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McConnell BB, Liang Z, Xu C, Han Y, Yun CC. LPA 5-Dependent signaling regulates regeneration of the intestinal epithelium following irradiation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2024; 326:G631-G642. [PMID: 38593468 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00269.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid molecule that regulates a wide array of cellular functions, including proliferation, differentiation, and survival, via activation of cognate receptors. The LPA5 receptor is highly expressed in the intestinal epithelium, but its function in restoring intestinal epithelial integrity following injury has not been examined. Here, we use a radiation-induced injury model to study the role of LPA5 in regulating intestinal epithelial regeneration. Control mice (Lpar5f/f) and mice with an inducible, epithelial cell-specific deletion of Lpar5 in the small intestine (Lpar5IECKO) were subjected to 10 Gy total body X-ray irradiation and analyzed during recovery. Repair of the intestinal mucosa was delayed in Lpar5IECKO mice with reduced epithelial proliferation and increased crypt cell apoptosis. These effects were accompanied by reduced numbers of OLFM4+ intestinal stem cells (ISCs). The effects of LPA5 on ISCs were corroborated by studies using organoids derived from Lgr5-lineage tracking reporter mice with deletion of Lpar5 in Lgr5+-stem cells (Lgr5Cont or Lgr5ΔLpar5). Irradiation of organoids resulted in fewer numbers of Lgr5ΔLpar5 organoids retaining Lgr5+-derived progenitor cells compared with Lgr5Cont organoids. Finally, we observed that impaired regeneration in Lpar5IECKO mice was associated with reduced numbers of Paneth cells and decreased expression of Yes-associated protein (YAP), a critical factor for intestinal epithelial repair. Our study highlights a novel role for LPA5 in regeneration of the intestinal epithelium following irradiation and its effect on the maintenance of Paneth cells that support the stem cell niche.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We used mice lacking expression of the lysophosphatidic acid receptor 5 (LPA5) in intestinal epithelial cells and intestinal organoids to show that the LPA5 receptor protects intestinal stem cells and progenitors from radiation-induced injury. We show that LPA5 induces YAP signaling and regulates Paneth cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth B McConnell
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Zhongxing Liang
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Chad Xu
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Yiran Han
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - C Chris Yun
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Gastroenterology Research, Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, United States
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
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2
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Hutka B, Várallyay A, László SB, Tóth AS, Scheich B, Paku S, Vörös I, Pós Z, Varga ZV, Norman DD, Balogh A, Benyó Z, Tigyi G, Gyires K, Zádori ZS. A dual role of lysophosphatidic acid type 2 receptor (LPAR2) in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced mouse enteropathy. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:339-353. [PMID: 37816857 PMCID: PMC10789874 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01175-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive phospholipid mediator that has been found to ameliorate nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced gastric injury by acting on lysophosphatidic acid type 2 receptor (LPAR2). In this study, we investigated whether LPAR2 signaling was implicated in the development of NSAID-induced small intestinal injury (enteropathy), another major complication of NSAID use. Wild-type (WT) and Lpar2 deficient (Lpar2-/-) mice were treated with a single, large dose (20 or 30 mg/kg, i.g.) of indomethacin (IND). The mice were euthanized at 6 or 24 h after IND treatment. We showed that IND-induced mucosal enteropathy and neutrophil recruitment occurred much earlier (at 6 h after IND treatment) in Lpar2-/- mice compared to WT mice, but the tissue levels of inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, TNF-α, inducible COX-2, CAMP) remained at much lower levels. Administration of a selective LPAR2 agonist DBIBB (1, 10 mg/kg, i.g., twice at 24 h and 30 min before IND treatment) dose-dependently reduced mucosal injury and neutrophil activation in enteropathy, but it also enhanced IND-induced elevation of several proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines. By assessing caspase-3 activation, we found significantly increased intestinal apoptosis in IND-treated Lpar2-/- mice, but it was attenuated after DBIBB administration, especially in non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice. Finally, we showed that IND treatment reduced the plasma activity and expression of autotaxin (ATX), the main LPA-producing enzyme, and also reduced the intestinal expression of Lpar2 mRNA, which preceded the development of mucosal damage. We conclude that LPAR2 has a dual role in NSAID enteropathy, as it contributes to the maintenance of mucosal integrity after NSAID exposure, but also orchestrates the inflammatory responses associated with ulceration. Our study suggests that IND-induced inhibition of the ATX-LPAR2 axis is an early event in the pathogenesis of enteropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hutka
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Pharmacological and Drug Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Plc, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anett Várallyay
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia B László
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András S Tóth
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint Scheich
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sándor Paku
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imre Vörös
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- HCEMM-SU Cardiometabolic Immunology Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Momentum Cardio-Oncology and Cardioimmunology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE System Pharmacology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Pós
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán V Varga
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- HCEMM-SU Cardiometabolic Immunology Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Momentum Cardio-Oncology and Cardioimmunology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Derek D Norman
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Andrea Balogh
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Benyó
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-SU Cerebrovascular and Neurocognitive Diseases Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, TN, USA
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Klára Gyires
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán S Zádori
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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3
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Torres RM, Turner JA, D’Antonio M, Pelanda R, Kremer KN. Regulation of CD8 T-cell signaling, metabolism, and cytotoxic activity by extracellular lysophosphatidic acid. Immunol Rev 2023; 317:203-222. [PMID: 37096808 PMCID: PMC10523933 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is an endogenous bioactive lipid that is produced extracellularly and signals to cells via cognate LPA receptors, which are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Mature lymphocytes in mice and humans express three LPA receptors, LPA2 , LPA5, and LPA6 , and work from our group has determined that LPA5 signaling by T lymphocytes inhibits specific antigen-receptor signaling pathways that ultimately impair lymphocyte activation, proliferation, and function. In this review, we discuss previous and ongoing work characterizing the ability of an LPA-LPA5 axis to serve as a peripheral immunological tolerance mechanism that restrains adaptive immunity but is subverted during settings of chronic inflammation. Specifically, LPA-LPA5 signaling is found to regulate effector cytotoxic CD8 T cells by (at least) two mechanisms: (i) regulating the actin-microtubule cytoskeleton in a manner that impairs immunological synapse formation between an effector CD8 T cell and antigen-specific target cell, thus directly impairing cytotoxic activity, and (ii) shifting T-cell metabolism to depend on fatty-acid oxidation for mitochondrial respiration and reducing metabolic efficiency. The in vivo outcome of LPA5 inhibitory activity impairs CD8 T-cell killing and tumor immunity in mouse models providing impetus to consider LPA5 antagonism for the treatment of malignancies and chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul M. Torres
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora Colorado, 80045
| | - Jacqueline A. Turner
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora Colorado, 80045
| | - Marc D’Antonio
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora Colorado, 80045
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora Colorado, 80045
| | - Kimberly N. Kremer
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora Colorado, 80045
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Lin KH, Lee SC, Dacheux MA, Norman DD, Balogh A, Bavaria M, Lee H, Tigyi G. E2F7 drives autotaxin/Enpp2 transcription via chromosome looping: Repression by p53 in murine but not in human carcinomas. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23058. [PMID: 37358838 PMCID: PMC10364077 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300838r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the autotaxin (ATX, Enpp2)-lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signaling in cancerous cells contributes to tumorigenesis and therapy resistance. We previously found that ATX activity was elevated in p53-KO mice compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Here, we report that ATX expression was upregulated in mouse embryonic fibroblasts from p53-KO and p53R172H mutant mice. ATX promoter analysis combined with yeast one-hybrid testing revealed that WT p53 directly inhibits ATX expression via E2F7. Knockdown of E2F7 reduced ATX expression and chromosome immunoprecipitation showed that E2F7 promotes Enpp2 transcription through cooperative binding to two E2F7 sites (promoter region -1393 bp and second intron 996 bp). Using chromosome conformation capture, we found that chromosome looping brings together the two E2F7 binding sites. We discovered a p53 binding site in the first intron of murine Enpp2, but not in human ENPP2. Binding of p53 disrupted the E2F7-mediated chromosomal looping and repressed Enpp2 transcription in murine cells. In contrast, we found no disruption of E2F7-mediated ENPP2 transcription via direct p53 binding in human carcinoma cells. In summary, E2F7 is a common transcription factor that upregulates ATX in human and mouse cells but is subject to steric interference by direct intronic p53 binding only in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Hung Lin
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sue Chin Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mélanie A Dacheux
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Derek D Norman
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Andrea Balogh
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mitul Bavaria
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hsinyu Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Gabor Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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5
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Yanagida K, Shimizu T. Lysophosphatidic acid, a simple phospholipid with myriad functions. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 246:108421. [PMID: 37080433 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a simple phospholipid consisting of a phosphate group, glycerol moiety, and only one hydrocarbon chain. Despite its simple chemical structure, LPA plays an important role as an essential bioactive signaling molecule via its specific six G protein-coupled receptors, LPA1-6. Recent studies, especially those using genetic tools, have revealed diverse physiological and pathological roles of LPA and LPA receptors in almost every organ system. Furthermore, many studies are illuminating detailed mechanisms to orchestrate multiple LPA receptor signaling pathways and to facilitate their coordinated function. Importantly, these extensive "bench" works are now translated into the "bedside" as exemplified by approaches targeting LPA1 signaling to combat fibrotic diseases. In this review, we discuss the physiological and pathological roles of LPA signaling and their implications for clinical application by focusing on findings revealed by in vivo studies utilizing genetic tools targeting LPA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yanagida
- Department of Lipid Life Science, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takao Shimizu
- Department of Lipid Life Science, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Tokyo, Japan
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Dacheux MA, Norman DD, Tigyi GJ, Lee SC. Emerging roles of lysophosphatidic acid receptor subtype 5 (LPAR5) in inflammatory diseases and cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 245:108414. [PMID: 37061203 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid mediator that regulates a variety of cellular functions such as cell proliferation, migration, survival, calcium mobilization, cytoskeletal rearrangements, and neurite retraction. The biological actions of LPA are mediated by at least six G protein-coupled receptors known as LPAR1-6. Given that LPAR1-3 were among the first LPARs identified, the majority of research efforts have focused on understanding their biology. This review provides an in-depth discussion of LPAR5, which has recently emerged as a key player in regulating normal intestinal homeostasis and modulating pathological conditions such as pain, itch, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. We also present a chronological overview of the efforts made to develop compounds that target LPAR5 for use as tool compounds to probe or validate LPAR5 biology and therapeutic agents for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie A Dacheux
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Derek D Norman
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Gábor J Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Sue Chin Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, TN, United States of America.
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7
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Putt KS, Du Y, Fu H, Zhang ZY. High-throughput screening strategies for space-based radiation countermeasure discovery. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2022; 35:88-104. [PMID: 36336374 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As humanity begins to venture further into space, approaches to better protect astronauts from the hazards found in space need to be developed. One particular hazard of concern is the complex radiation that is ever present in deep space. Currently, it is unlikely enough spacecraft shielding could be launched that would provide adequate protection to astronauts during long-duration missions such as a journey to Mars and back. In an effort to identify other means of protection, prophylactic radioprotective drugs have been proposed as a potential means to reduce the biological damage caused by this radiation. Unfortunately, few radioprotectors have been approved by the FDA for usage and for those that have been developed, they protect normal cells/tissues from acute, high levels of radiation exposure such as that from oncology radiation treatments. To date, essentially no radioprotectors have been developed that specifically counteract the effects of chronic low-dose rate space radiation. This review highlights how high-throughput screening (HTS) methodologies could be implemented to identify such a radioprotective agent. Several potential target, pathway, and phenotypic assays are discussed along with potential challenges towards screening for radioprotectors. Utilizing HTS strategies such as the ones proposed here have the potential to identify new chemical scaffolds that can be developed into efficacious radioprotectors that are specifically designed to protect astronauts during deep space journeys. The overarching goal of this review is to elicit broader interest in applying drug discovery techniques, specifically HTS towards the identification of radiation countermeasures designed to be efficacious towards the biological insults likely to be encountered by astronauts on long duration voyages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karson S Putt
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Yuhong Du
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Haian Fu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907 USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907 USA.
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Pei J, Cai L, Wang F, Xu C, Pei S, Guo H, Sun X, Chun J, Cong X, Zhu W, Zheng Z, Chen X. LPA 2 Contributes to Vascular Endothelium Homeostasis and Cardiac Remodeling After Myocardial Infarction. Circ Res 2022; 131:388-403. [PMID: 35920162 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.321036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most dangerous adverse cardiovascular events. Our previous study found that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is increased in human peripheral blood after MI, and LPA has a protective effect on the survival and proliferation of various cell types. However, the role of LPA and its receptors in MI is less understood. OBJECTIVES To study the unknown role of LPA and its receptors in heart during MI. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we found that mice also had elevated LPA level in peripheral blood, as well as increased cardiac expression of its receptor LPA2 in the early stages after MI. With adult and neonate MI models in global Lpar2 knockout (Lpar2-KO) mice, we found Lpar2 deficiency increased vascular leak leading to disruption of its homeostasis, so as to impaired heart function and increased early mortality. Histological examination revealed larger scar size, increased fibrosis, and reduced vascular density in the heart of Lpar2-KO mice. Furthermore, Lpar2-KO also attenuated blood flow recovery after femoral artery ligation with decreased vascular density in gastrocnemius. Our study revealed that Lpar2 was mainly expressed and altered in cardiac endothelial cells during MI, and use of endothelial-specific Lpar2 knockout mice phenocopied the global knockout mice. Additionally, adenovirus-Lpar2 and pharmacologically activated LPA2 significantly improved heart function, reduced scar size, increased vascular formation, and alleviated early mortality by maintaining vascular homeostasis owing to protecting vessels from leakage. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that LPA-LPA2 signaling could promote endothelial cell proliferation through PI3K-Akt/PLC-Raf1-Erk pathway and enhanced endothelial cell tube formation via PKD1-CD36 signaling. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that endothelial LPA-LPA2 signaling promotes angiogenesis and maintains vascular homeostasis, which is vital for restoring blood flow and repairing tissue function in ischemic injuries. Targeting LPA-LPA2 signal might have clinical therapeutic potential to protect the heart from ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiu Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease (J.P., L.C., C.X., S.P., X.C., Z.Z.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Fuwai Central-China Hospital, Central-China Branch of National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China (J.P., Z.Z.)
| | - Lin Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease (J.P., L.C., C.X., S.P., X.C., Z.Z.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, China (L.C.)
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Center of Laboratory Medicine (F.W., X. Cong, X. Chen), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chuansheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease (J.P., L.C., C.X., S.P., X.C., Z.Z.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shengqiang Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease (J.P., L.C., C.X., S.P., X.C., Z.Z.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (H.G., X.S., Z.Z.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaogang Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (H.G., X.S., Z.Z.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jerold Chun
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (J.C.)
| | - Xiangfeng Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Center of Laboratory Medicine (F.W., X. Cong, X. Chen), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Weiquan Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (W.Z.)
| | - Zhe Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (H.G., X.S., Z.Z.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Fuwai Central-China Hospital, Central-China Branch of National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China (J.P., Z.Z.)
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease (J.P., L.C., C.X., S.P., X.C., Z.Z.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Center of Laboratory Medicine (F.W., X. Cong, X. Chen), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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9
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Takagi Y, Nishikado S, Omi J, Aoki J. The Many Roles of Lysophospholipid Mediators and Japanese Contributions to This Field. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:1008-1021. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Takagi
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Shun Nishikado
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Jumpei Omi
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Junken Aoki
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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10
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Liang Z, Yun CC. Compensatory Upregulation of LPA 2 and Activation of the PI3K-Akt Pathway Prevent LPA 5-Dependent Loss of Intestinal Epithelial Cells in Intestinal Organoids. Cells 2022; 11:2243. [PMID: 35883686 PMCID: PMC9324510 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Renewal of the intestinal epithelium is orchestrated by regenerative epithelial proliferation within crypts. Recent studies have shown that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) can maintain intestinal epithelial renewal in vitro and conditional deletion of Lpar5 (Lpar5iKO) in mice ablates the intestinal epithelium and increases morbidity. In contrast, constitutive Lpar5 deletion (Lpar5cKO) does not cause a defect in intestinal crypt regeneration. In this study, we investigated whether another LPA receptor (LPAR) compensates for constitutive loss of LPA5 function to allow regeneration of intestinal epithelium. In Lpar5cKO intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), Lpar2 was upregulated and blocking LPA2 function reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis of Lpar5cKO IECs. Similar to Lpar5cKO mice, the absence of Lpar2 (Lpar2-/-) resulted in upregulation of Lpar5 in IECs, indicating that LPA2 and LPA5 reciprocally compensate for the loss of each other. Blocking LPA2 in Lpar5cKO enteroids reduced phosphorylation of Akt, indicating that LPA2 maintains the growth of Lpar5cKO enteroids through activation of the PI3K-Akt pathway. The present study provides evidence that loss of an LPAR can be compensated by another LPAR. This ability to compensate needs to be considered in studies aimed to define receptor functions or test the efficacy of a LPAR-targeting drug using genetically engineered animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxing Liang
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - C. Chris Yun
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
- Gastroenterology Research, Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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11
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Sun K, Chen RX, Li JZ, Luo ZX. LPAR2 correlated with different prognosis and immune cell infiltration in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and kidney renal clear cell carcinoma. Hereditas 2022; 159:16. [PMID: 35241179 PMCID: PMC8896370 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-022-00229-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and its receptors play a key role in regulating cancer progression. Upregulation of LPA receptor 2 (LPAR2) plays a role in carcinogenesis; however, the exact role of LPAR2 in tumors remains elusive. This study aims to explore the correlation between LPAR2 expression with tumor prognosis and immune infiltration in pan-cancers. Materials and methods The expression of LPAR2 in pan-cancers was analyzed using the Online Cancer Microarray Database (Oncomine), Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER), and UALCAN databases. The effects of LPAR2 on the clinical prognosis in pan-cancer were examined using the Kaplan–Meier plotter (KM plotter) as well as Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA), UALCAN, and Human Protein Atlas (HPA) databases. Moreover, the R software program was applied for validation of expression and prognostic value of LPAR2 in tumor patients in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The relationship between the expression level of LPAR2 and the clinical and molecular criteria of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC) and kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) was analyzed using UALCAN, whereas the relationship between LPAR2 expression and prognosis in patients with HNSC and KIRC with different clinical characteristics was examined using the KM plotter. Furthermore, the correlation between LPAR2 expression and tumor immune infiltration was examined using TIMER. The correlation between LPAR2 expression and gene markers of tumor immune infiltrates was analyzed using TIMER and GEPIA. In addition, the cBioPortal for Cancer Genomics was used to calculate the mutations, methylations, and altered neighbor genes of LPAR2. Results The expression of LPAR2 was significantly correlated with the outcome of multiple types of cancer, especially HNSC and KIRC. Furthermore, high expression of LPAR2 was significantly associated with various immune markers in the immune cell subsets of HNSC and KIRC. Conclusions High expression of LPAR2 plays significantly different prognostic roles in HNSC and KIRC possibly owing to its association with different immune markers. LPAR2 is correlated with tumor immune cell infiltration and is a valuable prognostic biomarker for HNSC and KIRC. However, further experiments are required to validate these findings. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41065-022-00229-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sun
- Department of Oncology, Liuzhou People's Hospital, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Liuzhou, 545001, China
| | - Ri-Xin Chen
- Department of Oncology, Liuzhou People's Hospital, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Liuzhou, 545001, China
| | - Jing-Zhang Li
- Department of Oncology, Liuzhou People's Hospital, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Liuzhou, 545001, China.
| | - Zhan-Xiong Luo
- Department of Oncology, Liuzhou People's Hospital, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Liuzhou, 545001, China.
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12
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Fat of the Gut: Epithelial Phospholipids in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111682. [PMID: 34769112 PMCID: PMC8584226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) comprise a distinct set of clinical symptoms resulting from chronic inflammation within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Despite the significant progress in understanding the etiology and development of treatment strategies, IBD remain incurable for thousands of patients. Metabolic deregulation is indicative of IBD, including substantial shifts in lipid metabolism. Recent data showed that changes in some phospholipids are very common in IBD patients. For instance, phosphatidylcholine (PC)/phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)/PC ratios are associated with the severity of the inflammatory process. Composition of phospholipids also changes upon IBD towards an increase in arachidonic acid and a decrease in linoleic and a-linolenic acid levels. Moreover, an increase in certain phospholipid metabolites, such as lysophosphatidylcholine, sphingosine-1-phosphate and ceramide, can result in enhanced intestinal inflammation, malignancy, apoptosis or necroptosis. Because some phospholipids are associated with pathogenesis of IBD, they may provide a basis for new strategies to treat IBD. Current attempts are aimed at controlling phospholipid and fatty acid levels through the diet or via pharmacological manipulation of lipid metabolism.
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13
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Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor Antagonists and Cancer: The Current Trends, Clinical Implications, and Trials. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071629. [PMID: 34209775 PMCID: PMC8306951 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid mediator primarily derived from membrane phospholipids. LPA initiates cellular effects upon binding to a family of G protein-coupled receptors, termed LPA receptors (LPAR1 to LPAR6). LPA signaling drives cell migration and proliferation, cytokine production, thrombosis, fibrosis, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis. Since the expression and function of LPA receptors are critical for cellular effects, selective antagonists may represent a potential treatment for a broad range of illnesses, such as cardiovascular diseases, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, voiding dysfunctions, and various types of cancers. More new LPA receptor antagonists have shown their therapeutic potentials, although most are still in the preclinical trial stage. This review provided integrative information and summarized preclinical findings and recent clinical trials of different LPA receptor antagonists in cancer progression and resistance. Targeting LPA receptors can have potential applications in clinical patients with various diseases, including cancer.
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14
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Arang N, Gutkind JS. G Protein-Coupled receptors and heterotrimeric G proteins as cancer drivers. FEBS Lett 2021; 594:4201-4232. [PMID: 33270228 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and heterotrimeric G proteins play central roles in a diverse array of cellular processes. As such, dysregulation of GPCRs and their coupled heterotrimeric G proteins can dramatically alter the signalling landscape and functional state of a cell. Consistent with their fundamental physiological functions, GPCRs and their effector heterotrimeric G proteins are implicated in some of the most prevalent human diseases, including a complex disease such as cancer that causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. GPCR/G protein-mediated signalling impacts oncogenesis at multiple levels by regulating tumour angiogenesis, immune evasion, metastasis, and drug resistance. Here, we summarize the growing body of research on GPCRs and their effector heterotrimeric G proteins as drivers of cancer initiation and progression, and as emerging antitumoural therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Arang
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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15
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Geraldo LHM, Spohr TCLDS, Amaral RFD, Fonseca ACCD, Garcia C, Mendes FDA, Freitas C, dosSantos MF, Lima FRS. Role of lysophosphatidic acid and its receptors in health and disease: novel therapeutic strategies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:45. [PMID: 33526777 PMCID: PMC7851145 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00367-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is an abundant bioactive phospholipid, with multiple functions both in development and in pathological conditions. Here, we review the literature about the differential signaling of LPA through its specific receptors, which makes this lipid a versatile signaling molecule. This differential signaling is important for understanding how this molecule can have such diverse effects during central nervous system development and angiogenesis; and also, how it can act as a powerful mediator of pathological conditions, such as neuropathic pain, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer progression. Ultimately, we review the preclinical and clinical uses of Autotaxin, LPA, and its receptors as therapeutic targets, approaching the most recent data of promising molecules modulating both LPA production and signaling. This review aims to summarize the most update knowledge about the mechanisms of LPA production and signaling in order to understand its biological functions in the central nervous system both in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Henrique Medeiros Geraldo
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM, F-75015, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Celina Garcia
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio de Almeida Mendes
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Catarina Freitas
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos Fabio dosSantos
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flavia Regina Souza Lima
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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16
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Tang X, Brindley DN. Lipid Phosphate Phosphatases and Cancer. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091263. [PMID: 32887262 PMCID: PMC7564803 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs) are a group of three enzymes (LPP1–3) that belong to a phospholipid phosphatase (PLPP) family. The LPPs dephosphorylate a wide spectrum of bioactive lipid phosphates, among which lysophosphatidate (LPA) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) are two important extracellular signaling molecules. The LPPs are integral membrane proteins, which are localized on plasma membranes and intracellular membranes, including the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi network. LPPs regulate signaling transduction in cancer cells and demonstrate different effects in cancer progression through the breakdown of extracellular LPA and S1P and other intracellular substrates. This review is intended to summarize an up-to-date understanding about the functions of LPPs in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada;
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - David N. Brindley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada;
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Correspondence:
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17
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Kim SH, Song JH, Kim J, Kang DK. Characterisation of a lysophospholipase from Lactobacillus mucosae. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 42:1735-1741. [PMID: 32342437 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-02895-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we characterised a novel lysophospholipase (LysoPL) from the L. mucosae LM1 strain. The gene, LM-lysoPL, encoding LysoPL from L. mucosae LM1 was cloned, analyzed, and expressed. RESULTS LM-lysoPL contained a conserved region and catalytic triad motif responsible for lysophospholipase activity. After purification, UHPLC-MS analysis showed that recombinant LM-LysoPL hydrolyzed phosphatidic acid, generating lysophosphatidic acid. The enzyme had greater hydrolytic activity against C16 and C18 fatty acids, indicating a preference for long-chain fatty acids. Enzymatic assays showed that the optimal pH and temperature of recombinant LM-LysoPL were 7 and 30 °C, respectively, and it was enzymatically active within a narrow pH range. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to identify and characterize a lysophospholipase from lactic acid bacteria. Our findings provide a basis for understanding the probiotic role of L. mucosae LM1 in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hoon Kim
- Department of Animal Resource Science, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Song
- Department of Animal Resource Science, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Kim
- Department of Animal Resource Science, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Kyung Kang
- Department of Animal Resource Science, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Role of Adipose Tissue-Derived Autotaxin, Lysophosphatidate Signaling, and Inflammation in the Progression and Treatment of Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165938. [PMID: 32824846 PMCID: PMC7460696 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted enzyme that produces lysophosphatidate (LPA), which signals through six G-protein coupled receptors, promoting tumor growth, metastasis, and survival from chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Many cancer cells produce ATX, but breast cancer cells express little ATX. In breast tumors, ATX is produced by tumor-associated stroma. Breast tumors are also surrounded by adipose tissue, which is a major bodily source of ATX. In mice, a high-fat diet increases adipocyte ATX production. ATX production in obesity is also increased because of low-level inflammation in the expanded adipose tissue. This increased ATX secretion and consequent LPA signaling is associated with decreased adiponectin production, which results in adverse metabolic profiles and glucose homeostasis. Increased ATX production by inflamed adipose tissue may explain the obesity-breast cancer association. Breast tumors produce inflammatory mediators that stimulate ATX transcription in tumor-adjacent adipose tissue. This drives a feedforward inflammatory cycle since increased LPA signaling increases production of more inflammatory mediators and cyclooxygenase-2. Inhibiting ATX activity, which has implications in breast cancer adjuvant treatments, attenuates this cycle. Targeting ATX activity and LPA signaling may potentially increase chemotherapy and radiotherapy efficacy, and decrease radiation-induced fibrosis morbidity independently of breast cancer type because most ATX is not derived from breast cancer cells.
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19
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Shukla PK, Meena AS, Gangwar R, Szabo E, Balogh A, Chin Lee S, Vandewalle A, Tigyi G, Rao R. LPAR2 receptor activation attenuates radiation-induced disruption of apical junctional complexes and mucosal barrier dysfunction in mouse colon. FASEB J 2020; 34:11641-11657. [PMID: 32654268 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000544r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The tight junction (TJ) and barrier function of colonic epithelium is highly sensitive to ionizing radiation. We evaluated the effect of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and its analog, Radioprotein-1, on γ-radiation-induced colonic epithelial barrier dysfunction using Caco-2 and m-ICC12 cell monolayers in vitro and mice in vivo. Mice were subjected to either total body irradiation (TBI) or partial body irradiation (PBI-BM5). Intestinal barrier function was assessed by analyzing immunofluorescence localization of TJ proteins, mucosal inulin permeability, and plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels. Oxidative stress was analyzed by measuring protein thiol oxidation and antioxidant mRNA. In Caco-2 and m-ICC12 cell monolayers, LPA attenuated radiation-induced redistribution of TJ proteins, which was blocked by a Rho-kinase inhibitor. In mice, TBI and PBI-BM5 disrupted colonic epithelial tight junction and adherens junction, increased mucosal permeability, and elevated plasma LPS; TJ disruption by TBI was more severe in Lpar2-/- mice compared to wild-type mice. RP1, administered before or after irradiation, alleviated TBI and PBI-BM5-induced TJ disruption, barrier dysfunction, and endotoxemia accompanied by protein thiol oxidation and downregulation of antioxidant gene expression, cofilin activation, and remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. These data demonstrate that LPAR2 receptor activation prevents and mitigates γ-irradiation-induced colonic mucosal barrier dysfunction and endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep K Shukla
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Avtar S Meena
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ruchika Gangwar
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Erzsebet Szabo
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Andrea Balogh
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sue Chin Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Alain Vandewalle
- INSERM U773, Centre de Recherche Biomédicale, Bichat-Beaujon, CRB3, UFR de Médecine, Paris Cedex 18, France
| | - Gabor Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - RadhaKrishna Rao
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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20
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Liu CS, Schmezer P, Popanda O. Diacylglycerol Kinase Alpha in Radiation-Induced Fibrosis: Potential as a Predictive Marker or Therapeutic Target. Front Oncol 2020; 10:737. [PMID: 32477950 PMCID: PMC7235333 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is an efficient tool in cancer treatment, but it brings along the risk of side effects such as fibrosis in the irradiated healthy tissue thus limiting tumor control and impairing quality of life of cancer survivors. Knowledge on radiation-related fibrosis risk and therapeutic options is still limited and requires further research. Recent studies demonstrated that epigenetic regulation of diacylglycerol kinase alpha (DGKA) is associated with radiation-induced fibrosis. However, the specific mechanisms are still unknown. In this review, we scrutinized the role of DGKA in the radiation response and in further cellular functions to show the potential of DGKA as a predictive marker or a novel target in fibrosis treatment. DGKA was reported to participate in immune response, lipid signaling, exosome production, and migration as well as cell proliferation, all processes which are suggested to be critical steps in fibrogenesis. Most of these functions are based on the conversion of diacylglycerol (DAG) to phosphatidic acid (PA) at plasma membranes, but DGKA might have also other, yet not well-known functions in the nucleus. Current evidence summarized here underlines that DGKA activation may play a central role in fibrosis formation post-irradiation and shows a potential of direct DGKA inhibitors or epigenetic modulators to attenuate pro-fibrotic reactions, thus providing novel therapeutic choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Shan Liu
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schmezer
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Odilia Popanda
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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21
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Tang X, Benesch MGK, Brindley DN. Role of the autotaxin-lysophosphatidate axis in the development of resistance to cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158716. [PMID: 32305571 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted enzyme that hydrolyzes lysophosphatidylcholine to produce lysophosphatidate (LPA), which signals through six G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Signaling through LPA is terminated by its degradation by a family of three lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs). LPP1 also attenuates signaling downstream of the activation of LPA receptors and some other GPCRs. The ATX-LPA axis mediates a plethora of activities such as cell proliferation, survival, migration, angiogenesis and inflammation, which perform an important role in facilitating wound healing. This wound healing response is hijacked by cancers where there is decreased expression of LPP1 and LPP3 and increased expression of ATX. This maladaptive regulation of LPA signaling also causes chronic inflammation, which has been recognized as one of the hallmarks in cancer. The increased LPA signaling promotes cell survival and migration and attenuates apoptosis, which stimulates tumor growth and metastasis. The wound healing functions of increased LPA signaling also protect cancer cells from effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In this review, we will summarize knowledge of the ATX-LPA axis and its role in the development of resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We will also offer insights for developing strategies of targeting ATX-LPA axis as a novel part of cancer treatment. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Lysophospholipids and their receptors: New data and new insights into their function edited by Susan Smyth, Viswanathan Natarajan and Colleen McMullen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada; Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Matthew G K Benesch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada; Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada; Discipline of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - David N Brindley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada; Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada.
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22
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Benesch MGK, Tang X, Brindley DN. Autotaxin and Breast Cancer: Towards Overcoming Treatment Barriers and Sequelae. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020374. [PMID: 32041123 PMCID: PMC7072337 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
After a decade of intense preclinical investigations, the first in-class autotaxin inhibitor, GLPG1690, has entered Phase III clinical trials for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In the intervening time, a deeper understanding of the role of the autotaxin–lysophosphatidate (LPA)–lipid phosphate phosphatase axis in breast cancer progression and treatment resistance has emerged. Concordantly, appreciation of the tumor microenvironment and chronic inflammation in cancer biology has matured. The role of LPA as a central mediator behind these concepts has been exemplified within the breast cancer field. In this review, we will summarize current challenges in breast cancer therapy and delineate how blocking LPA signaling could provide novel adjuvant therapeutic options for overcoming therapy resistance and adverse side effects, including radiation-induced fibrosis. The advent of autotaxin inhibitors in clinical practice could herald their applications as adjuvant therapies to improve the therapeutic indexes of existing treatments for breast and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. K. Benesch
- Discipline of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL AlB 3V6, Canada
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada;
| | - Xiaoyun Tang
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada;
| | - David N. Brindley
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-780-492-2078
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23
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Yanagida K, Valentine WJ. Druggable Lysophospholipid Signaling Pathways. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1274:137-176. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-50621-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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24
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Lysophosphatidic Acid and Autotaxin-associated Effects on the Initiation and Progression of Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11070958. [PMID: 31323936 PMCID: PMC6678549 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11070958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium interacts dynamically with the immune system to maintain its barrier function to protect the host, while performing the physiological roles in absorption of nutrients, electrolytes, water and minerals. The importance of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and its receptors in the gut has been progressively appreciated. LPA signaling modulates cell proliferation, invasion, adhesion, angiogenesis, and survival that can promote cancer growth and metastasis. These effects are equally important for the maintenance of the epithelial barrier in the gut, which forms the first line of defense against the milieu of potentially pathogenic stimuli. This review focuses on the LPA-mediated signaling that potentially contributes to inflammation and tumor formation in the gastrointestinal tract.
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25
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Mathew D, Kremer KN, Strauch P, Tigyi G, Pelanda R, Torres RM. LPA 5 Is an Inhibitory Receptor That Suppresses CD8 T-Cell Cytotoxic Function via Disruption of Early TCR Signaling. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1159. [PMID: 31231367 PMCID: PMC6558414 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling by CD8 T cells is a feature of cancer and chronic infections and results in the sustained expression of, and signaling by, inhibitory receptors, which ultimately impair cytotoxic activity via poorly characterized mechanisms. We have previously determined that the LPA5 GPCR expressed by CD8 T cells, upon engaging the lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) bioactive serum lipid, functions as an inhibitory receptor able to negatively regulate TCR signaling. Notably, the levels of LPA and autotaxin (ATX), the phospholipase D enzyme that produces LPA, are often increased in chronic inflammatory disorders such as chronic infections, autoimmune diseases, obesity, and cancer. In this report, we demonstrate that LPA engagement selectively by LPA5 on human and mouse CD8 T cells leads to the inhibition of several early TCR signaling events including intracellular calcium mobilization and ERK activation. We further show that, as a consequence of LPA5 suppression of TCR signaling, the exocytosis of perforin-containing granules is significantly impaired and reflected by repressed in vitro and in vivo CD8 T cell cytolytic activity. Thus, these data not only document LPA5 as a novel inhibitory receptor but also determine the molecular and biochemical mechanisms by which a naturally occurring serum lipid that is elevated under settings of chronic inflammation signals to suppress CD8 T cell killing activity in both human and murine cells. As diverse tumors have repeatedly been shown to aberrantly produce LPA that acts in an autocrine manner to promote tumorigenesis, our findings further implicate LPA in activating a novel inhibitory receptor whose signaling may be therapeutically silenced to promote CD8 T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divij Mathew
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kimberly N. Kremer
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Pamela Strauch
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Gabor Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Raul M. Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States,*Correspondence: Raul M. Torres
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Tigyi GJ, Johnson LR, Lee SC, Norman DD, Szabo E, Balogh A, Thompson K, Boler A, McCool WS. Lysophosphatidic acid type 2 receptor agonists in targeted drug development offer broad therapeutic potential. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:464-474. [PMID: 30692142 PMCID: PMC6399510 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.s091744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth factor-like lipid mediator, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), is a potent signaling molecule that influences numerous physiologic and pathologic processes. Manipulation of LPA signaling is of growing pharmacotherapeutic interest, especially because LPA resembles compounds with drug-like features. The action of LPA is mediated through activation of multiple types of molecular targets, including six G protein-coupled receptors that are clear targets for drug development. However, the LPA signaling has been linked to pathological responses that include promotion of fibrosis, atherogenesis, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. Thus, a question arises: Can we harness, in an LPA-like drug, the many beneficial activities of this lipid without eliciting its dreadful actions? We developed octadecyl thiophosphate (OTP; subsequently licensed as Rx100), an LPA mimic with higher stability in vivo than LPA. This article highlights progress made toward developing analogs like OTP and exploring prosurvival and regenerative LPA signaling. We determined that LPA prevents cell death triggered by various cellular stresses, including genotoxic stressors, and rescues cells condemned to apoptosis. LPA2 agonists provide a new treatment option for secretory diarrhea and reduce gastric erosion caused by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The potential uses of LPA2 agonists like OTP and sulfamoyl benzoic acid-based radioprotectins must be further explored for therapeutic uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor J Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Memphis, TN 38163
- RxBio Inc. Memphis, TN 38163
- Research Division Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN 38104
| | - Leonard R Johnson
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Memphis, TN 38163
- RxBio Inc. Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Sue Chin Lee
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Derek D Norman
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Memphis, TN 38163
- Research Division Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN 38104
| | - Erzsebet Szabo
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Andrea Balogh
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Memphis, TN 38163
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Inoue M, Okamoto Y, Atsumi Y, Shiojiri M, Hidaka M, Tanaka T, Tsutsumi T, Shirasaka N, Tokumura A. Addition of high load of lysophosphatidic acid to standard and high-fat chows causes no significant changes of its circulating and peripheral tissue levels but affects body weight and visceral fat mass of mice. Biofactors 2018; 44:548-557. [PMID: 30368958 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Oral administration of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a critical intercellular lipid mediator, exerts wound healing and antiulcer effects on gastrointestinal system. To evaluate effects of food-derived LPA on body homeostasis, we measured LPA levels by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in chows, feces, plasma, liver, and visceral fat of mice fed a normal or high-fat chow supplemented with or without LPA-rich soybean phospholipids for 30 days. Reductions in daily body weight gains and visceral fat mass were mainly related to lower chow intake by mice fed the LPA-rich high-fat chow, whereas reduced body weight gains and fat mass were mainly related to decreased intestinal triacylglycerol absorption in mice fed LPA-rich chow. Our results showed no significant increase in plasma, liver, or adipose LPA levels, even if a quite high LPA concentration (2.0%) in chows was ingested daily, suggesting limited effects of food-derived LPA on the lumen side of the digestive tract. © 2018 BioFactors, 44(6):548-557, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manami Inoue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoko Okamoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuta Atsumi
- Bio Chemicals Department, Enzymes Division, Product Development Section, Nagase ChemteX Corporation, Fukuchiyama, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Shiojiri
- Bio Chemicals Department, Enzymes Division, Product Development Section, Nagase ChemteX Corporation, Fukuchiyama, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mayumi Hidaka
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Asaminamiku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Tanaka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Tsutsumi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Nobeoka, Japan
| | - Naoki Shirasaka
- Bio Chemicals Department, Enzymes Division, Product Development Section, Nagase ChemteX Corporation, Fukuchiyama, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Tokumura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Asaminamiku, Hiroshima, Japan
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28
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Thompson KE, Ray RM, Alli S, Ge W, Boler A, Shannon McCool W, Meena AS, Shukla PK, Rao R, Johnson LR, Miller MA, Tigyi GJ. Prevention and treatment of secretory diarrhea by the lysophosphatidic acid analog Rx100. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2018; 243:1056-1065. [PMID: 30253666 DOI: 10.1177/1535370218803349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT A critical barrier in treating diarrheal disease is easy-to-use effective treatments. Rx100 is a first in class, novel small molecule that has shown efficacy after both subcutaneous and oral administration in a mouse cholera-toxin- and Citrobacter rodentium infection-induced diarrhea models. Our findings indicate that Rx100 a metabolically stable analog of the lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid blocks activation of CFTR-mediated secretion responsible for fluid discharge in secretory diarrhea. Rx100 represents a new treatment modality which does not directly block CFTR but attenuates its activation by bacterial toxins. Our results provide proof-of-principle that Rx100 can be developed for use as an effective oral or injectable easy-to-use drug for secretory diarrhea which could significantly improve care by eliminating the need for severely ill patients to regularly consume large quantities of oral rehydration therapies and offering options for pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin E Thompson
- 1 RxBio, Inc., Johnson City, TN 37604, USA.,*These authors contributed equally to this paper
| | - Ramesh M Ray
- 1 RxBio, Inc., Johnson City, TN 37604, USA.,*These authors contributed equally to this paper
| | | | - Wenbo Ge
- 1 RxBio, Inc., Johnson City, TN 37604, USA
| | | | | | - Avtar S Meena
- 2 Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Pradeep K Shukla
- 2 Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Radakrishna Rao
- 2 Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Leonard R Johnson
- 1 RxBio, Inc., Johnson City, TN 37604, USA.,2 Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Mark A Miller
- 3 Microbiology Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Gabor J Tigyi
- 1 RxBio, Inc., Johnson City, TN 37604, USA.,2 Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Tigyi GJ, Yue J, Norman DD, Szabo E, Balogh A, Balazs L, Zhao G, Lee SC. Regulation of tumor cell - Microenvironment interaction by the autotaxin-lysophosphatidic acid receptor axis. Adv Biol Regul 2018; 71:183-193. [PMID: 30243984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in biological fluids is primarily produced by cleavage of lysophospholipids by the lysophospholipase D enzyme Autotaxin (ATX). LPA has been identified and abundantly detected in the culture medium of various cancer cell types, tumor effusates, and ascites fluid of cancer patients. Our current understanding of the physiological role of LPA established its role in fundamental biological responses that include cell proliferation, metabolism, neuronal differentiation, angiogenesis, cell migration, hematopoiesis, inflammation, immunity, wound healing, regulation of cell excitability, and the promotion of cell survival by protecting against apoptotic death. These essential biological responses elicited by LPA are seemingly hijacked by cancer cells in many ways; transcriptional upregulation of ATX leading to increased LPA levels, enhanced expression of multiple LPA GPCR subtypes, and the downregulation of its metabolic breakdown. Recent studies have shown that overexpression of ATX and LPA GPCR can lead to malignant transformation, enhanced proliferation of cancer stem cells, increased invasion and metastasis, reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment and the metastatic niche, and development of resistance to chemo-, immuno-, and radiation-therapy of cancer. The fundamental role of LPA in cancer progression and the therapeutic inhibition of the ATX-LPA axis, although highly appealing, remains unexploited as drug development to these targets has not reached into the clinic yet. The purpose of this brief review is to highlight some unique signaling mechanisms engaged by the ATX-LPA axis and emphasize the therapeutic potential that lies in blocking the molecular targets of the LPA system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor J Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA; Institute of Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, POB 2, H-1428, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Junming Yue
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Derek D Norman
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Erzsebet Szabo
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Andrea Balogh
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA; Institute of Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, POB 2, H-1428, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Louisa Balazs
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Guannan Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Sue Chin Lee
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
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Lidgerwood GE, Pitson SM, Bonder C, Pébay A. Roles of lysophosphatidic acid and sphingosine-1-phosphate in stem cell biology. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 72:42-54. [PMID: 30196008 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells are unique in their ability to self-renew and differentiate into various cell types. Because of these features, stem cells are key to the formation of organisms and play fundamental roles in tissue regeneration and repair. Mechanisms controlling their fate are thus fundamental to the development and homeostasis of tissues and organs. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) are bioactive phospholipids that play a wide range of roles in multiple cell types, during developmental and pathophysiological events. Considerable evidence now demonstrates the potent roles of LPA and S1P in the biology of pluripotent and adult stem cells, from maintenance to repair. Here we review their roles for each main category of stem cells and explore how those effects impact development and physiopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Lidgerwood
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stuart M Pitson
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Claudine Bonder
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Alice Pébay
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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Kuo B, Szabó E, Lee SC, Balogh A, Norman D, Inoue A, Ono Y, Aoki J, Tigyi G. The LPA 2 receptor agonist Radioprotectin-1 spares Lgr5-positive intestinal stem cells from radiation injury in murine enteroids. Cell Signal 2018; 51:23-33. [PMID: 30063964 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Rapidly proliferating cells are highly sensitive to ionizing radiation and can undergo apoptosis if the oxidative and genotoxic injury exceed the defensive and regenerative capacity of the cell. Our earlier work has established the antiapoptotic action of the growth factor-like lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Activation of the LPA2 GPCR has been hypothesized to elicit antiapoptotic and regenerative actions of LPA. Based on this hypothesis we developed a novel nonlipid agonist of LPA2, which we designated Radioprotectin-1 (RP-1). We tested RP-1 at the six murine LPA GPCR subtypes using the transforming growth factor alpha shedding assay and found that it had a 25 nM EC50 that is similar to that of LPA18:1 at 32 nM. RP-1 effectively reduced apoptosis induced by γ-irradiation and the radiomimetic drug Adriamycin only in cells that expressed LPA2 either endogenously or after transfection. RP-1 reduced γ-H2AX levels in irradiated mouse embryonic fibroblasts transduced with the human LPA2 GPCR but was ineffective in vector transduced MEF control cells and significantly increased clonogenic survival after γ-irradiation. γ-Irradiation induced the expression of lpar2 transcripts that was further enhanced by RP-1 exposure within 30 min after irradiation. RP-1 decreased the mortality of C57BL/6 mice in models of the hematopoietic and gastrointestinal acute radiation syndromes. Using Lgr5-EGFP-CreER;Tdtomatoflox transgenic mice, we found that RP-1 increased the survival and growth of intestinal enteroids via the enhanced survival of Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells. Taken together, our results suggest that the LPA2-specific agonist RP-1 exerts its radioprotective and radiomitigative action through specific activation of the upregulated LPA2 GPCR in Lgr5+ stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Kuo
- Research Division, VA Medical Center, 1030 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN 38104, United States; Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, 3N Dunlap Street, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Erzsébet Szabó
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, 3N Dunlap Street, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Sue Chin Lee
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, 3N Dunlap Street, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Andrea Balogh
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, 3N Dunlap Street, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Derek Norman
- Research Division, VA Medical Center, 1030 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN 38104, United States; Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, 3N Dunlap Street, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yuki Ono
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Gábor Tigyi
- Research Division, VA Medical Center, 1030 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN 38104, United States; Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, 3N Dunlap Street, Memphis, TN 38163, United States.
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Improved Synthesis of Dbibb as a New Anti-Radiation Agent. Chem Nat Compd 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-018-2388-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) as a pro-fibrotic and pro-oncogenic factor: a pivotal target to improve the radiotherapy therapeutic index. Oncotarget 2018; 8:43543-43554. [PMID: 28402936 PMCID: PMC5522168 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced fibrosis is widely considered as a common but forsaken phenomenon that can lead to clinical sequela and possibly vital impairments. Lysophosphatidic acid is a bioactive lipid involved in fibrosis and probably in radiation-induced fibrosis as suggested in recent studies. Lysophosphatidic acid is also a well-described pro-oncogenic factor, involved in carcinogenesis processes (proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, invasion, migration). The present review highlights and summarizes the links between lysophosphatidic acid and radiation-induced fibrosis, lysophosphatidic acid and radioresistance, and proposes lysophosphatidic acid as a potential central actor of the radiotherapy therapeutic index. Besides, we hypothesize that following radiotherapy, the newly formed tumour micro-environment, with increased extracellular matrix and increased lysophosphatidic acid levels, is a favourable ground to metastasis development. Lysophosphatidic acid could therefore be an exciting therapeutic target, minimizing radio-toxicities and radio-resistance effects.
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Afroz S, Yagi A, Fujikawa K, Rahman MM, Morito K, Fukuta T, Watanabe S, Kiyokage E, Toida K, Shimizu T, Ishida T, Kogure K, Tokumura A, Tanaka T. Lysophosphatidic acid in medicinal herbs enhances prostaglandin E 2 and protects against indomethacin-induced gastric cell damage in vivo and in vitro. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2018; 135:36-44. [PMID: 29462674 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive phospholipid that induces diverse biological responses. Recently, we found that LPA ameliorates NSAIDs-induced gastric ulcer in mice. Here, we quantified LPA in 21 medicinal herbs used for treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. We found that half of them contained LPA at relatively high levels (40-240 μg/g) compared to soybean seed powder (4.6 μg/g), which we previously identified as an LPA-rich food. The LPA in peony (Paeonia lactiflora) root powder is highly concentrated in the lipid fraction that ameliorates indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in mice. Synthetic 18:1 LPA, peony root LPA and peony root lipid enhanced prostaglandin E2 production in a gastric cancer cell line, MKN74 cells that express LPA2 abundantly. These materials also prevented indomethacin-induced cell death and stimulated the proliferation of MKN74 cells. We found that LPA was present in stomach fluids at 2.4 μM, which is an effective LPA concentration for inducing a cellular response in vitro. These results indicated that LPA is one of the active components of medicinal herbs for the treatment of GI disorder and that orally administered LPA-rich herbs may augment the protective actions of endogenous LPA on gastric mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheuli Afroz
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Ayano Yagi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Kouki Fujikawa
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - M Motiur Rahman
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Katsuya Morito
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Fukuta
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Shiro Watanabe
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Emi Kiyokage
- Department of Anatomy, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan; Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, 288 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0193, Japan
| | - Kazunori Toida
- Department of Anatomy, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan; Ultra-High Voltage Electron Microscopy Research Center, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Taro Shimizu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Ishida
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kogure
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Akira Tokumura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Hiroshima 731-0351, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Tanaka
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan.
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Singh VK, Hanlon BK, Santiago PT, Seed TM. A review of radiation countermeasures focusing on injury-specific medicinals and regulatory approval status: part III. Countermeasures under early stages of development along with 'standard of care' medicinal and procedures not requiring regulatory approval for use. Int J Radiat Biol 2017; 93:885-906. [PMID: 28657400 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1332440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Terrorist attacks, with their intent to maximize psychological and economic damage as well as inflicting sickness and death on given targeted populations, are an ever-growing worldwide concern in government and public sectors as they become more frequent, violent, and sensational. If given the chance, it is likely that terrorists will use radiological or nuclear weapons. To thwart these sinister efforts, both physical and medical countermeasures against these weapons are currently being researched and developed so that they can be utilized by the first responders, military, and medical providers alike. This is the third article of a three-part series in which we have reviewed additional radiation countermeasures that are currently under early preclinical phases of development using largely animal models and have listed and discussed clinical support measures, including agents used for radiation-induced emesis, as well as countermeasures not requiring Food and Drug Administration approval. CONCLUSIONS Despite the significant progress that has been made in this area during the last several years, additional effort is needed in order to push promising new agents, currently under development, through the regulatory pipeline. This pipeline for new promising drugs appears to be unreasonably slow and cumbersome; possible reasons for this inefficiency are briefly discussed. Significant and continued effort needs to be afforded to this research and development area, as to date, there is no approved radioprotector that can be administered prior to high dose radiation exposure. This represents a very significant, unmet medical need and a significant security issue. A large number of agents with potential to interact with different biological targets are under development. In the next few years, several additional radiation countermeasures will likely receive Food and Drug Administration approval, increasing treatment options for victims exposed to unwanted ionizing irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Singh
- a Division of Radioprotection, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics , F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , U.S.A.,b Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute , Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , U.S.A
| | - Briana K Hanlon
- a Division of Radioprotection, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics , F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , U.S.A.,b Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute , Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , U.S.A
| | - Paola T Santiago
- a Division of Radioprotection, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics , F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , U.S.A.,b Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute , Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , U.S.A
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Kim HJ, Park SD, Lee RM, Lee BH, Choi SH, Hwang SH, Rhim H, Kim HC, Nah SY. Gintonin attenuates depressive-like behaviors associated with alcohol withdrawal in mice. J Affect Disord 2017; 215:23-29. [PMID: 28314177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Panax ginseng Meyer extracts have been used to improve mood and alleviate symptoms of depression. However, little is known about the extracts' active ingredients and the molecular mechanisms underlying their reported anti-depressive effects. METHODS Gintonin is an exogenous lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor ligand isolated from P. ginseng. BON cells, an enterochromaffin cell line, and C57BL/6 mice were used to investigate whether gintonin stimulates serotonin release. Furthermore, the effects of gintonin on depressive-like behaviors following alcohol withdrawal were evaluated using the forced swim and tail suspension tests. RESULTS Treatment of BON cells with gintonin induced a transient increase in the intracellular calcium concentration and serotonin release in a concentration- and time-dependent manner via the LPA receptor signaling pathway. Oral administration of the gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF) induced an increase in the plasma serotonin concentration in the mice. Oral administration of the GEF in mice with alcohol withdrawal decreased the immobility time in two depression-like behavioral tests and restored the alcohol withdrawal-induced serotonin decrease in plasma levels. LIMITATIONS We cannot exclude the possibility that the gintonin-mediated regulation of adrenal catecholamine release in the peripheral system, and acetylcholine and glutamate release in the central nervous system, could also contribute to the alleviation of depressive-like behaviors. CONCLUSION The GEF-mediated attenuation of depressive-like behavior induced by alcohol withdrawal may be mediated by serotonin release from intestinal enterochromaffin cells. Therefore, the GEF might be responsible for the ginseng extract-induced alleviation of depression-related symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Joong Kim
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Deuk Park
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ra Mi Lee
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hwan Lee
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hye Choi
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Hwang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Health Sciences, Sangji University, Wonju 26339, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewhon Rhim
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Lee BH, Choi SH, Kim HJ, Park SD, Rhim H, Kim HC, Hwang SH, Nah SY. Gintonin absorption in intestinal model systems. J Ginseng Res 2016; 42:35-41. [PMID: 29348720 PMCID: PMC5766688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, we identified a novel ginseng-derived lysophosphatidic acid receptor ligand, called gintonin. We showed that gintonin induces [Ca2+]i transient-mediated morphological changes, proliferation, and migration in cells expressing lysophosphatidic acid receptors and that oral administration of gintonin exhibits anti-Alzheimer disease effects in model mice. However, little is known about the intestinal absorption of gintonin. The aim of this study was to investigate gintonin absorption using two model systems. Methods Gintonin membrane permeation was examined using a parallel artificial membrane permeation assay, and gintonin absorption was evaluated in a mouse everted intestinal sac model. Results The parallel artificial membrane permeation assay showed that gintonin could permeate an artificial membrane in a dose-dependent manner. In the everted sac model, gintonin absorption increased with incubation time (from 0 min to 60 min), followed by a decrease in absorption. Gintonin absorption into everted sacs was also dose dependent, with a nonlinear correlation between gintonin absorption and concentration at 0.1–3 mg/mL and saturation at 3–5 mg/mL. Gintonin absorption was inhibited by the Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 and the sodium–glucose transporter inhibitor phloridzin. Moreover, lipid extraction with methanol also attenuated gintonin absorption, suggesting the importance of the lipid portion of gintonin in absorption. This result shows that gintonin might be absorbed through passive diffusion, paracellular, and active transport pathways. Conclusion The present study shows that gintonin could be absorbed in the intestine through transcellular and paracellular diffusion, and active transport. In addition, the lipid component of gintonin might play a key role in its intestinal absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Hwan Lee
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hye Choi
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Joong Kim
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Deuk Park
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewhon Rhim
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Hwang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Health Sciences, Sangji University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Afroz S, Ikoma T, Yagi A, Kogure K, Tokumura A, Tanaka T. Concentrated Phosphatidic Acid in Cereal Brans as Potential Protective Agents against Indomethacin-Induced Stomach Ulcer. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:6950-7. [PMID: 27561232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
One of complications associated with long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is peptic ulcer. Recently, we found that orally administered phosphatidic acid (PA) ameliorated aspirin-induced stomach lesions in mice. In this study, we identified PA-rich food sources and examined the effects of the food materials on indomethacin-induced stomach ulcer. Among examined, buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) bran contained the highest level of PA (188 mg/100 g). PA was the richest phospholipid (25%) in the lipid fraction of the buckwheat bran. Administration of the lipid extracts of buckwheat bran significantly ameliorated indomethacin-induced stomach lesions in mice. In contrast, wheat (Triticum durum) bran lipids (PA, 4%) and soybean (Glycine max) lipids (PA, 3%) were not associated with ameliorative effects. These results indicated that PA-rich lipids can be used as an effective supplement for prevention of NSAID-induced stomach ulcer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheuli Afroz
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Teru Ikoma
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Ayano Yagi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kogure
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Akira Tokumura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University , Hiroshima 731-0351, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Tanaka
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
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Knowlden SA, Hillman SE, Chapman TJ, Patil R, Miller DD, Tigyi G, Georas SN. Novel Inhibitory Effect of a Lysophosphatidic Acid 2 Agonist on Allergen-Driven Airway Inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 54:402-9. [PMID: 26248018 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0124oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a pleiotropic lipid signaling molecule associated with asthma pathobiology. LPA elicits its effects by binding to at least six known cell surface G protein-coupled receptors (LPA1-6) that are expressed in the lung in a cell type-specific manner. LPA2 in particular has emerged as an attractive therapeutic target in asthma because it appears to transduce inhibitory or cell-protective signals. We studied a novel and specific small molecule LPA2 agonist (2-[4-(1,3-dioxo-1H,3H-benzoisoquinolin-2-yl)butylsulfamoyl] benzoic acid [DBIBB]) in a mouse model of house dust mite-induced allergic airway inflammation. Mice injected with DBIBB developed significantly less airway and lung inflammation compared with vehicle-treated controls. Levels of lung Th2 cytokines were also significantly attenuated by DBIBB. We conclude that pharmacologic activation of LPA2 attenuates Th2-driven allergic airway inflammation in a mouse model of asthma. Targeting LPA receptor signaling holds therapeutic promise in allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Knowlden
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Sara E Hillman
- 2 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Timothy J Chapman
- 2 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Renukadevi Patil
- 3 Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; and.,4 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Duane D Miller
- 4 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Gabor Tigyi
- 3 Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; and
| | - Steve N Georas
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.,2 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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Transgenic Expression of Human Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor LPA2 in Mouse Intestinal Epithelial Cells Induces Intestinal Dysplasia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154527. [PMID: 27124742 PMCID: PMC4849659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) acts on LPA2 receptor to mediate multiple pathological effects that are associated with tumorigenesis. The absence of LPA2 attenuates tumor progression in rodent models of colorectal cancer, but whether overexpression of LPA2 alone can lead to malignant transformation in the intestinal tract has not been studied. In this study, we expressed human LPA2 in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) under control of the villin promoter. Less than 4% of F1-generation mice had germline transmission of transgenic (TG) human LPA2; as such only 3 F1 mice out of 72 genotyped had TG expression. These TG mice appeared anemic with hematochezia and died shortly after birth. TG mice were smaller in size compared with the wild type mouse of the same age and sex. Morphological analysis showed that TG LPA2 colon had hyper-proliferation of IECs resulting in increased colonic crypt depth. Surprisingly, TG small intestine had villus blunting and decreased IEC proliferation and dysplasia. In both intestine and colon, TG expression of LPA2 compromised the terminal epithelial differentiation, consistent with epithelial dysplasia. Furthermore, we showed that epithelial dysplasia was observed in founder mouse intestine, correlating LPA2 overexpression with epithelial dysplasia. The current study demonstrates that overexpression of LPA2 alone can lead to intestinal dysplasia.
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Magalhães D, Cabral JM, Soares-da-Silva P, Magro F. Role of epithelial ion transports in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G460-76. [PMID: 26744474 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00369.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder with a complex pathogenesis. Diarrhea is a highly prevalent and often debilitating symptom of IBD patients that results, at least in part, from an intestinal hydroelectrolytic imbalance. Evidence suggests that reduced electrolyte absorption is more relevant than increased secretion to this disequilibrium. This systematic review analyses and integrates the current evidence on the roles of epithelial Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase (NKA), Na(+)/H(+) exchangers (NHEs), epithelial Na(+) channels (ENaC), and K(+) channels (KC) in IBD-associated diarrhea. NKA is the key driving force of the transepithelial ionic transport and its activity is decreased in IBD. In addition, the downregulation of apical NHE and ENaC and the upregulation of apical large-conductance KC all contribute to the IBD-associated diarrhea by lowering sodium absorption and/or increasing potassium secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Magalhães
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Porto, Portugal; and MedInUP-Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Miguel Cabral
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Porto, Portugal; and MedInUP-Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrício Soares-da-Silva
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Porto, Portugal; and MedInUP-Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Magro
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Porto, Portugal; and MedInUP-Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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TRIP6 antagonizes the recruitment of A20 and CYLD to TRAF6 to promote the LPA2 receptor-mediated TRAF6 activation. Cell Discov 2016; 2. [PMID: 27134758 PMCID: PMC4850058 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2015.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The elevated lysophosphatidic acid signaling has been causally linked to cancer-associated inflammation and tumorigenesis through upregulation of nuclear factor-κB signaling. However, how this signaling event is regulated has not yet been fully understood. Here we demonstrate that TRIP6, an LPA2 receptor-interacting adaptor protein, functions as a positive regulator of nuclear factor-κB and JNK signaling through direct binding to and activation of the E3 ligase TRAF6. Upon lysophosphatidic acid stimulation, TRIP6 recruits TRAF6 to the LPA2 receptor and promotes lysophosphatidic acid-induced JNK and nuclear factor-κB activation in a TRAF6-dependent manner. TRIP6 antagonizes the recruitment of deubiquitinases A20 and CYLD to TRAF6, thus sustaining the E3 ligase activity of TRAF6 and augmenting lysophosphatidic acid-activated nuclear factor-κB signaling. In contrast, depletion of TRIP6 by TRIP6-specific shRNA or Cas9/sgRNA greatly enhances the association of TRAF6 with A20 and CYLD, and attenuates lysophosphatidic acid-induced muclear factor-κB and JNK/p38 activation in ovarian cancer cells. On the other hand, TRAF6 also regulates TRIP6 by facilitating its binding to nuclear factor-κB p65 and phosphorylation by c-Src. Together, TRIP6 cooperates with TRAF6 to regulate the LPA2 receptor signaling, which may ultimately contribute to chronic inflammation, apoptotic resistance and cell invasion.
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A reflection of the lasting contributions from Dr. Robert Bittman to sterol trafficking, sphingolipid and phospholipid research. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 61:19-29. [PMID: 26584871 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
With the passing of Dr. Robert Bittman from pancreatic cancer on the 1st October 2014, the lipid research field lost one of the most influential and significant personalities. Robert Bittman's genius was in chemical design and his contribution to the lipid research field was truly immense. The reagents and chemicals he designed and synthesised allowed interrogation of the role of lipids in constituting complex biophysical membranes, sterol transfer and in cellular communication networks. Here we provide a review of these works which serve as a lasting memory to his life.
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Benesch MGK, Tang X, Dewald J, Dong WF, Mackey JR, Hemmings DG, McMullen TPW, Brindley DN. Tumor-induced inflammation in mammary adipose tissue stimulates a vicious cycle of autotaxin expression and breast cancer progression. FASEB J 2015; 29:3990-4000. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-274480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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45
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Benesch MGK, Tang X, Venkatraman G, Bekele RT, Brindley DN. Recent advances in targeting the autotaxin-lysophosphatidate-lipid phosphate phosphatase axis in vivo. J Biomed Res 2015; 30:272-84. [PMID: 27533936 PMCID: PMC4946318 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.30.20150058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular lysophosphatidate (LPA) is a potent bioactive lipid that signals through six G-protein-coupled receptors. This signaling is required for embryogenesis, tissue repair and remodeling processes. LPA is produced from circulating lysophosphatidylcholine by autotaxin (ATX), and is degraded outside cells by a family of three enzymes called the lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs). In many pathological conditions, particularly in cancers, LPA concentrations are increased due to high ATX expression and low LPP activity. In cancers, LPA signaling drives tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, resistance to chemotherapy and decreased efficacy of radiotherapy. Hence, targeting the ATX-LPA-LPP axis is an attractive strategy for introducing novel adjuvant therapeutic options. In this review, we will summarize current progress in targeting the ATX-LPA-LPP axis with inhibitors of autotaxin activity, LPA receptor antagonists, LPA monoclonal antibodies, and increasing low LPP expression. Some of these agents are already in clinical trials and have applications beyond cancer, including chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G K Benesch
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Xiaoyun Tang
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Ganesh Venkatraman
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Raie T Bekele
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - David N Brindley
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada.
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46
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Oda SK, Strauch P, Fujiwara Y, Al-Shami A, Oravecz T, Tigyi G, Pelanda R, Torres RM. Lysophosphatidic acid inhibits CD8 T cell activation and control of tumor progression. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 1:245-55. [PMID: 24455753 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0043-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
CD8 T lymphocytes are able to eliminate nascent tumor cells through a process referred to as immune surveillance. However, multiple inhibitory mechanisms within the tumor microenvironment have been described that impede tumor rejection by CD8 T cells, including increased signaling by inhibitory receptors. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lysophospholipid that has been shown repeatedly to promote diverse cellular processes benefiting tumorigenesis. Accordingly, the increased expression of LPA and LPA receptors is a common feature of diverse tumor cell lineages and can result in elevated systemic LPA levels. LPA is recognized by at least 6 distinct G-protein-coupled receptors and several of which are expressed by T cells, although the precise role of LPA signaling in CD8 T cell activation and function has not been defined. Here, we demonstrate that LPA signaling via the LPA5 receptor expressed by CD8 T cells suppresses antigen receptor signaling, cell activation and proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, in a mouse melanoma model tumor-specific CD8 T cells that are LPA5-deficient are able to control tumor growth significantly better than wild-type tumor-specific CD8 T cells. Together, these data suggest that the production of LPA by tumors serves not only in an autocrine manner to promote tumorigenesis but also as a mechanism to suppress adaptive immunity and highlights a potential novel target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon K Oda
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver and National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Pamela Strauch
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver and National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Yuko Fujiwara
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | | | - Gabor Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver and National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Raul M Torres
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver and National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
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Balogh A, Shimizu Y, Lee SC, Norman DD, Gangwar R, Bavaria M, Moon C, Shukla P, Rao R, Ray R, Naren AP, Banerjee S, Banerje S, Miller DD, Balazs L, Pelus L, Tigyi G. The autotaxin-LPA2 GPCR axis is modulated by γ-irradiation and facilitates DNA damage repair. Cell Signal 2015; 27:1751-62. [PMID: 26027517 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study we characterized the effects of radiation injury on the expression and function of the autotaxin (ATX)-LPA2 GPCR axis. In IEC-6 crypt cells and jejunum enteroids quantitative RT-PCR showed a time- and dose-dependent upregulation of lpa2 in response to γ-irradiation that was abolished by mutation of the NF-κB site in the lpa2 promoter or by inhibition of ATM/ATR kinases with CGK-733, suggesting that lpa2 is a DNA damage response gene upregulated by ATM via NF-κB. The resolution kinetics of the DNA damage marker γ-H2AX in LPA-treated IEC-6 cells exposed to γ-irradiation was accelerated compared to vehicle, whereas pharmacological inhibition of LPA2 delayed the resolution of γ-H2AX. In LPA2-reconstituted MEF cells lacking LPA1&3 the levels of γ-H2AX decreased rapidly, whereas in Vector MEF were high and remained sustained. Inhibition of ERK1&2 or PI3K/AKT signaling axis by pertussis toxin or the C311A/C314A/L351A mutation in the C-terminus of LPA2 abrogated the effect of LPA on DNA repair. LPA2 transcripts in Lin(-)Sca-1(+)c-Kit(+) enriched for bone marrow stem cells were 27- and 5-fold higher than in common myeloid or lymphoid progenitors, respectively. Furthermore, after irradiation higher residual γ-H2AX levels were detected in the bone marrow or jejunum of irradiated LPA2-KO mice compared to WT mice. We found that γ-irradiation increases plasma ATX activity and LPA level that is in part due to the previously established radiation-induced upregulation of TNFα. These findings identify ATX and LPA2 as radiation-regulated genes that appear to play a physiological role in DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Balogh
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center Memphis, 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Yoshibumi Shimizu
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center Memphis, 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Sue Chin Lee
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center Memphis, 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Derek D Norman
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center Memphis, 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Ruchika Gangwar
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center Memphis, 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Mitul Bavaria
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center Memphis, 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - ChangSuk Moon
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center Memphis, 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Pradeep Shukla
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center Memphis, 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Radakrishna Rao
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center Memphis, 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Ramesh Ray
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center Memphis, 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Anjaparavanda P Naren
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center Memphis, 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | | | - Souvik Banerje
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center Memphis, 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Duane D Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center Memphis, 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Louisa Balazs
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center Memphis, 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Louis Pelus
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 West Walnut Street, R2-302, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Gabor Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center Memphis, 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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48
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No YR, He P, Yoo BK, Yun CC. Regulation of NHE3 by lysophosphatidic acid is mediated by phosphorylation of NHE3 by RSK2. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 309:C14-21. [PMID: 25855080 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00067.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Na(+)/H(+) exchange by Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 3 (NHE3) is a major route of sodium absorption in the intestine and kidney. We have shown previously that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a small phospholipid produced ubiquitously by all types of cells, stimulates NHE3 via LPA5 receptor. Stimulation of NHE3 activity by LPA involves LPA5 transactivating EGF receptor (EGFR) in the apical membrane. EGFR activates proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) and ERK, both of which are necessary for NHE3 regulation. However, Pyk2 and ERK are regulated by EGFR via independent pathways and appear to converge on an unidentified intermediate that ultimately targets NHE3. The p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) family of Ser/Thr protein kinases is a known effector of EGFR and ERK. Hence, we hypothesized that RSK may be the convergent effector of Pyk2 and ERK although it is not known whether Pyk2 regulates RSK. In this study, we show that Pyk2 is necessary for the maintenance of phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) autophosphorylation, and knockdown of Pyk2 or PDK1 mitigated LPA-induced phosphorylation of RSK and stimulation of NHE3 activity. Additionally, we show that RSK2, but not RSK1, is responsible for NHE3 regulation. RSK2 interacts with NHE3 at the apical membrane domain, where it phosphorylates NHE3. Alteration of S663 of NHE3 ablated LPA-induced phosphorylation of NHE3 and stimulation of the transport activity. Our study identifies RSK2 as a new kinase that regulates NHE3 activity by direct phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ran No
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Peijian He
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Byong Kwon Yoo
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - C Chris Yun
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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49
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Tang X, Benesch MGK, Brindley DN. Lipid phosphate phosphatases and their roles in mammalian physiology and pathology. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:2048-60. [PMID: 25814022 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r058362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs) are a group of enzymes that belong to a phosphatase/phosphotransferase family. Mammalian LPPs consist of three isoforms: LPP1, LPP2, and LPP3. They share highly conserved catalytic domains and catalyze the dephosphorylation of a variety of lipid phosphates, including phosphatidate, lysophosphatidate (LPA), sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), ceramide 1-phosphate, and diacylglycerol pyrophosphate. LPPs are integral membrane proteins, which are localized on plasma membranes with the active site on the outer leaflet. This enables the LPPs to degrade extracellular LPA and S1P, thereby attenuating their effects on the activation of surface receptors. LPP3 also exhibits noncatalytic effects at the cell surface. LPP expression on internal membranes, such as endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi, facilitates the metabolism of internal lipid phosphates, presumably on the luminal surface of these organelles. This action probably explains the signaling effects of the LPPs, which occur downstream of receptor activation. The three isoforms of LPPs show distinct and nonredundant effects in several physiological and pathological processes including embryo development, vascular function, and tumor progression. This review is intended to present an up-to-date understanding of the physiological and pathological consequences of changing the activities of the different LPPs, especially in relation to cell signaling by LPA and S1P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Tang
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Matthew G K Benesch
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - David N Brindley
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada
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Deng W, Kimura Y, Gududuru V, Wu W, Balogh A, Szabo E, Thompson KE, Yates CR, Balazs L, Johnson LR, Miller DD, Strobos J, McCool WS, Tigyi GJ. Mitigation of the hematopoietic and gastrointestinal acute radiation syndrome by octadecenyl thiophosphate, a small molecule mimic of lysophosphatidic acid. Radiat Res 2015; 183:465-75. [PMID: 25807318 DOI: 10.1667/rr13830.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that the small molecule octadecenyl thiophosphate (OTP), a synthetic mimic of the growth factor-like mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), showed radioprotective activity in a mouse model of total-body irradiation (TBI) when given orally or intraperitoneally 30 min before exposure to 9 Gy γ radiation. In the current study, we evaluated the effects of OTP, delivered subcutaneously, for radioprotection or radiomitigation from -24 h before to up to +72 h postirradiation using a mouse TBI model with therapeutic doses at around 1 mg/kg. OTP was injected at 10 mg/kg without observable toxic side effects in mice, providing a comfortable safety margin. Treatment of C57BL/6 mice with a single dose of OTP over the time period from -12 h before to +26 h after a lethal dose of TBI reduced mortality by 50%. When administered at +48 h to +72 h postirradiation (LD50/30 to LD100/30), OTP reduced mortality by ≥34%. OTP administered at +24 h postirradiation significantly elevated peripheral white blood cell and platelet counts, increased crypt survival in the jejunum, enhanced intestinal glucose absorption and reduced endotoxin seepage into the blood. In the 6.4-8.6 Gy TBI range using LD50/10 as the end point, OTP yielded a dose modification factor of 1.2. The current data indicate that OTP is a potent radioprotector and radiomitigator ameliorating the mortality and tissue injury of acute hematopoietic as well as acute gastrointestinal radiation syndrome.
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