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Chen L, Lei X, Mahnke K. Adenosine and Its Receptors in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5810. [PMID: 38891997 PMCID: PMC11172165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory skin diseases highlight inflammation as a central driver of skin pathologies, involving a multiplicity of mediators and cell types, including immune and non-immune cells. Adenosine, a ubiquitous endogenous immune modulator, generated from adenosine triphosphate (ATP), acts via four G protein-coupled receptors (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3). Given the widespread expression of those receptors and their regulatory effects on multiple immune signaling pathways, targeting adenosine receptors emerges as a compelling strategy for anti-inflammatory intervention. Animal models of psoriasis, contact hypersensitivity (CHS), and other dermatitis have elucidated the involvement of adenosine receptors in the pathogenesis of these conditions. Targeting adenosine receptors is effective in attenuating inflammation and remodeling the epidermal structure, potentially showing synergistic effects with fewer adverse effects when combined with conventional therapies. What is noteworthy are the promising outcomes observed with A2A agonists in animal models and ongoing clinical trials investigating A3 agonists, underscoring a potential therapeutic approach for the management of inflammatory skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karsten Mahnke
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 440, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (L.C.)
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2
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Stepanova M, Aherne CM. Adenosine in Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Function. Cells 2024; 13:381. [PMID: 38474346 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
At the intestinal front, several lines of defense are in place to resist infection and injury, the mucus layer, gut microbiome and strong epithelial junctions, to name a few. Their collaboration creates a resilient barrier. In intestinal disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), barrier function is compromised, which results in rampant inflammation and tissue injury. In response to the destruction, the intestinal epithelium releases adenosine, a small but powerful nucleoside that functions as an alarm signal. Amidst the chaos of inflammation, adenosine aims to restore order. Within the scope of its effects is the ability to regulate intestinal epithelial barrier integrity. This review aims to define the contributions of adenosine to mucus production, microbiome-dependent barrier protection, tight junction dynamics, chloride secretion and acid-base balance to reinforce its importance in the intestinal epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Stepanova
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Carol M Aherne
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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3
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Li X, Wang Z, Gao H, Xiao Y, Li M, Huang Y, Liu G, Guo Y, Song L, Ren Z. Pulsatillae radix extract alleviates DSS-induced colitis via modulating gut microbiota and inflammatory signaling pathway in mice. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21869. [PMID: 38034600 PMCID: PMC10685249 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic relapsing intestinal disease with complex pathogenesis. The increasing morbidity and mortality of UC become a global public health threat. Baitouweng decoction (BD), a formulated prescription of Traditional Chinese Medicine, has been applied to cure UC for many centuries. However, the therapeutic efficacy and working mechanisms of this medicine are not well studied. Aim of study In this study we determined whether Pulsatillae radix, one of four ingredients in BD, had a therapeutic effect on colitis. And explore the underlying mechanism of Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel radix in the improvement of DSS-induced colitis in mice model. Methods The active compounds of Pulsatilla chinensis was identified by UPLC. The composition of the mice's cecum microbiota was determined by 16S rRNA sequencing. And gene expression profile of colon was detected by transcriptome. Results The results showed that Pulsatillae radix significantly improved the clinical symptom, prevented the shorten of colon length, and decreased the diseased activity index (DAI) in an 3 % DSS-induced ulcerative colitis mouse model. We found that Pulsatillae radix reversed the dysbiosis of gut microbiota as evidenced by increase in the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Deferribacteres, and Proteobacteria phyla and decrease in Firmicutes, as well as by decrease in the genera levels of Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Prevotella, Mucispirillum, Coprococcus, Oscillospira, and Escherichia. The results of transcriptome showed Pulsatillae radix administration led to 128 genes up-regulation, and 122 genes down-regulation, up-regulate NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, down-regulate Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and TNF and IL-17 signaling pathways. Conclusion in this study, we demonstrate Pulsatillae radix alleviates DSS-induced colitis probably via modulating gut microbiota and inflammatory signaling pathway in DSS-induced colitis mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., No.8, Yingchang Street, Yinghai Town, Daxing District, Beijing, 100163, China
| | - Zhihuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Hongyuan Gao
- Taian TSCM Hospital, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Yuchun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Mengde Li
- School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei Anhui, 230601, China
| | - Yuanming Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Guoxing Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
- Linwei Liu Zunji Clinic of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weinan, Shaanxi, 714000, China
| | - Yanan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Liqiong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Zhihong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
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4
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Strickland LN, Faraoni EY, Ruan W, Yuan X, Eltzschig HK, Bailey-Lundberg JM. The resurgence of the Adora2b receptor as an immunotherapeutic target in pancreatic cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1163585. [PMID: 37187740 PMCID: PMC10175829 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1163585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by a dense desmoplastic stroma that impedes drug delivery, reduces parenchymal blood flow, and suppresses the anti-tumor immune response. The extracellular matrix and abundance of stromal cells result in severe hypoxia within the tumor microenvironment (TME), and emerging publications evaluating PDAC tumorigenesis have shown the adenosine signaling pathway promotes an immunosuppressive TME and contributes to the overall low survival rate. Hypoxia increases many elements of the adenosine signaling pathway, resulting in higher adenosine levels in the TME, further contributing to immune suppression. Extracellular adenosine signals through 4 adenosine receptors (Adora1, Adora2a, Adora2b, Adora3). Of the 4 receptors, Adora2b has the lowest affinity for adenosine and thus, has important consequences when stimulated by adenosine binding in the hypoxic TME. We and others have shown that Adora2b is present in normal pancreas tissue, and in injured or diseased pancreatic tissue, Adora2b levels are significantly elevated. The Adora2b receptor is present on many immune cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, natural killer T cells, γδ T cells, B cells, T cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells. In these immune cell types, adenosine signaling through Adora2b can reduce the adaptive anti-tumor response, augmenting immune suppression, or may contribute to transformation and changes in fibrosis, perineural invasion, or the vasculature by binding the Adora2b receptor on neoplastic epithelial cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves. In this review, we discuss the mechanistic consequences of Adora2b activation on cell types in the tumor microenvironment. As the cell-autonomous role of adenosine signaling through Adora2b has not been comprehensively studied in pancreatic cancer cells, we will also discuss published data from other malignancies to infer emerging therapeutic considerations for targeting the Adora2b adenosine receptor to reduce the proliferative, invasive, and metastatic potential of PDAC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jennifer M. Bailey-Lundberg
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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5
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The Importance of CXCL1 in the Physiological State and in Noncancer Diseases of the Oral Cavity and Abdominal Organs. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137151. [PMID: 35806156 PMCID: PMC9266754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CXCL1 is a CXC chemokine, CXCR2 ligand and chemotactic factor for neutrophils. In this paper, we present a review of the role of the chemokine CXCL1 in physiology and in selected major non-cancer diseases of the oral cavity and abdominal organs (gingiva, salivary glands, stomach, liver, pancreas, intestines, and kidneys). We focus on the importance of CXCL1 on implantation and placentation as well as on human pluripotent stem cells. We also show the significance of CXCL1 in selected diseases of the abdominal organs, including the gastrointestinal tract and oral cavity (periodontal diseases, periodontitis, Sjögren syndrome, Helicobacter pylori infection, diabetes, liver cirrhosis, alcoholic liver disease (ALD), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), HBV and HCV infection, liver ischemia and reperfusion injury, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis), obesity and overweight, kidney transplantation and ischemic-reperfusion injury, endometriosis and adenomyosis).
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6
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Grubišić V, Bali V, Fried DE, Eltzschig HK, Robson SC, Mazei-Robison MS, Gulbransen BD. Enteric glial adenosine 2B receptor signaling mediates persistent epithelial barrier dysfunction following acute DSS colitis. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:964-976. [PMID: 35869148 PMCID: PMC9385475 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00550-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial barrier function is compromised in inflammatory bowel disease and barrier dysfunction contributes to disease progression. Extracellular nucleotides/nucleosides generated in gut inflammation may regulate barrier function through actions on diverse cell types. Enteric glia modulate extracellular purinergic signaling and exert pathophysiological effects on mucosal permeability. These glia may regulate inflammation with paracrine responses, theoretically mediated via adenosine 2B receptor (A2BR) signaling. As the cell-specific roles of A2BRs in models of colitis and barrier dysfunction are unclear, we studied glial A2BRs in acute dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) colitis. We performed and validated conditional ablation of glial A2BRs in Sox10CreERT2+/-;Adora2bf/f mice. Overt intestinal disease activity indices in DSS-colitis were comparable between Sox10CreERT2+/-;Adora2bf/f mice and littermate controls. However, ablating glial A2BRs protected against barrier dysfunction following acute DSS-colitis. These benefits were associated with the normalization of tight junction protein expression and localization including claudin-1, claudin-8, and occludin. Glial A2BR signaling increased levels of proinflammatory mediators in the colon and cell-intrinsic regulation of genes including Csf3, Cxcl1, Cxcl10, and Il6. Our studies show that glial A2BR signaling exacerbates immune responses during DSS-colitis and that this adenosinergic cell-specific mechanism contributes to persistent gut epithelial barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Grubišić
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Biomedical Innovation, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY, 11568, USA
| | - Vedrana Bali
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - David E Fried
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Simon C Robson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Michelle S Mazei-Robison
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Brian D Gulbransen
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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7
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Sun D, Shao H, Kaplan HJ. TLR ligand ligation switches adenosine receptor usage of BMDCs leading to augmented Th17 responses in experimental autoimmune uveitis. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 3:73-84. [PMID: 36569633 PMCID: PMC9768583 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular level of adenosine increases greatly during inflammation, which modulates immune responses. We have previously reported that adenosine enhances Th17 responses while it suppresses Th1 responses. This study examined whether response of DC to adenosine contributes to the biased effect of adenosine and determined whether adenosine and TLR ligands have counteractive or synergistic effects on DC function. Our results show that adenosine is actively involved in both in vitro and in vivo activation of pathogenic T cells by DCs; however, under adenosine effect DCs' capability of promoting Th1 versus Th17 responses are dissociated. Moreover, activation of A2ARs on DCs inhibits Th1 responses whereas activation of A2BRs on DC enhances Th17 responses. An intriguing observation was that TLR engagement switches the adenosine receptor from A2ARs to A2BRs usage of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and adenosine binding to BMDCs via A2BR converts adenosine's anti-to proinflammatory effect. The dual effects of adenosine and TLR ligand on BMDCs synergistically enhances the Th17 responses whereas the dual effect on Th1 responses is antagonistic. The results imply that Th17 responses will gain dominance when inflammatory environment accumulates both TLR ligands and adenosine and the underlying mechanisms include that TLR ligand exposure has a unique effect switching adenosine receptor usage of DCs from A2ARs to A2BRs, via which Th17 responses are promoted. Our observation should improve our understanding on the balance of Th1 and Th17 responses in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and other related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States
- Corresponding author. Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, United States
| | - Henry J. Kaplan
- Saint Louis University (SLU) Eye Institute, SLU School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, United States
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8
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Vlachodimou A, de Vries H, Pasoli M, Goudswaard M, Kim SA, Kim YC, Scortichini M, Marshall M, Linden J, Heitman LH, Jacobson KA, IJzerman AP. Kinetic profiling and functional characterization of 8-phenylxanthine derivatives as A 2B adenosine receptor antagonists. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 200:115027. [PMID: 35395239 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A2B adenosine receptor (A2BAR) antagonists have therapeutic potential in inflammation-related diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cancer. However, no drug is currently clinically approved, creating a demand for research on novel antagonists. Over the last decade, the study of target binding kinetics, along with affinity and potency, has been proven valuable in early drug discovery stages, as it is associated with improved in vivo drug efficacy and safety. In this study, we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of xanthine derivatives as A2BAR antagonists, including an isothiocyanate derivative designed to bind covalently to the receptor. All 28 final compounds were assessed in radioligand binding experiments, to evaluate their affinity and for those qualifying, kinetic binding parameters. Both structure-affinity and structure-kinetic relationships were derived, providing a clear relationship between affinity and dissociation rate constants. Two structurally similar compounds, 17 and 18, were further evaluated in a label-free assay due to their divergent kinetic profiles. An extended cellular response was associated with long A2BAR residence times. This link between a ligand's A2BAR residence time and its functional effect highlights the importance of binding kinetics as a selection parameter in the early stages of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vlachodimou
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Henk de Vries
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Milena Pasoli
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Miranda Goudswaard
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Soon-Ai Kim
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yong-Chul Kim
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mirko Scortichini
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Melissa Marshall
- Department of Internal Medicine and Molecular Physiology & Biological Physics, University of Virginia Health Science Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Joel Linden
- Department of Internal Medicine and Molecular Physiology & Biological Physics, University of Virginia Health Science Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Laura H Heitman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Adriaan P IJzerman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands.
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9
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Zhao N, Xia GQ, Cai JN, Li ZX, Lv XW. Adenosine receptor A2B mediates alcoholic hepatitis by regulating cAMP levels and the NF-KB pathway. Toxicol Lett 2022; 359:84-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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10
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Pasquini S, Contri C, Borea PA, Vincenzi F, Varani K. Adenosine and Inflammation: Here, There and Everywhere. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7685. [PMID: 34299305 PMCID: PMC8304851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is a ubiquitous endogenous modulator with the main function of maintaining cellular and tissue homeostasis in pathological and stress conditions. It exerts its effect through the interaction with four G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) subtypes referred as A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 adenosine receptors (ARs), each of which has a unique pharmacological profile and tissue distribution. Adenosine is a potent modulator of inflammation, and for this reason the adenosinergic system represents an excellent pharmacological target for the myriad of diseases in which inflammation represents a cause, a pathogenetic mechanism, a consequence, a manifestation, or a protective factor. The omnipresence of ARs in every cell of the immune system as well as in almost all cells in the body represents both an opportunity and an obstacle to the clinical use of AR ligands. This review offers an overview of the cardinal role of adenosine in the modulation of inflammation, showing how the stimulation or blocking of its receptors or agents capable of regulating its extracellular concentration can represent promising therapeutic strategies for the treatment of chronic inflammatory pathologies, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pasquini
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (C.C.); (K.V.)
| | - Chiara Contri
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (C.C.); (K.V.)
| | | | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (C.C.); (K.V.)
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (C.C.); (K.V.)
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11
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Chang D, Whiteley AT, Bugda Gwilt K, Lencer WI, Mekalanos JJ, Thiagarajah JR. Extracellular cyclic dinucleotides induce polarized responses in barrier epithelial cells by adenosine signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:27502-27508. [PMID: 33087577 PMCID: PMC7959571 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2015919117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) are secondary messengers used by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In mammalian cells, cytosolic CDNs bind STING (stimulator of IFN gene), resulting in the production of type I IFN. Extracellular CDNs can enter the cytosol through several pathways but how CDNs work from outside eukaryotic cells remains poorly understood. Here, we elucidate a mechanism of action on intestinal epithelial cells for extracellular CDNs. We found that CDNs containing adenosine induced a robust CFTR-mediated chloride secretory response together with cAMP-mediated inhibition of Poly I:C-stimulated IFNβ expression. Signal transduction was strictly polarized to the serosal side of the epithelium, dependent on the extracellular and sequential hydrolysis of CDNs to adenosine by the ectonucleosidases ENPP1 and CD73, and occurred via activation of A2B adenosine receptors. These studies highlight a pathway by which microbial and host produced extracellular CDNs can regulate the innate immune response of barrier epithelial cells lining mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Chang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Aaron T Whiteley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Katlynn Bugda Gwilt
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Wayne I Lencer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Harvard Digestive Disease Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - John J Mekalanos
- Harvard Digestive Disease Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jay R Thiagarajah
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
- Harvard Digestive Disease Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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12
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Vuerich M, Mukherjee S, Robson SC, Longhi MS. Control of Gut Inflammation by Modulation of Purinergic Signaling. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1882. [PMID: 33072065 PMCID: PMC7544737 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a serious inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract. Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are two of the most common IBD manifestations and are both associated with unfettered inflammation, often refractory to conventional immunosuppressive treatment. In both conditions, imbalance between effector and regulatory cell immune responses has been documented and is thought to contribute to disease pathogenesis. Purinergic signaling is a known modulator of systemic and local inflammation and growing evidences point to extracellular ATP/adenosine imbalance as a key determinant factor in IBD-associated immune dysregulation. In vitro and pre-clinical studies suggest a role for both ATP (P2) and adenosine (P1) receptors in dictating onset and severity of the disease. Moreover, our experimental data indicate ENTPD1/CD39 and CD73 ectoenzymes as pivotal modulators of intestinal inflammation, with clear translational importance. Here we will provide an updated overview of the current knowledge on the role of the purinergic signaling in modulating immune responses in IBD. We will also review and discuss the most promising findings supporting the use of purinergic-based therapies to correct immune dysregulation in CD and UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vuerich
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Samiran Mukherjee
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Simon C Robson
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maria Serena Longhi
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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13
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Magni G, Ceruti S. Adenosine Signaling in Autoimmune Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13090260. [PMID: 32971792 PMCID: PMC7558305 DOI: 10.3390/ph13090260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular components of the purinergic system (i.e., receptors, metabolizing enzymes and membrane transporters) are widely expressed in the cells of the immune system. Additionally, high concentrations of adenosine are generated from the hydrolysis of ATP in any "danger" condition, when oxygen and energy availability dramatically drops. Therefore, adenosine acts as a retaliatory metabolite to counteract the nucleotide-mediated boost of the immune reaction. Based on this observation, it can be foreseen that the recruitment with selective agonists of the receptors involved in the immunomodulatory effect of adenosine might represent an innovative anti-inflammatory approach with potential exploitation in autoimmune disorders. Quite surprisingly, pro-inflammatory activity exerted by some adenosine receptors has been also identified, thus paving the way for the hypothesis that at least some autoimmune disorders may be caused by a derailment of adenosine signaling. In this review article, we provide a general overview of the roles played by adenosine on immune cells with a specific focus on the development of adenosine-based therapies for autoimmune disorders, as demonstrated by the exciting data from concluded and ongoing clinical trials.
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14
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Antonioli L, Fornai M, Pellegrini C, Bertani L, Nemeth ZH, Blandizzi C. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: It's Time for the Adenosine System. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1310. [PMID: 32849492 PMCID: PMC7403190 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Fornai
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Bertani
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Zoltan H Nemeth
- Department of Surgery, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Corrado Blandizzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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15
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Inhibition of A 2B Adenosine Receptor Attenuates Intestinal Injury in a Rat Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:1562973. [PMID: 32714089 PMCID: PMC7354672 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1562973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a lethal gastrointestinal tract disease that occurs in premature infants. Adenosine receptor A2B (A2BR) regulates the inflammation cytokine secretion and immune cell infiltration in the colonic pathophysiology conditions. In the present study, we aim to determine the roles of A2BR in the development of NEC. A NEC rat model was established and treated with A2BR agonist-BAY60-6583 or A2BR antagonist-PSB1115. Animals in the control group were free from any interventions. Our results showed that the inhibition of A2BR PSB1115 improved intestinal injury and inflammation in newborn NEC rats. The expression levels of caspase-3 and the ratio of apoptotic cells were upregulated in NEC rats, and these indices were downregulated after treating with PSB1115 but further upregulated by BAY60-6583. Meanwhile, a similar trend was also witnessed in the changes of MPO activities and proinflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. However, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in the NECP group was significantly higher than that in the NEC and NECB groups (p < 0.05, respectively). Moreover, the expression of Ki67 was significantly increased in the NECP group as compared with those of the NEC and the NECB groups (p < 0.05, respectively). Collectively, our study suggested that the inhibition of A2BR attenuates NEC in the neonatal rat, at least partially through the modulation of inflammation and the induction of epithelial cell proliferation.
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16
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Moltzau Anderson J, Lipinski S, Sommer F, Pan WH, Boulard O, Rehman A, Falk-Paulsen M, Stengel ST, Aden K, Häsler R, Bharti R, Künzel S, Baines JF, Chamaillard M, Rosenstiel P. NOD2 Influences Trajectories of Intestinal Microbiota Recovery After Antibiotic Perturbation. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 10:365-389. [PMID: 32289499 PMCID: PMC7327897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Loss-of-function variants in nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) impair the recognition of the bacterial cell wall component muramyl-dipeptide and are associated with an increased risk for developing Crohn's disease. Likewise, exposure to antibiotics increases the individual risk for developing inflammatory bowel disease. Here, we studied the long-term impact of NOD2 on the ability of the gut bacterial and fungal microbiota to recover after antibiotic treatment. METHODS Two cohorts of 20-week-old and 52-week-old wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J and NOD2 knockout (Nod2-KO) mice were treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics and fecal samples were collected to investigate temporal dynamics of the intestinal microbiota (bacteria and fungi) using 16S ribosomal RNA and internal transcribed spacer 1 sequencing. In addition, 2 sets of germ-free WT mice were colonized with either WT or Nod2-KO after antibiotic donor microbiota and the severity of intestinal inflammation was monitored in the colonized mice. RESULTS Antibiotic exposure caused long-term shifts in the bacterial and fungal community composition. Genetic ablation of NOD2 was associated with delayed body weight gain after antibiotic treatment and an impaired recovery of the bacterial gut microbiota. Transfer of the postantibiotic fecal microbiota of Nod2-KO mice induced an intestinal inflammatory response in the colons of germ-free recipient mice compared with respective microbiota from WT controls based on histopathology and gene expression analyses. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that the bacterial sensor NOD2 contributes to intestinal microbial community composition after antibiotic treatment and may add to the explanation of how defects in the NOD2 signaling pathway are involved in the etiology of Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Felix Sommer
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel, Germany
| | - Wei-Hung Pan
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel, Germany
| | - Olivier Boulard
- University of Lille, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | | | | | - Konrad Aden
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel, Germany,First Medical Department, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Robert Häsler
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel, Germany
| | - Richa Bharti
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sven Künzel
- Evolutionary Genomics, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - John F. Baines
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany,Evolutionary Genomics, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - Mathias Chamaillard
- University of Lille, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel, Germany,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Philip Rosenstiel, MD, Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Rosalind-Franklin-Str. 12, Kiel D-24105, Germany. fax: (49) 4315971842.
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17
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Antonioli L, Blandizzi C, Pacher P, Haskó G. The Purinergic System as a Pharmacological Target for the Treatment of Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:345-382. [PMID: 31235653 PMCID: PMC6592405 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) encompass a wide range of seemingly unrelated conditions, such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel diseases, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Despite differing etiologies, these diseases share common inflammatory pathways, which lead to damage in primary target organs and frequently to a plethora of systemic effects as well. The purinergic signaling complex comprising extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides and their receptors, the P2 and P1 purinergic receptors, respectively, as well as catabolic enzymes and nucleoside transporters is a major regulatory system in the body. The purinergic signaling complex can regulate the development and course of IMIDs. Here we provide a comprehensive review on the role of purinergic signaling in controlling immunity, inflammation, and organ function in IMIDs. In addition, we discuss the possible therapeutic applications of drugs acting on purinergic pathways, which have been entering clinical development, to manage patients suffering from IMIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (L.A., C.B.); Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland (P.P.); and Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York (G.H.)
| | - Corrado Blandizzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (L.A., C.B.); Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland (P.P.); and Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York (G.H.)
| | - Pál Pacher
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (L.A., C.B.); Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland (P.P.); and Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York (G.H.)
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (L.A., C.B.); Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland (P.P.); and Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York (G.H.)
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18
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Hou T, Xiang H, Yu L, Su W, Shu Y, Li H, Zhu H, Lin L, Hu X, Liang S, Zhang H, Li M. Electroacupuncture inhibits visceral pain via adenosine receptors in mice with inflammatory bowel disease. Purinergic Signal 2019; 15:193-204. [PMID: 31187350 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-019-09655-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the involvement of peripheral adenosine receptors in the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on visceral pain in mice with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) was used to induce the visceral pain model. EA (1 mA, 2 Hz, 30 min) treatment was applied to bilateral acupoints "Dachangshu" (BL25) 1 day after TNBS injection once daily for 7 consecutive days. Von Frey filaments were used to measure the mechanical pain threshold. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression levels of adenosine 1 receptor (A1R), adenosine 2a receptor (A2aR), adenosine 2b receptor (A2bR), adenosine 3 receptor (A3R), substance P (SP), and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) in colon tissue. EA significantly ameliorated the disease-related indices and reduced the expression of SP and IL-1β in the colon tissues of mice with IBD. EA increased the expression of A1R, A2aR, and A3R and decreased the expression of A2bR in the colon tissue. Furthermore, the administration of adenosine receptor antagonists influenced the effect of EA. EA can inhibit the expression of the inflammatory factors SP and IL-1β by regulating peripheral A1, A2a, A2b, and A3 receptors, thus inhibiting visceral pain in IBD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Hou
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hongchun Xiang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lingling Yu
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wen Su
- Department of Acupuncture, Wuhan Integrated TCM & Western Medicine Hospital, 215 Zhongshan Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yang Shu
- Department of Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212000, China
| | - Hongping Li
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - He Zhu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lixue Lin
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xuefei Hu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Shangdong Liang
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Man Li
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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19
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Vuerich M, Harshe RP, Robson SC, Longhi MS. Dysregulation of Adenosinergic Signaling in Systemic and Organ-Specific Autoimmunity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030528. [PMID: 30691212 PMCID: PMC6386992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exact causes for autoimmune diseases remain unclear and no cures are available. Breakdown of immunotolerance could set the stage for unfettered immune responses that target self-antigens. Impaired regulatory immune mechanisms could have permissive roles in autoreactivity. Abnormal regulatory immune cell function, therefore, might be a major determinant of the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. All current treatments are associated with some level of clinical toxicity. Treatment to specifically target dysregulated immunity in these diseases would be a great advance. Extracellular adenosine is a signaling mediator that suppresses inflammation through activation of P1 receptors, most active under pathological conditions. Mounting evidence has linked alterations in the generation of adenosine from extracellular nucleotides by ectonucleotidases, and associated perturbations in purinergic signaling, to the immunological disruption and loss of immunotolerance in autoimmunity. Targeted modulation of the purinergic signaling by either targeting ectonucleotidases or modulating P1 purinergic receptors could therefore restore the balance between autoreactive immune responses; and thereby allow reestablishment of immunotolerance. We review the roles of CD39 and CD73 ectoenzymes in inflammatory states and with the dysregulation of P1 receptor signaling in systemic and organ-specific autoimmunity. Correction of such perturbations could be exploited in potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vuerich
- Department of Anesthesia, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Rasika P Harshe
- Department of Anesthesia, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Simon C Robson
- Department of Anesthesia, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Maria Serena Longhi
- Department of Anesthesia, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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20
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Borea PA, Gessi S, Merighi S, Vincenzi F, Varani K. Pharmacology of Adenosine Receptors: The State of the Art. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1591-1625. [PMID: 29848236 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00049.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid whose effects are triggered through the enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Due to the rapid generation of adenosine from cellular metabolism, and the widespread distribution of its receptor subtypes in almost all organs and tissues, this nucleoside induces a multitude of physiopathological effects, regulating central nervous, cardiovascular, peripheral, and immune systems. It is becoming clear that the expression patterns of adenosine receptors vary among cell types, lending weight to the idea that they may be both markers of pathologies and useful targets for novel drugs. This review offers an overview of current knowledge on adenosine receptors, including their characteristic structural features, molecular interactions and cellular functions, as well as their essential roles in pain, cancer, and neurodegenerative, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases. Finally, we highlight the latest findings on molecules capable of targeting adenosine receptors and report which stage of drug development they have reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
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21
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Bekisz JM, Lopez CD, Corciulo C, Mediero A, Coelho PG, Witek L, Flores RL, Cronstein BN. The Role of Adenosine Receptor Activation in Attenuating Cartilaginous Inflammation. Inflammation 2018; 41:1135-1141. [PMID: 29656316 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0781-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine receptor activation has been explored as a modulator of the inflammatory process that propagates osteoarthritis. It has been reported that cartilage has enhanced regenerative potential when influenced by adenosine receptor activation. As adenosine's role in maintaining chondrocyte homeostasis at the cellular and molecular levels is explored, successful in vivo applications of adenosine delivery for cartilage repair continue to be reported. This review summarizes the role adenosine receptor ligation plays in chondrocyte homeostasis and regeneration of articular cartilage damaged in osteoarthritis. It also reports on all the modalities reported for delivery of adenosine through in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Bekisz
- New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, MSB 521, New York, NY, 10016, USA. .,Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery at New York University School of Medicine, 307 East 33rd Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Christopher D Lopez
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Division of Translational Medicine at New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics at New York University College of Dentistry, 433 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Carmen Corciulo
- Division of Translational Medicine at New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Aranzazu Mediero
- Division of Translational Medicine at New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paulo G Coelho
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery at New York University School of Medicine, 307 East 33rd Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics at New York University College of Dentistry, 433 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Lukasz Witek
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics at New York University College of Dentistry, 433 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Roberto L Flores
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery at New York University School of Medicine, 307 East 33rd Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Bruce N Cronstein
- New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, MSB 521, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Division of Translational Medicine at New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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22
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Jung D, Alshaikh A, Ratakonda S, Bashir M, Amin R, Jeon S, Stevens J, Sharma S, Ahmed W, Musch M, Hassan H. Adenosinergic signaling inhibits oxalate transport by human intestinal Caco2-BBE cells through the A 2B adenosine receptor. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 315:C687-C698. [PMID: 30020825 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00024.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Most kidney stones (KS) are composed of calcium oxalate, and small increases in urine oxalate affect the stone risk. Intestinal oxalate secretion mediated by anion exchanger SLC26A6 (PAT1) plays a crucial role in limiting net absorption of ingested oxalate, thereby preventing hyperoxaluria and related KS, reflecting the importance of understanding regulation of intestinal oxalate transport. We previously showed that ATP and UTP inhibit oxalate transport by human intestinal Caco2-BBE cells (C2). Since ATP is rapidly degraded to adenosine (ADO), we examined whether intestinal oxalate transport is regulated by ADO. We measured [14C]oxalate uptake in the presence of an outward Cl gradient as an assay of Cl-oxalate exchange activity, ≥49% of which is PAT1-mediated in C2 cells. We found that ADO significantly inhibited oxalate transport by C2 cells, an effect completely blocked by the nonselective ADO receptor antagonist 8- p-sulfophenyltheophylline. ADO also significantly inhibited oxalate efflux by C2 cells, which is important since PAT1 mediates oxalate efflux in vivo. Using pharmacological antagonists and A2B adenosine receptor (A2B AR) siRNA knockdown studies, we observed that ADO inhibits oxalate transport through the A2B AR, phospholipase C, and PKC. ADO inhibits oxalate transport by reducing PAT1 surface expression as shown by biotinylation studies. We conclude that ADO inhibits oxalate transport by lowering PAT1 surface expression in C2 cells through signaling pathways including the A2B AR, PKC, and phospholipase C. Given higher ADO levels and overexpression of the A2B AR in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), our findings have potential relevance to pathophysiology of IBD-associated hyperoxaluria and related KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jung
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Altayeb Alshaikh
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Mohamed Bashir
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ruhul Amin
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sohee Jeon
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jan Stevens
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sapna Sharma
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Wahaj Ahmed
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mark Musch
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hatim Hassan
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
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23
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Köse M, Gollos S, Karcz T, Fiene A, Heisig F, Behrenswerth A, Kieć-Kononowicz K, Namasivayam V, Müller CE. Fluorescent-Labeled Selective Adenosine A 2B Receptor Antagonist Enables Competition Binding Assay by Flow Cytometry. J Med Chem 2018; 61:4301-4316. [PMID: 29681156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent ligands represent powerful tools for biological studies and are considered attractive alternatives to radioligands. In this study, we developed fluorescent antagonists for A2B adenosine receptors (A2BARs), which are targeted by antiasthmatic xanthines and were proposed as novel targets in immuno-oncology. Our approach was to merge a small borondipyrromethene (BODIPY) derivative with the pharmacophore of 8-substituted xanthine derivatives. On the basis of the design, synthesis, and evaluation of model compounds, several fluorescent ligands were synthesized. Compound 29 (PSB-12105), which displayed high affinity for human, rat, and mouse A2BARs ( Ki = 0.2-2 nM) and high selectivity for this AR subtype, was selected for further studies. A homology model of the human A2BAR was generated, and docking studies were performed. Moreover, 29 allowed us to establish a homogeneous receptor-ligand binding assay using flow cytometry. These compounds constitute the first potent, selective fluorescent A2BAR ligands and are anticipated to be useful for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Köse
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I , University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , D-53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Sabrina Gollos
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I , University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , D-53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Tadeusz Karcz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Medyczna 9 , 30-688 Kraków , Poland
| | - Amelie Fiene
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I , University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , D-53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Fabian Heisig
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I , University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , D-53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Andrea Behrenswerth
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I , University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , D-53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Katarzyna Kieć-Kononowicz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Medyczna 9 , 30-688 Kraków , Poland
| | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I , University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , D-53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I , University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , D-53121 Bonn , Germany
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Dal Ben D, Antonioli L, Lambertucci C, Fornai M, Blandizzi C, Volpini R. Purinergic Ligands as Potential Therapeutic Tools for the Treatment of Inflammation-Related Intestinal Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:212. [PMID: 29593540 PMCID: PMC5861216 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation-related intestinal diseases are a set of various conditions presenting an overactive enteric immune system. A continuous overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a decreased production of anti-inflammatory modulators are generally observed, while morpho-functional alterations of the enteric nervous system lead to intestinal secretory and motor dysfunctions. The factors at the basis of these conditions are still to be totally identified and current therapeutic strategies are aimed only at achieving and maintaining remission states, by using therapeutic tools like aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, immunomodulators, biological drugs (i.e., monoclonal antibodies), and eventually surgery. Recent reports described a key role of purinergic mediators (i.e., adenosine and its nucleotides ATP and ADP) in the regulation of the activity of immune cells and enteric nervous system, showing also that alterations of the purinergic signaling are linked to pathological conditions of the intestinal tract. These data prompted to a series of investigations to test the therapeutic potential for inflammation-related intestinal conditions of compounds able to restore or modulate an altered purinergic signaling within the gut. This review provides an overview on these investigations, describing the results of preclinical and/or clinical evaluation of compounds able to stimulate or inhibit specific P2 (i.e., P2X7) or P1 (i.e., A2A or A3) receptor signaling and to modify the adenosine levels through the modulation of enzymes activity (i.e., Adenosine Deaminase) or nucleoside transporters. Recent developments in the field are also reported and the most promising purine-based therapeutic strategies for the treatment of inflammation-related gastrointestinal disorders are schematically summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Dal Ben
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Catia Lambertucci
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Matteo Fornai
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Corrado Blandizzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rosaria Volpini
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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Bowser JL, Phan LH, Eltzschig HK. The Hypoxia-Adenosine Link during Intestinal Inflammation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 200:897-907. [PMID: 29358413 PMCID: PMC5784778 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal inflammation is a key element in inflammatory bowel disease and is related to a combination of factors, including genetics, mucosal barrier dysfunction, bacteria translocation, deleterious host-microbe interactions, and dysregulated immune responses. Over the past decade, it has been appreciated that these inflammatory lesions are associated with profound tissue hypoxia. Interestingly, an endogenous adaptive response under the control of hypoxia signaling is enhancement in adenosine signaling, which impacts these different endpoints, including promoting barrier function and encouraging anti-inflammatory activity. In this review, we discuss the hypoxia-adenosine link in inflammatory bowel disease, intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury, and colon cancer. In addition, we provide a summary of clinical implications of hypoxia and adenosine signaling in intestinal inflammation and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Bowser
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Luan H Phan
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
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26
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Burnstock G, Jacobson KA, Christofi FL. Purinergic drug targets for gastrointestinal disorders. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2017; 37:131-141. [PMID: 29149731 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purinergic receptors are implicated in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal disorders and are being explored as potential therapeutic targets. Gut inflammation releases ATP that acts on neuronal, glial, epithelial and immune cells. Purinergic signalling in glia and neurons is implicated in enteric neuropathies. Inflammation activates glia to increase ATP release and alter purinergic signalling. ATP release causes neuron death and gut motor dysfunction in colitis via a P2X7-dependent neural-glial pathway and a glial purinergic-connexin-43 pathway. The latter pathway also mediates morphine-induced constipation and gut inflammation that may differ from opioid-induced constipation. P2X7R antagonists are protective in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) models, where as AZD9056 is questionable in Crohn's disease, but is potentially beneficial for chronic abdominal pain. Drug targets under investigation for IBD, irritable bowel syndrome and motility disorders include P2X7R, P2X3R, P2Y2R, A2A/A2BAR, enzymes and transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry & Molecular Recognition Section, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA.
| | - Fievos L Christofi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, 226 Tzagournis Medical Research Facility, 420W 12th Ave, Columbus, OH, USA
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27
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Asano T, Takenaga M. Adenosine A 2B Receptors: An Optional Target for the Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Diarrhea? J Clin Med 2017; 6:jcm6110104. [PMID: 29099770 PMCID: PMC5704121 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6110104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder, with the characteristic symptoms of chronic abdominal pain and altered bowel habits (diarrhea, constipation, or both). IBS is a highly prevalent condition, which negatively affects quality of life and is a significant burden on global healthcare costs. Although many pharmacological medicines have been proposed to treat IBS, including those targeting receptors, channels, and chemical mediators related to visceral hypersensitivity, successful pharmacotherapy for the disease has not been established. Visceral hypersensitivity plays an important role in IBS pathogenesis. Immune activation is observed in diarrhea-predominant patients with IBS and contributes to the development of visceral hypersensitivity. Adenosine is a chemical mediator that regulates many physiological processes, including inflammation and nociception. Among its receptors, the adenosine A2B receptor regulates intestinal secretion, motor function, and the immune response. We recently demonstrated that the adenosine A2B receptor is involved in visceral hypersensitivity in animal models of IBS. In this review, we discuss the possibility of the adenosine A2B receptor as a novel therapeutic target for IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teita Asano
- Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki 216-8512, Japan.
| | - Mitsuko Takenaga
- Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki 216-8512, Japan.
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28
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Antonioli L, Pellegrini C, Fornai M, Tirotta E, Gentile D, Benvenuti L, Giron MC, Caputi V, Marsilio I, Orso G, Bernardini N, Segnani C, Ippolito C, Csóka B, Németh ZH, Haskó G, Scarpignato C, Blandizzi C, Colucci R. Colonic motor dysfunctions in a mouse model of high-fat diet-induced obesity: an involvement of A 2B adenosine receptors. Purinergic Signal 2017; 13:497-510. [PMID: 28808842 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-017-9577-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine A2B receptors (A2BR) regulate several enteric functions. However, their implication in the pathophysiology of intestinal dysmotility associated with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity has not been elucidated. We investigated the expression of A2BR in mouse colon and their role in the mechanisms underlying the development of enteric dysmotility associated with obesity. Wild-type C57BL/6J mice were fed with HFD (60% kcal from fat) or normocaloric diet (NCD; 18% kcal from fat) for 8 weeks. Colonic A2BR localization was examined by immunofluorescence. The role of A2BR in the control of colonic motility was examined in functional experiments on longitudinal muscle preparations (LMPs). In NCD mice, A2BR were predominantly located in myenteric neurons; in HFD animals, their expression increased throughout the neuromuscular layer. Functionally, the A2BR antagonist MRS1754 enhanced electrically induced NK1-mediated tachykininergic contractions in LMPs from HFD mice, while it was less effective in tissues from NCD mice. The A2B receptor agonist BAY 60-6583 decreased colonic tachykininergic contractions in LMPs, with higher efficacy in preparations from obese mice. Both A2BR ligands did not affect contractions elicited by exogenous substance P. Obesity is related with a condition of colonic inflammation, leading to an increase of A2BR expression. A2BR, modulating the activity of excitatory tachykininergic nerves, participate to the enteric dysmotility associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Surgery and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Carolina Pellegrini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Fornai
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Erika Tirotta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniela Gentile
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Benvenuti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Cecilia Giron
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Valentina Caputi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,San Camillo Hospital, Treviso, Italy
| | - Ilaria Marsilio
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Genny Orso
- Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini-, Lecco, Italy
| | - Nunzia Bernardini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Segnani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Ippolito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Balázs Csóka
- Department of Surgery and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Zoltán H Németh
- Department of Surgery, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ, USA
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Surgery and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | | | - Corrado Blandizzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rocchina Colucci
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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29
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Bahreyni A, Samani SS, Khazaei M, Ryzhikov M, Avan A, Hassanian SM. Therapeutic potentials of adenosine receptors agonists and antagonists in colitis; Current status and perspectives. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2733-2740. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Bahreyni
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunogenetic Research Center; Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences; Sari Mazandaran Iran
| | - Seyed S. Samani
- Department of Biology; Mashhad Branch; Islamic Azad University; Mashhad Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Medical Physiology; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Mikhail Ryzhikov
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; St. Louis University; School of Medicine; Saint Louis Missouri
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies; School of Medicine; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Seyed M. Hassanian
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Medical Biochemistry; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
- Microanatomy Research Center; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
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30
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Borea PA, Gessi S, Merighi S, Vincenzi F, Varani K. Pathological overproduction: the bad side of adenosine. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1945-1960. [PMID: 28252203 PMCID: PMC6398520 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is an endogenous ubiquitous purine nucleoside, which is increased by hypoxia, ischaemia and tissue damage and mediates a number of physiopathological effects by interacting with four GPCRs, identified as A1 , A2A , A2B and A3 . Physiological and acutely increased adenosine is mostly associated with beneficial effects that include vasodilatation and a decrease in inflammation. In contrast, chronic overproduction of adenosine occurs in important pathological states, where long-lasting increases in the nucleoside levels are responsible for the bad side of adenosine associated with chronic inflammation, fibrosis and organ damage. In this review, we describe and critically discuss the pathological overproduction of adenosine and analyse when, where and how adenosine exerts its detrimental effects throughout the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of FerraraFerrara44121Italy
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of FerraraFerrara44121Italy
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of FerraraFerrara44121Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of FerraraFerrara44121Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of FerraraFerrara44121Italy
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31
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Purinergic Signalling in the Gut. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 891:91-112. [PMID: 27379638 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27592-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The article will begin with the discovery of purinergic inhibitory neuromuscular transmission in the 1960s/1970s, the proposal for purinergic cotransmission in 1976 and the recognition that sympathetic nerves release adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), noradrenaline and neuropeptide Y, while non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic inhibitory nerve cotransmitters are ATP, nitric oxide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in variable proportions in different regions of the gut. Later, purinergic synaptic transmission in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses was established and purinergic receptors expressed by both glial and interstitial cells. The focus will then be on purinergic mechanosensory transduction involving release of ATP from mucosal epithelial cells during distension to activate P2X3 receptors on submucosal sensory nerve endings. The responses of low threshold fibres mediate enteric reflex activity via intrinsic sensory nerves, while high threshold fibres initiate pain via extrinsic sensory nerves. Finally, the involvement of purinergic signalling in an animal model of colitis will be presented, showing that during distension there is increased ATP release, increased P2X3 receptor expression on calcitonin gene-related peptide-labelled sensory neurons and increased sensory nerve activity.
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32
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Ferrari D, Bianchi N, Eltzschig HK, Gambari R. MicroRNAs Modulate the Purinergic Signaling Network. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:905-918. [PMID: 27623176 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules capable of silencing mRNA targets. miRNA dysregulation has been linked to cancer development, cardiovascular and neurological diseases, lipid metabolism, and impaired immunity. Therefore, miRNAs are gaining interest as putative novel disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Recent studies have shown that purinergic surface receptors activated by extracellular nucleotides (ATP, ADP, UTP, UDP), and by nucleosides such as adenosine (ADO), are subject to miRNA regulation. This opens a new and previously unrecognized opportunity to modulate the purinergic network with the aim of avoiding abnormal activation of specific receptor subtypes. miRNA technology will hopefully contribute strategies to prevent purinergic-mediated tissue damage in conditions of neurodegeneration, atherosclerosis, transplantation, and even neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrari
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Nicoletta Bianchi
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roberto Gambari
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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33
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Pérez-Torras S, Iglesias I, Llopis M, Lozano JJ, Antolín M, Guarner F, Pastor-Anglada M. Transportome Profiling Identifies Profound Alterations in Crohn's Disease Partially Restored by Commensal Bacteria. J Crohns Colitis 2016; 10:850-9. [PMID: 26874350 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Several transport alterations have been described in intestinal inflammatory diseases. This is relevant because the primary function of the intestine is nutrient and mineral absorption. However, analysis of the transportome as a whole and the effect of commensal bacteria on it have not been addressed so far. METHODS Five healthy and 6 Crohn's disease (CD) samples were hybridized to human HT-12 V4 Illumina GeneChip. Results were validated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis and with additional array data. Organ culture assays were performed from mucosa ileal wall specimens collected at surgery. Samples were incubated with or without commensal bacteria for 4 hours. Finally, RNA was isolated for microarray processing. RESULTS The analysis of CD versus healthy ileal mucosa demonstrated upregulation of previously described genes involved in immunity and the inflammatory response in this disease. Interestingly, whole transcriptional analysis revealed profound alterations in the transportome profile. Sixty-two solute carrier (SLC) transporters displayed different expression patterns, most of them being downregulated. Changes were confirmed by RT-PCR in a randomly chosen subset of SLCs. A large number of amino acid transporters and most members of the enteric purinome were found to be altered. Most of these proteins were found at the apical membrane of the enterocyte, which could impair both amino acid absorption and purinergic signalling. Treatment of ileum specimen explants with commensal bacteria restored almost all CD transportome alterations. CONCLUSIONS These results describe the altered transportome profile in CD and open the possibility of restoring transportome complications with commensal bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pérez-Torras
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Oncology Program, CIBERehd, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ingrid Iglesias
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Oncology Program, CIBERehd, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Llopis
- Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, CIBEREHD, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | | | - María Antolín
- Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, CIBEREHD, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Francisco Guarner
- Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, CIBEREHD, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Oncology Program, CIBERehd, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
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34
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Borea PA, Gessi S, Merighi S, Varani K. Adenosine as a Multi-Signalling Guardian Angel in Human Diseases: When, Where and How Does it Exert its Protective Effects? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:419-434. [PMID: 26944097 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The importance of adenosine for human health cannot be overstated. Indeed, this ubiquitous nucleoside is an integral component of ATP, and regulates the function of every tissue and organ in the body. Acting via receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms [the former mediated via four G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), A1, A2A, A2B, and A3,], it has a significant role in protecting against cell damage in areas of increased tissue metabolism, and combating organ dysfunction in numerous pathological states. Accordingly, raised levels of adenosine have been demonstrated in epilepsy, ischaemia, pain, inflammation, and cancer, in which its behaviour can be likened to that of a guardian angel, even though there are instances in which overproduction of adenosine is pathological. In this review, we condense the current body of knowledge on the issue, highlighting when, where, and how adenosine exerts its protective effects in both the brain and the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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35
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Aherne CM, Saeedi B, Collins CB, Masterson JC, McNamee EN, Perrenoud L, Rapp CR, Curtis VF, Bayless A, Fletcher A, Glover LE, Evans CM, Jedlicka P, Furuta GT, de Zoeten EF, Colgan SP, Eltzschig HK. Epithelial-specific A2B adenosine receptor signaling protects the colonic epithelial barrier during acute colitis. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:1324-38. [PMID: 25850656 PMCID: PMC4598274 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Central to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis is loss of mucosal barrier function. Emerging evidence implicates extracellular adenosine signaling in attenuating mucosal inflammation. We hypothesized that adenosine-mediated protection from intestinal barrier dysfunction involves tissue-specific signaling through the A2B adenosine receptor (Adora2b) at the intestinal mucosal surface. To address this hypothesis, we combined pharmacologic studies and studies in mice with global or tissue-specific deletion of the Adora2b receptor. Adora2b(-/-) mice experienced a significantly heightened severity of colitis, associated with a more acute onset of disease and loss of intestinal epithelial barrier function. Comparison of mice with Adora2b deletion on vascular endothelial cells (Adora2b(fl/fl)VeCadCre(+)) or intestinal epithelia (Adora2b(fl/fl)VillinCre(+)) revealed a selective role for epithelial Adora2b signaling in attenuating colonic inflammation. In vitro studies with Adora2b knockdown in intestinal epithelial cultures or pharmacologic studies highlighted Adora2b-driven phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) as a specific barrier repair response. Similarly, in vivo studies in genetic mouse models or treatment studies with an Adora2b agonist (BAY 60-6583) recapitulate these findings. Taken together, our results suggest that intestinal epithelial Adora2b signaling provides protection during intestinal inflammation via enhancing mucosal barrier responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- CM Aherne
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA,Mucosal Inflammation Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - B Saeedi
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - CB Collins
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA,Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Health Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - JC Masterson
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA,Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Health Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - EN McNamee
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA,Mucosal Inflammation Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - L Perrenoud
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA,Mucosal Inflammation Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - CR Rapp
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA,Mucosal Inflammation Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - VF Curtis
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - A Bayless
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - A Fletcher
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - LE Glover
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - CM Evans
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - P Jedlicka
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - GT Furuta
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA,Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Health Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - EF de Zoeten
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA,Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Health Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - SP Colgan
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - HK Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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36
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Barlow N, Nasser Y, Zhao P, Sharma N, Guerrero-Alba R, Edgington-Mitchell LE, Lieu T, Veldhuis NA, Poole DP, Conner JW, Lindström E, Craig AW, Graham B, Vanner SJ, Bunnett NW. Demonstration of elevated levels of active cathepsin S in dextran sulfate sodium colitis using a new activatable probe. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27:1675-80. [PMID: 26303377 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteases play a major role in inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Activatable probes are a major technological advance, enabling sensitive detection of active proteases in tissue samples. Our aim was to synthesize an activatable probe for cathepsin S and validate its use in a mouse model of colitis. METHODS We designed and synthesized a new fluorescent activatable probe, NB200, for the detection of active cathepsin S. Colitis was induced in C57BL/6 mice by the administration of 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Homogenized mouse colons, with or without the addition of the specific cathepsin S inhibitor MV026031, were incubated with NB200 in a fluorescent plate reader. KEY RESULTS NB200 selectively detected purified cathepsin S and not other common inflammatory proteases. Homogenates of colon from mice with DSS colitis induced a significant fluorescent increase when compared to control animals (control vs DSS: p < 0.05 at 200 min and p < 0.01 at 220-240 min), indicating cathepsin S activation. The cathepsin S inhibitor abolished this increase in fluorescence (DSS vs DSS + MV026031: p < 0.05 at 140 min, p < 0.01 at 180 min, p < 0.001 at 200-240 min), which confirms cathepsin S activation. Cathepsin S activity correlated with the disease activity index (Spearman r = 0.77, p = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Our investigation has demonstrated the utility of activatable probes for detecting protease activity in intestinal inflammation. Panels of such probes may allow 'signature' protease profiles to be established for a range of inflammatory diseases and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Barlow
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Parkville Australia, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Y Nasser
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - P Zhao
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Parkville Australia, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - N Sharma
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - R Guerrero-Alba
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - L E Edgington-Mitchell
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Parkville Australia, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - T Lieu
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Parkville Australia, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - N A Veldhuis
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Parkville Australia, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - D P Poole
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Parkville Australia, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - J W Conner
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Parkville Australia, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | | | - A W Craig
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - B Graham
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Parkville Australia, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - S J Vanner
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - N W Bunnett
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Parkville Australia, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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37
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Extracellular adenosine generation in the regulation of pro-inflammatory responses and pathogen colonization. Biomolecules 2015; 5:775-92. [PMID: 25950510 PMCID: PMC4496696 DOI: 10.3390/biom5020775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine, an immunomodulatory biomolecule, is produced by the ecto-enzymes CD39 (nucleoside triphosphate dephosphorylase) and CD73 (ecto-5'-nucleotidase) by dephosphorylation of extracellular ATP. CD73 is expressed by many cell types during injury, infection and during steady-state conditions. Besides host cells, many bacteria also have CD39-CD73-like machinery, which helps the pathogen subvert the host inflammatory response. The major function for adenosine is anti-inflammatory, and most recent research has focused on adenosine's control of inflammatory mechanisms underlying various autoimmune diseases (e.g., colitis, arthritis). Although adenosine generated through CD73 provides a feedback to control tissue damage mediated by a host immune response, it can also contribute to immunosuppression. Thus, inflammation can be a double-edged sword: it may harm the host but eventually helps by killing the invading pathogen. The role of adenosine in dampening inflammation has been an area of active research, but the relevance of the CD39/CD73-axis and adenosine receptor signaling in host defense against infection has received less attention. Here, we review our recent knowledge regarding CD73 expression during murine Salmonellosis and Helicobacter-induced gastric infection and its role in disease pathogenesis and bacterial persistence. We also explored a possible role for the CD73/adenosine pathway in regulating innate host defense function during infection.
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38
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Ren T, Tian T, Feng X, Ye S, Wang H, Wu W, Qiu Y, Yu C, He Y, Zeng J, Cen J, Zhou Y. An adenosine A3 receptor agonist inhibits DSS-induced colitis in mice through modulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9047. [PMID: 25762375 PMCID: PMC4357005 DOI: 10.1038/srep09047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the adenosine A3 receptor (A3AR) in experimental colitis is controversial. The A3AR agonist N6-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide (IB-MECA) has been shown to have a clinical benefit, although studies in A3AR-deficient mice suggest a pro-inflammatory role. However, there are no studies on the effect of 2-Cl-IB-MECA and the molecular mechanism of action of A3AR in murine colitis models in vivo. Is it the same as that observed in vitro? The interaction between 2-CL-IB-MECA and A3AR in a murine colitis model and the signaling pathways associated with this interaction remain unclear. Here we demonstrate a role for the NF-κB signaling pathway and its effect on modifying the activity of proinflammatory factors in A3AR-mediated biological processes. Our results demonstrated that A3AR activation possessed marked effects on experimental colitis through the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhua Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, No. 57 South Renmin Avenue, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Ting Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, No. 57 South Renmin Avenue, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Xiao Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, No. 57 South Renmin Avenue, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Shicai Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, No. 57 South Renmin Avenue, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, No. 57 South Renmin Avenue, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Weiyun Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, No. 57 South Renmin Avenue, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Yumei Qiu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, No. 57 South Renmin Avenue, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Caiyuan Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, No. 57 South Renmin Avenue, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Yanting He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, No. 57 South Renmin Avenue, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Juncheng Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, No. 57 South Renmin Avenue, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Junwei Cen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, No. 57 South Renmin Avenue, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, No. 57 South Renmin Avenue, Zhanjiang 524001, China
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39
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Liang D, Zuo A, Shao H, Chen M, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. Anti-inflammatory or proinflammatory effect of an adenosine receptor agonist on the Th17 autoimmune response is inflammatory environment-dependent. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:5498-505. [PMID: 25367119 PMCID: PMC4299924 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is a key endogenous signaling molecule that regulates a wide range of physiological functions, including immune system function and inflammation. Studies have shown that adenosine receptor (AR) agonists can be either anti-inflammatory or proinflammatory in immune responses and in inflammation, and the clarification of the mechanisms causing these opposing effects should provide a better guide for therapeutic intervention. Whereas previous studies mostly examined the effects of AR agonists on Th1-type immune responses, in this study, we compared their effect on Th17 and Th1 autoimmune responses in experimental autoimmune uveitis, a mouse model of human uveitis induced by immunization with the human interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein peptides 1-20. We showed that injection of mice with a nonselective AR agonist, 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA), at an early stage after immunization had an inhibitory effect on both Th1 and Th17 responses, whereas injection of the same amount of NECA at a late stage inhibited the Th1 response but had an enhancing effect on the Th17 response. We also showed that the effects of NECA on Th1 and Th17 responses were completely dissociated, that the enhancing effect of NECA on Th17 responses was modulated by γδ T cells, and that the response of γδ T cells to NECA was determined by their activation status. We conclude that the inflammatory environment has a strong impact on converting the effect of AR agonist on the Th17 autoimmune response from anti-inflammatory to proinflammatory. Our observation should help in the designing of better AR-targeted therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide)/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/chemically induced
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/therapy
- Cells, Cultured
- Eye Proteins/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunomodulation/drug effects
- Immunomodulation/genetics
- Inflammation Mediators/administration & dosage
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Animal
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists/administration & dosage
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Retinol-Binding Proteins/immunology
- Th1 Cells/drug effects
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/drug effects
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Uveitis/chemically induced
- Uveitis/immunology
- Uveitis/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchun Liang
- Doheny Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033; and
| | - Aijun Zuo
- Doheny Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033; and
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Mingjiazi Chen
- Doheny Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033; and
| | - Henry J Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033; and
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40
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Antonioli L, Fornai M, Awwad O, Giustarini G, Pellegrini C, Tuccori M, Caputi V, Qesari M, Castagliuolo I, Brun P, Giron MC, Scarpignato C, Blandizzi C, Colucci R. Role of the A(2B) receptor-adenosine deaminase complex in colonic dysmotility associated with bowel inflammation in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1314-29. [PMID: 24286264 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Adenosine A(2B) receptors regulate several physiological enteric functions. However, their role in the pathophysiology of intestinal dysmotility associated with inflammation has not been elucidated. Hence, we investigated the expression of A2B receptors in rat colon and their role in the control of cholinergic motility in the presence of bowel inflammation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Colitis was induced by 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (DNBS). Colonic A(2B) receptor expression and localization were examined by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. The interaction between A(2B) receptors and adenosine deaminase was assayed by immunoprecipitation. The role of A(2B) receptors in the control of colonic motility was examined in functional experiments on longitudinal muscle preparations (LMPs). KEY RESULTS A(2B) receptor mRNA was present in colon from both normal and DNBS-treated rats but levels were increased in the latter. A(2B) receptors were predominantly located in the neuromuscular layer, but, in the presence of colitis, were increased mainly in longitudinal muscle. Functionally, the A(2B) receptor antagonist MRS 1754 enhanced both electrically-evoked and carbachol-induced cholinergic contractions in normal LMPs, but was less effective in inflamed tissues. The A(2B) receptor agonist NECA decreased colonic cholinergic motility, with increased efficacy in inflamed LMP. Immunoprecipitation and functional tests revealed a link between A(2B) receptors and adenosine deaminase, which colocalize in the neuromuscular compartment. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Under normal conditions, endogenous adenosine modulates colonic motility via A2B receptors located in the neuromuscular compartment. In the presence of colitis, this inhibitory control is impaired due to a link between A2B receptors and adenosine deaminase, which catabolizes adenosine, thus preventing A(2B) receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Antonioli
- Division of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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41
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Gao ZG, Balasubramanian R, Kiselev E, Wei Q, Jacobson KA. Probing biased/partial agonism at the G protein-coupled A(2B) adenosine receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 90:297-306. [PMID: 24853985 PMCID: PMC4128710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled A(2B) adenosine receptor (AR) regulates numerous important physiological functions, but its activation by diverse A(2B)AR agonists is poorly profiled. We probed potential partial and/or biased agonism in cell lines expressing variable levels of endogenous or recombinant A(2B)AR. In cAMP accumulation assays, both 5'-substituted NECA and C2-substituted MRS3997 are full agonists. However, only 5'-substituted adenosine analogs are full agonists in calcium mobilization, ERK1/2 phosphorylation and β-arrestin translocation. A(2B)AR overexpression in HEK293 cells markedly increased the agonist potency and maximum effect in cAMP accumulation, but less in calcium and ERK1/2. A(2B)AR siRNA silencing was more effective in reducing the maximum cAMP effect of non-nucleoside agonist BAY60-6583 than NECA's. A quantitative 'operational model' characterized C2-substituted MRS3997 as either balanced (cAMP accumulation, ERK1/2) or strongly biased agonist (against calcium, β-arrestin). N⁶-substitution biased against ERK1/2 (weakly) and calcium and β-arrestin (strongly) pathways. BAY60-6583 is ERK1/2-biased, suggesting a mechanism distinct from adenosine derivatives. BAY60-6583, as A(2B)AR antagonist in MIN-6 mouse pancreatic β cells expressing low A(2B)AR levels, induced insulin release. This is the first relatively systematic study of structure-efficacy relationships of this emerging drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Blg. 8A, Rm B1 A-17, NDDK 8 Center Dr., 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA.
| | - Ramachandran Balasubramanian
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Blg. 8A, Rm B1 A-17, NDDK 8 Center Dr., 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA
| | - Evgeny Kiselev
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Blg. 8A, Rm B1 A-17, NDDK 8 Center Dr., 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA
| | - Qiang Wei
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Blg. 8A, Rm B1 A-17, NDDK 8 Center Dr., 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Blg. 8A, Rm B1 A-17, NDDK 8 Center Dr., 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA.
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42
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Antonioli L, Csóka B, Fornai M, Colucci R, Kókai E, Blandizzi C, Haskó G. Adenosine and inflammation: what's new on the horizon? Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1051-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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43
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Kurtz CC, Drygiannakis I, Naganuma M, Feldman S, Bekiaris V, Linden J, Ware CF, Ernst PB. Extracellular adenosine regulates colitis through effects on lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G338-46. [PMID: 24875104 PMCID: PMC4121634 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00404.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine is a purine metabolite that can mediate anti-inflammatory responses in the digestive tract through the A(2A) adenosine receptor (A(2A)AR). We examined the role of this receptor in the control of inflammation in the adoptive transfer model of colitis. Infection of A(2A)AR(-/-) mice with Helicobacter hepaticus increased colonic inflammation scores compared with uninfected A(2A)AR controls. Comparison of T cell subsets in wild-type and A(2A)AR(-/-) mice revealed differences in markers associated with activated helper T (Th) cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells. Previous studies showed that expression of A(2A)AR on CD45RB(HI) and CD45RB(LO) Th cells is essential for the proper regulation of colonic inflammation. Adoptive transfer of CD45RB(HI) with CD45RB(LO) from wild-type mice into RAG1(-/-)/A(2A)AR(-/-) mice induced severe disease within 3 wk, although transfer of the same subsets into RAG1(-/-) mice does not induce colitis. This suggests that the presence of A(2A)AR on recipient cells is also important for controlling colitis. To investigate the role of A(2A)AR in myeloid cells, chimeric recipients were generated by injection of bone marrow from RAG1(-/-) or RAG1(-/-)/A(2A)AR(-/-) mice into irradiated RAG1(-/-) mice. After adoptive transfer, these recipients did not develop colitis, regardless of A(2A)AR expression by the donor. Together, our results suggest that the control of inflammation in vivo is dependent on A(2A)AR signaling through multiple cell types that collaborate in the regulation of colitis by responding to extracellular adenosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney C. Kurtz
- 1Digestive Health Center of Excellence, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia;
| | - Ioannis Drygiannakis
- 3Center for Veterinary Sciences and Comparative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; ,4Division of Comparative Pathology and Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California;
| | - Makoto Naganuma
- 1Digestive Health Center of Excellence, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia;
| | - Sanford Feldman
- 2Center for Comparative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia;
| | - Vasileios Bekiaris
- 5Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Joel Linden
- 6La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | - Carl F. Ware
- 5Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Peter B. Ernst
- 3Center for Veterinary Sciences and Comparative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; ,4Division of Comparative Pathology and Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California;
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44
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Li N, Wang G, Yao X, Kong Q, Shang X, Xie X, Wang J, Kang X, Jin L, Wang G, Li H, Mu L, Sun B. Adenosine receptor expression in a rat model of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Cell Immunol 2014; 290:217-25. [PMID: 25086239 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine is an essential negative regulator of immune reactions that acts by signaling via 4 distinct adenosine receptors. We evaluated adenosine receptor expression in Lewis rats presenting with experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) to determine whether the expression of adenosine receptors are changed in the development and progression of EAMG. Lymphocyte A1AR and A2AAR mRNA and protein levels from lymphocytes harvested from the lymph nodes, spleen, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of EAMG rats were decreased. A modest but not significant increase in A2BAR levels was observed in EAMG lymphocytes harvested from lymph nodes and PBMCs. No changes in A3AR expression were observed in lymphocytes harvested from lymph nodes, spleen, or PBMCs following EAMG induction. Results presented in this report showed that the expression levels and the distribution pattern of adenosine receptors were altered in EAMG lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University Provincial Key Lab of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang 150081, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Geng Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Xiuhua Yao
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University Provincial Key Lab of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Qingfei Kong
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University Provincial Key Lab of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Xiaoyu Shang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University Provincial Key Lab of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Xiaoli Xie
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University Provincial Key Lab of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Jinghua Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University Provincial Key Lab of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Xiaoying Kang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University Provincial Key Lab of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Lianhong Jin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Guangyou Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University Provincial Key Lab of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Hulun Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University Provincial Key Lab of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Lili Mu
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University Provincial Key Lab of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang 150081, China.
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University Provincial Key Lab of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang 150081, China.
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45
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Purinergic receptors in ocular inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:320906. [PMID: 25132732 PMCID: PMC4123590 DOI: 10.1155/2014/320906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a complex process that implies the interaction between cells and molecular mediators, which, when not properly “tuned,” can lead to disease. When inflammation affects the eye, it can produce severe disorders affecting the superficial and internal parts of the visual organ. The nucleoside adenosine and nucleotides including adenine mononucleotides like ADP and ATP and dinucleotides such as P1,P4-diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A), and P1,P5-diadenosine pentaphosphate (Ap5A) are present in different ocular locations and therefore they may contribute/modulate inflammatory processes. Adenosine receptors, in particular A2A adenosine receptors, present anti-inflammatory action in acute and chronic retinal inflammation. Regarding the A3 receptor, selective agonists like N6-(3-iodobenzyl)-5′-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine (CF101) have been used for the treatment of inflammatory ophthalmic diseases such as dry eye and uveoretinitis. Sideways, diverse stimuli (sensory stimulation, large intraocular pressure increases) can produce a release of ATP from ocular sensory innervation or after injury to ocular tissues. Then, ATP will activate purinergic P2 receptors present in sensory nerve endings, the iris, the ciliary body, or other tissues surrounding the anterior chamber of the eye to produce uveitis/endophthalmitis. In summary, adenosine and nucleotides can activate receptors in ocular structures susceptible to suffer from inflammatory processes. This involvement suggests the possible use of purinergic agonists and antagonists as therapeutic targets for ocular inflammation.
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46
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Ochoa-Cortes F, Liñán-Rico A, Jacobson KA, Christofi FL. Potential for developing purinergic drugs for gastrointestinal diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2014; 20:1259-87. [PMID: 24859298 PMCID: PMC4340257 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Treatments for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), functional dyspepsia, or motility disorders are not adequate, and purinergic drugs offer exciting new possibilities. Gastrointestinal symptoms that could be targeted for therapy include visceral pain, inflammatory pain, dysmotility, constipation, and diarrhea. The focus of this review is on the potential for developing purinergic drugs for clinical trials to treat gastrointestinal symptoms. Purinergic receptors are divided into adenosine P1 (A(1), A(2A), A(2B), A(3)), ionotropic ATP-gated P2X ion channel (P2X(1-7)), or metabotropic P2Y(1,2,4,6,11-14) receptors. There is good experimental evidence for targeting A(2A), A(2B), A(3), P2X(7), and P2X(3) receptors or increasing endogenous adenosine levels to treat IBD, inflammatory pain, IBS/visceral pain, inflammatory diarrhea, and motility disorders. Purine genes are also potential biomarkers of disease. Advances in medicinal chemistry have an accelerated pace toward clinical trials: Methotrexate and sulfasalazine, used to treat IBD, act by stimulating CD73-dependent adenosine production. ATP protects against NSAID-induced enteropathy and has pain-relieving properties in humans. A P2X(7)R antagonist AZD9056 is in clinical trials for Crohn's disease. A(3) adenosine receptor drugs target inflammatory diseases (e.g., CF101, CF102). Dipyridamole, a nucleoside uptake inhibitor, is in trials for endotoxemia. Drugs for pain in clinical trials include P2X(3)/P2X(2/3) (AF-219) and P2X(7) (GSK1482160) antagonists and A(1) (GW493838) or A(2A) (BVT.115959) agonists. Iberogast is a phytopharmacon targeting purine mechanisms with efficacy in IBS and functional dyspepsia. Purinergic drugs have excellent safety/efficacy profile for prospective clinical trials in IBD, IBS, functional dyspepsia, and inflammatory diarrhea. Genetic polymorphisms and caffeine consumption may affect susceptibility to treatment. Further studies in animals can clarify mechanisms and test new generation drugs. Finally, there is still a huge gap in our knowledge of human pathophysiology of purinergic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Ochoa-Cortes
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Andromeda Liñán-Rico
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry & Molecular Recognition Section, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - Fievos L. Christofi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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47
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Wan P, Chen H, Bai AP. Immunoregulatory effects of adenosine. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:2379-2384. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i17.2379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine, a purine nucleoside, is involved in local and systemic inflammatory responses. Adenosine plays a pivotal role in the modulation of differentiation, maturation and migration of immune cells (neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphocytes, etc.), as well as in the secretion of cytokines and chemokines by activating four G protein-coupled receptors (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3) which are expressed by a variety of immune cells. The development of selective agonists and antagonists of adenosine receptors has advanced the current understanding on the multiple functions of adenosine in immunologic responses and related diseases. This article reviews the metabolism of adenosine and its effects on immune cells and inflammatory diseases via adenosine receptors.
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48
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Ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) regulates host inflammatory responses and exacerbates murine salmonellosis. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4486. [PMID: 24670982 PMCID: PMC3967249 DOI: 10.1038/srep04486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Food-borne Salmonella spp., are a major cause of hospitalization and death. Adenosine, an important immune regulator of inflammation, limits tissue damage during infection. CD39 (nucleoside triphosphate dephosphorylase) combined with ecto-5′-nucleotidase (CD73) metabolizes ATP to adenosine. We studied the expressions of CD39 and CD73 in tissues, and T helper cells in mice after Salmonella infection and evaluated the role of CD73 in regulating immune responses and bacterial clearance in wild-type and CD73-deficient (CD73−/−) mice. Both CD39 and CD73 transcript levels declined in the infected wild-type mice. Compared to wild-type mice, tissues from infected CD73−/− mice had significantly higher expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduced anti-inflammatory responses. CD73−/− mice were more resistant to infection and had a greater inflammatory responses and a significantly lower bacterial load in the liver compared to wild-type mice. Thus, CD73 expression attenuates inflammation during murine Salmonellosis and impairs immunity, leading to increased bacterial colonization and prolonged infection.
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49
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Burnstock G. Purinergic signalling in the gastrointestinal tract and related organs in health and disease. Purinergic Signal 2014; 10:3-50. [PMID: 24307520 PMCID: PMC3944042 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-013-9397-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signalling plays major roles in the physiology and pathophysiology of digestive organs. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), together with nitric oxide and vasoactive intestinal peptide, is a cotransmitter in non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic inhibitory neuromuscular transmission. P2X and P2Y receptors are widely expressed in myenteric and submucous enteric plexuses and participate in sympathetic transmission and neuromodulation involved in enteric reflex activities, as well as influencing gastric and intestinal epithelial secretion and vascular activities. Involvement of purinergic signalling has been identified in a variety of diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, ischaemia, diabetes and cancer. Purinergic mechanosensory transduction forms the basis of enteric nociception, where ATP released from mucosal epithelial cells by distension activates nociceptive subepithelial primary afferent sensory fibres expressing P2X3 receptors to send messages to the pain centres in the central nervous system via interneurons in the spinal cord. Purinergic signalling is also involved in salivary gland and bile duct secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK,
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50
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Latorre E, Matheus N, Layunta E, Alcalde AI, Mesonero JE. IL-10 counteracts proinflammatory mediator evoked oxidative stress in Caco-2 cells. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:982639. [PMID: 25147442 PMCID: PMC4132333 DOI: 10.1155/2014/982639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is thought to play a key role in the development of intestinal damage in intestinal inflammatory diseases. Several molecules are involved in the intestinal inflammation, either as pro- or anti-inflammatory factors; however, their effects on intestinal oxidative stress seem to be controversial. This work analyzes the contribution of pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules to the balance of oxidative damage in intestinal epithelial cells, as well as their effects on cellular antioxidant enzyme activity. With this purpose, the lipid and protein oxidation, together with the activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase, were determined in the Caco-2 cells treated with serotonin, adenosine, melatonin, and TNFα, as proinflammatory factors, and IL-10, as an anti-inflammatory cytokine. The results have shown that all the proinflammatory factors assayed increased oxidative damage. In addition, these factors also inhibited the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the cells, except melatonin. In contrast, IL-10 did not alter these parameters but was able to reduce the prooxidant effects yielded by serotonin, adenosine, melatonin, or TNFα, in part by restoring the antioxidant enzymes activities. In summary, proinflammatory factors may induce oxidative damage in intestinal epithelial cells, whereas IL-10 seems to be able to restore the altered redox equilibrium in Caco-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Latorre
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nyurky Matheus
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- 2Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Núcleo Hector Ochoa Zuleta, Tarabana 3023, Lara, Venezuela
| | - Elena Layunta
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Alcalde
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Emilio Mesonero
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- *José Emilio Mesonero:
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