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Gómez-Romano MT, Rodríguez-Iglesias MA, Galán-Sánchez F. Molecular Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and Microsporidia in Human and Animal Stool Samples. Microorganisms 2024; 12:918. [PMID: 38792745 PMCID: PMC11123919 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. and Microsporidia are opportunistic microorganisms with remarkable zoonotic transmission potential due to their capacity to infect humans and animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of these microorganisms in stool samples of animal and human origin. In total, 369 stool samples (205 from human patients with diarrhea and 164 of animal origin) were included in the study. Cryptosporidium spp. and Microsporidia presence were determined by using multiplex nested PCR. Positive results were analyzed by using Sanger sequencing of the amplicon, utilizing BLASTN and ClustalX software to confirm identification. Cryptosporidium spp. were found in 0.97% and 4.26% of human and animal samples, respectively. Enterocytozoon bieneusi was detected in human and animal stools in 6.82% and 3.05% of the samples, respectively. No associations were found when analyzing the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi and the demographic and clinical variables of patients and animals. This study demonstrates the presence of these microorganisms in human and animal samples from different species, and the most interesting findings are the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. in pets (e.g., rodents) that are not usually included in this type of study, and the identification of E. bieneusi in patients with diarrhea without underlying disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Antonio Rodríguez-Iglesias
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, 11009 Cádiz, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Fátima Galán-Sánchez
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, 11009 Cádiz, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
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2
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Yang H, Wu X, Li X, Zang W, Zhou Z, Zhou Y, Cui W, Kou Y, Wang L, Hu A, Wu L, Yin Z, Chen Q, Chen Y, Huang Z, Wang Y, Gu B. A commensal protozoan attenuates Clostridioides difficile pathogenesis in mice via arginine-ornithine metabolism and host intestinal immune response. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2842. [PMID: 38565558 PMCID: PMC10987486 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47075-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-induced dysbiosis is a major risk factor for Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI), and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is recommended for treating CDI. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that Tritrichomonas musculis (T.mu), an integral member of the mouse gut commensal microbiota, reduces CDI-induced intestinal damage by inhibiting neutrophil recruitment and IL-1β secretion, while promoting Th1 cell differentiation and IFN-γ secretion, which in turn enhances goblet cell production and mucin secretion to protect the intestinal mucosa. T.mu can actively metabolize arginine, not only influencing the host's arginine-ornithine metabolic pathway, but also shaping the metabolic environment for the microbial community in the host's intestinal lumen. This leads to a relatively low ornithine state in the intestinal lumen in C. difficile-infected mice. These changes modulate C. difficile's virulence and the host intestinal immune response, and thus collectively alleviating CDI. These findings strongly suggest interactions between an intestinal commensal eukaryote, a pathogenic bacterium, and the host immune system via inter-related arginine-ornithine metabolism in the regulation of pathogenesis and provide further insights for treating CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yang
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wu
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wanqing Zang
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenwen Cui
- Xuzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanbo Kou
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ankang Hu
- Center of Animal Laboratory, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lianlian Wu
- Center of Animal Laboratory, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhinan Yin
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Health Science Center (School of Medicine), Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Quangang Chen
- Center of Animal Laboratory, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhutao Huang
- Center of Animal Laboratory, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yugang Wang
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Bing Gu
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Vicente B, Freitas AD, Freitas M, Midlej V. Systematic Review of Diagnostic Approaches for Human Giardiasis: Unveiling Optimal Strategies. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:364. [PMID: 38396402 PMCID: PMC10887752 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14040364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Giardiasis, caused by the protozoan Giardia intestinalis, affects around 400 million people worldwide, emphasizing the critical need for accurate diagnosis to enhance human health, especially in children. Prolonged giardiasis in childhood can lead to intellectual deficits and other complications. A variety of diagnostic tools, including microscopic, immunological, and molecular methods, are available for detecting G. intestinalis infection. Choosing the most suitable method can be challenging due to the abundance of options. This systematic review assesses the reliability and applicability of these diagnostic modalities. Utilizing the Dimensions and Wordart platforms for data analysis, we focus on relevant literature addressing diagnostic methods for human giardiasis. Microscopic techniques, particularly Ritchie's method, emerge as the primary choice, followed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR's limited use is attributed to its high cost and infrastructure challenges in developing nations. In conclusion, our analysis supports microscopic methods as the gold standard for giardiasis diagnosis. However, in cases where symptoms persist despite a negative diagnosis, employing more sensitive diagnostic approaches is advisable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Vicente
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz—Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (B.V.); (A.D.F.); (M.F.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz—Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Anna De Freitas
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz—Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (B.V.); (A.D.F.); (M.F.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz—Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Marcus Freitas
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz—Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (B.V.); (A.D.F.); (M.F.)
| | - Victor Midlej
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz—Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (B.V.); (A.D.F.); (M.F.)
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Khan S, Das A, Kataria B, Yadav H, Mirdha BR. Nitazoxanide refractory cryptosporidiosis complicating Burkitt lymphoma in a child. Trop Parasitol 2024; 14:50-53. [PMID: 38444792 PMCID: PMC10911182 DOI: 10.4103/tp.tp_25_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium species cause watery diarrhea in several vertebrate hosts, including humans. Most apparently, immunocompetent-infected individuals remain asymptomatic, whereas immunocompromised may develop severe or chronic cryptosporidiosis. We report here the case of a 6-year-old girl undergoing chemotherapy for Burkitt lymphoma who experienced multiple episodes of watery diarrhea during her hospital stay. Microscopic examination of her stool sample revealed oocysts of Cryptosporidium species. The rapid immunochromatographic test was also positive for Cryptosporidium species. She was treated with nitazoxanide for 3 weeks, which failed to provide both clinical improvement and parasitological clearance. This case highlights the importance of treatment failure in human cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Khan
- Department of Microbiology, National Cancer Institute, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Arghya Das
- Department of Microbiology, National Cancer Institute, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Babita Kataria
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Himanshu Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, National Cancer Institute, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Bijay Ranjan Mirdha
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Castellino J, Orentas M, Hassan D, Khandelwal S. IgA Vasculitis in an Adult Linked to Cryptosporidium and Giardia Co-Infection: A Comprehensive Case Study. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2023; 24:e942394. [PMID: 38142296 PMCID: PMC10756396 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.942394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunoglobulin A (IgA) vasculitis is a small-vessel vasculitis characterized by the deposition of IgA immune complexes primarily in the skin, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract. While it predominantly affects children, cases in adults are associated with more severe manifestations. Evidence suggests that infectious triggers play a pivotal role in its etiology. Often, it follows a self-limiting course and doesn't necessitate intervention. CASE REPORT We present the case of a 51-year-old man who presented with a maculopapular rash, arthralgia, and abdominal pain. An examination revealed a purpuric rash on lower extremities and abdomen. A lower extremity duplex ultrasound identified deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the right leg. Skin biopsy of the rash confirmed the diagnosis of IgA vasculitis, demonstrating perivascular neutrophilic infiltrate and IgA complex deposition. Stool studies revealed co-infection with Cryptosporidium and Giardia. The patient was treated with a prednisone taper with significant improvement in symptoms. CONCLUSIONS This case highlights the potential role of Cryptosporidium as a trigger for IgA vasculitis. The presence of concurrent infections underscores the complex interplay between infections and the development of IgA vasculitis. The co-infection with Giardia suggests that a secondary infection may be involved, further complicating the disease's etiology. The observation of DVT suggests a possible link between IgA vasculitis and a prothrombotic state. This report serves to expand the knowledge of IgA vasculitis triggers and associated complications, guiding clinicians in diagnosing and managing similar cases while emphasizing the importance of vigilance in adults with these symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle Castellino
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matas Orentas
- Department of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dina Hassan
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sonali Khandelwal
- Department of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Cruz-Saavedra L, Arévalo VA, Garcia-Corredor D, Jiménez PA, Vega L, Pulido-Medellín M, Ortiz-Pineda M, Ramírez JD. Molecular detection and characterization of Giardia spp., Cryptosporidium spp., and Blastocystis in captive wild animals rescued from central Colombia. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2023; 22:1-5. [PMID: 37576459 PMCID: PMC10415623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Blastocystis are significant causes of diarrhea worldwide. However, studies on their prevalence in wild animals are limited, compared to humans and domestic animals. In this study, we collected 23 stool samples from captive wild rescued animals in Boyacá, Colombia. Using conventional PCR, we detected Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp., and Blastocystis in over half of the samples (69.6%). Cryptosporidium spp. (43.5%) were the most commonly found, followed by Giardia spp. (39.1%) and Blastocystis (13.0%). Co-infections involving these parasites were also observed. Subsequent genotyping revealed Cryptosporidium canis and Cryptosporidium ryanae as the predominant species. These findings contribute valuable information about the ecoepidemiology of intestinal parasites in Colombian wild animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lissa Cruz-Saavedra
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología –UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Vivian Alejandra Arévalo
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología –UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diego Garcia-Corredor
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología –UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación en Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (GIDIMEVETZ), Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (Uptc), Tunja, Colombia
| | - Paula Andrea Jiménez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología –UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Laura Vega
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología –UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Martín Pulido-Medellín
- Grupo de Investigación en Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (GIDIMEVETZ), Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (Uptc), Tunja, Colombia
| | - Melissa Ortiz-Pineda
- Grupo de Investigación en Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (GIDIMEVETZ), Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (Uptc), Tunja, Colombia
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología –UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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Roblin M, Canniere E, Barbier A, Daandels Y, Dellevoet-Groenewegen M, Pinto P, Tsaousis A, Leruste H, Brainard J, Hunter PR, Follet J. Study of the economic impact of cryptosporidiosis in calves after implementing good practices to manage the disease on dairy farms in Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2023; 4:100149. [PMID: 37941926 PMCID: PMC10628542 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. are widespread parasitic protozoans causing enteric infections in humans and animals. The parasites cause neonatal diarrhoea in calves, leading to a high mortality rate in the first three weeks. Losses are significant for farmers, but the cost of cryptosporidiosis remains poorly documented. In the absence of a vaccine, only preventive measures are available to farmers to combat the infection. This study, conducted between 2018 and 2021, aimed to evaluate the economic impact of Cryptosporidium spp. on European dairy farms and monitor changes in costs after implementing disease management measures. First, a field survey was carried out and questionnaires administered to 57 farmers in Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. The aim of the survey was to assess the losses associated with the occurrence of diarrhoea in calves aged between 3 days and 3 weeks. The economic impact of diarrhoea was calculated based on mortality losses, health expenditures, and additional labour costs. To refine the cost estimation specifically for Cryptosporidium spp., stool samples were collected from 10 calves per farm. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was determined, and the economic impact of diarrhoea was adjusted accordingly. The assumption was made that a certain percentage of costs was attributed to cryptosporidiosis based on the prevalence. These protocols were repeated at the end of the study to observe changes in costs. In the three years, the cost of diarrhoea for the 28 farms that stayed in the panel all along the study improved from €140 in 2018 to €106 on average per diarrhoeic calf in 2021. With a stable prevalence at 40%, the cost of cryptosporidiosis per infected calf decreased from €60.62 to €45.91 in Belgium, from €43.83 to €32.14 in France, and from €58.24 to €39.48 in the Netherlands. This represented an average of €15 saved per infected calf. The methodology employed in this study did not allow us to conclude that the improvement is strictly due to the implementation of preventive measures. However, with 11 million calves raised in the Interreg 2 Seas area covered by the study, it provided valuable insights into the economic burden of Cryptosporidium spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Roblin
- Junia, Group for Research and Concerted Studies on Agriculture and Territories, F 59000, Lille, France
| | - Evi Canniere
- Inagro vzw, Repursue 87, 8800, Rumbeke-Beitem, Belgium
| | | | - Yvonne Daandels
- Southern Agricultural and Horticultural Organisation (ZLTO), Onderwijsboulevard 225, 5223, DE, ‘s-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Martine Dellevoet-Groenewegen
- Southern Agricultural and Horticultural Organisation (ZLTO), Onderwijsboulevard 225, 5223, DE, ‘s-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Pedro Pinto
- Laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Anastasios Tsaousis
- Laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Hélène Leruste
- Junia, Animal Behaviour and Farming Systems, F 59000, Lille, France
| | - Julii Brainard
- The Norwich School of Medicine, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, England, UK
| | - Paul R. Hunter
- The Norwich School of Medicine, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, England, UK
| | - Jérôme Follet
- University of Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Junia, Université Polytechnique Hauts de France, UMR 8520, IEMN Institut D’Electronique de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, F 59000, Lille, France
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Jingyi J, Ping Y, Jian X, Jia C, Xujian M, Qiong L, Bowen T, Fengming W. Efficacy of a membrane concentration method combined with real-time PCR for detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in drinking water. Lett Appl Microbiol 2023; 76:ovad121. [PMID: 37833237 DOI: 10.1093/lambio/ovad121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium (oo)cysts in drinking source water poses a serious public health risk. Here, we established a method that combines membrane concentration and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to quantify Giardia and Cryptosporidium in drinking water. The water samples were filtered through a cellulose membrane to collect Giardia and Cryptosporidium, and then nucleic acids were extracted. Specific primers and probes were designed and synthesized according to the gph gene sequence of Giardia and 18S rRNA gene sequence of Cryptosporidium. The concentrations of the two targets were determined using real-time PCR technology. The sensitivity, specificity, and stability of the method were evaluated. Our findings revealed that the detection limits of real-time PCR method for detecting Giardia and Cryptosporidium were 0.926 and 0.65 copy/µL, respectively; the spiked recovery rates were above 60% and 38%, respectively, and relative standard deviations were under 0.95% and 2.26%, respectively. Therefore, this effective procedure based on the membrane concentration method and real-time PCR will be useful for detecting Giardia and Cryptosporidium in drinking water for purpose of continuous environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Jingyi
- Pathogen Inspection Center, Changzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 203 TaiShan Road, Changzhou 213022, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yao Ping
- Pathogen Inspection Center, Changzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 203 TaiShan Road, Changzhou 213022, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Jian
- Pathogen Inspection Center, Changzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 203 TaiShan Road, Changzhou 213022, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Jia
- Pathogen Inspection Center, Changzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 203 TaiShan Road, Changzhou 213022, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mao Xujian
- Pathogen Inspection Center, Changzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 203 TaiShan Road, Changzhou 213022, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Qiong
- Pathogen Inspection Center, Changzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 203 TaiShan Road, Changzhou 213022, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tu Bowen
- Pathogen Inspection Center, Changzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 203 TaiShan Road, Changzhou 213022, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wang Fengming
- Pathogen Inspection Center, Changzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 203 TaiShan Road, Changzhou 213022, Jiangsu, China
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Graham ML, Li M, Gong AY, Deng S, Jin K, Wang S, Chen XM. Cryptosporidium parvum hijacks a host's long noncoding RNA U90926 to evade intestinal epithelial cell-autonomous antiparasitic defense. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1205468. [PMID: 37346046 PMCID: PMC10280636 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1205468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a zoonotic apicomplexan parasite that infects the gastrointestinal epithelium and other mucosal surfaces in humans. It is an important opportunistic pathogen in AIDS patients and a leading cause of infectious diarrhea and diarrheal-related death in children worldwide. The intestinal epithelial cells provide the first line of defense against Cryptosporidium infection and play a central role in activating and regulating the host's antiparasitic response. Increasing evidence suggests that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) participate in host-pathogen interactions and play a regulatory role in the pathogenesis of diseases but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. We previously identified a panel of host lncRNAs that are upregulated in murine intestinal epithelial cells following Cryptosporidium infection, including U90926. We demonstrate here that U90926 is acting in a pro-parasitic manner in regulating intestinal epithelial cell-autonomous antiparasitic defense. Inhibition of U90926 resulted in a decreased infection burden of the parasite while overexpression of U90926 showed an increase in infection burden in cultured murine intestinal epithelial cells. Induction of U90926 suppressed transcription of epithelial defense genes involved in controlling Cryptosporidium infection through epigenetic mechanisms. Specifically, transcription of Aebp1, which encodes the Aebp1 protein, a potent modulator of inflammation and NF-κB signaling, was suppressed by U90926. Gain- or loss-of-function of Aebp1 in the host's epithelial cells caused reciprocal alterations in the infection burden of the parasite. Interestingly, Cryptosporidium carries the Cryptosporidium virus 1 (CSpV1), a double-stranded (ds) RNA virus coding two dsRNA fragments, CSpV1-dsRdRp and CSpV1-dsCA. Both CSpV1-dsRdRp and CSpV1-dsCA can be delivered into infected cells as previously reported. We found that cells transfected with in vitro transcribed CSpV1-dsCA or CSpV1-dsRdRp displayed an increased level of U90926, suggesting that CSpV1 is involved in the upregulation of U90926 during Cryptosporidium infection. Our study highlights a new strategy by Cryptosporidium to hijack a host lncRNA to suppress epithelial cell-autonomous antiparasitic defense and allow for a robust infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion L. Graham
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Min Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Ai-Yu Gong
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Silu Deng
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Kehua Jin
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, China
| | - Shuhong Wang
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Xian-Ming Chen
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
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Saraav I, Sibley LD. Dendritic Cells and Cryptosporidium: From Recognition to Restriction. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1056. [PMID: 37110479 PMCID: PMC10144555 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11041056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Host immune responses are required for the efficient control of cryptosporidiosis. Immunity against Cryptosporidium infection has been best studied in mice, where it is mediated by both innate and adaptive immune responses. Dendritic cells are the key link between innate and adaptive immunity and participate in the defense against Cryptosporidium infection. While the effector mechanism varies, both humans and mice rely on dendritic cells for sensing parasites and restricting infection. Recently, the use of mouse-adapted strains C. parvum and mouse-specific strain C. tyzzeri have provided tractable systems to study the role of dendritic cells in mice against this parasite. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advances in innate immunity acting during infection with Cryptosporidium with a major focus on the role of dendritic cells in the intestinal mucosa. Further work is required to understand the role of dendritic cells in the activation of T cells and to explore associated molecular mechanisms. The identification of Cryptosporidium antigen involved in the activation of Toll-like receptor signaling in dendritic cells during infection is also a matter of future study. The in-depth knowledge of immune responses in cryptosporidiosis will help develop targeted prophylactic and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L. David Sibley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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11
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Hoque S, Pinto P, Ribeiro CA, Canniere E, Daandels Y, Dellevoet M, Bourgeois A, Hammouma O, Hunter P, Gentekaki E, Kváč M, Follet J, Tsaousis AD. Follow-up investigation into Cryptosporidium prevalence and transmission in Western European dairy farms. Vet Parasitol 2023; 318:109920. [PMID: 37030025 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum is an enteric parasite and a major contributor to acute enteritis in calves worldwide, causing an important economic burden for farmers. This parasite poses a major public health threat through transmission between livestock and humans. Our previous pilot study in Western Europe revealed a high prevalence of Cryptosporidium in calves of dairy farms. In the sequel study herein, 936 faecal samples were collected from the same 51 dairy farms across Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. Following DNA extraction, Cryptosporidium screening was carried out using nested-PCR amplification targeting the SSU rRNA gene. All positive samples were sequenced, and phylogenetic analyses were used to identify the Cryptosporidium spp. present. The 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene was also sequenced to determine the C. parvum subtypes present. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium ranged from 23.3% to 25%, across the three countries surveyed. The parasite was found in most of the farms sampled, with 90.2% testing positive. Cryptosporidium parvum, C. bovis, C. ryanae and C. andersoni were all identified, with the former being the most predominant, representing 71.4% of all infections. Cryptosporidium parvum was associated with pre-weaned calves, while other species were associated with older animals. Subtyping of gp60 gene revealed nine subtypes, eight of which have previously been reported to cause clinical disease in humans. Similarly to the first study, vertical transmission was not a major contributor to Cryptosporidium spread. Our study highlights the need for further investigation into cryptosporidiosis transmission, and future studies will require a One Health approach to reduce the impact of this disease.
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Solarczyk P, Wojtkowiak-Giera A, Heddergott M. Migrating Anatidae as Sources of Environmental Contamination with Zoonotic Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora and Microsporidia. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030487. [PMID: 36986409 PMCID: PMC10057910 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, and microsporidia are gastrointestinal pathogens that can cause various disease symptoms in both animals and humans. Numerous studies worldwide have confirmed the presence of these eukaryotic pathogens in nesting and migrating wild geese, ducks, and swans. Migration spreads these zoonotic enteric pathogens to distant locations, which could have public health implications. Soils and water bodies (lakes, ponds, rivers and wetlands) in urban and suburban areas have been shown to be vulnerable to contamination by waterfowl droppings. This review addresses the epidemiology of these enteric pathogens in wild migratory bird species (Anatidae) and some consequences of their spread in the environment. To date, both zoonotic pathogens and genotypes restricted to avian hosts have been found in faecal samples from 21 anatid species worldwide. One of the routes of infection for these zoonotic gastrointestinal micropathogens is the indirect route. For example, shared water bodies (e.g., for drinking or recreational purposes) previously contaminated by birds during the migratory season may facilitate infections of humans through water. However, it is unclear how much wild waterfowl contribute to the transmission of giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, cyclosporosis, and microsporidiosis in many regions through contaminated environmental sources. Comprehensive epidemiological surveillance based on molecular data on gastrointestinal pathogens is crucial to take measures to control infections in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Solarczyk
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 10 Fredry Street, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wojtkowiak-Giera
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 10 Fredry Street, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
| | - Mike Heddergott
- Department of Zoology, Musée National d'Historire Naturelle, 25, Rue Münster, 2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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Rondello Bonatti T, Vidal Siqueira-Castro IC, Averaldo Guiguet Leal D, Durigan M, Pedroso Dias RJ, Bueno Franco RM. Molecular characterization of waterborne protozoa in surface water and sediment in Brazil: a taxonomic survey of ciliated protozoa and their correlation with Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:470. [PMID: 36922479 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11065-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The detection of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. was performed, along with the identification of the ciliated protozoa biodiversity, to evaluate the correlation between these protozoa in freshwater quality monitoring. Water and sediment samples from two sites in the Atibaia River (Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil) were collected monthly for 2 years (n = 96). Pathogenic protozoa in water and sediment were detected by using immunomagnetic separation, followed by visualization by immunofluorescence assay (IFA). All positive aliquots in IFA were subjected to DNA extraction and subsequently nested PCR. Qualitative (in vivo observation and silver impregnation) and quantitative (in vivo enumeration) analyses were performed for the ciliated protozoa. Giardia cysts were detected in 62.5% of the surface water samples and Cryptosporidium spp. in 25.0%. In the sediment, cysts were detected in 35.4% samples and oocysts in 16.6%. A total of 57 samples positive for Giardia cysts were subjected to sequencing, 40 of which were harboring G. duodenalis (24 were characterized as sub-assemblage AII). For ciliated protozoa, 73 taxa belonging to 53 genera were identified over the period of the study. These results revealed a high degree of contamination by waterborne protozoa in the main water source which supplies drinking water for more than one million people in Campinas (São Paulo), highlighting the need for continuous monitoring of this catchment site. In addition, the present study provides important data regarding the sources of the water body degradation, i.e., fecal contamination of human origin, in addition to the survey of the ciliated protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taís Rondello Bonatti
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, PO Box: 6109, CEP: 13083-970, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Isabel Cristina Vidal Siqueira-Castro
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, PO Box: 6109, CEP: 13083-970, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maurício Durigan
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, PO Box: 6109, CEP: 13083-970, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Regina Maura Bueno Franco
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, PO Box: 6109, CEP: 13083-970, São Paulo, Brazil
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Zorbozan O, Turgay N. Monitoring the Trends in Intestinal Parasite Frequencies; 2018 and 2022 Data. TURKIYE PARAZITOLOJII DERGISI 2023; 47:59-63. [PMID: 36872488 DOI: 10.4274/tpd.galenos.2023.66376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective Monitoring intestinal parasite frequencies is effective on diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies to be developed against these parasites. In this study, it was aimed to reveal the parasite species and frequency data of stool samples in parasitology direct diagnosis laboratory. Methods Stool parasitological examination results were obtained retrospectively from our laboratory internal quality control data tables. Data belonging to the year 2018 and 2022 were compared retrospectively. Results Annual parasites detected in stool samples were 388 of 4.518, and 710 of 3.537, in 2018 and 2022, respectively. Frequency of parasite detection in stool samples was found to be significantly higher in 2022 (p<0.0001). Number of stools with more than one parasite was 12 and 30 in 2018 and 2022, respectively. Incidence of infection with more than one parasite was significantly higher in 2022 (p=0.0003). Five most common parasite species were Blastocystis spp., Enterobius vermicularis, Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia intestinalis and Entamoeba histolytica in 2018, respectively; and Cryptosporidium spp., Blastocystis spp., Cyclospora spp., Entamoeba dispar and Giardia intestinalis, in 2022, respectively. Cryptosporidium spp., Cyclospora spp. and Entamoeba dispar increased significantly, while Blastocystis spp. and Enterobius vermicularis decreased significantly, in 2022. Conclusion According to the data obtained, causative agents for intestinal parasitic infections were protozoans, especially Cryptosporidium spp. It has been concluded that tightening the measures for protection of water with one health approach and improving the education and habits of society on personal hygiene and food safety can be effective in reducing the frequency of intestinal parasite infections in our region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orçun Zorbozan
- Ege Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Tıbbi Parazitoloji Anabilim Dalı, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Nevin Turgay
- Ege Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Tıbbi Parazitoloji Anabilim Dalı, İzmir, Türkiye
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15
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El-Ashkar AM, Mahmoud S, Sabry H, Guirguis N, El Komi W, Ali E, Abu Shousha T, Abdelmksoud HF. Nitazoxanide, Ivermectin, and Artemether effects against cryptosporidiosis in diabetic mice: parasitological, histopathological, and chemical studies. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:1070-1079. [PMID: 36092469 PMCID: PMC9451122 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-022-01527-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cryptosporidiosis is one of the most significant causes of water borne epidemics of diarrhea worldwide. It is extremely important in immunocompromised hosts and malnourished children as it could cause severe life-threatening diarrhea. Despite the global burden of the disease, there are only few available therapies against cryptosporidiosis. Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disorder that impair both the innate and adaptive immune responses of the patient. This study aimed to test the effect of Nitazoxanide, Ivermectin, and Artemether against cryptosporidiosis in diabetic mice. Sixty white albino mice were categorized into 6 groups; 10 mice each: GI: normal non-infected non-treated (healthy- control), GII-GVI (diabetic groups), GII: non-infected non treated (diabetic control), GIII: infected non treated (infected control), GIV: infected and treated with Nitazoxanide (NTZ), GV: infected and treated with Ivermectin (IVC), GVI: infected and treated with Artemether (ART). Parasitological, histopathological, and chemical examinations were done to evaluate the effect of NTZ, IVC, and ART against cryptosporidiosis in diabetic mice. Parasitological examination revealed maximum reduction of oocyst shedding in GVI, while histopathological examination showed the least pathologic changes in GV with mild vascular wall fibrosis and moderate lymphocytic infiltration of islets of Langerhans. Measurement of blood glucose level showed the best results with GIV. Nitazoxanide is effective against cryptosporidiosis in diabetic patients with minimal hyperglycemia, Artemether is especially effective in reducing the oocyst shedding in stool, whereas Ivermectin is associated with the least pathological changes in pancreatic islets of Langerhans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman M. El-Ashkar
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Soheir Mahmoud
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hoda Sabry
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nevine Guirguis
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Wafaa El Komi
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Eman Ali
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Tarek Abu Shousha
- Department of Pathology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hagar F. Abdelmksoud
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
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Uran-Velasquez J, Alzate JF, Farfan-Garcia AE, Gomez-Duarte OG, Martinez-Rosado LL, Dominguez-Hernandez DD, Rojas W, Galvan-Diaz AL, Garcia-Montoya GM. Multilocus Sequence Typing helps understand the genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum isolated from Colombian patients. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270995. [PMID: 35802653 PMCID: PMC9269747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multilocus Sequence Typing has become a useful tool for the study of the genetic diversity and population structure of different organisms. In this study, a MLST approach with seven loci (CP47, MS5, MS9, MSC6-7, TP14, and gp60) was used to analyze the genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum isolated from 28 Colombian patients. Five Cryptosporidium species were identified: C. hominis, C. parvum, Cryptosporidium felis, Cryptosporidium meleagridis, and Cryptosporidium suis. Unilocus gp60 analysis identified four allelic families for C. hominis (Ia, Ib, Id, and Ie) and two for C. parvum (IIa and IIc). There was polymorphic behavior of all markers evaluated for both C. hominis and C. parvum, particularly with the CP47, MS5, and gp60 markers. Phylogenetic analysis with consensus sequences (CS) of the markers showed a taxonomic agreement with the results obtained with the 18S rRNA and gp60 gene. Additionally, two monophyletic clades that clustered the species C. hominis and C. parvum were detected, with a higher number of subclades within the monophyletic groups compared to those with the gp60 gene. Thirteen MLG were identified for C. hominis and eight for C. parvum. Haplotypic and nucleotide diversity were detected, but only the latter was affected by the gp60 exclusion from the CS analysis. The gene fixation index showed an evolutionary closeness between the C. hominis samples and a less evolutionary closeness and greater sequence divergence in the C. parvum samples. Data obtained in this work support the implementation of MLST analysis in the study of the genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium, considering the more detailed information that it provides, which may explain some genetic events that with an unilocus approach could not be established. This is the first multilocus analysis of the intra-specific variability of Cryptosporidium from humans in South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Uran-Velasquez
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica–CNSG, Sede de Investigación Universitaria–SIU, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Juan F. Alzate
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica–CNSG, Sede de Investigación Universitaria–SIU, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
- Grupo Pediaciencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Ana E. Farfan-Garcia
- Universidad de Santander, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas y de la Salud, Instituto de Investigación Masira, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Oscar G. Gomez-Duarte
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
- John R. Oishei Children’s Hospital, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Larry L. Martinez-Rosado
- Equipo Latinoamericano de Investigación en Infectología y Salud Pública (ELISAP), E.S.E. Hospital La María, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Diego D. Dominguez-Hernandez
- Equipo Latinoamericano de Investigación en Infectología y Salud Pública (ELISAP), E.S.E. Hospital La María, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Winston Rojas
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética Molecular (GENMOL), Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ana Luz Galvan-Diaz
- Grupo de Microbiología Ambiental, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
- * E-mail:
| | - Gisela M. Garcia-Montoya
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica–CNSG, Sede de Investigación Universitaria–SIU, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
- Grupo Pediaciencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
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Pane S, Putignani L. Cryptosporidium: Still Open Scenarios. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050515. [PMID: 35631036 PMCID: PMC9143492 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is increasingly identified as a leading cause of childhood diarrhea and malnutrition in both low-income and high-income countries. The strong impact on public health in epidemic scenarios makes it increasingly essential to identify the sources of infection and understand the transmission routes in order to apply the right prevention or treatment protocols. The objective of this literature review was to present an overview of the current state of human cryptosporidiosis, reviewing risk factors, discussing advances in the drug treatment and epidemiology, and emphasizing the need to identify a government system for reporting diagnosed cases, hitherto undervalued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Pane
- Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Unit of Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology, Unit of Microbiomics, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Lorenza Putignani
- Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Unit of Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology, Unit of Microbiomics and Multimodal Laboratory Medicine Research Area, Unit of Human Microbiome, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Nakashima FT, Fonseca ABM, Coelho LFDO, Barbosa ADS, Bastos OMP, Uchôa CMA. Cryptosporidium species in non-human animal species in Latin America: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 29:100690. [PMID: 35256118 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is an infection caused by a protozoon that inhabits the gastrointestinal tract. More than forty valid species have been described in the genus Cryptosporidium, infecting a broad range of hosts around the world, some with zoonotic transmission and others with predominant anthroponotic transmission. Prevalence studies conducted in Latin American countries have been specific, without consolidating information on species prevalences. Thus, the aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis addressing the prevalence of Cryptosporidium species in animals in Latin America. The estimated pooled prevalence rate for cryptosporidiosis in animals, by means of meta-analysis with a random-effects model, based on species identification, was 18.0% (95% CI 11.0%-27.0%) with high heterogeneity. The estimated overall prevalence was 20.3% (36/177) in pets, 19.9% (1309/6573) in livestock animals and 23.9% (954/3995) in exotic/captive animals. Evidence of circulation of 16 Cryptosporidium species was found in five Latin American countries: Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Argentina and Mexico. Through meta-analysis with a random-effects model, the pooled prevalence rate for Cryptosporidium parvum was 0.7% (95% CI 0.2%-2.4%). Cryptosporidium felis (8.5%) was the most prevalent species in pets, C. parvum (10.3%) in livestock animals and Cryptosporidium galli (17.6%) in exotic/captive animals. C. parvum was the species with the greatest geographical dispersion, which can be explained by its eurixenic and zoonotic potential. Few studies on cryptosporidiosis in animals in Latin America were found, which shows that there is a need for investment in and expansion of studies on this parasite. The pooled prevalence of C. parvum in Latin America and its wide circulation are similar to what has been observed in other developing regions, which reaffirms the importance of this species as the cause of a neglected, emerging and zoonotic parasitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Terumi Nakashima
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Professor Hernani Pires de Melo 101, Centro, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil.
| | - Ana Beatriz Monteiro Fonseca
- Department of Statistics, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Professor Marcos Waldemar de Freitas Reis s/n, Blocos G e H, Campus do Gragoatá, São Domingos, Niterói, RJ 24210-201, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando de Oliveira Coelho
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Professor Hernani Pires de Melo 101, Centro, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Alynne da Silva Barbosa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Professor Hernani Pires de Melo 101, Centro, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Otilio Machado Pereira Bastos
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Professor Hernani Pires de Melo 101, Centro, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Claudia Maria Antunes Uchôa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Professor Hernani Pires de Melo 101, Centro, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil.
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Hoque S, Mavrides DE, Pinto P, Costas S, Begum N, Azevedo-Ribeiro C, Liapi M, Kváč M, Malas S, Gentekaki E, Tsaousis AD. High Occurrence of Zoonotic Subtypes of Cryptosporidiumparvum in Cypriot Dairy Farms. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030531. [PMID: 35336110 PMCID: PMC8951114 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum is one of the major causes of neonatal calf diarrhoea resulting in reduced farm productivity and compromised animal welfare worldwide. Livestock act as a major reservoir of this parasite, which can be transmitted to humans directly and/or indirectly, posing a public health risk. Research reports on the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in ruminants from east Mediterranean countries, including Cyprus, are limited. This study is the first to explore the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. in cattle up to 24 months old on the island of Cyprus. A total of 242 faecal samples were collected from 10 dairy cattle farms in Cyprus, all of which were screened for Cryptosporidium spp. using nested-PCR amplification targeting the small subunit of the ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) gene. The 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene was also sequenced for the samples identified as Cryptosporidium parvum-positive to determine the subtypes present. The occurrence of Cryptosporidium was 43.8% (106/242) with at least one positive isolate in each farm sampled. Cryptosporidium bovis, Cryptosporidium ryanae and C. parvum were the only species identified, while the prevalence per farm ranged from 20–64%. Amongst these, the latter was the predominant species, representing 51.8% of all positive samples, followed by C. bovis (21.7%) and C. ryanae (31.1%). Five C. parvum subtypes were identified, four of which are zoonotic—IIaA14G1R1, IIaA15G1R1, IIaA15G2R1 and IIaA18G2R1. IIaA14G1R1 was the most abundant, representing 48.2% of all C. parvum positive samples, and was also the most widespread. This is the first report of zoonotic subtypes of C. parvum circulating in Cyprus. These results highlight the need for further research into the parasite focusing on its diversity, prevalence, host range and transmission dynamics on the island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaiya Hoque
- Laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK; (S.H.); (P.P.); (S.C.); (N.B.); (C.A.-R.)
| | - Daphne E. Mavrides
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia 2408, Cyprus; (D.E.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Pedro Pinto
- Laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK; (S.H.); (P.P.); (S.C.); (N.B.); (C.A.-R.)
| | - Silvia Costas
- Laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK; (S.H.); (P.P.); (S.C.); (N.B.); (C.A.-R.)
| | - Nisa Begum
- Laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK; (S.H.); (P.P.); (S.C.); (N.B.); (C.A.-R.)
| | - Claudia Azevedo-Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK; (S.H.); (P.P.); (S.C.); (N.B.); (C.A.-R.)
| | - Maria Liapi
- Veterinary Services of Cyprus, Nicosia 1417, Cyprus;
| | - Martin Kváč
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Stavros Malas
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia 2408, Cyprus; (D.E.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Eleni Gentekaki
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand;
- Gut Microbiome Research Group, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Anastasios D. Tsaousis
- Laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK; (S.H.); (P.P.); (S.C.); (N.B.); (C.A.-R.)
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia 2408, Cyprus; (D.E.M.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence: or
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20
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Picot S, Beugnet F, Leboucher G, Bienvenu AL. Drug resistant parasites and fungi from a one-health perspective: A global concern that needs transdisciplinary stewardship programs. One Health 2021; 14:100368. [PMID: 34957316 PMCID: PMC8692089 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobials including antibiotics, antiparasitic, and antifungals, are subjected to resistance. In this context, Public Health Organizations called for a One Health approach because antimicrobials used to treat different infectious diseases in animals and plants may be the same than those used in humans. Whereas mechanisms of resistance transmission from animals or environment to humans should be considered differently if related to prokaryotic or eukaryotic pathogens, their impact can be considered as a whole. In that respect, we discussed the use of anti-parasitic in animals including anticoccidials, anthelmintics, and insecticides-acaricides, and the use of azoles in the environment that may both favor the development of drug resistance in humans. In light of the current situation, there is an urgent need for a transdisciplinary approach through anti-parasitic and antifungal stewardship programs in humans, animals, and environment, especially in the era of COVID-19 pandemic that will probably aggravate antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Picot
- Univ Lyon, Malaria Research Unit, SMITh, ICBMS UMR 5246, Lyon, France.,Institut de Parasitologie et Mycologie Medicale, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Gilles Leboucher
- Service Pharmacie, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Anne-Lise Bienvenu
- Univ Lyon, Malaria Research Unit, SMITh, ICBMS UMR 5246, Lyon, France.,Service Pharmacie, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
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21
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Dual transcriptomics to determine interferon-gamma independent host response to intestinal Cryptosporidium parvum infection. Infect Immun 2021; 90:e0063821. [PMID: 34928716 PMCID: PMC8852703 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00638-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals with a chronic infection of the parasite Toxoplasma gondii are protected against lethal secondary infection with other pathogens. Our group previously determined that soluble T. gondii antigens (STAg) can mimic this protection and be used as a treatment against several lethal pathogens. Because treatments are limited for the parasite Cryptosporidium parvum, we tested STAg as a C. parvum therapeutic. We determined that STAg treatment reduced C. parvum Iowa II oocyst shedding in gamma interferon knockout (IFN-γ-KO) mice. Murine intestinal sections were then sequenced to define the IFN-γ-independent transcriptomic response to C. parvum infection. Gene Ontology and transcript abundance comparisons showed host immune response and metabolism changes. Transcripts for type I interferon-responsive genes were more abundant in C. parvum-infected mice treated with STAg. Comparisons between phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and STAg treatments showed no significant differences in C. parvum gene expression. C. parvum transcript abundance was highest in the ileum and mucin-like glycoproteins and the GDP-fucose transporter were among the most abundant. These results will assist the field in determining both host- and parasite-directed future therapeutic targets.
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22
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Asmare MM, Nitin N, Yun SI, Mahapatra RK. QSAR and deep learning model for virtual screening of potential inhibitors against Inosine 5' Monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) of Cryptosporidium parvum. J Mol Graph Model 2021; 111:108108. [PMID: 34911011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.108108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum (Cp) causes a gastro-intestinal disease called Cryptosporidiosis. C. parvum Inosine 5' monophosphate dehydrogenase (CpIMPDH) is responsible for the production of guanine nucleotides. In the present study, 37 known urea-based congeneric compounds were used to build a 2D and 3D QSAR model against CpIMPDH. The built models were validated based on OECD principles. A deep learning model was adopted from a framework called Deep Purpose. The model was trained with 288 known active compounds and validated using a test set. From the training set of the 3D QSAR, a pharmacophore model was built and the best pharmacophore hypotheses were scored and sorted using a phase-hypo score. A phytochemical database was screened using both the pharmacophore model and a deep learning model. The screened compounds were considered for glide XP docking, followed by quantum polarized ligand docking. Finally, the best compound among them was considered for molecular dynamics simulation study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nitin Nitin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Soon-Il Yun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Rajani Kanta Mahapatra
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, Odisha, India.
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Fahmy MEA, Abdelaal AA, Hassan SI, Shalaby MA, Ismail MAM, Khairy RA, Badawi MA, Afife AA, Fadl HO. Antiparasitic and immunomodulating effects of nitazoxanide, ivermectin and selenium on Cryptosporidium infection in diabetic mice. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2021; 30:e012121. [PMID: 34852131 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612021087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The present work aims to investigate the antiparasitic and the immunomodulating effects of nitazoxanide (NTZ) and ivermectin (IVC) alone or combined together or combined with selenium (Se), on Cryptosporidium infection in diabetic mice. The results revealed that the combined NTZ and IVC therapy achieved the highest reduction of fecal oocysts (92%), whereas single NTZ showed the lowest reduction (63%). Also, adding Se to either NTZ or IVC resulted in elevation of oocyst reduction from 63% to 71% and from 82% to 84% respectively. All treatment regimens, with the exception of NTZ monotherapy, showed a significant improvement in the intestinal histopathology, the highest score was in combined NTZ and IVC therapy. The unique results of immunohistochemistry in this study showed reversal of the normal CD4/CD8 T cell ratio in the infected untreated mice, however, following therapy it reverts back to a normal balanced ratio. The combined (NTZ+ IVC) treatment demonstrated the highest level of CD4 T cell expression. Taken together, NTZ and IVC combined therapy showed remarkable anti-parasitic and immunostimulatory effects, specifically towards the CD4 population that seem to be promising in controlling cryptosporidiosis in diabetic individuals. Further research is required to explore other effective treatment strategies for those comorbid patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amany Ahmed Abdelaal
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Armed Forces College of Medicine - AFCM, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Soad Ismail Hassan
- Medical Parasitology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute - TBRI, Giza, Egypt
| | - Maisa Ahmed Shalaby
- Medical Parasitology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute - TBRI, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Rasha Ahmed Khairy
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Adam Ashraf Afife
- College of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Leicester University, United Kingdom
| | - Hanaa Omar Fadl
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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24
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Baptista RP, Cooper GW, Kissinger JC. Challenges for Cryptosporidium Population Studies. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:894. [PMID: 34200631 PMCID: PMC8229070 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is ranked sixth in the list of the most important food-borne parasites globally, and it is an important contributor to mortality in infants and the immunosuppressed. Recently, the number of genome sequences available for this parasite has increased drastically. The majority of the sequences are derived from population studies of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis, the most important species causing disease in humans. Work with this parasite is challenging since it lacks an optimal, prolonged, in vitro culture system, which accurately reproduces the in vivo life cycle. This obstacle makes the cloning of isolates nearly impossible. Thus, patient isolates that are sequenced represent a population or, at times, mixed infections. Oocysts, the lifecycle stage currently used for sequencing, must be considered a population even if the sequence is derived from single-cell sequencing of a single oocyst because each oocyst contains four haploid meiotic progeny (sporozoites). Additionally, the community does not yet have a set of universal markers for strain typing that are distributed across all chromosomes. These variables pose challenges for population studies and require careful analyses to avoid biased interpretation. This review presents an overview of existing population studies, challenges, and potential solutions to facilitate future population analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo P. Baptista
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Garrett W. Cooper
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Jessica C. Kissinger
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
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25
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The Efficacy of Citrus maxima Peels Aqueous Extract Against Cryptosporidiosis in Immunecompromised Mice. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:638-653. [PMID: 33471284 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-020-00315-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cryptosporidiosis is an opportunistic globally distributed parasitic disease caused by protozoan Cryptosporidium where its development is closely related to the host's immune status. New therapeutic agents are a high priority as chemotherapeutics are impractical and vaccines are unavailable for young as well as immune-compromised patients or animals. The current study was designed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of the internal white (albedo) and external yellow (flavedo) peels of Citrus maxima (C. maxima) as an alternative medicinal plant. MATERIALS AND METHODS : Parasitological examination for oocysts in the stool was determined. Histopathological alterations and immunohistochemical expression of APC and cyclin D1 as well as an assessment of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) in ileal tissues was carried out. In addition, the biochemical examination of serum albumin, globulin and liver enzymes were evaluated. Results revealed a significant decrease of oocysts count correlated with an amelioration of histopathological and immunohistochemical changes in ileal tissue with an enhancement of liver enzymes and inflammatory cytokines levels. CONCLUSION It could be concluded that treatment with C. maxima peel extracts have a potential therapeutic and an immunoregulatory efficacy against Cryptosporidiosis. Obtained results showed that the white peel was found to have more immunological effect that could significantly enhance inflammatory cytokines response towards normal status. Hence, it can be used in the daily animal diet to give protective effects against infection.
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Mirdha BR. Evolving Patterns of Cryptosporidiosis: Issues and Implications in the Context of Public Health in India. ANNALS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES (INDIA) 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1726149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCryptosporidiosis is one of the major causes of diarrhea in immune-compromised individuals and children besides causing sporadic water-borne, food-borne, and zoonotic outbreaks. In 2016, Cryptosporidium species infection was the fifth leading cause of diarrhea and acute infection causing more than 4.2 million disability-adjusted life years lost besides a decrease in childhood growth. Human cryptosporidiosis is primarily caused by two species/genotype: Cryptosporidium hominis (anthroponotic) and Cryptosporidium parvum (zoonotic) besides other six rare species/genotypes. Transmission intensity, genetic diversity, and occurrence of genetic recombination have shaped the genus Cryptosporidium population structures into palmitic, clonal, and epidemic. Genetic recombination is more in C. parvum compared with C. hominis. Furthermore, parasite–host co-evolution, host adaptation, and geographic segregation have led to the formation of “subtype- families.” Host-adapted subtype-families have distinct geographical distribution and host preferences. Genetic exchanges between subtypes played an important role throughout the evolution of the genus leading to “adaptation introgression” that led to emergence of virulent and hyper-transmissible subtypes. The population structure of C. hominis in India appears to be more complex where both transmission intensity and genetic diversity are much higher. Further, study based on “molecular strain surveillance” has resulted newer insights into the epidemiology and transmission of cryptosporidiosis in India. The identification at the species and genotype levels is essential for the assessment of infection sources in humans and the public health potential of the parasite at large. The results of the study over three decades on cryptosporidiosis in India, in the absence of a national surveillance data, were analyzed highlighting current situation on epidemiology, genetic diversity, and distribution particularly among vulnerable population. Despite creditable efforts, there are still many areas need to be explored; therefore, the intent of this article is to facilitate future research approaches for mitigating the burden associated with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijay Ranjan Mirdha
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Cossa-Moiane I, Cossa H, Bauhofer AFL, Chilaúle J, Guimarães EL, Bero DM, Cassocera M, Bambo M, Anapakala E, Chissaque A, Sambo J, Langa JS, Manhique-Coutinho LV, Fantinatti M, Lopes-Oliveira LA, Da-Cruz AM, de Deus N. High Frequency of Cryptosporidium hominis Infecting Infants Points to A Potential Anthroponotic Transmission in Maputo, Mozambique. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030293. [PMID: 33806380 PMCID: PMC8002024 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is one of the most important causes of diarrhea in children less than 2 years of age. In this study, we report the frequency, risk factors and species of Cryptosporidium detected by molecular diagnostic methods in children admitted to two public hospitals in Maputo City, Mozambique. We studied 319 patients under the age of five years who were admitted due to diarrhea between April 2015 and February 2016. Single stool samples were examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts, microscopically by using a Modified Ziehl-Neelsen (mZN) staining method and by using Polymerase Chain Reaction and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique using 18S ribosomal RNA gene as a target. Overall, 57.7% (184/319) were males, the median age (Interquartile range, IQR) was 11.0 (7-15) months. Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts were detected in 11.0% (35/319) by microscopy and in 35.4% (68/192) using PCR-RFLP. The most affected age group were children older than two years, [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 5.861; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.532-22.417; p-value < 0.05]. Children with illiterate caregivers had higher risk of infection (aOR: 1.688; 95% CI: 1.001-2.845; p-value < 0.05). An anthroponotic species C. hominis was found in 93.0% (27/29) of samples. Our findings demonstrated that cryptosporidiosis in children with diarrhea might be caused by anthroponomic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idalécia Cossa-Moiane
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila–Parcela n° 3943, Distrito de Marracuene, Maputo 264, Mozambique; (A.F.L.B.); (J.C.); (E.L.G.); (D.M.B.); (M.C.); (M.B.); (E.A.); (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.S.L.); (L.V.M.-C.); (N.d.D.)
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +258-84-327-3270
| | - Hermínio Cossa
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Unidade de Pesquisa Social, Manhiça Foundation (Fundação Manhiça, FM), Manhiça 1929, Mozambique;
| | - Adilson Fernando Loforte Bauhofer
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila–Parcela n° 3943, Distrito de Marracuene, Maputo 264, Mozambique; (A.F.L.B.); (J.C.); (E.L.G.); (D.M.B.); (M.C.); (M.B.); (E.A.); (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.S.L.); (L.V.M.-C.); (N.d.D.)
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jorfélia Chilaúle
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila–Parcela n° 3943, Distrito de Marracuene, Maputo 264, Mozambique; (A.F.L.B.); (J.C.); (E.L.G.); (D.M.B.); (M.C.); (M.B.); (E.A.); (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.S.L.); (L.V.M.-C.); (N.d.D.)
| | - Esperança Lourenço Guimarães
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila–Parcela n° 3943, Distrito de Marracuene, Maputo 264, Mozambique; (A.F.L.B.); (J.C.); (E.L.G.); (D.M.B.); (M.C.); (M.B.); (E.A.); (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.S.L.); (L.V.M.-C.); (N.d.D.)
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diocreciano Matias Bero
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila–Parcela n° 3943, Distrito de Marracuene, Maputo 264, Mozambique; (A.F.L.B.); (J.C.); (E.L.G.); (D.M.B.); (M.C.); (M.B.); (E.A.); (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.S.L.); (L.V.M.-C.); (N.d.D.)
| | - Marta Cassocera
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila–Parcela n° 3943, Distrito de Marracuene, Maputo 264, Mozambique; (A.F.L.B.); (J.C.); (E.L.G.); (D.M.B.); (M.C.); (M.B.); (E.A.); (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.S.L.); (L.V.M.-C.); (N.d.D.)
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Bambo
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila–Parcela n° 3943, Distrito de Marracuene, Maputo 264, Mozambique; (A.F.L.B.); (J.C.); (E.L.G.); (D.M.B.); (M.C.); (M.B.); (E.A.); (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.S.L.); (L.V.M.-C.); (N.d.D.)
| | - Elda Anapakala
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila–Parcela n° 3943, Distrito de Marracuene, Maputo 264, Mozambique; (A.F.L.B.); (J.C.); (E.L.G.); (D.M.B.); (M.C.); (M.B.); (E.A.); (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.S.L.); (L.V.M.-C.); (N.d.D.)
| | - Assucênio Chissaque
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila–Parcela n° 3943, Distrito de Marracuene, Maputo 264, Mozambique; (A.F.L.B.); (J.C.); (E.L.G.); (D.M.B.); (M.C.); (M.B.); (E.A.); (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.S.L.); (L.V.M.-C.); (N.d.D.)
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Júlia Sambo
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila–Parcela n° 3943, Distrito de Marracuene, Maputo 264, Mozambique; (A.F.L.B.); (J.C.); (E.L.G.); (D.M.B.); (M.C.); (M.B.); (E.A.); (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.S.L.); (L.V.M.-C.); (N.d.D.)
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jerónimo Souzinho Langa
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila–Parcela n° 3943, Distrito de Marracuene, Maputo 264, Mozambique; (A.F.L.B.); (J.C.); (E.L.G.); (D.M.B.); (M.C.); (M.B.); (E.A.); (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.S.L.); (L.V.M.-C.); (N.d.D.)
| | - Lena Vânia Manhique-Coutinho
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila–Parcela n° 3943, Distrito de Marracuene, Maputo 264, Mozambique; (A.F.L.B.); (J.C.); (E.L.G.); (D.M.B.); (M.C.); (M.B.); (E.A.); (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.S.L.); (L.V.M.-C.); (N.d.D.)
| | - Maria Fantinatti
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 22040-360, Brazil; (M.F.); (L.A.L.-O.); (A.M.D.-C.)
| | - Luis António Lopes-Oliveira
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 22040-360, Brazil; (M.F.); (L.A.L.-O.); (A.M.D.-C.)
| | - Alda Maria Da-Cruz
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 22040-360, Brazil; (M.F.); (L.A.L.-O.); (A.M.D.-C.)
- Disciplina de Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, UERJ/RH, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Nilsa de Deus
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila–Parcela n° 3943, Distrito de Marracuene, Maputo 264, Mozambique; (A.F.L.B.); (J.C.); (E.L.G.); (D.M.B.); (M.C.); (M.B.); (E.A.); (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.S.L.); (L.V.M.-C.); (N.d.D.)
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo 3453, Mozambique
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Zaheer T, Imran M, Abbas RZ, Zaheer I, Malik MA. Avian cryptosporidiosis and its zoonotic significance in Asia. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2020.1866961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tean Zaheer
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rao Zahid Abbas
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Zaheer
- Department of Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Lichtmannsperger K, Harl J, Freudenthaler K, Hinney B, Wittek T, Joachim A. Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium ryanae, and Cryptosporidium bovis in samples from calves in Austria. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:4291-4295. [PMID: 33057813 PMCID: PMC7704486 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06928-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Fecal samples of 177 calves of up to 180 days of age with diarrhea from 70 farms in Austria were examined to obtain information on the occurrence of Cryptosporidium species. Initially, all samples were examined by phase-contrast microscopy. Cryptosporidium-positive samples (55.4%; n = 98) were screened by gp60 PCR, resulting in 68.4% (n = 67) C. parvum-positive samples. The remaining 31 gp60-PCR-negative and the phase-contrast microscopy negative samples (n = 79) were screened by PCR targeting a 700 bp fragment of the 18S rRNA gene. Sequencing of the PCR products revealed the presence of C. parvum (n = 69), C. ryanae (n = 11), and C. bovis (n = 7). The latter two species have never been described in Austria. C. parvum-positive samples were genotyped at the gp60 gene locus, featuring four subtypes (IIaA15G2R1, IIaA21G2R1, IIaA19G2R1, IIaA14G1R1). The most frequently detected subtype IIaA15G2R1 (n = 52) was present in calves from 30 different farms. IIaA14G1R1 (n = 5) occurred on a single farm, subtype IIaA21G2R1 (n = 4) on two farms, and subtype IIaA19G2R1 (n = 4) on three farms. The results confirm the widespread occurrence of zoonotic C. parvum in diarrheic calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Lichtmannsperger
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Wien, Austria.
| | - Josef Harl
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Katharina Freudenthaler
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Barbara Hinney
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Thomas Wittek
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Anja Joachim
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Wien, Austria
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Mfeka MS, Martínez-Oyanedel J, Chen W, Achilonu I, Syed K, Khoza T. Comparative analyses and structural insights of new class glutathione transferases in Cryptosporidium species. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20370. [PMID: 33230237 PMCID: PMC7683740 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77233-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Cryptosporidium, is estimated to rank as a leading cause in the global burden of neglected zoonotic parasitic diseases. This diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under 5 years of age. Based on the C. parvum transcriptome data, glutathione transferase (GST) has been suggested as a drug target against this pathogen. GSTs are diverse multifunctional proteins involved in cellular defense and detoxification in organisms and help pathogens to alleviate chemical and environmental stress. In this study, we performed genome-wide data mining, identification, classification and in silico structural analysis of GSTs in fifteen Cryptosporidium species. The study revealed the presence three GSTs in each of the Cryptosporidium species analyzed in the study. Based on the percentage identity and comprehensive comparative phylogenetic analysis, we assigned Cryptosporidium species GSTs to three new GST classes, named Vega (ϑ), Gamma (γ) and Psi (ψ). The study also revealed an atypical thioredoxin-like fold in the C. parvum GST1 of the Vega class, whereas C. parvum GST2 of the Gamma class and C. melagridis GST3 of the Psi class has a typical thioredoxin-like fold in the N-terminal region. This study reports the first comparative analysis of GSTs in Cryptosporidium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mbalenhle Sizamile Mfeka
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Pietermaritzburg Campus), Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal, 3209, South Africa
| | - José Martínez-Oyanedel
- Laboratorio de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario S/N, Casilla 160_C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Wanping Chen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ikechukwu Achilonu
- Protein Structure-Function Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Khajamohiddin Syed
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Zululand, 1 Main Road Vulindlela, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa.
| | - Thandeka Khoza
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Pietermaritzburg Campus), Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal, 3209, South Africa.
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