilato B, Danza K, Guarino D, Rossi C, Rossi MM, Venturelli E, Giussani M, Peissel B, Pasanisi P. Lifestyle Characteristics in Women Carriers of BRCA Mutations: Results From an Italian Trial Cohort. Clin Breast Cancer 2020; 21:e168-e176. [PMID: 33357965 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women with deleterious mutations in BRCA1/2 have a high lifetime penetrance of developing breast cancer and/or ovarian cancer. Genetic and/or environmental factors may influence BRCA penetrance, and identifying modifiable exposures might be valuable for prevention. PATIENTS AND METHODS We implemented a multicenter prospective 2-arm (1:1) randomized controlled trial to investigate whether a Mediterranean dietary intervention with moderate protein restriction would reduce potential modulators of BRCA penetrance such as insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), body weight, and metabolic risk factors. We studied the baseline characteristics of women with BRCA-positive disease who joined the trial cohort, focusing on the relationships between selected lifestyle exposures, metabolic/anthropometric parameters, and BRCA-related cancer. RESULTS A total of 502 women (304 with a previous diagnosis of breast cancer and/or ovarian cancer and 198 unaffected) with deleterious BRCA mutations, with or without a previous cancer, aged 18 to 70 years and without metastases were included. Late age at menarche and pregnancy were negatively associated with BRCA-related cancer, especially in women with BRCA1-positive disease. Higher fat mass and the presence of 4 or 5 metabolic risk factors were significantly associated with BRCA-related cancer (hazard ratio, 1.87, 95% confidence interval, 1.21-2.88; and hazard ratio, 1.87, 95% confidence interval, 1.11-3.19, respectively), with greater effect in BRCA2-positive women. CONCLUSIONS Our findings confirm previous observations about reproductive factors in women with BRCA disease and suggest a potential impact of metabolic factors in BRCA-related cancer. The prospective follow-up of the trial cohort will enable us to study the environmental modulators of BRCA penetrance and their impact in relation to the history of BRCA-related cancer. [ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03066856].
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Bruno
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andreina Oliverio
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Paradiso
- Experimental Oncology, Center for Study of Heredo-Familial Tumors, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Daniele
- Experimental Oncology and Biobank Management Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Tommasi
- Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela A Terribile
- Department of Women Health Area, Università Cattolica, Rome, Italy; Department of Women and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maria Digennaro
- Experimental Oncology, Center for Study of Heredo-Familial Tumors, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Brunella Pilato
- Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Katia Danza
- Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Rossi
- Department of Women and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Rossi
- Department of Women and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Venturelli
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Giussani
- Unit of Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Bernard Peissel
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Pasanisi
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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13
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Kothari C, Diorio C, Durocher F. The Importance of Breast Adipose Tissue in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165760. [PMID: 32796696 PMCID: PMC7460846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a complex endocrine organ, with a role in obesity and cancer. Adipose tissue is generally linked to excessive body fat, and it is well known that the female breast is rich in adipose tissue. Hence, one can wonder: what is the role of adipose tissue in the breast and why is it required? Adipose tissue as an organ consists of adipocytes, an extracellular matrix (ECM) and immune cells, with a significant role in the dynamics of breast changes throughout the life span of a female breast from puberty, pregnancy, lactation and involution. In this review, we will discuss the importance of breast adipose tissue in breast development and its involvement in breast changes happening during pregnancy, lactation and involution. We will focus on understanding the biology of breast adipose tissue, with an overview on its involvement in the various steps of breast cancer development and progression. The interaction between the breast adipose tissue surrounding cancer cells and vice-versa modifies the tumor microenvironment in favor of cancer. Understanding this mutual interaction and the role of breast adipose tissue in the tumor microenvironment could potentially raise the possibility of overcoming breast adipose tissue mediated resistance to therapies and finding novel candidates to target breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Kothari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1T 1C2, Canada;
- Cancer Research Centre, CHU de Quebec Research Centre, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
| | - Caroline Diorio
- Cancer Research Centre, CHU de Quebec Research Centre, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1T 1C2, Canada
| | - Francine Durocher
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1T 1C2, Canada;
- Cancer Research Centre, CHU de Quebec Research Centre, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(418)-525-4444 (ext. 48508)
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14
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Hyaline fibrous involution of breast lobules: a histologic finding associated with germline BRCA mutation. Mod Pathol 2019; 32:1263-1270. [PMID: 30996252 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-019-0217-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We describe the histology and the frequency of a histologic entity that we term "hyaline fibrous involution", which is characterized by symmetric and regular deposition of basal lamina-like periacinar hyaline material in association with atrophic epithelium, in breast samples from patients with either benign breast disease or germline BRCA mutation. Women with germline BRCA mutation (n = 93) who underwent prophylactic mastectomy (BRCA group) were compared to an age-matched sample of women who underwent biopsy for benign breast disease (n = 93). Median age was 45 years (range, 25-72 years). A single H&E section of each subject's benign breast tissue was reviewed. The total number of terminal duct lobular units and the number of terminal duct lobular units with hyaline fibrous involution were recorded for each case. The presence of any hyaline fibrous involution lobules and the within-sample proportion of hyaline fibrous involution lobules relative to total lobules were compared between groups. Presence of any hyaline fibrous involution was significantly more frequent in the BRCA group compared to the benign breast disease group, 47% vs. 15% (p < 0.0001, adjusted for total lobules). In women with any hyaline fibrous involution lobules, these unusual lobules were similarly rare in both groups, with median proportion of hyaline fibrous involution-positive lobules relative to all lobules of 0.03 in BRCA specimens (n = 44) and 0.03 in the benign breast disease group (n = 14). Within the BRCA group, frequency of any hyaline fibrous involution present was significantly higher in the perimenopausal age group (45-55 years: 63%) compared to other age groups (<45 years, 44%; >55 years, 15%; p = 0.05 and p = 0.02, respectively). Increased presence of hyaline fibrous involution in the setting of BRCA mutation suggests that it may represent a pathologic entity, possibly reflecting abnormal involution or an abnormal response to DNA damage.
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15
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Terry MB, Michels KB, Brody JG, Byrne C, Chen S, Jerry DJ, Malecki KMC, Martin MB, Miller RL, Neuhausen SL, Silk K, Trentham-Dietz A. Environmental exposures during windows of susceptibility for breast cancer: a framework for prevention research. Breast Cancer Res 2019; 21:96. [PMID: 31429809 PMCID: PMC6701090 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-019-1168-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The long time from exposure to potentially harmful chemicals until breast cancer occurrence poses challenges for designing etiologic studies and for implementing successful prevention programs. Growing evidence from animal and human studies indicates that distinct time periods of heightened susceptibility to endocrine disruptors exist throughout the life course. The influence of environmental chemicals on breast cancer risk may be greater during several windows of susceptibility (WOS) in a woman’s life, including prenatal development, puberty, pregnancy, and the menopausal transition. These time windows are considered as specific periods of susceptibility for breast cancer because significant structural and functional changes occur in the mammary gland, as well as alterations in the mammary micro-environment and hormone signaling that may influence risk. Breast cancer research focused on these breast cancer WOS will accelerate understanding of disease etiology and prevention. Main text Despite the plausible heightened mechanistic influences of environmental chemicals on breast cancer risk during time periods of change in the mammary gland’s structure and function, most human studies of environmental chemicals are not focused on specific WOS. This article reviews studies conducted over the past few decades that have specifically addressed the effect of environmental chemicals and metals on breast cancer risk during at least one of these WOS. In addition to summarizing the broader evidence-base specific to WOS, we include discussion of the NIH-funded Breast Cancer and the Environment Research Program (BCERP) which included population-based and basic science research focused on specific WOS to evaluate associations between breast cancer risk and particular classes of endocrine-disrupting chemicals—including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, perfluorinated compounds, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and phenols—and metals. We outline ways in which ongoing transdisciplinary BCERP projects incorporate animal research and human epidemiologic studies in close partnership with community organizations and communication scientists to identify research priorities and effectively translate evidence-based findings to the public and policy makers. Conclusions An integrative model of breast cancer research is needed to determine the impact and mechanisms of action of endocrine disruptors at different WOS. By focusing on environmental chemical exposure during specific WOS, scientists and their community partners may identify when prevention efforts are likely to be most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Beth Terry
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, Room 1611, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Karin B Michels
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, CHS 71-254, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | | | - Celia Byrne
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road A-1039F, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Shiuan Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1450 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - D Joseph Jerry
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute and Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 661 North Pleasant St., Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Kristen M C Malecki
- Department of Population Health Sciences and the Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 610 Walnut St., WARF Room 605, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Mary Beth Martin
- Departments of Oncology and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, E411 New Research Building, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Rachel L Miller
- Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, Environmental Health Sciences; Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, PH8E-101B, 630 W. 168th St, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Susan L Neuhausen
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1450 E. Duarte Road, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Kami Silk
- Department of Communication, University of Delaware, 250 Pearson Hall, 125 Academy St, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Amy Trentham-Dietz
- Department of Population Health Sciences and Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 610 Walnut St., WARF Room 307, Madison, WI, 53726, USA.
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16
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Infertility: a marker of future health risk in women? Fertil Steril 2019; 110:783-789. [PMID: 30316412 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Infertility, may be a harbinger for future health risk in women, including early mortality. Fertility status itself could serve as an early biomarker, (present in a woman's reproductive years) for risk stratification later in life. The relationship between infertility and early mortality involves the impact of nulliparity on future adverse health events, potential sequelae from the underlying cause(s) of infertility, the risks of fertility treatments, as well as the potential for risk reduction from a healthy pregnancy. This complex interplay coupled with difficulties ascertaining infertility on a population level has presented unique challenges to assessing infertility and early mortality risk. With further study, a better understanding the role of fertility status in health at various stages of life may provide unique opportunities for surveillance and risk reduction.
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17
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Gopalakrishnan K, Teitelbaum SL, Wetmur J, Manservisi F, Falcioni L, Panzacchi S, Gnudi F, Belpoggi F, Chen J. Histology and Transcriptome Profiles of the Mammary Gland across Critical Windows of Development in Sprague Dawley Rats. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2018; 23:149-163. [PMID: 29956080 PMCID: PMC6103804 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-018-9401-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast development occurs through well-defined stages representing 'windows of susceptibility' to adverse environmental exposures that potentially modify breast cancer risk. Systematic characterization of morphology and transcriptome during normal breast development lays the foundation of our understanding of cancer etiology. We examined mammary glands in female Sprague Dawley rats across six developmental stages - pre-pubertal, peri-pubertal, pubertal, lactation, adult parous and adult nulliparous. We investigated histology by Hematoxylin and Eosin and Mallory's Trichrome stain, proliferative and apoptotic rate by immunohistochemistry and whole-transcriptome by microarrays. We identified differentially expressed genes between adjacent developmental stages by linear models, underlying pathways by gene ontology analysis and gene networks and hubs active across developmental stages by coexpression network analysis. Mammary gland development was associated with large-scale changes in the transcriptome; particularly from pre-pubertal to peri-pubertal period and the lactation period were characterized by distinct patterns of gene expression with unique biological functions such as immune processes during pre-pubertal development and cholesterol biosynthesis during lactation. These changes were reflective of the shift in mammary gland histology, from a rudimentary organ during early stages to a secretory organ during lactation followed by regression with age. Hub genes within mammary gene networks included metabolic genes such as Pparg during the pre-pubertal stage and tight junction-related genes claudins and occludins in lactating mammary glands. Transcriptome profile paired with histology enhanced our understanding of mammary development, which is fundamental in understanding the etiologic mechanism of breast cancer, especially pertaining to windows of susceptibility to environmental exposures that may alter breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Susan L Teitelbaum
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - James Wetmur
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1054, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Fabiana Manservisi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Centre, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Falcioni
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Centre, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Panzacchi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Centre, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Gnudi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Centre, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fiorella Belpoggi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Centre, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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18
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Romagnolo DF, Daniels KD, Grunwald JT, Ramos SA, Propper CR, Selmin OI. Epigenetics of breast cancer: Modifying role of environmental and bioactive food compounds. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 60:1310-29. [PMID: 27144894 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201501063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Reduced expression of tumor suppressor genes (TSG) increases the susceptibility to breast cancer. However, only a small percentage of breast tumors is related to family history and mutational inactivation of TSG. Epigenetics refers to non-mutational events that alter gene expression. Endocrine disruptors found in foods and drinking water may disrupt epigenetically hormonal regulation and increase breast cancer risk. This review centers on the working hypothesis that agonists of the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), bisphenol A (BPA), and arsenic compounds, induce in TSG epigenetic signatures that mirror those often seen in sporadic breast tumors. Conversely, it is hypothesized that bioactive food components that target epigenetic mechanisms protect against sporadic breast cancer induced by these disruptors. METHODS AND RESULTS This review highlights (i) overlaps between epigenetic signatures placed in TSG by AHR-ligands, BPA, and arsenic with epigenetic alterations associated with sporadic breast tumorigenesis; and (ii) potential opportunities for the prevention of sporadic breast cancer with food components that target the epigenetic machinery. CONCLUSIONS Characterizing the overlap between epigenetic signatures elicited in TSG by endocrine disruptors with those observed in sporadic breast tumors may afford new strategies for breast cancer prevention with specific bioactive food components or diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato F Romagnolo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kevin D Daniels
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Jonathan T Grunwald
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Stephan A Ramos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Catherine R Propper
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Ornella I Selmin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
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19
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Subramani R, Lakshmanaswamy R. Pregnancy and Breast Cancer. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 151:81-111. [PMID: 29096898 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed type of cancer among women worldwide. The majority of breast cancers are sporadic and the etiology is not well understood. Several factors have been attributed to altering the risk of breast cancer. A full-term pregnancy is a crucial factor in altering the risk. Early full-term pregnancy has been shown to reduce the lifetime risk of breast cancer, while a later first full-term pregnancy increases breast cancer risk. Epidemiological and experimental data demonstrate that spontaneous or induced abortions do not significantly alter the risk of breast cancer. In this study, we briefly discuss the different types and stages of breast cancer, various risk factors, and potential mechanisms involved in early full-term pregnancy-induced protection against breast cancer. Understanding how early full-term pregnancy induces protection against breast cancer will help design innovative preventive and therapeutic strategies. This understanding can also help in the development of molecular biomarkers that can be of tremendous help in predicting the risk of breast cancer in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramadevi Subramani
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer Research, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Rajkumar Lakshmanaswamy
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer Research, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States.
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20
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Petralia F, Aushev VN, Gopalakrishnan K, Kappil M, W Khin N, Chen J, Teitelbaum SL, Wang P. A new method to study the change of miRNA-mRNA interactions due to environmental exposures. Bioinformatics 2017; 33:i199-i207. [PMID: 28881990 PMCID: PMC5870720 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btx256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Integrative approaches characterizing the interactions among different types of biological molecules have been demonstrated to be useful for revealing informative biological mechanisms. One such example is the interaction between microRNA (miRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA), whose deregulation may be sensitive to environmental insult leading to altered phenotypes. The goal of this work is to develop an effective data integration method to characterize deregulation between miRNA and mRNA due to environmental toxicant exposures. We will use data from an animal experiment designed to investigate the effect of low-dose environmental chemical exposure on normal mammary gland development in rats to motivate and evaluate the proposed method. RESULTS We propose a new network approach-integrative Joint Random Forest (iJRF), which characterizes the regulatory system between miRNAs and mRNAs using a network model. iJRF is designed to work under the high-dimension low-sample-size regime, and can borrow information across different treatment conditions to achieve more accurate network inference. It also effectively takes into account prior information of miRNA-mRNA regulatory relationships from existing databases. When iJRF is applied to the data from the environmental chemical exposure study, we detected a few important miRNAs that regulated a large number of mRNAs in the control group but not in the exposed groups, suggesting the disruption of miRNA activity due to chemical exposure. Effects of chemical exposure on two affected miRNAs were further validated using breast cancer human cell lines. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION R package iJRF is available at CRAN. CONTACTS pei.wang@mssm.edu or susan.teitelbaum@mssm.edu. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Petralia
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vasily N Aushev
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kalpana Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maya Kappil
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nyan W Khin
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susan L Teitelbaum
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pei Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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21
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Gopalakrishnan K, Teitelbaum SL, Lambertini L, Wetmur J, Manservisi F, Falcioni L, Panzacchi S, Belpoggi F, Chen J. Changes in mammary histology and transcriptome profiles by low-dose exposure to environmental phenols at critical windows of development. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 152:233-243. [PMID: 27810681 PMCID: PMC5135583 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental chemicals has been linked to altered mammary development and cancer risk at high doses using animal models. Effects at low doses comparable to human exposure remain poorly understood, especially during critical developmental windows. We investigated the effects of two environmental phenols commonly used in personal care products - methyl paraben (MPB) and triclosan (TCS) - on the histology and transcriptome of normal mammary glands at low doses mimicking human exposure during critical windows of development. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed during perinatal, prepubertal and pubertal windows, as well as from birth to lactation. Low-dose exposure to MPB and TCS induced measurable changes in both mammary histology (by Masson's Trichrome Stain) and transcriptome (by microarrays) in a window-specific fashion. Puberty represented a window of heightened sensitivity to MPB, with increased glandular tissue and changes of expression in 295 genes with significant enrichment in functions such as DNA replication and cell cycle regulation. Long-term exposure to TCS from birth to lactation was associated with increased adipose and reduced glandular and secretory tissue, with expression alterations in 993 genes enriched in pathways such as cholesterol synthesis and adipogenesis. Finally, enrichment analyses revealed that genes modified by MPB and TCS were over-represented in human breast cancer gene signatures, suggesting possible links with breast carcinogenesis. These findings highlight the issues of critical windows of susceptibility that may confer heightened sensitivity to environmental insults and implicate the potential health effects of these ubiquitous environmental chemicals in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Susan L Teitelbaum
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Luca Lambertini
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - James Wetmur
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1054, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Fabiana Manservisi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Centre, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio (Bologna), Italy
| | - Laura Falcioni
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Centre, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio (Bologna), Italy
| | - Simona Panzacchi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Centre, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio (Bologna), Italy
| | - Fiorella Belpoggi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Centre, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio (Bologna), Italy
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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22
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Gastounioti A, Conant EF, Kontos D. Beyond breast density: a review on the advancing role of parenchymal texture analysis in breast cancer risk assessment. Breast Cancer Res 2016; 18:91. [PMID: 27645219 PMCID: PMC5029019 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-016-0755-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The assessment of a woman's risk for developing breast cancer has become increasingly important for establishing personalized screening recommendations and forming preventive strategies. Studies have consistently shown a strong relationship between breast cancer risk and mammographic parenchymal patterns, typically assessed by percent mammographic density. This paper will review the advancing role of mammographic texture analysis as a potential novel approach to characterize the breast parenchymal tissue to augment conventional density assessment in breast cancer risk estimation. MAIN TEXT The analysis of mammographic texture provides refined, localized descriptors of parenchymal tissue complexity. Currently, there is growing evidence in support of textural features having the potential to augment the typically dichotomized descriptors (dense or not dense) of area or volumetric measures of breast density in breast cancer risk assessment. Therefore, a substantial research effort has been devoted to automate mammographic texture analysis, with the aim of ultimately incorporating such quantitative measures into breast cancer risk assessment models. In this paper, we review current and emerging approaches in this field, summarizing key methodological details and related studies using novel computerized approaches. We also discuss research challenges for advancing the role of parenchymal texture analysis in breast cancer risk stratification and accelerating its clinical translation. CONCLUSIONS The objective is to provide a comprehensive reference for researchers in the field of parenchymal pattern analysis in breast cancer risk assessment, while indicating key directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimilia Gastounioti
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Emily F Conant
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Despina Kontos
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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23
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Fentiman IS. Perioperative progesterone for obese women with breast cancer may improve survival. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 12:179-84. [PMID: 26935012 DOI: 10.2217/whe.15.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian S Fentiman
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
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Fentiman IS. Industry is not the dark side, but an essential partner to make progress in reproductive health. WOMEN'S HEALTH (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016; 12:175-8. [PMID: 26939018 PMCID: PMC5375047 DOI: 10.2217/whe.15.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
For the last 20 years, Thomas D'Hooghe has been coordinator of the Leuven University Fertility Center at Leuven University Hospitals, Belgium, one of the largest teaching hospitals in Europe. Since 1995, he has also been Professor of Reproductive Medicine and Biology at KU Leuven (University of Leuven) and Adjunct Professor at Yale University, USA. Since 1 October 2015, he has been the Vice President and Head of Global Medical Affairs Fertility at Merck's headquarters in Darmstadt, Germany. He has published nearly 300 papers in internationally peer-reviewed journals and has contributed to reproductive health serving major international organizations such as the WHO, the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology, the Society of Reproductive Investigation and the World Endometriosis Research Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian S Fentiman
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
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Ameli F, Rose IM, Masir N. Expression of DDR1 and DVL1 in invasive ductal and lobular breast carcinoma does not correlate with histological type, grade and hormone receptor status. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:2385-90. [PMID: 25824769 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.6.2385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive ductal (IDC) and lobular (ILC) carcinomas are the common histological types of breast carcinoma which are difficult to distinguish when poorly differentiated. Discoidin domain receptor (DDR1) and Drosophila dishevelled protein (DVL1) were recently suggested to differentiate IDC from ILC. OBJECTIVES To assess the expression of DDR1 and DVL1 and their association with histological type, grading and hormonal status of IDC and ILC. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross sectional study was conducted on IDC and ILC breast tumours. Tumours were immunohistochemically stained for (DDR1) and (DVL1) as well as estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and C-erbB2 receptor. Demographic data including age and ethnicity were obtained from patient records. RESULTS A total of 51 cases (30 IDCs and 21 ILCs) were assessed. DDR1 and DVL1 expression was not significantly associated with histological type (p=0.57 and p=0.66 respectively). There was no association between DDR1 and DVL1 expression and tumour grade (p=0.32 and p=1.00 respectively), ER (p=0.62 and 0.50 respectively), PR (p=0.38 and p=0.63 respectively) and C-erbB2 expression (p=0.19 and p=0.33 respectively) in IDC. There was no association between DDR1 and DVL1 expression and tumour grade (p=0.52 and p=0.33 respectively), ER (p=0.06 and p=0.76 respectively), PR (p=0.61 and p=0.43 respectively) and C-erbB2 expression (p=0.58 and p=0.76 respectively) in ILC. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that DDR1 and DVL1 are present in both IDC and ILC regardless of the tumour differentiation. More studies are needed to assess the potential of these two proteins in distinguishing IDC from ILC in breast tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Ameli
- Departmentof Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia E-mail :
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Imaging Breast Density: Established and Emerging Modalities. Transl Oncol 2015; 8:435-45. [PMID: 26692524 PMCID: PMC4700291 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammographic density has been proven as an independent risk factor for breast cancer. Women with dense breast tissue visible on a mammogram have a much higher cancer risk than women with little density. A great research effort has been devoted to incorporate breast density into risk prediction models to better estimate each individual’s cancer risk. In recent years, the passage of breast density notification legislation in many states in USA requires that every mammography report should provide information regarding the patient’s breast density. Accurate definition and measurement of breast density are thus important, which may allow all the potential clinical applications of breast density to be implemented. Because the two-dimensional mammography-based measurement is subject to tissue overlapping and thus not able to provide volumetric information, there is an urgent need to develop reliable quantitative measurements of breast density. Various new imaging technologies are being developed. Among these new modalities, volumetric mammographic density methods and three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging are the most well studied. Besides, emerging modalities, including different x-ray–based, optical imaging, and ultrasound-based methods, have also been investigated. All these modalities may either overcome some fundamental problems related to mammographic density or provide additional density and/or compositional information. The present review article aimed to summarize the current established and emerging imaging techniques for the measurement of breast density and the evidence of the clinical use of these density methods from the literature.
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Bayraktar S, Qiu H, Liu D, Shen Y, Gutierrez-Barrera AM, Arun BK, Sahin AA. Histopathological Features of Non-Neoplastic Breast Parenchyma Do Not Predict BRCA Mutation Status of Patients with Invasive Breast Cancer. BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2015; 7:39-49. [PMID: 26327783 PMCID: PMC4541461 DOI: 10.4137/bic.s29716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have evaluated histologic features of non-neoplastic breast parenchyma in patients with BRCA1/2 mutations, but the results are conflicting. The limited data suggest a much higher prevalence of high-risk precursor lesions in BRCA carriers. Therefore, we designed this study to compare the clinicopathological characteristics of peritumoral benign breast tissue in patients with and without deleterious BRCA mutations. METHODS Women with breast cancer (BC) who were referred for genetic counseling and underwent BRCA genetic testing in 2010 and 2011 were included in the study. RESULTS Of the six benign histological features analyzed in this study, only stromal fibrosis grade 2/3 was found to be statistically different, with more BRCA noncarriers having stromal fibrosis grade 2/3 than BRCA1/2 carriers (P = 0.04). CONCLUSION There is no significant association between mutation risk and the presence of benign histologic features of peritumoral breast parenchyma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soley Bayraktar
- Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hongming Qiu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Diane Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yu Shen
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Banu K Arun
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Aysegul A Sahin
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Kast K, Ditsch N, Kiechle M. LIFESTYLE und erblicher Brustkrebs. MED GENET-BERLIN 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11825-015-0044-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Nicht für alle Trägerinnen einer Mutation in den Genen BRCA1 und BRCA2 liegt das lebenslange Erkrankungsrisiko für Brust- oder Eierstockkrebs gleich hoch. Bislang werden jedoch bei der Indikationsstellung zur Teilnahme am intensivierten Früherkennungs- und Nachsorgeprogramm oder zur Durchführung einer prophylaktischen Operation keine risikomodifizierenden Faktoren berücksichtigt. Für das sporadische Mammakarzinom sind zahlreiche direkt und indirekt veränderbare nicht-genetische Einflussfaktoren bekannt. Studien lassen vermuten, dass Lebensstilfaktoren auch das Risiko der BRCA-assoziierten Tumoren modulieren. Die Erforschung der genetischen und nicht-genetischen Faktoren und ihrer Interaktion untereinander führt zur Erstellung eines umfassenden Vorhersagemodells. Dieses hat zum einen die Vermeidung von Übertherapie im Hinblick auf präventive Maßnahmen zum Ziel. Zum anderen bereitet die Kenntnis der individuellen Trigger einer potenziellen Brust- oder Eierstockkrebserkrankung den Weg für eine gezieltere Prävention von der medikamentösen Therapie bis hin zur Lebensstilintervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Kast
- Aff1 grid.412282.f Klinik und Poliklinik für Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus Dresden an der TU Dresden Fetscherstrasse 74 01307 Dresden Deutschland
| | - Nina Ditsch
- Aff2 grid.411095.8 0000000404772585 Poliklinik und Klinik für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München – Campus Grosshadern München Deutschland
| | - Marion Kiechle
- Aff3 grid.15474.33 0000000404772438 Frauenklinik Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München (TUM) München Deutschland
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Arendt LM, Kuperwasser C. Form and function: how estrogen and progesterone regulate the mammary epithelial hierarchy. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2015; 20:9-25. [PMID: 26188694 PMCID: PMC4596764 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-015-9337-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland undergoes dramatic post-natal growth beginning at puberty, followed by full development occurring during pregnancy and lactation. Following lactation, the alveoli undergo apoptosis, and the mammary gland reverses back to resemble the nonparous gland. This process of growth and regression occurs for multiple pregnancies, suggesting the presence of a hierarchy of stem and progenitor cells that are able to regenerate specialized populations of mammary epithelial cells. Expansion of epithelial cell populations in the mammary gland is regulated by ovarian steroids, in particular estrogen acting through its receptor estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and progesterone signaling through progesterone receptor (PR). A diverse number of stem and progenitor cells have been identified based on expression of cell surface markers and functional assays. Here we review the current understanding of how estrogen and progesterone act together and separately to regulate stem and progenitor cells within the human and mouse mammary tissues. Better understanding of the hierarchal organization of epithelial cell populations in the mammary gland and how the hormonal milieu affects its regulation may provide important insights into the origins of different subtypes of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Arendt
- Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology Department, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Laboratory for the Convergence of Biomedical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Charlotte Kuperwasser
- Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology Department, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Laboratory for the Convergence of Biomedical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
- Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology Department, Tufts University School of Medicine, 800 Washington St, Box 5609, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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Advancing research on endocrine disrupting chemicals in breast cancer: Expert panel recommendations. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 54:141-7. [PMID: 25549947 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer incidence continues to increase in the US and Europe, a reflection of the growing influence of environment factors that interact with personal genetics. The US Environmental Protection Agency estimates that there are approximately 10,000 endocrine disrupting chemicals among the common daily exposures that could affect the risk of disease. The daunting tasks of identifying, characterizing, and elucidating the mechanisms of endocrine disrupting chemicals in breast cancer need to be addressed to produce a comprehensive model that will facilitate preventive strategies and public policy. An expert panel met to describe and bring attention to needs linking common environmental exposures, critical windows of exposure, and optimal times of assessment in investigating breast cancer risk. The group included investigators with extensive experience in the use of rodent models and in leading population studies and produced a set of recommendations for effective approaches to gaining insights into the environmental origins of breast cancer across the lifespan.
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Lopes GAD, Fan WYC, Ciol H, Bidinotto LT, Rodrigues MAM, Barbisan LF. Maternal western style diet increases susceptibility to chemically-induced mammary carcinogenesis in female rats offspring. Nutr Cancer 2014; 66:1293-303. [PMID: 25333700 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2014.956256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated whether maternal exposure to western style diet (WD) increases susceptibility to mammary carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) in female offspring. Pregnant female Sprague-Dawley rats received WD diet or control diet from gestational day 12 until postnatal day (PND) 21. At PND 21, female offspring received a single dose of MNU (50 mg/kg body weight) and were fed chow diet until PND 110. Mammary gland structures were assessed on whole-mount preparations in the offspring at PND 21, and tumor morphology was examined at PND 110. Immunohistochemical analysis for cell proliferation (PCNA), apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3) and estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α) was performed in mammary terminal end buds (TEBs) at PND 21, and PCNA, ER-α, and p63 analysis in mammary tumors at PND 110. Maternal WD intake induced a significant increase in the number of TEBs (P = 0.024) and in PCNA labeling index (P < 0.020) in the mammary glands at PND 21. Tumor multiplicity, tumor weight, and PCNA labeling indexes were significantly higher in the WD offspring than that of the control offspring (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that maternal western style diet potentially enhanced the development of mammary tumors induced by MNU in female offspring, possibly by affecting the mammary gland differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele A D Lopes
- a Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School , São Paulo State University , São Paulo , Brazil
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Arendt LM, Keller PJ, Skibinski A, Goncalves K, Naber SP, Buchsbaum RJ, Gilmore H, Come SE, Kuperwasser C. Anatomical localization of progenitor cells in human breast tissue reveals enrichment of uncommitted cells within immature lobules. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:453. [PMID: 25315014 PMCID: PMC4303132 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-014-0453-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lineage tracing studies in mice have revealed the localization and existence of lineage-restricted mammary epithelial progenitor cells that functionally contribute to expansive growth during puberty and differentiation during pregnancy. However, extensive anatomical differences between mouse and human mammary tissues preclude the direct translation of rodent findings to the human breast. Therefore, here we characterize the mammary progenitor cell hierarchy and identify the anatomic location of progenitor cells within human breast tissues. METHODS Mammary epithelial cells (MECs) were isolated from disease-free reduction mammoplasty tissues and assayed for stem/progenitor activity in vitro and in vivo. MECs were sorted and evaluated for growth on collagen and expression of lineages markers. Breast lobules were microdissected and individually characterized based on lineage markers and steroid receptor expression to identify the anatomic location of progenitor cells. Spanning-tree progression analysis of density-normalized events (SPADE) was used to identify the cellular hierarchy of MECs within lobules from high-dimensional cytometry data. RESULTS Integrating multiple assays for progenitor activity, we identified the presence of luminal alveolar and basal ductal progenitors. Further, we show that Type I lobules of the human breast were the least mature, demonstrating an unrestricted pattern of expression of luminal and basal lineage markers. Consistent with this, SPADE analysis revealed that immature lobules were enriched for basal progenitor cells, while mature lobules consisted of increased hierarchal complexity of cells within the luminal lineages. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal underlying differences in the human breast epithelial hierarchy and suggest that with increasing glandular maturity, the epithelial hierarchy also becomes more complex.
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Barton M, Santucci-Pereira J, Russo J. Molecular pathways involved in pregnancy-induced prevention against breast cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:213. [PMID: 25540638 PMCID: PMC4261797 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy produces a protective effect against breast cancer in women who had their first full term pregnancy (FTP) in their middle twenties. The later in life the first delivery occurs, the higher the risk of breast cancer development. Also, transiently during the postpartum period, the risk of developing breast cancer increases. This transient increased risk is taken over by a long-lasting protective period. The genomic profile of parous women has shown pregnancy induces a long-lasting "genomic signature" that explains the preventive effect on breast cancer. This signature reveals that chromatin remodeling is the driver of the differentiation process conferred by FTP. The chromatin remodeling process may be the ultimate step mediating the protection of the breast against developing breast cancer in post-menopausal years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Barton
- The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Julia Santucci-Pereira
- The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jose Russo
- The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- *Correspondence: Jose Russo, The Irma H Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, 333 Cottman Avenue, Room P2037, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA e-mail:
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Pan H, He Z, Ling L, Ding Q, Chen L, Zha X, Zhou W, Liu X, Wang S. Reproductive factors and breast cancer risk among BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers: results from ten studies. Cancer Epidemiol 2013; 38:1-8. [PMID: 24332935 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Although reproductive factors are among the most well-established risk factors for breast cancer in the general population, it is still a matter for debate whether these factors act as risk modifiers among BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers. This meta-analysis is the first to be performed to determine the relationship between reproductive factors and breast cancer risk among BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. We searched the PubMed database up to February 2013. A total of ten studies met the inclusion criteria. The results showed that the reproductive factors may be associated with breast cancer risk only among BRCA1 mutation carriers. No association was found between parity and breast cancer risk. Compared with women at the youngest age in the first-birth category, women in the oldest age category were at a 38% lower risk of breast cancer (RR=0.62, 95%CI=0.45-0.85). Breastfeeding for at least 1 or 2 years was associated with a 37% reduction in breast cancer risk (RR=0.63, 95%CI=0.46-0.86). Women at the oldest age in the menarche category were at a 34% lower risk of breast cancer (RR=0.66, 95%CI=0.53-0.81) than women in the youngest age category. However, none of the reproductive factors were associated with breast cancer risk among BRCA2 mutation carriers. In conclusion, late age at first birth, breastfeeding, and late age at menarche protect against breast cancer in BRCA1 mutation carriers only. Further studies are needed to explore the mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Pan
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, 210029 Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongyuan He
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, 215000 Suzhou, China
| | - Lijun Ling
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, 210029 Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Ding
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, 210029 Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, 210029 Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoming Zha
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, 210029 Nanjing, China
| | - Wenbin Zhou
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, 210029 Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiaoan Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, 210029 Nanjing, China.
| | - Shui Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, 210029 Nanjing, China
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Papoutsis AJ, Selmin OI, Borg JL, Romagnolo DF. Gestational exposure to the AhR agonist 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin induces BRCA-1 promoter hypermethylation and reduces BRCA-1 expression in mammary tissue of rat offspring: preventive effects of resveratrol. Mol Carcinog 2013; 54:261-9. [PMID: 24136580 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Studies with murine models suggest that maternal exposure to aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists may impair mammary gland differentiation and increase the susceptibility to mammary carcinogenesis in offspring. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for these perturbations remain largely unknown. Previously, we reported that the AhR agonists 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induced CpG methylation of the breast cancer-1 (BRCA-1) gene and reduced BRCA-1 expression in breast cancer cell lines. Based on the information both the human and rat BRCA-1 genes harbor xenobiotic responsive elements (XRE = 5'-GCGTG-3'), which are binding targets for the AhR, we extended our studies to the analysis of offspring of pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats treated during gestation with TCDD alone or in combination with the dietary AhR antagonist resveratrol (Res). We report that the in utero exposure to TCDD increased the number of terminal end buds (TEB) and reduced BRCA-1 expression in mammary tissue of offspring. The treatment with TCDD induced occupancy of the BRCA-1 promoter by DNA methyltransferase-1 (DNMT-1), CpG methylation of the BRCA-1 promoter, and expression of cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase-4 (CDK4). These changes were partially overridden by pre-exposure to Res, which stimulated the expression of the AhR repressor (AhRR) and its recruitment to the BRCA-1 gene. These findings point to maternal exposure to AhR agonists as a risk factor for breast cancer in offspring through epigenetic inhibition of BRCA-1 expression, whereas dietary antagonists of the AhR may exert protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas J Papoutsis
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Bellacosa A. Developmental disease and cancer: biological and clinical overlaps. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:2788-96. [PMID: 24123833 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Numerous parallelisms exist between development and cancer. In this article, I review some of the founding ideas linking development and cancer, and highlight clinical conditions exhibiting features of both developmental derangement and cancer predisposition, including cohesinopathies, rasopathies, phakomatoses, Proteus syndrome and other overgrowth disorders, recessive chromosome breakage syndromes, and dominant hereditary cancer syndromes. I suggest that these disorders encompass a continuous spectrum spanning clinical genetics and clinical oncology, and derive some general implications that might be useful in the future for the treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Bellacosa
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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LÓPEZ-FONTANA CONSTANZAMATILDE, SASSO CORINAVERÓNICA, MASELLI MARÍAEUGENIA, SANTIANO FLAVIAELIANA, SEMINO SILVANANOEMÍ, CARRIÓN FERNANDODARÍOCUELLO, JAHN GRACIELAALMA, CARÓN RUBÉNWALTER. Experimental hypothyroidism increases apoptosis in dimethylbenzanthracene-induced mammary tumors. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:1651-60. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Molecular profiling of human mammary gland links breast cancer risk to a p27(+) cell population with progenitor characteristics. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 13:117-30. [PMID: 23770079 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Early full-term pregnancy is one of the most effective natural protections against breast cancer. To investigate this effect, we have characterized the global gene expression and epigenetic profiles of multiple cell types from normal breast tissue of nulliparous and parous women and carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. We found significant differences in CD44(+) progenitor cells, where the levels of many stem cell-related genes and pathways, including the cell-cycle regulator p27, are lower in parous women without BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations. We also noted a significant reduction in the frequency of CD44(+)p27(+) cells in parous women and showed, using explant cultures, that parity-related signaling pathways play a role in regulating the number of p27(+) cells and their proliferation. Our results suggest that pathways controlling p27(+) mammary epithelial cells and the numbers of these cells relate to breast cancer risk and can be explored for cancer risk assessment and prevention.
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Tools to evaluate estrogenic potency of dietary phytoestrogens:A consensus paper from the EU Thematic Network "Phytohealth" (QLKI-2002-2453). GENES AND NUTRITION 2012; 1:143-58. [PMID: 18850210 DOI: 10.1007/bf02829964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2006] [Revised: 10/15/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are naturally occurring plantderived polyphenols with estrogenic potency. They are ubiquitous in diet and therefore, generally consumed. Among Europeans, the diet is rich in multiple putative phytoestrogens including flavonoids, tannins, stilbenoids, and lignans. These compounds have been suggested to provide beneficial effects on multiple menopause-related conditions as well as on development of hormone-dependent cancers, which has increased the interest in products and foods with high phytoestrogen content. However, phytoestrogens may as well have adverse estrogenicity related effects similar to any estrogen. Therefore, the assessment of estrogenic potency of dietary compounds is of critical importance. Due to the complex nature of estrogenicity, no single comprehensive test approach is available. Instead, several in vitro and in vivo assays are applied to evaluate estrogenic potency. In vitro estrogen receptor (ER) binding assays provide information on the ability of the compound to I) interact with ERs, II) bind to estrogen responsive element on promoter of the target gene as ligand-ER complex, and III) interact between the co-activator and ERs in ligand-dependent manner. In addition, transactivation assays in cells screen for ligand-induced ERmediated gene activation. Biochemical in vitro analysis can be used to test for possible effects on protein activities and E-screen assays to measure (anti)proliferative response in estrogen responsive cells. However, for assessment of estrogenicity in organs and tissues, in vivo approaches are essential. In females, the uterotrophic assay is applicable for testing ERa agonistic and antagonistic dietary compounds in immature or adult ovariectomized animals. In addition, mammary gland targeted estrogenicity can be detected as stimulated ductal elongation and altered formation of terminal end buds in immature or peripubertal animals. In males, Hershberger assay in peri-pubertal castrated rats can be used to detect (anti)androgenic/ (anti)estrogenic responses in accessory sex glands and other hormone regulated tissues. In addition to these short-term assays, sub-acute and chronic reproductive toxicity assays as well as two-generation studies can be applied for phytoestrogens to confirm their safety in long-term use. For reliable assessment of estrogenicity of dietary phytoestrogens in vivo, special emphasis should be focused on selection of the basal diet, route and doses of administration, and possible metabolic differences between the species used and humans. In conclusion, further development and standardization of the estrogenicity test methods are needed for better interpretation of both the potential benefits and risks of increasing consumption of phytoestrogens from diets and supplements.
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Kotsopoulos J, Lubinski J, Salmena L, Lynch HT, Kim-Sing C, Foulkes WD, Ghadirian P, Neuhausen SL, Demsky R, Tung N, Ainsworth P, Senter L, Eisen A, Eng C, Singer C, Ginsburg O, Blum J, Huzarski T, Poll A, Sun P, Narod SA. Breastfeeding and the risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Breast Cancer Res 2012; 14:R42. [PMID: 22405187 PMCID: PMC3446376 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Breastfeeding has been inversely related to breast cancer risk in the general population. Clarifying the role of breastfeeding among women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation may be helpful for risk assessment and for recommendations regarding prevention. We present an updated analysis of breastfeeding and risk of breast cancer using a large matched sample of BRCA mutation carriers. Methods We conducted a case-control study of 1,665 pairs of women with a deleterious mutation in either BRCA1 (n = 1,243 pairs) or BRCA2 (n = 422 pairs). Breast cancer cases and unaffected controls were matched on year of birth, mutation status, country of residence and parity. Information about reproductive factors, including breastfeeding for each live birth, was collected from a routinely administered questionnaire. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the association between ever having breastfed, as well as total duration of breastfeeding, and the risk of breast cancer. Results Among BRCA1 mutation carriers, breastfeeding for at least one year was associated with a 32% reduction in risk (OR = 0.68; 95% CI 0.52 to 0.91; P = 0.008); breastfeeding for two or more years conferred a greater reduction in risk (OR = 0.51; 95% CI 0.35 to 0.74). Among BRCA2 mutation carriers, there was no significant association between breastfeeding for at least one year and breast cancer risk (OR = 0.83; 95% CI 0.53 to 1.31; P = 0.43). Conclusions These data extend our previous findings that breastfeeding protects against BRCA1-, but not BRCA2-associated breast cancer. BRCA mutation carriers should be advised of the benefit of breastfeeding in terms of reducing breast cancer risk.
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Man YG, Izadjoo M, Song G, Stojadinovic A. In situ malignant transformation and progenitor-mediated cell budding: two different pathways for breast ductal and lobular tumor invasion. J Cancer 2011; 2:401-12. [PMID: 21811518 PMCID: PMC3148774 DOI: 10.7150/jca.2.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The human breast lobular and ductal structures and the derived tumors from these structures differ substantial in their morphology, microenvironment, biological presentation, functions, and clinical prognosis. Based on these differences, we have proposed that pre-invasive lobular tumors may progress to invasive lesions through "in situ malignant transformation", in which the entire myoepithelial cell layer within a given lobule or lobular clusters undergoes extensive degeneration and disruptions, which allows the entire epithelial cell population associated with these myoepithelial cell layers directly invade the stroma or vascular structures. In contrast, pre-invasive ductal tumors may invade the stroma or vascular structures through "progenitor-mediated cell budding", in which focal myoepithelial cell degeneration-induced aberrant leukocyte infiltration causes focal disruptions in the tumor capsules, which selectively favor monoclonal proliferation of the overlying tumor stem cells or a biologically more aggressive cell clone. Our current study attempted to provide more direct morphological and immunohistochemical data that are consistent with our hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Gao Man
- 1. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and American Registry of Pathology, Washington, DC, USA
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Lukanova A, Surcel HM, Lundin E, Kaasila M, Lakso HA, Schock H, Husing A, Kaaks R, Koskela P, Grankvist K, Pukkala E, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Lehtinen M, Toniolo P. Circulating estrogens and progesterone during primiparous pregnancies and risk of maternal breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:910-20. [PMID: 21413009 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy reduces maternal risk of breast cancer in the long term, but the biological determinants of the protection are unknown. Animal experiments suggest that estrogens and progesterone could be involved, but direct human evidence is scant. A case-control study (536 cases and 1,049 controls) was nested within the Finnish Maternity Cohort. Eligible were primiparous women who delivered at term a singleton offspring before age 40. For each case, two individually matched controls by age (± 6 months) and date of sampling (± 3 months) were selected. Estradiol, estrone and progesterone in first-trimester serum were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG) by immunoassay. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated through conditional logistic regression. In the whole study population there was no association of breast cancer with any of the studied hormones. In analyses stratified by age at diagnosis, however, estradiol concentrations were positively associated with risk of breast cancer before age 40 (upper quartile OR, 1.81; CI, 1.08-3.06), but inversely associated with risk in women who were diagnosed ≥ age 40 (upper quartile OR, 0.64; CI, 0.40-1.04), p(interaction) 0.004. Risk estimates for estrone mirrored those for estradiol but were less pronounced. Progesterone was not associated with risk of subsequent breast cancer. Our results provide initial evidence that concentrations of estrogens during the early parts of a primiparous pregnancy are associated with maternal risk of breast cancer and suggest that the effect may differ for tumors diagnosed before and after age 40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annekatrin Lukanova
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Modulation of mammary gland development in pre-pubertal mice as affected by soya and milk protein supplements. Br J Nutr 2011; 106:502-9. [PMID: 21385510 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511000389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of soya and whey milk protein, α-lactalbumin (α-LA), on mammary gland morphology and the structural support of the gland, in pre-pubertal mice after 7 d of treatment. In Expt 1, weaned (day 21) CD1 mice were given one of the four treatments, three included dietary supplements: (1) control diet, casein, (2) soya, (3) α-LA and (4) subcutaneous injection of 2·5 μg oestradiol benzoate in 20 μl maize oil and fed the control diet. All diets were isoenergetic with equal protein concentrations. All groups that were not treated with oestradiol received the vehicle. Whole-mount analyses were performed to determine longitudinal ductal growth and terminal end bud development. DNA was extracted from the gland and assessed by spectrophotometry (260/280 nm). Tissue extracts for extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP(2)), tissue inhibitor of MMP(2) (TIMP(2)), and serum oestradiol and mammary tissue epidermal growth factors (EGF) were measured by immunoassays. Expt 2 utilised the Her2/neu transgenic strain, with the same protocols. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA. From Expt 1 and 2, soya and α-LA significantly increased ductal elongation when compared with the oestrogen and control groups. These results were corroborated by data on total DNA and the ratio of MMP(2):TIMP(2). The ratio of MMP(2):TIMP(2) was affected by α-LA. Serum oestradiol was decreased only in the oestradiol-treated groups in both experiments. Soya is known to be oestrogenic and can act on epithelia directly. The mechanism by which α-LA affects glandular development is by modulating the ECM or by promoting the synthesis/activity of EGF.
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Lin SJ, Cawson J, Hill P, Haviv I, Jenkins M, Hopper JL, Southey MC, Campbell IG, Thompson EW. Image-guided sampling reveals increased stroma and lower glandular complexity in mammographically dense breast tissue. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 128:505-16. [PMID: 21258862 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1346-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Analysis of Brca1-deficient mouse mammary glands reveals reciprocal regulation of Brca1 and c-kit. Oncogene 2010; 30:1597-607. [PMID: 21132007 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of the breast cancer susceptibility gene Brca1 results in defective lobular-alveolar development in the mammary gland and a predisposition to breast tumourigenesis in humans and in mice. Recent evidence suggests that BRCA1 loss in humans is associated with an expansion of the luminal progenitor cell compartment in the normal breast and tumours with a luminal progenitor-like expression profile. To further investigate the role of BRCA1 in the mammary gland, we examined the consequences of Brca1 loss in mouse mammary epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. Here, we show that Brca1 loss is associated with defective morphogenesis of SCp2 and HC11 mouse mammary epithelial cell lines and that in the MMTV-Cre Brca1(Co/Co) mouse model of Brca1 loss, there is an accumulation of luminal progenitor (CD61(+)CD29(lo)CD24(+)) cells during pregnancy. By day 1 of lactation, there are marked differences in the expression of 1379 genes, with most significantly altered pathways and networks, including lactation, the immune response and cancer. One of the most differentially expressed genes was the luminal progenitor marker, c-kit. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the increase in c-kit levels is associated with an increase in c-kit positivity. Interestingly, an inverse association between Brca1 and c-kit expression was also observed during mammary epithelial differentiation, and small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of Brca1 resulted in a significant increase in c-kit mRNA levels. We found no evidence that c-kit plays a direct role in regulating differentiation of HC11 cells, suggesting that Brca1-mediated induction of c-kit probably contributes to Brca1-associated tumourigenesis via another cellular process, and that c-kit is likely to be a marker rather than a mediator of defective lobular-alveolar development resulting from Brca1 loss.
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McCave EJ, Cass CAP, Burg KJL, Booth BW. The normal microenvironment directs mammary gland development. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2010; 15:291-9. [PMID: 20824492 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-010-9190-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal development of the mammary gland is a multidimensional process that is controlled in part by its mammary microenvironment. The mammary microenvironment is a defined location that encompasses mammary somatic stem cells, neighboring signaling cells, the basement membrane and extracellular matrix, mammary fibroblasts as well as the intercellular signals produced and received by these cells. These dynamic signals take numerous forms including growth factors, steroids, cell-cell or cell-basement membrane physical interactions. Cellular growth and differentiation of the mammary gland throughout the developmental stages are regulated by changes in these signals and interactions. The purpose of this review is to summarize current information and research regarding the role of the mammary microenvironment during normal glandular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin J McCave
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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McCready J, Arendt LM, Rudnick JA, Kuperwasser C. The contribution of dynamic stromal remodeling during mammary development to breast carcinogenesis. Breast Cancer Res 2010; 12:205. [PMID: 20584344 PMCID: PMC2917019 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease whose prognosis varies depending upon the developmental stage of the breast tissue at diagnosis. Notably, breast cancers associated with pregnancy exhibit increased rates of metastasis and poorer long-term survival compared to those diagnosed after menopause. However, postmenopausal breast cancers associated with obesity exhibit a more aggressive behavior and confer decreased overall patient survival compared to those diagnosed in non-obese individuals. Since the mammary gland is a dynamic tissue that undergoes significant changes throughout a woman's lifetime, especially during pregnancy and following menopause, we present evidence to support the notion that changes occurring throughout development within the mammary stromal compartment may account for some of the biological differences in breast cancer subtypes and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica McCready
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Sackler School, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Nie K, Chang D, Chen JH, Hsu CC, Nalcioglu O, Su MY. Quantitative analysis of breast parenchymal patterns using 3D fibroglandular tissues segmented based on MRI. Med Phys 2010; 37:217-26. [PMID: 20175484 DOI: 10.1118/1.3271346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Mammographic density and breast parenchymal patterns (the relative distribution of fatty and fibroglandular tissue) have been shown to be associated with the risk of developing breast cancer. Percent breast density as determined by mammography is a well-established risk factor, but on the other hand, studies on parenchymal pattern have been scarce, possibly due to the lack of reliable quantitative parameters that can be used to analyze parenchymal tissue distribution. In this study the morphology of fibroglandular tissue distribution was analyzed using three-dimensional breast MRI, which is not subject to the tissue overlapping problem. METHODS Four parameters, circularity, convexity, irregularity, and compactness, which are sensitive to the shape and margin of segmented fibroglandular tissue, were analyzed for 230 patients. Cases were assigned to one of two distinct parenchymal breast patterns: Intermingled pattern with intermixed fatty and fibroglandular tissue (Type I, N = 141), and central pattern with confined fibroglandular tissue inside surrounded by fatty tissue outside (Type C, N = 89). For each analyzed parameter, the differentiation between these two patterns was analyzed using a two-tailed t-test based on transformed parameters to normal distribution, as well as distribution histograms and ROC analysis. RESULTS These two groups of patients were well matched both in age (50 +/- 11 vs 50 +/- 11) and in fibroglandular tissue volume (Type I: 104 +/- 62 cm3 vs Type C: 112 +/- 73 cm3). Between Type I and Type C breasts, all four morphological parameters showed significant differences that could be used to differentiate between the two breast types. In the ROC analysis, among all four parameters, the "compactness" could achieve the highest area under the curve of 0.84, and when all four parameters were combined, the AUC could be further increased to 0.94. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that these morphological parameters analyzed from 3D MRI can be used to distinguish between intermingled and central dense tissue distribution patterns, and hence may be used to characterize breast parenchymal pattern quantitatively. The availability of these quantitative morphological parameters may facilitate the investigation of the relationship between parenchymal pattern and breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Nie
- Tu and Yuen Center for Functional Onco-imaging, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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Chavarro JE, Rosner BA, Sampson L, Willey C, Tocco P, Willett WC, Chumlea WC, Michels KB. Validity of adolescent diet recall 48 years later. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 170:1563-70. [PMID: 19923106 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwp299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have evaluated the validity of adolescent diet recall after many decades. Between 1943 and 1970, yearly diet records were completed by parents of adolescents participating in an ongoing US study. In 2005-2006, study participants who had been 13-18 years of age when the diet records were collected were asked to complete a food frequency questionnaire regarding their adolescent diet. Food frequency questionnaires and diet records were available for 72 participants. The authors calculated Spearman correlation coefficients between food, food group, and nutrient intakes from the diet records and food frequency questionnaire and deattenuated them to account for the effects of within-person variation measured in the diet records on the association. The median deattenuated correlation for foods was 0.30, ranging from -0.53 for a beef, pork, or lamb sandwich to 0.99 for diet soda. The median deattenuated correlation for food groups was 0.31 (range: -0.48 for breads to 0.70 for hot beverages); for nutrient intakes, it was 0.25 (range: -0.08 for iron to 0.82 for vitamin B(12)). Some dietary factors were reasonably recalled 3-6 decades later. However, this food frequency questionnaire did not validly measure overall adolescent diet when completed by middle-aged and older adults on average 48 years after adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E Chavarro
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Yu JC, Ding SL, Chang CH, Kuo SH, Chen ST, Hsu GC, Hsu HM, Hou MF, Jung LY, Cheng CW, Wu PE, Shen CY. Genetic susceptibility to the development and progression of breast cancer associated with polymorphism of cell cycle and ubiquitin ligase genes. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:1562-70. [PMID: 19587092 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jyh-Cherng Yu
- Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 11472, Taiwan, Republic of China
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