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Lin Z, Assaraf YG, Kwok HF. Peptides for microbe-induced cancers: latest therapeutic strategies and their advanced technologies. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2024:10.1007/s10555-024-10197-4. [PMID: 39008152 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-024-10197-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is a significant global health concern associated with multiple distinct factors, including microbial and viral infections. Numerous studies have elucidated the role of microorganisms, such as Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), as well as viruses for example human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV), in the development of human malignancies. Substantial attention has been focused on the treatment of these microorganism- and virus-associated cancers, with promising outcomes observed in studies employing peptide-based therapies. The current paper provides an overview of microbe- and virus-induced cancers and their underlying molecular mechanisms. We discuss an assortment of peptide-based therapies which are currently being developed, including tumor-targeting peptides and microbial/viral peptide-based vaccines. We describe the major technological advancements that have been made in the design, screening, and delivery of peptides as anticancer agents. The primary focus of the current review is to provide insight into the latest research and development in this field and to provide a realistic glimpse into the future of peptide-based therapies for microbe- and virus-induced neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Lin
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Lab, Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Instituteof Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Hang Fai Kwok
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR.
- MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Avenida de Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR.
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Zahir SO, El Khadir M, Boukhris SA, Benajah DA, Ibrahimi SA, Chbani L, El Abkari M, Bennani B. Helicobacter pylori vacA allelic combination, dupA, cagE and cagA genotypes and their associations with gastric diseases among Moroccan population. Jpn J Infect Dis 2024:JJID.2024.061. [PMID: 38945860 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2024.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The combination of the four regions of vacA with cagA, cagE, dupA genes and cagA-EPIYA motifs, was studied to find the most likely combination that can be used as a disease determinant marker in Moroccan population. A total of 838 H. pylori positive obtained from consenting patients, that were previously analyzed by PCR to characterize vacA-s -m, -i regions, cagE status and cagA 3' region polymorphism, were used to characterize vacA-d region and to determine dupA gene status. The analysis shows the predominance of the less virulent combination (vacA(s2m2i2d2)dupA(-)cagE(-)cagA(-)), and shows that the risk of gastric cancer is 13.33 fold higher (1.06-166.37)) in patients infected by strains harboring vacA(s1m1i1d1)dupA(-)cagE(+)cagA(2EPIYA-C) compared to patients with gastritis without lesions and infected by H.pylori strains harboring vacA(s2m2i2d2)dupA(-)cagE(-)cagA(-). The infection with strains harboring vacA(s1m1i1d1)dupA(+)cagE(+)cagA(1EPIYAC) genotype combination represents a risk factor for gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer (the Odds Ratio (95% CI) were 16 (1.09-234.24) and 6.54 (1.60-26.69) respectively) compared to patients with gastritis without lesions. These results suggest that the combination of the active form of vacA genotypes, dupA gene status and the number of EPIYA-C motif may be considered helpful markers to discriminate between several gastric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souad Oirdi Zahir
- URL-CNRST No. 15, Laboratory of Human Pathology Biomedicine and Environment, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry of Fez (FMPDF), Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University (USMBA), Morocco
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, FMPDF, USMBA, Morocco
| | - Mounia El Khadir
- URL-CNRST No. 15, Laboratory of Human Pathology Biomedicine and Environment, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry of Fez (FMPDF), Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University (USMBA), Morocco
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, FMPDF, USMBA, Morocco
- The Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques (ISPITS), Morocco
| | - Samia Alaoui Boukhris
- URL-CNRST No. 15, Laboratory of Human Pathology Biomedicine and Environment, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry of Fez (FMPDF), Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University (USMBA), Morocco
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, FMPDF, USMBA, Morocco
| | - Dafr-Allah Benajah
- URL-CNRST No. 15, Laboratory of Human Pathology Biomedicine and Environment, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry of Fez (FMPDF), Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University (USMBA), Morocco
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Hassan II University Hospital Center, Morocco
| | - Sidi Adil Ibrahimi
- URL-CNRST No. 15, Laboratory of Human Pathology Biomedicine and Environment, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry of Fez (FMPDF), Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University (USMBA), Morocco
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Hassan II University Hospital Center, Morocco
| | - Laila Chbani
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Hassan II University Hospital Center, Morocco
| | - Mohamed El Abkari
- URL-CNRST No. 15, Laboratory of Human Pathology Biomedicine and Environment, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry of Fez (FMPDF), Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University (USMBA), Morocco
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Hassan II University Hospital Center, Morocco
| | - Bahia Bennani
- URL-CNRST No. 15, Laboratory of Human Pathology Biomedicine and Environment, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry of Fez (FMPDF), Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University (USMBA), Morocco
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, FMPDF, USMBA, Morocco
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Ritter MR, Oliveira MTD, Ardisson JS, Gonçalves RDCR, Kitagawa RR, Lima DDS, Seixas FAV, Nakamura CV, Mello JCPD. Trichilia catigua against Helicobacter pylori: An in vitro, molecular and in silico approach. Fitoterapia 2024; 177:106101. [PMID: 38945495 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.106101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that is present in the stomach of about 50% of the global population and is associated with several gastric disorders, including cancer. Natural products with antimicrobial activity have been tested against H. pylori, among them Trichilia catigua (catuaba), which is widely distributed in Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate extracts of T. catigua bark against H. pylori via determination of the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC); evaluation of virulence factors by real-time PCR, synergism with standard antimicrobials and morphology by scanning electron microscopy and simulations of the mechanism of action by molecular docking. The ethyl acetate fraction provided the best results, with an MIC50 of 250 μg/mL and a 42.34% reduction in urease activity, along with reduced expression of the CagA and VacA genes, which encode for the main virulence factors. This fraction presented synergistic activity with clarithromycin, reducing the MIC of the drug by four-fold. Docking simulations suggested that the extracts inhibit fatty acid synthesis by the FAS-II system, causing damage to the cell membrane. Therefore, T. catigua extracts have potential as an adjuvant to treatment and are promising for the development of new anti-H. pylori drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane Roberta Ritter
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biology, Palafito, Department of Pharmacy, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Tempesta de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biology, Palafito, Department of Pharmacy, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Juliana Santa Ardisson
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Rezende Kitagawa
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Diego de Souza Lima
- Department of Technology, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Umuarama, Brazil
| | | | - Celso Vataru Nakamura
- Technological Innovation Laboratory in the Development of Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Brazil
| | - João Carlos Palazzo de Mello
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biology, Palafito, Department of Pharmacy, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil.
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Umar Z, Tang JW, Marshall BJ, Tay ACY, Wang L. Rapid diagnosis and precision treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in clinical settings. Crit Rev Microbiol 2024:1-30. [PMID: 38910506 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2024.2364194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the stomach of approximately half of the worldwide population, with higher prevalence in densely populated areas like Asia, the Caribbean, Latin America, and Africa. H. pylori infections range from asymptomatic cases to potentially fatal diseases, including peptic ulcers, chronic gastritis, and stomach adenocarcinoma. The management of these conditions has become more difficult due to the rising prevalence of drug-resistant H. pylori infections, which ultimately lead to gastric cancer and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. In 1994, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) categorized H. pylori as a Group I carcinogen, contributing to approximately 780,000 cancer cases annually. Antibiotic resistance against drugs used to treat H. pylori infections ranges between 15% and 50% worldwide, with Asian countries having exceptionally high rates. This review systematically examines the impacts of H. pylori infection, the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance, and the urgent need for accurate diagnosis and precision treatment. The present status of precision treatment strategies and prospective approaches for eradicating infections caused by antibiotic-resistant H. pylori will also be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Umar
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jia-Wei Tang
- Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, China
| | - Barry J Marshall
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, China
- Marshall International Digestive Diseases Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Marshall Medical Research Center, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Alfred Chin Yen Tay
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, China
- Marshall International Digestive Diseases Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Marshall Medical Research Center, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, China
- Center for Precision Health, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, China
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Nguyen TMN, Tran VH, Ha TMT. Helicobacter pylori cagA, vacA, and iceA genotypes and clinical outcomes: a cross-sectional study in central Vietnam. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:1393-1404. [PMID: 38676790 PMCID: PMC11153385 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01328-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is the most common cause of gastroduodenal diseases. The concept that cagA-positive H. pylori is a risk factor for gastric cancer appears to be true only for H. pylori strains from Western countries. Other virulent genes may have a synergistic interaction with cagA during pathogenesis. This study aims to investigate H. pylori cagA, vacA, and iceA prevalence, genotypes, and their association to clinical outcomes in Vietnamese patients. The cagA status and vacA and iceA genotypes were determined using the PCR technique on DNA extracted from gastric biopsies of 141 patients with gastroduodenal diseases. After performing molecular analysis for cagA, vacA, and iceA genes, samples with mixed H. pylori strains, positivity, or negativity for both cagA and cagPAI-empty site, or unidentified genotypes were excluded. Finally, 107 samples were examined. The presence of the cagA, vacA, and iceA genes were detected in 77.6%, 100%, and 80.4% of cases, respectively. Notably, cagA( +) with EPIYA-ABD, vacA s1i1m1, vacA s1i1m2, iceA1, and iceA2 accounted for 73.8%, 44.9%, 33.6%, 48.6%, and 31.8% of cases, respectively. Four iceA2 subtypes (24-aa, 59-aa, 94-aa, and 129-aa variants) were found, with the 59-aa variant the most prevalent (70.6%). The cagA( +)/vacAs1i1m1/iceA1 and cagA( +)/vacAs1i1m2/iceA1 combinations were found in 26.2% and 25.1% of cases, respectively. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed, after adjusting for age and gender, with the gastritis group was used as a reference control. Statistically significant associations were found between the vacA s1i1m2 genotype, the iceA1 variant, and the cagA( +)/vacAs1i1m2/iceA1 combination and gastric cancer; the adjusted ORs were estimated as 18.02 (95% CI: 3.39-95.81), 4.09 (95% CI: 1.1-15.08), and 16.19 (95% CI: 3.42-76.66), respectively. Interestingly, for the first time, our study found that vacA s1i1m2, but not vacA s1i1m1, was a risk factor for gastric cancer. This study illustrates the genetic diversity of the H. pylori cagA, vacA, and iceA genes across geographical regions and contributes to understanding the importance of these genotypes for clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Mai Ngan Nguyen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, 6, Ngo Quyen Street, Hue City, 49100, Vietnam
| | - Van Huy Tran
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
- Centre of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Hospital, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Thi Minh Thi Ha
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, 6, Ngo Quyen Street, Hue City, 49100, Vietnam.
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam.
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Gouda MA, Saied SA, Edrees A, Mostafa RG, Elfert A, Seleem AA, Shams A, Afify S. Effect of concurrent infection of Helicobacter pylori with Toxoplasma gondii infection on gastric pathology. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:408. [PMID: 38627630 PMCID: PMC11020820 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09270-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) are among the most prevalent foodborne parasitic and bacterial infections worldwide. However, the concurrent impact of coinfection on gastric pathology has yet to be studied in depth. The effect of coinfection generally either adds a synergetic or antagonistic impact; we aimed in the current work to assess the impact of T. gondii coinfection on the progression of H. pylori-associated gastric pathology and reporting H. pylori virulent strains. The study was conducted on 82 patients complaining of persistent gastrointestinal symptoms with failed treatment response and prone to endoscopy. They were subjected to stool examination to detect H. pylori antigen, serological screening for latent toxoplasmosis, endoscopy, histopathological examination, and molecular detection of H. pylori virulence strains in gastric biopsies. Out of the 82 patients, 62 patients were positive for H. pylori antigen in stool and 55 patients confirmed positivity by histopathology; out of them, 37 patients had isolated Vac As1 variants, 11 patients had combined Vac As1 and Cag A variants, and 7 patients had combined Vac As1, Cag A and VacAs2 variants. Patients with the combined two or three variances showed significantly deteriorated histopathological features than patients with a single Vac As1 variant (P < 0.05). Latent toxoplasmosis was positive among 35/82 patients. Combined H. pylori and Toxoplasma gondii infection had significantly marked inflammation than patients with isolated infection (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Screening for toxoplasmosis among H. pylori-infected patients is recommended as it is considered a potential risk factor for gastric inflammation severity. H. pylori gastric inflammation may be heightened by Toxoplasma coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa A Gouda
- Clinical and Molecular Parasitology Department, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shibin Elkom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Sara A Saied
- Clinical Pathology Department, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shibin Elkom, Menoufia, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Edrees
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology Department, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shibin Elkom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Rasha Galal Mostafa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shibin Elkom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Elfert
- Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics department, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shibin Elkom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Aya Abdallah Seleem
- Zoonoses department, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Shams
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shibin Elkom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Sameh Afify
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology Department, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shibin Elkom, Menoufia, Egypt
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Guzmán J, Castillo D, González-Siccha AD, Bussalleu A, Trespalacios-Rangel AA, Lescano AG, Sauvain M. Helicobacter pylori cagA, vacA, iceA and babA Genotypes from Peruvian Patients with Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1476. [PMID: 38672558 PMCID: PMC11047899 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We explored the clinical-stage association of gastric intestinal metaplasia (IM) compared to cases of chronic non-atrophic gastritis (CNAG) and its relationship with virulence genotypes of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) clinical isolates from patients with dyspepsia in Peru. This study was cross-sectional and included 158 H. pylori clinical isolates; each isolate corresponded to a different Peruvian patient, genotyped by polymerase chain reaction to detect cagA gene and EPIYA motifs, the vacA gene (alleles s1, s2, i1, i2, d1, d2, m1, m2 and subtypes s1a, s1b and s1c), the iceA gene (alleles 1 and 2), and the babA gene (allele 2). We observed that 38.6% presented with IM and that all clinical isolates were CagA positive. The EPIYA-ABC motif was predominant (68.4%), and we observed a high frequency for the vacA gene alleles s1 (94.9%), m1 (81.7%), i1 (63.9%), and d1 (70.9%). Strains with both iceA alleles were also detected (69.6%) and 52.2% were babA2 positive. In addition, it was observed that the cagA+/vacAs1m1 (PR: 2.42, 1.14 to 5.13, p < 0.05) and cagA+/vacAs1am1 (PR: 1.67, 1.13 to 2.45, p < 0.01) genotypes were associated with IM. Our findings revealed the cagA and vacA risk genotypes predominance, and we provided clinically relevant associations between Peruvian patients with H. pylori infection and IM clinical stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Guzmán
- Laboratorio Centinela de Helicobacter pylori, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15024, Peru; (D.C.); (A.B.); (M.S.)
- Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru;
| | - Denis Castillo
- Laboratorio Centinela de Helicobacter pylori, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15024, Peru; (D.C.); (A.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Anabel D. González-Siccha
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Trujillo 13011, Peru;
| | - Alejandro Bussalleu
- Laboratorio Centinela de Helicobacter pylori, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15024, Peru; (D.C.); (A.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Alba A. Trespalacios-Rangel
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia;
| | - Andres G. Lescano
- Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru;
| | - Michel Sauvain
- Laboratorio Centinela de Helicobacter pylori, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15024, Peru; (D.C.); (A.B.); (M.S.)
- UMR 152 Pharmacochimie et Biologie pour le Développement (PHARMA-DEV), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de Toulouse, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France
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Bhattacharjee A, Sahoo OS, Sarkar A, Bhattacharya S, Chowdhury R, Kar S, Mukherjee O. Infiltration to infection: key virulence players of Helicobacter pylori pathogenicity. Infection 2024; 52:345-384. [PMID: 38270780 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-023-02159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to comprehensively review the multifaceted factors underlying the successful colonization and infection process of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a prominent Gram-negative pathogen in humans. The focus is on elucidating the functions, mechanisms, genetic regulation, and potential cross-interactions of these elements. METHODS Employing a literature review approach, this study examines the intricate interactions between H. pylori and its host. It delves into virulence factors like VacA, CagA, DupA, Urease, along with phase variable genes, such as babA, babC, hopZ, etc., giving insights about the bacterial perspective of the infection The association of these factors with the infection has also been added in the form of statistical data via Funnel and Forest plots, citing the potential of the virulence and also adding an aspect of geographical biasness to the virulence factors. The biochemical characteristics and clinical relevance of these factors and their effects on host cells are individually examined, both comprehensively and statistically. RESULTS H. pylori is a Gram-negative, spiral bacterium that successfully colonises the stomach of more than half of the world's population, causing peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, MALT lymphoma, and other gastro-duodenal disorders. The clinical outcomes of H. pylori infection are influenced by a complex interplay between virulence factors and phase variable genes produced by the infecting strain and the host genetic background. A meta-analysis of the prevalence of all the major virulence factors has also been appended. CONCLUSION This study illuminates the diverse elements contributing to H. pylori's colonization and infection. The interplay between virulence factors, phase variable genes, and host genetics determines the outcome of the infection. Despite biochemical insights into many factors, their comprehensive regulation remains an understudied area. By offering a panoramic view of these factors and their functions, this study enhances understanding of the bacterium's perspective, i.e. H. pylori's journey from infiltration to successful establishment within the host's stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghyadeep Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
- Department of Microbiology, Kingston College of Science, Beruanpukuria, Barasat, West Bengal, 700219, India
| | - Om Saswat Sahoo
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Ahana Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Saurabh Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O.B. 12272, 9112001, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rukhsana Chowdhury
- School of Biological Sciences, RKM Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute Narendrapur, Kolkata, India
| | - Samarjit Kar
- Department of Mathematics, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Oindrilla Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India.
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Yang S, Hao S, Ye H, Zhang X. Cross-talk between Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer: a scientometric analysis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1353094. [PMID: 38357448 PMCID: PMC10864449 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1353094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Helicobacter pylori (HP) is considered a leading risk factor for gastric cancer (GC). The aim of this article is to conduct bibliometric and visual analysis to assess scientific output, identify highly cited papers, summarize current knowledge, and explore recent hotspots and trends in HP/GC research. Methods A bibliographic search was conducted on October 24, 2023, to retrieve relevant studies on HP/GC research between 2003 and 2022. The search terms were attached to HP and GC. The main data were from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). Data visualization was performed using Biblioshiny, VOSviewer, and Microsoft Excel. Results In HP/GC research, 1970 papers were retrieved. The total number of papers (Np) in HP/GC was growing from 2003 to 2022. China and Japan were in the leading position and made the most contributions to HP/GC. Vanderbilt University and the US Department of Veterans Affairs had the highest Np. The most productive authors were Peek Jr Richard M. and Piazuelo M Blanca. Helicobacter received the most Np, while Gastroenterology had the most total citations (TC). High-cited publications and keyword clustering were used to identify the current status and trends in HP/GC research, while historical citation analysis provided insight into the evolution of HP/GC research. The hot topics included the effect of HP on gastric tumorigenesis and progression, the pathogenesis of HP-induced GC (HP factors), and the mechanisms by which HP affects GC (host factors). Research in the coming years could focus on topics such as autophagy, gut microbiota, immunotherapy, exosomes, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT). Conclusion This study evaluated the global scientific output in HP/GC research and its quantitative characteristics, identified the essential works, and collected information on the current status, main focuses and emerging trends in HP/GC research to provide academics with guidance for future paths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shaodong Hao
- Spleen-Stomach Department, Fangshan Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Ye
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xuezhi Zhang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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10
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Jarzab M, Skorko-Glonek J. There Are No Insurmountable Barriers: Passage of the Helicobacter pylori VacA Toxin from Bacterial Cytoplasm to Eukaryotic Cell Organelle. MEMBRANES 2023; 14:11. [PMID: 38248700 PMCID: PMC10821523 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Helicobacter pylori is a very successful pathogen, one of the most commonly identified causes of bacterial infections in humans worldwide. H. pylori produces several virulence factors that contribute to its persistence in the hostile host habitat and to its pathogenicity. The most extensively studied are cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) and vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA). VacA is present in almost all H. pylori strains. As a secreted multifunctional toxin, it assists bacterial colonization, survival, and proliferation during long-lasting infections. To exert its effect on gastric epithelium and other cell types, VacA undergoes several modifications and crosses multiple membrane barriers. Once inside the gastric epithelial cell, VacA disrupts many cellular-signaling pathways and processes, leading mainly to changes in the efflux of various ions, the depolarization of membrane potential, and perturbations in endocytic trafficking and mitochondrial function. The most notable effect of VacA is the formation of vacuole-like structures, which may lead to apoptosis. This review focuses on the processes involved in VacA secretion, processing, and entry into host cells, with a particular emphasis on the interaction of the mature toxin with host membranes and the formation of transmembrane pores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Skorko-Glonek
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland;
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11
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Boyanova L, Boyanova L, Hadzhiyski P, Kandilarov N, Yordanov D, Gergova R, Markovska R. Mixed (multiple-genotype) Helicobacter pylori infections in Bulgarian patients. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 107:116073. [PMID: 37717293 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2023.116073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency and characteristics of mixed (multiple-genotype) Helicobacter pylori infections (MGIs) in 155 Bulgarian symptomatic patients (21 children and 134 adults). MGIs were common (36.1%), including double-strain (34.8%) and triple-strain infections (1.3%). None of the 8 ulcer patients harbored multiple subtypes. We detected 18 multiple allelic combinations, of which the most frequent subtypes (17.4%) were vacA s1as2 and vacA s1cs2. The 2 patients with triple-strain infections had vacA s1bs1cs2i1i2/iceA1A2 and vacA s1as1cs2 subtypes. They were both adult men with chronic gastritis and both were examined in 2022. The prevalence of MGIs (51.7%) was 2-fold higher in 2020 to 2022 than in 2015 to 2019 (26.3%). Putative factors for the increase may be the patient's characteristics and COVID-19 pandemic-associated factors. MGI rates corresponded to the high infection seroprevalence (72.4% in 2011) in Bulgaria. The evolution and clinical importance of mixed H. pylori infections merit extensive evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila Boyanova
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Liliya Boyanova
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Petyo Hadzhiyski
- Specialized Hospital for Active Pediatric Treatment, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nayden Kandilarov
- Department of General and Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Daniel Yordanov
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Raina Gergova
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Rumyana Markovska
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
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12
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Vesga FJ, Beltrán-Benavides AR, Márquez-Duque AM, Venegas C, Trespalacios AA. Helicobacter pylori virulence genotypes in Bogotá River and wastewater treatment plants in Colombia. Helicobacter 2023; 28:e13023. [PMID: 37753804 DOI: 10.1111/hel.13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that infects 70%-80% of the population in Colombia, causing chronic gastritis in all those infected and gastric cancer in 1%-2% of those infected. In Colombia, some studies have identified the presence of vacA and cagA genes in environmental samples such as treated, surface, and wastewater, but they have not been evaluated in the Bogotá River. For this, the aim of this study was to identify the virulence genotypes of H. pylori present in samples from the Bogotá River and domestic wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 75 water samples (51 from the Bogotá River and 24 from wastewater treatment plants) were collected. The presence of H. pylori DNA and its virulence genotypes was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS The presence of H. pylori DNA was demonstrated in 44% (33/75) of the samples, obtaining 63.6% (21/33) from the Bogotá River and 36.4% (12/33) from the WWTPs. The most prevalent H. pylori genotype was cagA (-) and vacAm1/s1/i1 being the most virulent of the vacA gene. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study in Colombia that determines the cagA and vacA genotypes in surface water and WWTPs, indicating the circulation of virulent genotypes in the population. The presence of this pathogen in the waters can be represent a risk to the health of the surrounding population since these waters are reused by the communities for different purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidson-Juarismy Vesga
- Microbiology Department, Grupo de Biotecnología ambiental e industrial (GBAI), Laboratorio Calidad Microbiológica de Aguas y Lodos (CMAL), Science Faculty, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Ana María Márquez-Duque
- Microbiology Department, Bacteriology, Science Faculty, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Camilo Venegas
- Microbiology Department, Grupo de Biotecnología ambiental e industrial (GBAI), Laboratorio Calidad Microbiológica de Aguas y Lodos (CMAL), Science Faculty, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alba-Alicia Trespalacios
- Microbiology Department, Infectious Diseases Research Group, Science Faculty, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
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13
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Garvey E, Rhead J, Suffian S, Whiley D, Mahmood F, Bakshi N, Letley D, White J, Atherton J, Winter JA, Robinson K. High incidence of antibiotic resistance amongst isolates of Helicobacter pylori collected in Nottingham, UK, between 2001 and 2018. J Med Microbiol 2023; 72. [PMID: 37962209 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Helicobacter pylori is the leading cause of peptic ulcers and gastric cancer. The most common treatment regimens use combinations of two or three antibiotics and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) to suppress stomach acid. The World Health Organization designated clarithromycin-resistant H. pylori as a high priority pathogen for drug development, due to increasing antibiotic resistance globally.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. There is no routine surveillance of H. pylori primary antimicrobial sensitivities in the UK, and published data are lacking.Aim. This study aimed to characterize antimicrobial sensitivities of isolates collected in Nottingham, UK, between 2001 and 2018.Methodology. Gastric biopsy samples were collected, with informed written consent and ethics approval, from 162 patients attending the Queen's Medical Centre in Nottingham for an upper GI tract endoscopy. Antibiotic sensitivity was assessed using E-Tests and a more cost-effective disc diffusion test.Results. The clarithromycin, amoxicillin and levofloxacin disc diffusion tests provided identical results to E-Tests on a subset of 30 isolates. Disparities were observed in the metronidazole test results, however. In total, 241 isolates from 162 patients were tested using at least one method. Of all isolates, 28 % were resistant to clarithromycin, 62 % to metronidazole and 3 % to amoxicillin, which are used in first-line therapies. For those antibiotics used in second- and third-line therapies, 4 % were resistant to levofloxacin and none of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline. Resistance to more than one antibiotic was found in 27 % of isolates. The frequency of patients with a clarithromycin-resistant strain increased dramatically over time: from 16 % between 2001 and 2005 to 40 % between 2011 and 2018 (P=0.011). For the same time periods, there was also an increase in those with a metronidazole-resistant strain (from 58 to 78 %; P=0.05). The frequencies of clarithromycin and metronidazole resistance were higher in isolates from patients who had previously received eradication therapy, compared to those who had not (40 % versus 77 %, and 80 % versus 92 %, respectively). Of 79 pairs of isolates from the antrum and corpus regions of the same patient's stomach, only six had differences in their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles.Conclusion. Although there was high and increasing resistance to clarithromycin and metronidazole, there was no resistance to tetracycline and the frequencies of amoxicillin and levofloxacin resistance were very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Garvey
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham BRC, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Joanne Rhead
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham BRC, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Suffi Suffian
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham BRC, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Daniel Whiley
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Farah Mahmood
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Naveen Bakshi
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham BRC, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Present address: Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, UK
| | - Darren Letley
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham BRC, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jonathan White
- NIHR Nottingham BRC, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - John Atherton
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham BRC, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jody Anne Winter
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Karen Robinson
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham BRC, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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14
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Saruuljavkhlan B, Alfaray RI, Oyuntsetseg K, Gantuya B, Khangai A, Renchinsengee N, Matsumoto T, Akada J, Azzaya D, Davaadorj D, Yamaoka Y. Study of Helicobacter pylori Isolated from a High-Gastric-Cancer-Risk Population: Unveiling the Comprehensive Analysis of Virulence-Associated Genes including Secretion Systems, and Genome-Wide Association Study. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4528. [PMID: 37760497 PMCID: PMC10526929 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of gastric cancer in Mongolia, in East Asia, remains the highest in the world. However, most Helicobacter pylori strains in Mongolia have a less virulent Western-type CagA. We aimed to determine how H. pylori genomic variation affected gastric diseases, especially gastric cancer, based on comprehensive genome analysis. METHODS We identified a set of 274 virulence-associated genes in H. pylori, including virulence factor and outer membrane protein (OMP) genes, the type four secretion system gene cluster, and 13 well-known virulence gene genotypes in 223 H. pylori strains and their associations with gastric cancer and other gastric diseases. We conducted a genome-wide association study on 158 H. pylori strains (15 gastric cancer and 143 non-gastric cancer strains). RESULTS Out of 274 genes, we found 13 genes were variable depending on disease outcome, especially iron regulating OMP genes. H. pylori strains from Mongolia were divided into two main subgroups: subgroup (Sg1) with high risk and Sg2 with low risk for gastric cancer. The general characteristics of Sg1 strains are that they possess more virulence genotype genes. We found nine non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms in seven genes that are linked with gastric cancer strains. CONCLUSIONS Highly virulent H. pylori strains may adapt through host-influenced genomic variations, potentially impacting gastric carcinogenesis.
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Grants
- 18KK0266, 19H03473, 21H00346, 22H02871, 17K09353, 21K07898, 18K16182, 21K08010 Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- 2021B13 Research Center for GLOBAL and LOCAL Infectious Diseases, Oita University
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Affiliation(s)
- Batsaikhan Saruuljavkhlan
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu 879-5593, Oita, Japan; (B.S.); (R.I.A.); (A.K.); (N.R.); (T.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Ricky Indra Alfaray
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu 879-5593, Oita, Japan; (B.S.); (R.I.A.); (A.K.); (N.R.); (T.M.); (J.A.)
- Helicobacter pylori and Microbiota Study Group, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60286, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Khasag Oyuntsetseg
- Endoscopy Center, Mongolia Japan Hospital, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Mongolia; (K.O.); (B.G.)
| | - Boldbaatar Gantuya
- Endoscopy Center, Mongolia Japan Hospital, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Mongolia; (K.O.); (B.G.)
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Mongolia; (D.A.); (D.D.)
| | - Ayush Khangai
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu 879-5593, Oita, Japan; (B.S.); (R.I.A.); (A.K.); (N.R.); (T.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Namsrai Renchinsengee
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu 879-5593, Oita, Japan; (B.S.); (R.I.A.); (A.K.); (N.R.); (T.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Takashi Matsumoto
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu 879-5593, Oita, Japan; (B.S.); (R.I.A.); (A.K.); (N.R.); (T.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Junko Akada
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu 879-5593, Oita, Japan; (B.S.); (R.I.A.); (A.K.); (N.R.); (T.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Dashdorj Azzaya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Mongolia; (D.A.); (D.D.)
| | - Duger Davaadorj
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Mongolia; (D.A.); (D.D.)
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu 879-5593, Oita, Japan; (B.S.); (R.I.A.); (A.K.); (N.R.); (T.M.); (J.A.)
- Helicobacter pylori and Microbiota Study Group, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60286, East Java, Indonesia
- The Research Center for GLOBAL and LOCAL Infectious Diseases (RCGLID), Oita University, Yufu 870-1192, Oita, Japan
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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15
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Saberi S, Esmaeili M, Saghiri R, Shekari F, Mohammadi M. Assessment of the mixed origin of the gastric epithelial extracellular vesicles in acellular transfer of Helicobacter pylori toxins and a systematic review. Microb Pathog 2023; 177:106024. [PMID: 36758823 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND H. pylori are generally considered as extracellular organisms, with exclusive colonization of the gastric milieu. Yet, several extra gastric manifestations are associated with this infection. The aim of the present study was to investigate the feasibility of toxin transfer by extracellular vesicles, from bacterial and epithelial origins. METHODS Tox-positive H. pylori and its two cagA and vacA mutant strains were used to produce bacterial vesicles (BVs) and to infect AGS cells. The produced BVs and the infected cell vesicles (ICVs) were collected by ultracentrifugation and evaluated by western blotting, DLS and electron microscopy. These two sets of vesicles were applied to a second set of recipient AGS cells, in which the acellular transfer of toxins, IL-8 production and downstream morphologic changes were assessed, by western blotting, ELISA and light microscopy, respectively. RESULTS The BVs were positive for H. pylori membrane markers (BabA and UreB), VacA and CagA toxins, except for from the corresponding mutant strains. The ICVs were larger in size and positive for bacterial markers, as well as epithelial markers of CD9, LGR5, but negative for nuclear (Ki76) or cytoplasmic (β-actin) markers. Bacteria-independent transfer of CagA and VacA into the recipient cells occurred upon treatment of cells with BVs and ICVs, followed by cellular vacuolation and elongation. IL-8 production was induced in recipient AGS cells, treated with BVs (1279.4 ± 19.79 pg/106 cells), early (8 h, 1171.4 ± 11.31 pg/106 cells) and late (48 h, 965.4 ± 36.77 pg/106 cells) ICVs (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Our data indicates that ICVs, with mixed bacterial and epithelial constituents, similar to BVs, are capable of transferring bacterial toxins into the recipient cells, inducing IL-8 production and subsequent morphologic changes, in an acellular manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Saberi
- HPGC Research Group, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Esmaeili
- HPGC Research Group, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Saghiri
- Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Shekari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product Technology Development Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Mohammadi
- HPGC Research Group, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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16
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Wroblewski LE, Peek RM. Clinical Pathogenesis, Molecular Mechanisms of Gastric Cancer Development. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 444:25-52. [PMID: 38231214 PMCID: PMC10924282 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-47331-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The human pathogen Helicobacter pylori is the strongest known risk factor for gastric disease and cancer, and gastric cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related death across the globe. Carcinogenic mechanisms associated with H. pylori are multifactorial and are driven by bacterial virulence constituents, host immune responses, environmental factors such as iron and salt, and the microbiota. Infection with strains that harbor the cytotoxin-associated genes (cag) pathogenicity island, which encodes a type IV secretion system (T4SS) confer increased risk for developing more severe gastric diseases. Other important H. pylori virulence factors that augment disease progression include vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA), specifically type s1m1 vacA alleles, serine protease HtrA, and the outer-membrane adhesins HopQ, BabA, SabA and OipA. Additional risk factors for gastric cancer include dietary factors such as diets that are high in salt or low in iron, H. pylori-induced perturbations of the gastric microbiome, host genetic polymorphisms, and infection with Epstein-Barr virus. This chapter discusses in detail host factors and how H. pylori virulence factors augment the risk of developing gastric cancer in human patients as well as how the Mongolian gerbil model has been used to define mechanisms of H. pylori-induced inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia E Wroblewski
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Richard M Peek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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17
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Kaneko K, Zaitoun AM, Letley DP, Rhead JL, Torres J, Spendlove I, Atherton JC, Robinson K. The active form of Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin induces decay-accelerating factor CD55 in association with intestinal metaplasia in the human gastric mucosa. J Pathol 2022; 258:199-209. [PMID: 35851954 PMCID: PMC9543990 DOI: 10.1002/path.5990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
High-level expression of decay-accelerating factor, CD55, has previously been found in human gastric cancer (GC) and intestinal metaplasia (IM) tissues. Therapeutic effects of CD55 inhibition in cancer have been reported. However, the role of Helicobacter pylori infection and virulence factors in the induction of CD55 and its association with histological changes of the human gastric mucosa remain incompletely understood. We hypothesised that CD55 would be increased during infection with more virulent strains of H. pylori, and with more marked gastric mucosal pathology. RT-qPCR and immunohistochemical analyses of gastric biopsy samples from 42 H. pylori-infected and 42 uninfected patients revealed that CD55 mRNA and protein were significantly higher in the gastric antrum of H. pylori-infected patients, and this was associated with the presence of IM, but not atrophy, or inflammation. Increased gastric CD55 and IM were both linked with colonisation by vacA i1-type strains independently of cagA status, and in vitro studies using isogenic mutants of vacA confirmed the ability of VacA to induce CD55 and sCD55 in gastric epithelial cell lines. siRNA experiments to investigate the function of H. pylori-induced CD55 showed that CD55 knockdown in gastric epithelial cells partially reduced IL-8 secretion in response to H. pylori, but this was not due to modulation of bacterial adhesion or cytotoxicity. Finally, plasma samples taken from the same patients were analysed for the soluble form of CD55 (sCD55) by ELISA. sCD55 levels were not influenced by IM and did not correlate with gastric CD55 mRNA levels. These results suggest a new link between active vacA i1-type H. pylori, IM, and CD55, and identify CD55 as a molecule of potential interest in the management of IM as well as GC treatment. © 2022 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyo Kaneko
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research CentreNottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Abed M Zaitoun
- Department of Cellular PathologyNottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Queen's Medical Centre CampusNottinghamUK
| | - Darren P Letley
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research CentreNottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Joanne L Rhead
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research CentreNottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Javier Torres
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades InfecciosasHospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSSMexico CityMexico
| | - Ian Spendlove
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of MedicineUniversity of Nottingham Biodiscovery InstituteNottinghamUK
| | - John C Atherton
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research CentreNottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Karen Robinson
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research CentreNottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of NottinghamNottinghamUK
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Karbalaei M, Talebi Bezmin Abadi A, Keikha M. Clinical relevance of the cagA and vacA s1m1 status and antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:573. [PMID: 35752757 PMCID: PMC9233856 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07546-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) virulence factors of such as vacA s1m1 and cagA in designating clinical outcomes and eradication rate has been deeply challenged in the last decade. The goal of this analysis was to identify the potential relevance between cagA and vacA genotypes with reported antibiotic resistance observed in clinical H. pylori isolates. METHODS This literature search was conducted in databases such as Clarivate analytics, PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, DOAJ, and Google Scholar by April 2022, regardless of language restrictions and publication date. Quality of the included studies was assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Statistical analysis of retrieved studies was fulfilled using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software version 2.2. Following quality appraisal of eligible studies, potential association between the status of cagA and vacA genes with resistance to clarithromycin, metronidazole, amoxicillin, tetracycline, and levofloxacin was measured using odds ratio with 95% confidence interval. We also used sensitivity analyses and meta-regression to eliminate the source of heterogeneity from the overall estimates. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plot, Egger's test, Begg's test with the trim and fill procedure to assess the presence and magnitude of publication bias in the included studies. RESULTS Our findings suggested that a significant relationship between cagA status and increase resistance to metronidazole (OR: 2.69; 95% CI: 1.24-5.83). In subgroup analysis, we found that in the Western population, infection with cagA-positive strains could be led to increase in the resistance to metronidazole (OR: 1.59; 95% CI: 0.78-3.21), amoxicillin (OR: 19.68; 95% CI: 2.74-141.18), and levofloxacin (OR: 11.33; 95% CI: 1.39-91.85). After implementation of trim and fill method, the adjusted OR was not significantly differed from original estimates which in turn represented our subgroup analysis was statistically robust. On the other hand, vacA genotypes usually reduce the antibiotic resistance of this bacterium, so that vacA s1m1 significantly reduces the resistance to metronidazole (OR: 0.41; 95% CI: 0.20-0.86). Surprisingly, resistance of vacA s2m2 strains to antibiotics was low, the reason may be due to the non-inflammatory properties of strains containing vacA s2m2. The meta-regression and sensitivity analyses successfully reduced the effect of heterogeneity from the overall estimates. In addition, although the pooled OR is reduced after trim and fill adjustment but results do not change the conclusion regarding vacA genotypes and antibiotic resistance. CONCLUSIONS According to our findings, it was clearly demonstrated that cagA-positive strains are resistance to metronidazole, especially in Western countries. In Western countries, vacA s1m1 increases resistance to amoxicillin and levofloxacin. Based on the present findings, the vacA s1m1 genotype significantly increases resistance to metronidazole, while the vacA s1m2 decreases resistance to clarithromycin and metronidazole. Resistance to antibiotics in less virulent (vacA s2m2) strains is statistically significant lower than others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Karbalaei
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Amin Talebi Bezmin Abadi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Masoud Keikha
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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El Hafa F, Wang T, Ndifor VM, Jin G. Association between Helicobacter pylori antibodies determined by multiplex serology and gastric cancer risk: A meta-analysis. Helicobacter 2022; 27:e12881. [PMID: 35212073 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Previous studies have reported the association between limited number of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) antigens and gastric cancer (GC) risk. The present study evaluated the association between serum antibodies against 15 different H. pylori proteins measured by using multiplex serology assay and GC risk. METHODS We searched PubMed databases, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library for relevant articles. A meta-analysis was used to pool studies and to estimate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) of different H. pylori antigens associated with GC risk. Heterogeneity was investigated using Cochran's Q test and I-squared statistic. RESULTS Nine studies were identified, with a total of 3209 GC cases and 6964 controls. Five H. pylori virulence factors were significantly associated with non-cardia GC risk at p-value <0.0033 including: CagA (OR = 3.22, 95%CI: 2.10-4.94), HP0305 (OR = 1.72, 95%CI: 1.32-2.25), HyuA (OR = 1.42, 95%CI: 1.13-1.79), Omp (OR = 1.83, 95%CI: 1.30-2.58), and VacA (OR = 2.05, 95%CI: 1.67-2.52). However, none of the 15 antigens was associated with cardia GC risk. In subgroup analysis by ethnicity, we identified 7 antigens associated with the risk of non-cardia GC among East Asian while only two antigens were identified in European population. Nevertheless, CagA and GroEL showed a stronger association in Caucasian (CagA OR = 5.83, 95%CI: 3.31-10.26; GroEL OR = 3.66, 95%CI: 1.58-8.50) compared with East Asian (CagA OR = 2.20, 95% CI: 1.85-2.61; GroEL OR = 1.47, 95%CI: 1.29-1.68). CONCLUSIONS This study determined that H. pylori infection increases the risk of non-cardia GC with differential effects by its virulence factors and with different patterns among East Asian and European populations. These results advance the understanding of the effect of H. pylori on GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadoua El Hafa
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianpei Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine and China International Cooperation Center for Environment and Human Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Public Health Institute of Gusu School, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Valerie Mbuhnwi Ndifor
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangfu Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine and China International Cooperation Center for Environment and Human Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Public Health Institute of Gusu School, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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20
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Yang Y, Shu X, Xie C. An Overview of Autophagy in Helicobacter pylori Infection and Related Gastric Cancer. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:847716. [PMID: 35463631 PMCID: PMC9033262 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.847716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is considered a class I carcinogen in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. In recent years, the interaction relationship between H. pylori infection and autophagy has attracted increasing attention. Most investigators believe that the pathogenesis of gastric cancer is closely related to the formation of an autophagosome-mediated downstream signaling pathway by H. pylori infection-induced cells. Autophagy is involved in H. pylori infection and affects the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. In this paper, the possible mechanism by which H. pylori infection affects autophagy and the progression of related gastric cancer signaling pathways are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xu Shu
- *Correspondence: Xu Shu, ; Chuan Xie,
| | - Chuan Xie
- *Correspondence: Xu Shu, ; Chuan Xie,
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21
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Helicobacter pylori: an up-to-date overview on the virulence and pathogenesis mechanisms. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:33-50. [PMID: 34988937 PMCID: PMC8731681 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00675-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is an organism associated with ulcer disease and gastric cancer. The latter is one of the most prevalent malignancies and currently the fourth major cause of cancer-related deaths globally. The pathogen infects about 50% of the world population, and currently, no treatment ensures its total elimination. There has been an increase in our understanding of the pathophysiology and pathogenesis mechanisms of H. pylori over the years. H. pylori can induce several genetic alterations, express numerous virulence factors, and trigger diverse adaptive mechanisms during its adherence and colonization. For successful colonization and infection establishment, several effector proteins/toxins are released by the organism. Evidence is also available reporting spiral to coccoid transition as a unique tactic H. pylori uses to survive in the host’s gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Thus, the virulence and pathogenicity of H. pylori are under the control of complex interplay between the virulence factors, host, and environmental factors. Expounding the role of the various virulence factors in H. pylori pathogenesis and clinical outcomes is crucial for vaccine development and in providing and developing a more effective therapeutic intervention. Here we critically reflect on H. pylori infection and delineate what is currently known about the virulence and pathogenesis mechanisms of H. pylori.
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22
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Wilkinson DJ, Dickins B, Robinson K, Winter JA. Genomic diversity of Helicobacter pylori populations from different regions of the human stomach. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2152306. [PMID: 36469575 PMCID: PMC9728471 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2152306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals infected with Helicobacter pylori harbor unique and diverse populations of quasispecies, but diversity between and within different regions of the human stomach and the process of bacterial adaptation to each location are not yet well understood. We applied whole-genome deep sequencing to characterize the within- and between-stomach region genetic diversity of H. pylori populations from paired antrum and corpus biopsies of 15 patients, along with single biopsies from one region of an additional 3 patients, by scanning allelic diversity. We combined population deep sequencing with more conventional sequencing of multiple H. pylori single colony isolates from individual biopsies to generate a unique dataset. Single colony isolates were used to validate the scanning allelic diversity pipelines. We detected extensive population allelic diversity within the different regions of each patient's stomach. Diversity was most commonly found within non-coding, hypothetical, outer membrane, restriction modification system, virulence, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, efflux systems, and chemotaxis-associated genes. Antrum and corpus populations from the same patient grouped together phylogenetically, indicating that most patients were initially infected with a single strain, which then diversified. Single colonies from the antrum and corpus of the same patients grouped into distinct clades, suggesting mechanisms for within-location adaptation across multiple H. pylori isolates from different patients. The comparisons made available by combined sequencing and analysis of isolates and populations enabled comprehensive analysis of the genetic changes associated with H. pylori diversification and stomach region adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel James Wilkinson
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, UK
| | - Benjamin Dickins
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, UK
| | - Karen Robinson
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jody Anne Winter
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, UK
- CONTACT Jody Anne Winter School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University Clifton Campus, Clifton Lane, NottinghamNG118NS, UK
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23
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Cortactin Promotes Effective AGS Cell Scattering by Helicobacter pylori CagA, but Not Cellular Vacuolization and Apoptosis Induced by the Vacuolating Cytotoxin VacA. Pathogens 2021; 11:pathogens11010003. [PMID: 35055951 PMCID: PMC8777890 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortactin is an actin-binding protein and actin-nucleation promoting factor regulating cytoskeletal rearrangements in eukaryotes. Helicobacter pylori is a gastric pathogen that exploits cortactin to its own benefit. During infection of gastric epithelial cells, H. pylori hijacks multiple cellular signaling pathways, leading to the disruption of key cell functions. Two bacterial virulence factors play important roles in this scenario, the vacuolating cytotoxin VacA and the translocated effector protein CagA of the cag type IV secretion system (T4SS). Specifically, by overruling the phosphorylation status of cortactin, H. pylori alternates the activity of molecular interaction partners of this important protein, thereby manipulating the performance of cytoskeletal rearrangements, endosomal trafficking and cell movement. Based on shRNA knockdown and other studies, it was previously reported that VacA utilizes cortactin for its cellular uptake, intracellular travel and induction of apoptosis by a mitochondria-dependent mechanism, while CagA induces cell scattering, motility and elongation. To investigate the role of cortactin in these phenotypes in more detail, we produced a complete knockout mutant of cortactin in the gastric adenocarcinoma cell line AGS by CRISPR-Cas9. These cells were infected with H. pylori wild-type or various isogenic mutant strains. Unexpectedly, cortactin deficiency did not prevent the uptake and formation of VacA-dependent vacuoles, nor the induction of apoptosis by internalized VacA, while the induction of T4SS- and CagA-dependent AGS cell movement and elongation were strongly reduced. Thus, we provide evidence that cortactin is required for the function of internalized CagA, but not VacA.
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Saberi S, Esmaeili M, Tashakoripour M, Eshagh Hosseini M, Baharvand H, Mohammadi M. Infection with a hypervirulent strain of Helicobacter pylori primes gastric cells toward intestinal transdifferentiation. Microb Pathog 2021; 162:105353. [PMID: 34896202 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal metaplasia, gastric-to-intestinal transdifferentiation, occurs as a result of the misexpression of certain regulatory factors, leading to genetic reprogramming. Here, we have evaluated the H. pylori-induced expression patterns of these candidate genes. METHODS The expression levels of 1) tissue-specific transcription factors (RUNX3, KLF5, SOX2, SALL4, CDX1 and CDX2), 2) stemness factors (TNFRSF19, LGR5, VIL1) and 3) tissue-specific mucins (MUC5AC, MUC2) were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR in gastric primary cells (GPCs), in parallel with two gastric cancer (MKN45 and AGS) cell lines, up to 96h following H. pylori infection. RESULTS Following H. pylori infection of GPCs, RUNX3 declined at 24h post infection (-6.2 ± 0.3) and remained downregulated for up to 96h. Subsequently, overexpression of self-renewal and pluripotency transcription factors, KLF5 (3.6 ± 0.2), SOX2 (7.6 ± 0.5) and SALL4 (4.3 ± 0.2) occurred. The expression of TNFRSF19 and LGR5, demonstrated opposing trends, with an early rise of the former (4.5 ± 0.3) at 8h, and a simultaneous fall of the latter (-1.8 ± 0.5). This trend was reversed at 96h, with the decline in TNFRSF19 (-5.5 ± 0.2), and escalation of LGR5 (2.6 ± 0.2) and VIL1 (1.8 ± 0.3). Ultimately, CDX1 and CDX2 were upregulated by 1.9 and 4.7-fold, respectively. The above scenario was, variably observed in MKN45 and AGS cells. CONCLUSION Our data suggests an interdependent gene regulatory network, induced by H. pylori infection. This interaction begins with the downregulation of RUNX3, upregulation of self-renewal and pluripotency transcription factors, KLF5, SOX2 and SALL4, leading to the downregulation of TNFRSF19, upregulation of LGR5 and aberrant expression of intestine-specific transcription factors, potentially facilitating the process of gastric-to-intestinal transdifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Saberi
- HPGC Research Group, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Esmaeili
- HPGC Research Group, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Tashakoripour
- Gastroenterology Department, Amiralam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Eshagh Hosseini
- Gastroenterology Department, Amiralam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Mohammadi
- HPGC Research Group, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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25
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Hosseini RS, Rahimian G, Shafigh MH, Validi M, Khaledi M, Gholipour A. Correlation between clarithromycin resistance, virulence factors and clinical characteristics of the disease in Helicobacter pylori infected patients in Shahrekord, Southwest Iran. AMB Express 2021; 11:147. [PMID: 34731345 PMCID: PMC8566624 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01310-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the mutations associated with clarithromycin resistance in Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from biopsy samples that were collected from the endoscopic ward of Shahrekord Hajar teaching Hospital and also to study the frequency of virulence factor and their correlation and pathological findings with clarithromycin resistance during the years 2019-2020. In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 152 patients with Helicobacter pylori infection were considered, and then, two common A2142G and A2143G mutations in the 23SrRNA gene associated with resistance were analyzed by Real-time PCR (Taq man). The presence of vacA, iceA1, iceA2, cagA, babA2, and oipA virulence genes was investigated by PCR and electrophoresis in 8% polyacrylamide gel. Then, data were analyzed using the relevant statistical tests. In this study, the frequency of Helicobacter pylori was 76% and the frequency of mutant isolates was 57.2%. The frequencies of A2142G and A2143G point mutations were 42.1% and 28.3%. There was a significant correlation among oipA, vacA, and iceA1 virulence factors, type of disease, chronic inflammatory score, and glandular atrophy with the antibiotic resistance to clarithromycin. There was no significant correlation between the age and sex of the patients with antibiotic resistance. According to the results of this study, it seems that the use of clarithromycin to combat this bacterium should be limited.
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Yuan LZ, Shi X, Tang D, Zheng SP, Xiao ZM, Wang F. Construction and preservation of a stable and highly expressed recombinant Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin A with apoptotic activity. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:229. [PMID: 34407768 PMCID: PMC8371779 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background H. pylori is closely related to the occurrence and development of various digestive gastritis, peptic ulcer and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. H. pylori is also a class I carcinogen of gastric cancer. VacA is the only exocrine toxin of H. pylori, which plays a very important role in the pathogenesis of H. pylori. The production of VacA in natural circumstances is complex with heavy workload and low yield. Therefore, it is very important to obtain recombinant VacA protein which is stable and biologically active. This study therefore aims to explore the expression, purification and stable storage of VacA toxin of H. pylori in E.coli, and to provide experimental basis for further exploration of the role of VacA in H. pylori -induced inflammation of cancer. Results A 2502-bp fragment and VacA gene were identified. An 89.7-kDa VacA34–854 recombinant protein was expressed and purified from the recombinant engineering bacteria and was preserved stably in 50 mM acetic acid buffer (pH 2.9). The amount of the recombinant protein was larger in the inclusion bodies than in the supernatant. In addition, after a 24-h culture with VacA recombinant protein, GES-1 cells demonstrated evidence of apoptosis including early nuclear immobilization and clustering under inverted microscope and TEM. It was found that VacA recombinant protein induced apoptosis by TUNEL assay. Conclusions A VacA recombinant protein that is stably and highly expressed and possesses pro-apoptotic activity is successfully constructed. The protein is stably preserved in 50 mM acetic acid buffer (pH 2.9). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-021-02262-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Zhi Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Non-resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Xiao Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Non-resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Dan Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Non-resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Shao-Peng Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Non-resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Non-resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China. .,Hunan Key Laboratory of Non-resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.
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Maurya R, Kanakan A, Vasudevan JS, Chattopadhyay P, Pandey R. Infection outcome needs two to tango: human host and the pathogen. Brief Funct Genomics 2021; 21:90-102. [PMID: 34402498 PMCID: PMC8385967 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elab037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are potential drivers for human evolution, through a complex, continuous and dynamic interaction between the host and the pathogen/s. It is this dynamic interaction that contributes toward the clinical outcome of a pathogenic disease. These are modulated by contributions from the human genetic variants, transcriptional response (including noncoding RNA) and the pathogen’s genome architecture. Modern genomic tools and techniques have been crucial for the detection and genomic characterization of pathogens with respect to the emerging infectious diseases. Aided by next-generation sequencing (NGS), risk stratification of host population/s allows for the identification of susceptible subgroups and better disease management. Nevertheless, many challenges to a general understanding of host–pathogen interactions remain. In this review, we elucidate how a better understanding of the human host-pathogen interplay can substantially enhance, and in turn benefit from, current and future applications of multi-omics based approaches in infectious and rare diseases. This includes the RNA-level response, which modulates the disease severity and outcome. The need to understand the role of human genetic variants in disease severity and clinical outcome has been further highlighted during the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This would enhance and contribute toward our future pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet Maurya
- INtegrative GENomics of HOst-PathogEn (INGEN-HOPE) laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi-110007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Akshay Kanakan
- INtegrative GENomics of HOst-PathogEn (INGEN-HOPE) laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Janani Srinivasa Vasudevan
- INtegrative GENomics of HOst-PathogEn (INGEN-HOPE) laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Partha Chattopadhyay
- INtegrative GENomics of HOst-PathogEn (INGEN-HOPE) laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi-110007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Rajesh Pandey
- INtegrative GENomics of HOst-PathogEn (INGEN-HOPE) laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi-110007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
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Păun I, Costin AI, Constantin VD, Lomaca I, Ianoşi NG, Socea B, Tutunaru CV, Zlatian OM, Ianoşi SL, Neagoe CD, Crafciuc AV, Stancu MI. Gastric cancer - histopathological correlations between tumor and non-tumor gastric mucosa changes. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY 2021; 61:1129-1141. [PMID: 34171062 PMCID: PMC8343497 DOI: 10.47162/rjme.61.4.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a widely geographically distributed malignancy with high prevalence, therefore being a serious health problem that needs standardized methods for early diagnosis and treatment. The aim of the study was to evaluate the correlation of some epidemiological and clinical data with the histological features. The study group was made up of 66 patients that underwent surgical removal of the gastric neoplasm, and the pathological exam showed the morphological features of the tumor, as well as the ones of the unaffected mucosal tissue. Topographically, the highest incidence of the tumor was registered in the gastric antrum, but in recent years, an increased incidence of the superior gastric pole localization was recorded. The macroscopic aspects reveal that the ulcerated type 2 Borrmann is the most frequent, and alongside type 3 Borrmann, the ulcer-infiltrative type represents most of the gastric antrum cancers. The analysis of the tumor invasion showed that most carcinomas underwent surgery when the tumor invaded the serosa (pT3) or even the perigastric tissues (pT4). In our research, we chose Goseki’s microscopic classification because of its best coverage of the histological heterogeneity of the gastric carcinomas, providing information about the percentage of the cellular and secretory differentiation with direct impact on the invasion of the tumor. In more than 70% of the cases, the patients showed lesions of severe chronic atrophic gastritis of the non-tumor mucosa. Lately, the incidence of Helicobacter pylori has been 5.5%, lower than indicated by mainstream literature. We observed that the incidence of type 3 incomplete intestinal metaplasia, as the most commonly involved factor in the etiopathogenesis of gastric neoplasms, was encountered in 36.3% of the cases, this percentage rising proportionally with age and being frequently associated with antrum tumors. In conclusion, the permanent analysis of the relation between epidemiological data and some histological features might be relevant for the characterization of the tumoral process or the non-tumor gastric mucosa, leading to an evaluation of the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ion Păun
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Histology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania; ,
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Xue Z, Yang H, Su D, Song X, Deng X, Yu C, Sun C, He L, You Y, Gong Y, Fan D, Sun L, Han X, Fan R, Zhang M, Yan X, Qian J, Zhang J. Geographic distribution of the cagA, vacA, iceA, oipA and dupA genes of Helicobacter pylori strains isolated in China. Gut Pathog 2021; 13:39. [PMID: 34130751 PMCID: PMC8207754 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-021-00434-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There are geographic variations in the genotypes of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) cagA, vacA, iceA, oipA and dupA. The aim of the study was to investigate the distribution of these genotypes among H. pylori strains from five regions of China and their association with clinical outcomes. Materials and methods Gastric biopsy specimens were obtained from 348 patients with different gastrointestinal diseases in the five regions of China. The regional distribution was 89 patients from Shandong, 91 from Guangxi, 57 from Hunan, 58 from Qinghai and 53 from Heilongjiang. The presence of cagA, vacA, iceA, oipA and dupA genotypes was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from H. pylori DNA. Results A total of 269 H. pylori isolates were obtained, of which 74 isolates were from Shandong, 78 from Guangxi, 46 from Hunan, 33 from Qinghai and 38 from Heilongjiang. The cagA-positive status was predominant in the five regions. The predominant vacA genotypes were s1c (73.4%), m2 (70.6%) and i1 (92.9%). In strains from Shandong, s1a and m1 were dominant. By contrast, s1c was dominant in Guangxi and i1 was dominant in Hunan and Heilongjiang. The prevalence of m2 subtype in Qinghai (78.8%) was significantly higher than that in other regions (P < 0.05). The predominant iceA genotype was iceA1 and the frequency of iceA1 was significantly more prevalent in Hunan than in other regions (P < 0.05). The oipA status “on” gene was more frequent in Shandong (91.9%) and Guangxi (91%) than in Heilongjiang (71.7%) (P < 0.05). Conversely, the dupA-positive status was less than half in Shandong (31.1%) and Guangxi (15.4%), whereas it was 73.9% in Hunan and 81.8% in Qinghai (P < 0.001). There were no significant associations between the cagA, vacA, iceA, oipA genotypes and clinical outcomes. The dupA-positive strains were more common in peptic ulcer disease (PUD) patients than in non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD) patients in Shandong and Guangxi (P < 0.05), but the association was not observed in other geographic regions. Conclusions There was significant geographic diversity of H. pylori genotypes in different regions of China and the presence of dupA gene can be considered as a marker for the development of gastroduodenal diseases. However, the cagA, iceA, vacA and oipA genes cannot be regarded for prediction of the clinical presentation of H. pylori infection in China. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13099-021-00434-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijing Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongxing Su
- The Second Nanning People's Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Xiangfeng Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rushan People's Hospital, Rushan, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Deng
- Yiyang Central Hospital, Yiyang, Hunan, China
| | - Changhong Yu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi Medical University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chunhua Sun
- The People's Hospital of Huzhu Tu Ethnic Autonomous County, Haidong, Qinghai, China
| | - Lihua He
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanhai You
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Dongjie Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiurui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ruyue Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Maojun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaming Qian
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jianzhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
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Association of Helicobacter pylori Infection and Host Cytokine Gene Polymorphism with Gastric Cancer. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 2021:8810620. [PMID: 34136433 PMCID: PMC8177986 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8810620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The global cancer burden of new cases of various types rose with millions of death in 2018. Based on the data extracted by GLOBOCAN 2018, gastric cancer (GC) is the third leading cause of mortality related to cancer across the globe. Carcinogenic or oncogenic infections associated with Helicobacter pylori (Hp) are regarded as one of the essential risk factors for GC development. It contributes to the increased production of cytokines that cause inflammation prior to their growth in the host cells. Hp infections and specific types of polymorphisms within the host cells encoding cytokines are significant contributors to the host's increased susceptibility in terms of the development of GC. Against the backdrop of such an observation is that only a small portion of the cells infected can become malignant. The diversities are a consequence of the differences in the pathogenic pathway of the Hp, susceptibility of the host, environmental conditions, and interplay between these factors. It is evident that hosts carrying cytokine genes with high inflammatory levels and polymorphism tend to exhibit an increased risk of development of GC, with special emphasis being placed on the host cytokines gene polymorphisms.
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Helicobacter pylori induced gastric carcinogenesis - The best molecular model we have? Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2021; 50-51:101743. [PMID: 33975683 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2021.101743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Gastric carcinogenesis can be described as a consequence of multilevel molecular alterations that is triggered by a cascade of events. Historically, diet and environmental factors have been identified to substantially contribute to carcinogenesis before the discovery of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). But H. pylori infection has revolutionized the understanding of gastric carcinogenesis. Although the model of H. pylori-driven carcinogenesis remains valid, there is a continuous effort to precisely delineate the molecular pathways involved and to understand the interplay with additional risk factors including recent relevant knowledge on the stomach microbiota. In this review, we provide an updated view on the models of gastric carcinogenesis. This includes historically appreciated H. pylori-induced models and expands these taking recent molecular data into consideration. Based on the data provided, we conclude that indeed H. pylori-carcinogenesis remains one of the best-established models at least for a subset of gastric cancers. Implementation of the recently identified molecular subtypes in novel genetic animal models is required to expand our knowledge on H. pylori-independent carcinogenesis.
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Lee DH, Ha JH, Shin JI, Kim KM, Choi JG, Park S, Park JS, Seo JH, Park JS, Shin MK, Baik SC, Lee WK, Youn HS, Cho MJ, Kang HL, Jung M. Increased Risk of Severe Gastric Symptoms by Virulence Factors vacAs1c, alpA, babA2, and hopZ in Helicobacter pylori Infection. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:368-379. [PMID: 33622995 PMCID: PMC9705970 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2101.01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Two virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori, cagA and vacA, have been known to play a role in the development of severe gastric symptoms. However, they are not always associated with peptic ulcer or gastric cancer. To predict the disease outcome more accurately, it is necessary to understand the risk of severe symptoms linked to other virulence factors. Several other virulence factors of H. pylori have also been reported to be associated with disease outcomes, although there are many controversial descriptions. H. pylori isolates from Koreans may be useful in evaluating the relevance of other virulence factors to clinical symptoms of gastric diseases because the majority of Koreans are infected by toxigenic strains of H. pylori bearing cagA and vacA. In this study, a total of 116 H. pylori strains from Korean patients with chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancers were genotyped. The presence of virulence factors vacAs1c, alpA, babA2, hopZ, and the extremely strong vacuolating toxin was found to contribute significantly to the development of severe gastric symptoms. The genotype combination vacAs1c/alpA/babA2 was the most predictable determinant for the development of severe symptoms, and the presence of babA2 was found to be the most critical factor. This study provides important information on the virulence factors that contribute to the development of severe gastric symptoms and will assist in predicting clinical disease outcomes due to H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hae Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,BK21 Center for Human Resource Development in the Bio-Health Industry, Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hun Ha
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,BK21 Center for Human Resource Development in the Bio-Health Industry, Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ih Shin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,BK21 Center for Human Resource Development in the Bio-Health Industry, Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Min Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,BK21 Center for Human Resource Development in the Bio-Health Industry, Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-gyu Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,BK21 Center for Human Resource Development in the Bio-Health Industry, Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Seorin Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,BK21 Center for Human Resource Development in the Bio-Health Industry, Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Sik Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyeun Seo
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Shook Park
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyoung Shin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,BK21 Center for Human Resource Development in the Bio-Health Industry, Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Chul Baik
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Kon Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Shang Youn
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Je Cho
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Lyun Kang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea,H.L. Kang Phone: +82-55-772-8085 Fax: +82-55-772-8089 E-mail:
| | - Myunghwan Jung
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,BK21 Center for Human Resource Development in the Bio-Health Industry, Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors M. Jung Phone: +82-55-772-8082 Fax: +82-55-772-8089 E-mail:
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Devi TB, Devadas K, George M, Gandhimathi A, Chouhan D, Retnakumar RJ, Alexander SM, Varghese J, Dharmaseelan S, Chandrika SK, Jissa VT, Das B, Nair GB, Chattopadhyay S. Low Bifidobacterium Abundance in the Lower Gut Microbiota Is Associated With Helicobacter pylori-Related Gastric Ulcer and Gastric Cancer. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:631140. [PMID: 33717022 PMCID: PMC7953064 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.631140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection in stomach leads to gastric cancer, gastric ulcer, and duodenal ulcer. More than 1 million people die each year due to these diseases, but why most H. pylori-infected individuals remain asymptomatic while a certain proportion develops such severe gastric diseases remained an enigma. Several studies indicated that gastric and intestinal microbiota may play a critical role in the development of the H. pylori-associated diseases. However, no specific microbe in the gastric or intestinal microbiota has been clearly linked to H. pylori infection and related gastric diseases. Here, we studied H. pylori infection, its virulence genes, the intestinal microbiota, and the clinical status of Trivandrum residents (N = 375) in southwestern India by standard H. pylori culture, PCR genotype, Sanger sequencing, and microbiome analyses using Illumina Miseq and Nanopore GridION. Our analyses revealed that gastric colonization by virulent H. pylori strains (vacAs1i1m1cagA+) is necessary but not sufficient for developing these diseases. Conversely, distinct microbial pools exist in the lower gut of the H. pylori-infected vs. H. pylori-non-infected individuals. Bifidobacterium (belonging to the phylum Actinobacteria) and Bacteroides (belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes) were present in lower relative abundance for the H. pylori+ group than the H. pylori- group (p < 0.05). On the contrary, for the H. pylori+ group, genus Dialister (bacteria belonging to the phylum Firmicutes) and genus Prevotella (bacteria belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes) were present in higher abundance compared to the H. pylori- group (p < 0.05). Notably, those who carried H. pylori in the stomach and had developed aggressive gastric diseases also had extremely low relative abundance (p < 0.05) of several Bifidobacterium species (e.g., B. adolescentis, B. longum) in the lower gut suggesting a protective role of Bifidobacterium. Our results show the link between lower gastrointestinal microbes and upper gastrointestinal diseases. Moreover, the results are important for developing effective probiotic and early prognosis of severe gastric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Barani Devi
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, India
| | | | - Meekha George
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, India
| | | | - Deepak Chouhan
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - R J Retnakumar
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | | | | | | | | | - V T Jissa
- Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
| | - Bhabatosh Das
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
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Palau M, Piqué N, Ramírez-Lázaro MJ, Lario S, Calvet X, Miñana-Galbis D. Whole-Genome Sequencing and Comparative Genomics of Three Helicobacter pylori Strains Isolated from the Stomach of a Patient with Adenocarcinoma. Pathogens 2021; 10:331. [PMID: 33809022 PMCID: PMC7998635 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a common pathogen associated with several severe digestive diseases. Although multiple virulence factors have been described, it is still unclear the role of virulence factors on H. pylori pathogenesis and disease progression. Whole genome sequencing could help to find genetic markers of virulence strains. In this work, we analyzed three complete genomes from isolates obtained at the same point in time from a stomach of a patient with adenocarcinoma, using multiple available bioinformatics tools. The genome analysis of the strains B508A-S1, B508A-T2A and B508A-T4 revealed that they were cagA, babA and sabB/hopO negative. The differences among the three genomes were mainly related to outer membrane proteins, methylases, restriction modification systems and flagellar biosynthesis proteins. The strain B508A-T2A was the only one presenting the genotype vacA s1, and had the most distinct genome as it exhibited fewer shared genes, higher number of unique genes, and more polymorphisms were found in this genome. With all the accumulated information, no significant differences were found among the isolates regarding virulence and origin of the isolates. Nevertheless, some B508A-T2A genome characteristics could be linked to the pathogenicity of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Palau
- Secció de Microbiologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; (M.P.); (N.P.)
| | - Núria Piqué
- Secció de Microbiologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; (M.P.); (N.P.)
| | - M. José Ramírez-Lázaro
- Digestive Diseases Service, Hospital de Sabadell, Institut Universitari Parc Taulí-UAB, Parc Tauli 1, 08208 Sabadell, Catalonia, Spain; (M.J.R.-L.); (S.L.); (X.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Monforte de Lemos 3–5, 28029 Madrid, Community of Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Lario
- Digestive Diseases Service, Hospital de Sabadell, Institut Universitari Parc Taulí-UAB, Parc Tauli 1, 08208 Sabadell, Catalonia, Spain; (M.J.R.-L.); (S.L.); (X.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Monforte de Lemos 3–5, 28029 Madrid, Community of Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Calvet
- Digestive Diseases Service, Hospital de Sabadell, Institut Universitari Parc Taulí-UAB, Parc Tauli 1, 08208 Sabadell, Catalonia, Spain; (M.J.R.-L.); (S.L.); (X.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Monforte de Lemos 3–5, 28029 Madrid, Community of Madrid, Spain
| | - David Miñana-Galbis
- Secció de Microbiologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; (M.P.); (N.P.)
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35
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Soopramanien M, Khan NA, Siddiqui R. Gut microbiota of animals living in polluted environments are a potential resource of anticancer molecules. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:1039-1055. [PMID: 33368930 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a prominent cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, in spite of advances in therapeutic interventions and supportive care. In 2018 alone, there were 18·1 million new cancer cases and 9·6 million deaths indicating the need for novel anticancer agents. Plant-based products have often been linked with protective effects against communicable and non-communicable diseases. Recently, we have shown that animals such as crocodiles thrive in polluted environments and are often exposed to carcinogenic agents, but still benefit from prolonged lifespan. The protective mechanisms shielding them from cancer could be attributed to the immune system, and/or it is possible that their gut microbiota produce anticancer molecules. In support, several lines of evidence suggest that gut microbiota plays a critical role in the physiology of its host. Here, we reviewed the available literature to assess whether the gut microbiota of animals thriving in polluted environment possess anticancer molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Soopramanien
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - N A Khan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - R Siddiqui
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Soyfoo DM, Doomah YH, Xu D, Zhang C, Sang HM, Liu YY, Zhang GX, Jiang JX, Xu SF. New genotypes of Helicobacter Pylori VacA d-region identified from global strains. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:4. [PMID: 33413074 PMCID: PMC7791883 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-020-00338-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenesis of Helicobacter Pylori (HP) vacuolating toxin A (vacA) depends on polymorphic diversity within the signal (s), middle (m), intermediate (i), deletion (d) and c-regions. These regions show distinct allelic diversity. The s-region, m-region and the c-region (a 15 bp deletion at the 3'-end region of the p55 domain of the vacA gene) exist as 2 types (s1, s2, m1, m2, c1 and c2), while the i-region has 3 allelic types (i1, i2 and i3). The locus of d-region of the vacA gene has also been classified into 2 genotypes, namely d1 and d2. We investigated the "d-region"/"loop region" through bioinformatics, to predict its properties and relation to disease. One thousand two hundred fifty-nine strains from the NCBI nucleotide database and the dryad database with complete vacA sequences were included in the study. The sequences were aligned using BioEdit and analyzed using Lasergene and BLAST. The secondary structure and physicochemical properties of the region were predicted using PredictProtein. RESULTS We identified 31 highly polymorphic genotypes in the "d-region", with a mean length of 34 amino acids (9 ~ 55 amino acids). We further classified the 31 genotypes into 3 main types, namely K-type (strains starting with the KDKP motif in the "d-region"), Q-type (strains starting with the KNQT motif), and E-type (strains starting with the ESKT motif) respectively. The most common type, K-type, is more prevalent in cancer patients (80.87%) and is associated with the s1i1m1c1 genotypes (P < .01). Incidentally, a new region expressing sequence diversity (2 aa deletion) at the C-terminus of the p55 domain of vacA was identified during bioinformatics analysis. CONCLUSIONS Prediction of secondary structures shows that the "d-region" adopts a loop conformation and is a disordered region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djaleel Muhammad Soyfoo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yussriya Hanaa Doomah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Chao Zhang
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA.,Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Huai-Ming Sang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan-Yan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guo-Xin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian-Xia Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Shun-Fu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Robinson K, Atherton JC. The Spectrum of Helicobacter-Mediated Diseases. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2020; 16:123-144. [PMID: 33197219 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-032520-024949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is the leading cause of peptic ulcer disease. The infection has been implicated in more than 75% of duodenal ulcer cases and 17% of gastric ulcer cases. H. pylori has been classified as a human carcinogen, since it is the main cause of distal gastric adenocarcinoma and B cell mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Evidence also links H. pylori with extragastric conditions including iron deficiency anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and vitamin B12 deficiency. Studies indicate that H. pylori may be protective against other conditions of the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., reflux esophagitis and related pathologies) and elsewhere in the body (e.g., asthma). The infection is asymptomatic in the vast majority of cases; more serious outcomes occur in only 10-15% of infected individuals. Despite extensive research over the past 3 decades, there is no effective vaccine, and the circumstances leading to disease development remain unclear. In addition, there is now a growing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in H. pylori. This review discusses these important issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Robinson
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom.,Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD United Kingdom;
| | - John C Atherton
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom.,Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD United Kingdom;
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Analysis of Correlation between the Seven Important Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori) Virulence Factors and Drug Resistance in Patients with Gastritis. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2020; 2020:3956838. [PMID: 32908495 PMCID: PMC7475755 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3956838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between seven important H. pylori virulence factors and antibiotic resistance in patients with gastritis. H. pylori strains isolated from 33 patients with gastritis were examined. Antimicrobial susceptibilities were tested by GenoType® HelicoDR (Hain Life Science, Germany) test kit and RT-PCR. The virulence-factors were determined using conventional PCR. 39% of patients were resistant for clarithromycin and 27% of patients were resistant for fluoroquinolone. 15% of patients were resistant to both clarithromycin and fluoroquinolone. The H. pylori vacA m1/s2 genotype was the most frequent allelic combination. Patients were possessed the vacA s1, m1 (6.1%); s1, m2 (6.1%); s2, m1 (15.1%); and s2, m2 (3.0%) genotypes. 94% of patients with gastritis were positive for H. pylori napA gene. Also, there were no dupA gene-positive gastritis patients. There was no significant correlation between the vacA, cagA, oipA, hpaA, babA, napA, dupA, ureA, ureB virulence genes, clarithromycin, and fluoroquinolone resistance. Herein, we report that the relationship between the H. pylori napA gene and gastritis. Although we found a correlation between H. pylori virulence factor and clinical outcome, there is a need for further studies to enlighten the relation between H. pylori virulence genes and antibiotic resistance.
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Dos Santos Pereira E, Magalhães Albuquerque L, de Queiroz Balbino V, da Silva Junior WJ, Rodriguez Burbano RM, Pordeus Gomes JP, Barem Rabenhorst SH. Helicobacter pylori cagE, cagG, and cagM can be a prognostic marker for intestinal and diffuse gastric cancer. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 84:104477. [PMID: 32736040 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
It is known that Helicobacter pylori is the main cause of peptic ulceration and gastric cancer. However, there is a lack of information on whether H. pylori strains may differ in gastric cancer histological subtypes. This study aimed to investigate different H. pylori strains considering six cag Pathogenicity Island - cagPAI genes (cagA, cagE, cagG, cagM, cagT, and virb11), and vacuolating cytotoxin - vacA alleles, and their relation to gastric cancer histologic subtypes. For this purpose, tumor samples from 285 patients with gastric carcinoma were used. H. pylori infection and genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). H. pylori was detected in 93.9% of gastric tumors. For comparative analyzes between histopathological subtypes considering H. pylori cagPAI genes the strains were grouped according to the vacA s1/s2 alleles. In the vacAs1 group, the strains cagA(-)cagE(+), cagA(+)cagE(+)cagG(+), cagA(+)cagM(+), or only cagE(+) strains were more frequent in the intestinal subtype (P = .009; P = .024; P = .046, respectively). In contrast, cagM(+)cagG(+)cagA(-) and cagE(-) were associated with diffuse tumors (P = .036), highlighting the presence of cagE in the development of intestinal tumors, and the presence of cagG and absence of cagE in diffuse tumors. Furthermore, WEKA software and Decision Tree (CART) analyses confirmed these findings, in which cagE presence was associated with intestinal tumors, and cagE absence and cagG(+) with diffuse tumors. In conclusion our results showed that vacAs1 (cagG + cagM) strains, mainly cagG positive with cagE absence, were relevant in the studied population for the diffuse outcome, while the presence of cagE was relevant for the intestinal outcome. These findings suggest the relevance of these H. pylori genes as potential markers for gastric cancer histological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Dos Santos Pereira
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Valdir de Queiroz Balbino
- Department of Genetics, Biomedical Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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40
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Keikha M. Is there a relationship between Helicobacter pylori vacA i1 or i2 alleles and development into peptic ulcer and gastric cancer? A meta-analysis study on an Iranian population. New Microbes New Infect 2020; 36:100726. [PMID: 32714559 PMCID: PMC7378689 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori has several virulance factor i.e. VacA, CagA, BabA, SabA, AlpA, AlpB and etc. VacA has several polymorphic region in the nucleotide sequence such as s,m,i,d and, c. It has been suggested that each variation in these polymorphic region has been influenced the toxicity of VacA toxin. We performed a comprehensive meta-analysis to determine the main role of VacAi1/i2 in development into peptic ulcer and gastric cancer in an Iranian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Keikha
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Ansari S, Yamaoka Y. Role of vacuolating cytotoxin A in Helicobacter pylori infection and its impact on gastric pathogenesis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 18:987-996. [PMID: 32536287 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1782739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Helicobacter pylori causes, via the influence of several virulence factors, persistent infection of the stomach, which leads to severe complications. Vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA) is observed in almost all clinical strains of H. pylori; however, only some strains produce the toxigenic and pathogenic VacA, which is influenced by the gene sequence variations. VacA exerts its action by causing cell vacuolation and apoptosis. We performed a PubMed search to review the latest literatures published in English language. Areas covered Articles regarding H. pylori VacA and its genotypes, architecture, internalization, and role in gastric infection and pathogenicity are reviewed. We included the search for recently published literature until January 2020. Expert opinion H. pylori VacA plays a crucial role in severe gastric pathogenicity. In addition, VacA mediated in vivo bacterial survival leads to persistent infection and an enhanced bacterial evasion from the action of antibiotics and the innate host defense system, which leads to drug evasion. VacA as a co-stimulator for the CagA phosphorylation may exert a synergistic effect playing an important role in the CagA-mediated pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamshul Ansari
- Department of Microbiology, Chitwan Medical College , Bharatpur, Nepal
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine , Yufu, Oita, Japan.,Global Oita Medical Advanced Research Center for Health , Yufu, Oita, Japan.,Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX, USA.,Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Universiti Malaysia Sabah , Kota Kinabaru, Malaysia
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Functional Properties of Helicobacter pylori VacA Toxin m1 and m2 Variants. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00032-20. [PMID: 32284370 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00032-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori colonizes the gastric mucosa and secretes a pore-forming toxin (VacA). Two main types of VacA, m1 and m2, can be distinguished by phylogenetic analysis. Type m1 forms of VacA have been extensively studied, but there has been relatively little study of m2 forms. In this study, we generated H. pylori strains producing chimeric proteins in which VacA m1 segments of a parental strain were replaced by corresponding m2 sequences. In comparison to the parental m1 VacA protein, a chimeric protein (designated m2/m1) containing m2 sequences in the N-terminal portion of the m region was less potent in causing vacuolation of HeLa cells, AGS gastric cells, and AZ-521 duodenal cells and had reduced capacity to cause membrane depolarization or death of AZ-521 cells. Consistent with the observed differences in activity, the chimeric m2/m1 VacA protein bound to cells at reduced levels compared to the binding levels of the parental m1 protein. The presence of two strain-specific insertions or deletions within or adjacent to the m region did not influence toxin activity. Experiments with human gastric organoids grown as monolayers indicated that m1 and m2/m1 forms of VacA had similar cell-vacuolating activities. Interestingly, both forms of VacA bound preferentially to the basolateral surface of organoid monolayers and caused increased cell vacuolation when interacting with the basolateral surface compared to the apical surface. These data provide insights into functional correlates of sequence variation in the VacA midregion (m region).
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Bakhti SZ, Latifi-Navid S, Safaralizadeh R. Helicobacter pylori-related risk predictors of gastric cancer: The latest models, challenges, and future prospects. Cancer Med 2020; 9:4808-4822. [PMID: 32363738 PMCID: PMC7333836 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is known as an important determinant of preneoplastic lesions or gastric cancer (GC) risk. The bacterial genotypes may determine the clinical outcomes. However, the evidence for these associations has varied between and within continents, and the actual effect of each gene and corresponding allelic variants are still debatable. In recent years, two new models have been proposed to predict the risk of GC; the phylogeographic origin of H. pylori strains and a disrupted co-evolution between H. pylori and its human host, which potentially explain the geographic differences in the risk of H. pylori-related cancer. However, these models and earlier ones based on putative virulence factors of the bacterium may not fully justify differences in the incidence of GC, reflecting that new theories should be developed and examined. Notably, the new findings also support the role of ancestry-specific germline alteration in contributing to the ethnic/population differences in cancer risk. Moreover the high and low incidence areas of GC have shown differences in transmission ecology, largely affecting the composition of H. pylori populations. As a new hypothesis, it is proposed that any high-risk population may have its own specific risk loci (or variants) as well as new H. pylori strains with national/maybe regional gene pools that should be considered. The latter is seen in the Americas where the rapid evolution of distinct H. pylori subpopulations has been occurred. It is therefore proposed that the deep sequencing of both H. pylori and its human host is simultaneously performed in GC patients and age-sex-matched controls from high-risk areas. The expression and functional activities of the identified new determinants of GC must then be assessed and matched with human and pathogen ancestry, because some of risk loci are ancestry-specific. In addition, potential study-level covariates and moderator variables (eg physical conditions, life styles, gastric microbiome, etc) linked to causal relationships, and their impact, should be recognized and controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Zahra Bakhti
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Saeid Latifi-Navid
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Reza Safaralizadeh
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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Guillermo Espinoza-Contreras J, Idalia Torres-Ruiz M, Ariel Waller-González L, De Jesús Ramírez-García J, Torres-López J, Ventura-Juárez J, Verónica Moreno-Córdova E, Ernesto López-Ramos J, Humberto Muñoz-Ortega M, Eugenia Vargas-Camaño M, González-Segovia R. Immunological markers and Helicobacter pylori in patients with stomach cancer: Expression and correlation. Biomed Rep 2020; 12:233-243. [PMID: 32257186 PMCID: PMC7100142 DOI: 10.3892/br.2020.1285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and ICOS-L (also referred to as B7 homolog 1 and 2, respectively) modulate the immune inflammatory response. The aim of the present study was to examine the expression levels of these inflammatory mediators in two groups of patients with an Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection; patients with and without gastric cancer. The association between bacterial virulence factors, CagA and VacA, was also examined, as well as their correlation with the inflammatory profile. Endoscopy analysis indicated that 18 patients suffered from cancer and 28 patients suffered from other gastric pathologies. PCR and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR were used to analyze gastric biopsies and determine the expression levels of the inflammatory modulators PD-L1 and ICOS-L, transcription factors, cytokines and other genes associated with inflammation and pathogenicity. All 46 patients were determined positive for markers of H. pylori. Patients with stomach cancer had lower levels of ICOS-L (P<0.05) and GATA3 (P<0.01), a negative correlation between CagA and IL-17 (P<0.05), a positive correlation between CagA and IL-10 (P<0.05), a negative correlation between vacA-m1 and retinoid orphan receptor γt (RORγt) (P<0.001), and a positive correlation between RORγt and ICOS-L (P<0.001). The reduced levels of ICOS-L and GATA3 along with the negative correlation between CagA and IL-17, and between vacA-m1 and RORγt were all associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer in the present cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miriam Idalia Torres-Ruiz
- Departamento de Endoscopia, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre ISSSTE, Ciudad de México, CP 03229, México
| | - Luis Ariel Waller-González
- Departamento de Endoscopia, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre ISSSTE, Ciudad de México, CP 03229, México
| | | | - Javier Torres-López
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias UMAE, Hospital de Pediatría, IMSS, Ciudad de México, CP 06720, México
| | - Javier Ventura-Juárez
- Departamento de Morfología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes Ags, CP 20131, México
| | | | - Juan Ernesto López-Ramos
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes Ags, CP 20131, México
| | | | - María Eugenia Vargas-Camaño
- Servicio de Inmunología Clínica y Alergía, Centro Médico Nacional 20 Noviembre ISSSTE, Ciudad de México, CP 03229, México
| | - Rodolfo González-Segovia
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes Ags, CP 20131, México
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Mohammad-Hossein Haddadi, Mahdian S, Gheysarzadeh A, Khosravi M, Abangah G, Maleki A, Kouhsari E, Sadeghifard N. The cagA EPIYA Motifs and vacA Genotypes in Upper Gastrointestinal Diseases. MOLECULAR GENETICS, MICROBIOLOGY AND VIROLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.3103/s0891416820020068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Miernyk KM, Bruden D, Rudolph KM, Hurlburt DA, Sacco F, McMahon BJ, Bruce MG. Presence of cagPAI genes and characterization of vacA s, i and m regions in Helicobacter pylori isolated from Alaskans and their association with clinical pathologies. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:218-227. [PMID: 32011229 PMCID: PMC10874806 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Gastric cancer is a health disparity in the Alaska Native people. The incidence of Helicobacter pylori infection, a risk factor for non-cardia gastric adenocarcinoma, is also high. Gastric cancer is partially associated with the virulence of the infecting strain.Aim. To genotype the vacA s, m and i and cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI) genes in H. pylori from Alaskans and investigate associations with gastropathy.Methodology. We enrolled patients with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and intestinal metaplasia (IM) in 1998-2005 and patients with gastric cancer in 2011-2013. Gastric biopsies were collected and cultured and PCR was performed to detect the presence of the right and left ends of the cagPAI, the cagA, cagE, cagT and virD4 genes and to genotype the vacA s, m and i regions.Results. We recruited 263 people; 22 (8 %) had no/mild gastritis, 121 (46 %) had moderate gastritis, 40 (15%) had severe gastritis, 38 (14 %) had PUD, 30 (11 %) had IM and 12 (5 %) had gastric cancer. H. pylori isolates from 150 (57%) people had an intact cagPAI; those were associated with a more severe gastropathy (P≤0.02 for all comparisons). H. pylori isolates from 77 % of people had either the vacA s1/i1/m1 (40 %; 94/234) or s2/i2/m2 (37 %; 86/234) genotype. vacA s1/i1/m1 was associated with a more severe gastropathy (P≤0.03 for all comparisons).Conclusions. In this population with high rates of gastric cancer, we found that just over half of the H. pylori contained an intact cagPAI and 40 % had the vacA s1/i1/m1 genotype. Infection with these strains was associated with a more severe gastropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M. Miernyk
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Dana Bruden
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Karen M. Rudolph
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Debby A. Hurlburt
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Frank Sacco
- Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | | | - Michael G. Bruce
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, AK, USA
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Unique constellations of five polymorphic sites of Helicobacter pylori vacA and cagA status associated with risk of gastric cancer. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 79:104167. [PMID: 31891782 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori possesses virulence genes that are involved in the pathogenesis of the bacterium. There are little data regarding all constellations of five polymorphic sites of H. pylori vacA and cagA status. We therefore aimed to i) find any associations between H. pylori vacA alleles (s1/s2, m1/m2, i1/i2, d1/d2, and c1/c2) and cagA status and ii) determine the frequency of all five-genotype combinations of the vacA alleles with and without cagA gene, and their associations with risk of gastric cancer (GC). A total of 290 Iranian H. pylori isolates from gastrointestinal patients were obtained successfully by the cultivation of biopsies and genotyped. The patients included 144/290 with non-atrophic gastritis (NAG), 57/290 with peptic ulcer disease (PUD), and 89/290 with GC. We found that each of the vacA m1-, i1-, d1-, and c1-genotypes was significantly associated with cagA+ status. The odds ratio(OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was 2.316 (1.241-4.301) for cagA+/vacA m1, 2.764 (1.540-4.960) for cagA+/vacA i1, 4.288 (2.305-7.977) for cagA+/vacA d1, and 2.639 (1.488-4.680) for cagA+/vacA c1, respectively. In this study, 43 five- and six-genotype combinations were found among 224 strains. The highest frequencies were observed for vacA s1m2i2d2c2 (85/224, 37.9%), s1m2i2d2c2/cagA (48/222, 21.6%), s1m1i1d1c1 (40/224, 17.9%) and s1m1i1d1c1/cagA (35/222, 15.8%). Logistic regression analysis showed that vacA s1m1i1d1c1, s1m2i1d2c1, s1m2i2d2c1, and s1m2i2d2c1/cagA had a high prevalence in GC patients compared to non-atrophic gastritis patients (p < .05). The ORs and 95% CI were 2.433 (1.070-5.531), 11.524 (1.253-106.023), 4.200 (1.261-13.993), and 6.263 (1.494-26.256), respectively. These results were also confirmed when the controls were non-tumors (NAG/PUD). We found novel five- and six-genotype combinations associated with the risk of GC. These associations seem to be strongly dependent on the presence of c1-type of vacA. Therefore, analysis of all combined genotypes of the vacA alleles and cagA status may play a significant role in determining H. pylori-related clinical outcomes.
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Hanafiah A, Lopes BS. Genetic diversity and virulence characteristics of Helicobacter pylori isolates in different human ethnic groups. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 78:104135. [PMID: 31837482 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is the most predominant bacterium in almost 50% of the world's population and colonization causes a persistent inflammatory response leading to chronic gastritis. It shows high genetic diversity and individuals generally harbour a distinct bacterial population. With the advancement of whole-genome sequencing technology, new H. pylori subpopulations have been identified that show admixture between various H. pylori strains. Genotypic variation of H. pylori may be related to the presence of virulence factors among strains and is associated with different outcomes of infection in different individuals. This review summarizes the genetic diversity in H. pylori strain populations and its virulence characteristics responsible for variable outcomes in different ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfizah Hanafiah
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Bruno S Lopes
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, 0:025 Polwarth Building, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom.
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Helicobacter pylori Infection, Virulence Genes' Distribution and Accompanying Clinical Outcomes: The West Africa Situation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:7312908. [PMID: 31886245 PMCID: PMC6925786 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7312908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Data on Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and virulence factors in countries across West Africa are scattered. This systematic review seeks to present an update on the status of H. pylori infection focusing on prevalence rate, distribution of virulent genes, and their link to clinical outcomes across countries in the western part of Africa. This information is expected to broaden the knowledge base of clinicians and researchers regarding H. pylori infection and associated virulence factors in West African countries. Search Method. A comprehensive search of the scientific literature in PubMed and ScienceDirect was conducted using the search terms including “Helicobacter pylori infection in West Africa”. Databases were sourced from January 1988 to December 2018. Results. Data on the incidence of H. pylori infection and related pathological factors were found for some countries, whereas others had no information on it. Smoking, alcohol, exposure to high levels of carcinogens and diet were reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of gastroduodenal diseases and gastric cancer. Besides the environmental factors and genetic characteristics, there are important characteristics of H. pylori such as the ability to infect, replicate, and persist in a host that have been associated with the pathogenesis of various gastroduodenal diseases. Concluding Remarks. This systematic search has provided information so far available on H. pylori virulence factors and clinical outcomes in West Africa. Accordingly, this piece has identified gaps in the body of knowledge highlighting the need for more studies to clarify the role of H. pylori virulence factors and associated clinical outcomes in the burden of this bacterial infection in West Africa, as data from these countries do not give the needed direct relation.
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Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr Virus Infection in Gastric Diseases: Correlation with IL-10 and IL1RN Polymorphism. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:1785132. [PMID: 31885568 PMCID: PMC6918935 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1785132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Helicobacter pylori and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection have recently been shown to be associated with gastric diseases. Polymorphisms in genes encoding cytokines such as interleukin 10 (IL-10) and interleukin 1 Receptor (IL-1RN) influence cytokine secretion levels and appear to contribute to the risk of developing gastroduodenal diseases. To our knowledge, this is the first preliminary study to address the association of coinfection with H. pylori and EBV and their correlation with genetic predisposition in the development of gastric diseases. Methods Gastric biopsy samples of 96 patients with different gastric diseases were used. Results Our results showed that the rate of coinfection was higher in patients with gastric cancer than in patients with normal gastric mucosa, active chronic gastritis, and MALT lymphoma. As regards the characterization of H. pilory strains, the polymorphism s1m1i1 of vacA gene was more frequent in patients with MALT Lymphoma in comparison to others, while the polymorphism s2m2i2 was most frequent in patients with normal gastric mucosa. In addition, patients who tested positive for the cagA gene were more frequently those affected with gastric cancer than those with inactive chronic gastritis. Similarly, the patients with oipA gene ON were more frequently those with gastric cancer than those with inactive chronic gastritis. Conclusion According to our analysis, there was no correlation between coinfection and polymorphisms in genes encoding IL-10 and IL-1RN. We conclude that various factors can be involved in the development of gastric diseases.
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