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Li K, Wang Y, Li X, Wang H. Comparative analysis of bile acid composition and metabolism in the liver of Bufo gargarizans aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2024; 52:101322. [PMID: 39260083 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2024.101322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Bile acids are crucial for lipid metabolism and their composition and metabolism differ among species. However, there have been no data on the differences in the composition and metabolism of bile acids between aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults of amphibians. This study explored the differences in composition and metabolism of bile acid between Bufo gargarizans larvae and adults. The results demonstrated that adult liver had a lower total bile acid level and a higher conjugated/total bile acid ratio than larval liver. Meanwhile, histological analysis revealed that the larvae showed a larger cross-sectional area of bile canaliculi lumen compared with the adults. The transcriptomic analysis showed that B. gargarizans larvae synthesized bile acids through both the alternative and the 24-hydroxylase pathway, while adults only synthesized bile acids through the 24-hydroxylase pathway. Moreover, bile acid regulator-related genes FXR and RXRα were highly expressed in adult, whereas genes involved in bile acid synthesis (CYP27A1 and CYP46A1) were highly expressed in larvae. The present study will provide valuable insights into understanding metabolic disorders and exploring novel bile acid-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyue Li
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Xinyi Li
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Hongyuan Wang
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
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2
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Zhou H, Gizlenci M, Xiao Y, Martin F, Nakamori K, Zicari EM, Sato Y, Tullius SG. Obesity-associated Inflammation and Alloimmunity. Transplantation 2024:00007890-990000000-00856. [PMID: 39192462 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000005183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide health problem with a rapidly rising incidence. In organ transplantation, increasing numbers of patients with obesity accumulate on waiting lists and undergo surgery. Obesity is in general conceptualized as a chronic inflammatory disease, potentially impacting alloimmune response and graft function. Here, we summarize our current understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms that control obesity-associated adipose tissue inflammation and provide insights into mechanisms affecting transplant outcomes, emphasizing on the beneficial effects of weight loss on alloimmune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Merih Gizlenci
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of General, Visceral, Cancer and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yao Xiao
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Friederike Martin
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Surgery, CVK/CCM, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Keita Nakamori
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Urology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Elizabeth M Zicari
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Yuko Sato
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Stefan G Tullius
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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3
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Haran A, Bergel M, Kleiman D, Hefetz L, Israeli H, Weksler-Zangen S, Agranovich B, Abramovich I, Ben-Haroush Schyr R, Gottlieb E, Ben-Zvi D. Differential effects of bariatric surgery and caloric restriction on hepatic one-carbon and fatty acid metabolism. iScience 2023; 26:107046. [PMID: 37389181 PMCID: PMC10300224 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Weight loss interventions, including dietary changes, pharmacotherapy, or bariatric surgery, prevent many of the adverse consequences of obesity, and may also confer intervention-specific benefits beyond those seen with decreased weight alone. We compared the molecular effects of different interventions on liver metabolism to understand the mechanisms underlying these benefits. Male rats on a high-fat, high-sucrose diet underwent sleeve gastrectomy (SG) or intermittent fasting with caloric restriction (IF-CR), achieving equivalent weight loss. The interventions were compared to ad-libitum (AL)-fed controls. Analysis of liver and blood metabolome and transcriptome revealed distinct and sometimes contrasting metabolic effects between the two interventions. SG primarily influenced one-carbon metabolic pathways, whereas IF-CR increased de novo lipogenesis and glycogen storage. These findings suggest that the unique metabolic pathways affected by SG and IF-CR contribute to their distinct clinical benefits, with bariatric surgery potentially influencing long-lasting changes through its effect on one-carbon metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnon Haran
- Department of Hematology, Haddasah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael Bergel
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Doron Kleiman
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Liron Hefetz
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hadar Israeli
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Bella Agranovich
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Science, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ifat Abramovich
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Science, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rachel Ben-Haroush Schyr
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eyal Gottlieb
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Science, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Danny Ben-Zvi
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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4
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Stroud AM, Coleman MF. Bariatric surgery in the prevention of obesity-associated cancers: mechanistic implications. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2023; 19:772-780. [PMID: 37120355 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2023.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with an increased risk of at least 13 different cancers, as well as worse cancer outcomes and increased cancer mortality. As rates continue to rise both in the United States and worldwide, obesity is poised to become the leading lifestyle-related risk factor for cancer. Currently, the most effective treatment for patients with severe obesity is bariatric surgery. Multiple cohort studies have demonstrated a consistent >30% decreased risk of cancer incidence in women, but not men, following bariatric surgery. However, the physiologic mechanisms driving obesity-associated cancer and the cancer-protective effect of bariatric surgery are not clearly defined. In this review, we highlight emerging concepts in the mechanistic understanding of obesity-associated cancer. Evidence from both human studies and preclinical animal models suggest that obesity drives carcinogenesis through dysregulation of systemic metabolism, immune dysfunction, and an altered gut microbiome. Additionally, we present related findings to suggest that bariatric surgery may disrupt and even reverse many of these mechanisms. Finally, we discuss the use of preclinical bariatric surgery animal models in the study of cancer biology. The prevention of cancer is emerging as an important indication for bariatric surgery. Elucidating the mechanisms through which bariatric surgery limits carcinogenesis is critical to developing a variety of interventions that intercept obesity-driven cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Stroud
- Division of Bariatric Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.
| | - Michael F Coleman
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Abstract
Despite decades of obesity research and various public health initiatives, obesity remains a major public health concern. Our most drastic but most effective treatment of obesity is bariatric surgery with weight loss and improvements in co-morbidities, including resolution of type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the mechanisms by which surgery elicits metabolic benefits are still not well understood. One proposed mechanism is through signals generated by the intestine (nutrients, neuronal, and/or endocrine) that communicate nutrient status to the brain. In this review, we discuss the contributions of gut-brain communication to the physiological regulation of body weight and its impact on the success of bariatric surgery. Advancing our understanding of the mechanisms that drive bariatric surgery-induced metabolic benefits will ultimately lead to the identification of novel, less invasive strategies to treat obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maigen Bethea
- Department of Pediatrics, Nutrition Section, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E 17th Ave. Research Complex 1 South 7th Floor, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E 17th Ave. Research Complex 1 South 7th Floor, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Darleen A Sandoval
- Department of Pediatrics, Nutrition Section, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E 17th Ave. Research Complex 1 South 7th Floor, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E 17th Ave. Research Complex 1 South 7th Floor, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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6
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Camastra S, Palumbo M, Santini F. Nutrients handling after bariatric surgery, the role of gastrointestinal adaptation. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:449-461. [PMID: 33895917 PMCID: PMC8933374 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-021-01194-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bariatric surgery determines a rearrangement of the gastrointestinal tract that influences nutrient handling and plays a role in the metabolic changes observed after surgery. Most of the changes depend on the accelerated gastric emptying observed in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and, to a lesser extent, in sleeve gastrectomy (SG). The rapid delivery of meal into the jejunum, particularly after RYGB, contributes to the prompt appearance of glucose in peripheral circulation. Glucose increase is the principal determinant of GLP-1 increase with the consequent stimulation of insulin secretion, the latter balanced by a paradoxical glucagon increase that stimulates EGP to prevent hypoglycaemia. Protein digestion and amino acid absorption appear accelerated after RYGB but not after SG. After RYGB, the adaptation of the gut to the new condition participates to the metabolic change. The intestinal transit is delayed, the gut microbioma is changed, the epithelium becomes hypertrophic and increases the expression of glucose transporter and of the number of cell secreting hormones. These changes are not observed after SG. After RYGB-less after SG-bile acids (BA) increase, influencing glucose metabolism probably modulating FXR and TGR5 with an effect on insulin sensitivity. Muscle, hepatic and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity improve, and the gut reinforces the recovery of IS by enhancing glucose uptake and through the effect of the BA. The intestinal changes observed after RYGB result in a light malabsorption of lipid but not of carbohydrate and protein. In conclusion, functional and morphological adaptations of the gut after RYGB and SG activate inter-organs cross-talk that modulates the metabolic changes observed after surgery.Level of evidence Level V, narrative literature review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Camastra
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma, 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy. .,Interdepartmental Research Center "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Maria Palumbo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma, 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ferruccio Santini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma, 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Center "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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7
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Quante M, Iske J, Heinbokel T, Desai BN, Cetina Biefer HR, Nian Y, Krenzien F, Matsunaga T, Uehara H, Maenosono R, Azuma H, Pratschke J, Falk CS, Lo T, Sheu E, Tavakkoli A, Abdi R, Perkins D, Alegre ML, Banks AS, Zhou H, Elkhal A, Tullius SG. Restored TDCA and valine levels imitate the effects of bariatric surgery. eLife 2021; 10:e62928. [PMID: 34155969 PMCID: PMC8257250 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is widespread and linked to various co-morbidities. Bariatric surgery has been identified as the only effective treatment, promoting sustained weight loss and the remission of co-morbidities. Methods Metabolic profiling was performed on diet-induced obese (DIO) mice, lean mice, and DIO mice that underwent sleeve gastrectomies (SGx). In addition, mice were subjected to intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections with taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA) and valine. Indirect calorimetry was performed to assess food intake and energy expenditure. Expression of appetite-regulating hormones was assessed through quantification of isolated RNA from dissected hypothalamus tissue. Subsequently, i.p. injections with a melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) antagonist and intrathecal administration of MCH were performed and weight loss was monitored. Results Mass spectrometric metabolomic profiling revealed significantly reduced systemic levels of TDCA and L-valine in DIO mice. TDCA and L-valine levels were restored after SGx in both human and mice to levels comparable with lean controls. Systemic treatment with TDCA and valine induced a profound weight loss analogous to effects observed after SGx. Utilizing indirect calorimetry, we confirmed reduced food intake as causal for TDCA/valine-mediated weight loss via a central inhibition of the MCH. Conclusions In summary, we identified restored TDCA/valine levels as an underlying mechanism of SGx-derived effects on weight loss. Of translational relevance, TDCA and L-valine are presented as novel agents promoting weight loss while reversing obesity-associated metabolic disorders. Funding This work has been supported in part by a grant from NIH (UO-1 A1 132898 to S.G.T., DP and MA). M.Q. was supported by the IFB Integrated Research and Treatment Centre Adiposity Diseases (Leipzig, Germany) and the German Research Foundation (QU 420/1-1). J.I. was supported by the Biomedical Education Program (BMEP) of the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD). T.H. (HE 7457/1-1) and F.K. (KR 4362/1-1) were supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG). H.R.C.B. was supported the Swiss Society of Cardiac Surgery. Y.N. was supported by the Chinese Scholarship Council (201606370196) and Central South University. H.U., T.M. and R.M. were supported by the Osaka Medical Foundation. C.S.F. was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG, SFB738, B3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Quante
- Division of Transplant Surgery & Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Jasper Iske
- Division of Transplant Surgery & Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical SchoolHannover, Lower SaxonyGermany
| | - Timm Heinbokel
- Division of Transplant Surgery & Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of Pathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Bhavna N Desai
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBostonUnited States
| | - Hector Rodriguez Cetina Biefer
- Division of Transplant Surgery & Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Yeqi Nian
- Division of Transplant Surgery & Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Felix Krenzien
- Department of Visceral, Abdominal and Transplantation Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Tomohisa Matsunaga
- Division of Transplant Surgery & Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Hirofumi Uehara
- Division of Transplant Surgery & Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Ryoichi Maenosono
- Division of Transplant Surgery & Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Haruhito Azuma
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Johann Pratschke
- Department of Visceral, Abdominal and Transplantation Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Christine S Falk
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical SchoolHannover, Lower SaxonyGermany
| | - Tammy Lo
- Division of Gastrointestinal and General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Eric Sheu
- Division of Gastrointestinal and General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Ali Tavakkoli
- Division of Gastrointestinal and General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Reza Abdi
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - David Perkins
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Maria-Luisa Alegre
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, The University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Alexander S Banks
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBostonUnited States
| | - Hao Zhou
- Division of Transplant Surgery & Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Abdallah Elkhal
- Division of Transplant Surgery & Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Stefan G Tullius
- Division of Transplant Surgery & Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
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8
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Albaugh VL, Kindel TL, Nissen SE, Aminian A. Cardiovascular Risk Reduction Following Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery. Surg Clin North Am 2021; 101:269-294. [PMID: 33743969 DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries, with worsening pandemics of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity as major cardiovascular (CV) risk factors. Clinical trials of nonsurgical obesity treatments have not shown benefits in CVD, although recent diabetes trials have demonstrated major CV benefits. In many retrospective and prospective cohort studies, however, metabolic (bariatric) surgery is associated with substantial and reproducible CVD benefits. Despite a lack of prospective, randomized clinical trials, data suggest metabolic surgery may be the most effective modality for CVD risk reduction, likely through weight loss and weight loss-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vance L Albaugh
- Department of General Surgery, Bariatric and Metabolic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Tammy L Kindel
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Steven E Nissen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ali Aminian
- Department of General Surgery, Bariatric and Metabolic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, M61, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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9
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Spann RA, Grayson BE. Curbing Obesity from One Generation to Another: the Effects of Bariatric Surgery on the In Utero Environment and Beyond. Reprod Sci 2020; 27:1821-1833. [PMID: 32578163 PMCID: PMC7483648 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-020-00221-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 250,000 individuals seek bariatric surgery each year in the USA for the long-term resolution of obesity-related comorbidities. Greater than 80% of these individuals are women and approximately half are of child-bearing age. Although there are many positive metabolic benefits that are realized through surgical weight loss for both men and women, the various long-term hormonal, molecular, nutrient, and epigenetic changes following bariatric surgery have not been evaluated for the surgical recipient or in the context of pregnancy and the offspring. Pregnancy may be a vulnerable period of time for the bariatric surgery recipient, and thoughtful consideration of pregnancy management should be taken by health care providers and recipients alike. The purpose of this review is to explore potential etiologies of some of the gestation-specific outcomes for the mother and offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Redin A Spann
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Bernadette E Grayson
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
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10
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether downstream [peroxisome proliferator-activated-receptor alpha (PPARα) and the G-protein coupled receptor, GPR119] and upstream (a fatty acid translocase, CD36) signaling targets of N-oleoylethanolamide (OEA) were necessary for weight loss, metabolic improvements, and diet preference following vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG). SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA OEA is an anorectic N-acylethanolamine produced from dietary fats within the intestinal lumen that can modulate lipid metabolism, insulin secretion, and energy expenditure by activating targets such as PPARα and GPR119. METHODS Diet-induced obese mice, including wild-type or whole body knockout (KO) of PPARα, GPR119, and CD36, were stratified to either VSG or sham surgery before body weight, body composition, diet preference, and glucose and lipid metabolic endpoints were assessed. RESULTS We found increased duodenal production of OEA and expression of both GPR119 and CD36 were upregulated in wild-type mice after VSG. However, weight loss and glucose tolerance were improved in response to VSG in PPARαKO, GPR119KO, and CD36KO mice. In fact, VSG corrected hepatic triglyceride dysregulation in CD36KO mice, and circulating triglyceride and cholesterol levels in PPARαKO mice. Lastly, we found PPARα-mediated signaling contributes to macronutrient preference independent of VSG, while removal of CD36 signaling blunts the VSG-induced shift toward carbohydrate preference. CONCLUSIONS In the search for more effective and less invasive therapies to help reverse the global acceleration of obesity and obesity-related disease OEA is a promising candidate; however, our data indicate that it is not an underlying mechanism of the effectiveness of VSG.
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11
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Whang E, Liu Y, Kageyama S, Woo SL, Yang J, Lee R, Li Z, Ji H, Chen Y, Kupiec-Weglinski JW. Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy Attenuates the Progression of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis in Mice on a High-Fat High-Cholesterol Diet. Obes Surg 2020; 29:2420-2429. [PMID: 30982168 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-019-03860-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) attenuates fibrosis in mice on a high-fat high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet. BACKGROUND Bariatric surgery mitigates non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in 85-90% of obese patients. While animal models demonstrate similar results on a high-fat diet, none have observed the effects of bariatric surgery on a combined HFHC diet. METHODS Mice on a HFHC diet were used to confirm the development of hepatic fibrosis at 8 (n = 15) and 24 (n = 15) weeks. A separate cohort of mice on a HFHC diet for 12 weeks was subjected to either VSG (n = 18) or sham (n = 12) operations and remained on a HFHC diet for an additional 20 weeks. Changes in weight, dyslipidemia, and the development of steatosis and fibrosis were documented. Serum was obtained for bile acid analysis by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, while hepatic gene expression by RT-PCR was performed to evaluate intrahepatic lipid metabolism. RESULTS Hepatic steatosis and fibrosis developed after 8 weeks on the HFHC diet. After VSG, mice demonstrated a sustained decrease in weight with a significant decrease in fibrosis compared to sham mice. Serum total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL were significantly reduced following surgery, while serum bile acids were significantly elevated. Intra-hepatic cholesterol excretion was not upregulated based on hepatic gene expression of CYP7A1 and ABCG5/8. CONCLUSIONS VSG attenuates the development of hepatic fibrosis in diet-induced obese mice, presumably through enhancement of cholesterol elimination at the intestinal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Whang
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Yuan Liu
- Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, The Dumont-UCLA Transplantation Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 77-120 CHS, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Division of Liver Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shoichi Kageyama
- Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, The Dumont-UCLA Transplantation Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 77-120 CHS, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Shih Lung Woo
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jieping Yang
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Rupo Lee
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Zhaoping Li
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Haofeng Ji
- Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, The Dumont-UCLA Transplantation Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 77-120 CHS, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yijun Chen
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jerzy W Kupiec-Weglinski
- Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, The Dumont-UCLA Transplantation Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 77-120 CHS, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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12
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Talavera-Urquijo E, Beisani M, Balibrea JM, Alverdy JC. Is bariatric surgery resolving NAFLD via microbiota-mediated bile acid ratio reversal? A comprehensive review. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2020; 16:1361-1369. [PMID: 32336663 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that there is still insufficient evidence to consider non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as an stand-alone indication for bariatric surgery, many clinical and histopathological beneficial effects on both NAFLD and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) have been shown. Although weight loss seems to be the obvious mechanism, weight-loss independent factors are also believed to be involved. Among them, changes in gut microbiota and bile acids (BA) composition may be playing an unappreciated role in the improvement of NAFLD. In this review we examine the mechanisms and interdependence of the gut microbiota and BA, and their influence on NAFLD pathogenesis and its reversal following bariatric surgery. According to the currently available evidence, gut microbiota has a major influence on BA composition. In fact, both BA and microbiome disturbances (dysbiosis) play a role in the etiopathogenesis of NAFLD and might be potential therapeutic targets. In addition, bariatric surgery can modify the intraluminal ileal environment in a way that causes significant repopulation of the gut microbiota and a reversal of the plasma primary/secondary BA ratio, which, in turn, induces weigh-independent metabolic improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eider Talavera-Urquijo
- Department of General & Digestive Surgery, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Beisani
- Department of Surgery, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Balibrea
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - John C Alverdy
- Department of Surgery University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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Oberbach A, Schlichting N, Kullnick Y, Heinrich M, Lehmann S, Retschlag U, Friedrich M, Fayad L, Dietrich A, Khashab MA, Kalloo AN, Kumbhari V. Gastric mucosal devitalization improves blood pressure, renin and cardiovascular lipid deposition in a rat model of obesity. Endosc Int Open 2019; 7:E1605-E1615. [PMID: 31788541 PMCID: PMC6877424 DOI: 10.1055/a-0990-9683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and study aims In lieu of the drawbacks of metabolic surgery, a method of mimicking resection of the gastric mucosa could be of value to those with obesity-related cardiovascular disease (CVD). Our study aims to investigate the effect of gastric mucosal devitalization (GMD) on blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular lipid deposition in a rat model of obesity. Methods GMD of 70 % of the stomach was achieved by argon plasma coagulation. GMD was compared to sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and sham (SH) in a high-fat-diet-induced rat model of obesity (48 rats). At 8 weeks, we measured noninvasive BP, renin, vessel relaxation and ghrelin receptor regulation in the aorta. In addition, we quantified cardiac lipid deposition and lipid droplet deposition in cardiac muscle and aorta. Results GMD and SG were observed to have similar reductions in body weight, visceral adiposity, and serum lipid profile compared to SH rats. GMD resulted in a significant reduction in arterial BP compared to SH. Furthermore, there were significant reductions in plasma renin activity and percentage of phenylnephrine constriction to acetylcholine at the aortic ring in GMD rats compared to SH, providing insights into the mechanisms behind the reduced BP. Interestingly, the reduced BP occurred despite a reduction in endothelial ghrelin recteptor activation. Cardiac lipid content was significantly reduced in GMD rats. Lipid deposition, as illustrated by Nile Red stain, was reduced in cardiac muscle and the aorta. Conclusion GMD resulted in a significant improvement in BP, renin and cardiovascular lipid deposition. GMD deserves further attention as a method of treating obesity-related CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Oberbach
- Department of Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Diagnostics, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Nadine Schlichting
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Diagnostics, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yvonne Kullnick
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Diagnostics, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marco Heinrich
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Diagnostics, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefanie Lehmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Diagnostics, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulf Retschlag
- Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
- Integrated Research and Treatment Centre Obesity Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maik Friedrich
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Diagnostics, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lea Fayad
- Department of Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Arne Dietrich
- Integrated Research and Treatment Centre Obesity Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mouen A. Khashab
- Department of Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Anthony N. Kalloo
- Department of Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Vivek Kumbhari
- Department of Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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14
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Wang Y, Guo X, Lu X, Mattar S, Kassab G. Mechanisms of Weight Loss After Sleeve Gastrectomy and Adjustable Gastric Banding: Far More Than Just Restriction. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2019; 27:1776-1783. [PMID: 31545007 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has reached global epidemic proportions in recent decades. Bariatric surgery is currently accepted as most effective in alleviating morbid obesity and related disorders. Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and adjustable gastric banding (AGB) have gained popularity since the beginning of this century because of their efficacy, safety, and simplicity. SG, in particular, has emerged as the most popular bariatric procedure because of its simpler concept and shorter operative time compared with gastric bypass. Caloric restriction, however, cannot account for the sustained weight loss and improved glucose metabolism seen following SG and AGB. Other mechanisms, including changes in gastrointestinal hormone secretion, rearrangement of hypothalamic and vagal control, alteration in energy expenditure, and re-regulation of bile acid metabolism and the intestinal flora environment, are thought to contribute to the postoperative benefits. This review focuses on clinical and experimental literature addressing the potential mechanisms for SG and AGB procedures in human and animal models. Understanding such mechanisms can provide important insight into how current gastric restrictive procedures work and how future treatments of obesity, both surgical and nonsurgical, can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Wang
- California Medical Innovations Institute, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Xiaomei Guo
- California Medical Innovations Institute, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Xiao Lu
- California Medical Innovations Institute, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Samer Mattar
- Swedish Weight Loss Services, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ghassan Kassab
- California Medical Innovations Institute, San Diego, California, USA
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15
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Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Is More Effective than Sleeve Gastrectomy in Improving Postprandial Glycaemia and Lipaemia in Non-diabetic Morbidly Obese Patients: a Short-term Follow-up Analysis. Obes Surg 2019; 28:3997-4005. [PMID: 30112599 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-018-3454-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to compare the effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) on postprandial glucose and lipid metabolism in addition to weight loss and fasting metabolic profile, in non-diabetic patients undergoing bariatric surgery. METHODS Seventy-one patients were consecutively recruited and studied preoperatively, 3 and 6 months after surgery. Of these, 28 underwent RYGB (7 males, age 38 ± 9 years, BMI 46.9 ± 5.0 kg/m2), and 43 SG (9 males, age 38 ± 9 years, BMI 50.2 ± 7.0 kg/m2). A semi-liquid mixed meal was consumed, and blood samples were taken before, and every 30 min after meal ingestion up to 180 min postprandially, for measurement of glucose, insulin, and lipids. The overall postprandial response was assessed as area under the concentration-time curve (AUC). RESULTS Baseline metabolic parameters were similar between RYGB and SG. Both groups experienced comparable weight loss, and a similar improvement in fasting glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance. Total and LDL cholesterol levels were lower at 6 months after RYGB compared to SG, while there was no difference in HDL cholesterol or triglycerides. Glucose AUC was lower after RYGB compared to SG at both 3 (p = 0.008) and 6 months (p = 0.016), without any difference in postprandial insulin response. Triglyceride AUC was also lower in RYGB vs. SG at 3 and 6 months (p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS RYGB is superior to SG in improving postprandial glycaemia and lipaemia and cholesterol profile 6 months postoperatively in non-diabetic, severely obese patients. These findings imply procedure-specific effects, such as the malabsorptive nature of RYGB, and less likely a different incretin postoperative response.
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Kolovou GD, Watts GF, Mikhailidis DP, Pérez-Martínez P, Mora S, Bilianou H, Panotopoulos G, Katsiki N, Ooi TC, Lopez-Miranda J, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Tentolouris N, Nordestgaard BG. Postprandial Hypertriglyceridaemia Revisited in the Era of Non-Fasting Lipid Profile Testing: A 2019 Expert Panel Statement, Narrative Review. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2019; 17:515-537. [DOI: 10.2174/1570161117666190503123911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia, defined as an increase in plasma triglyceride-containing
lipoproteins following a fat meal, is a potential risk predictor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
and other chronic diseases. Several non-modifiable factors (genetics, age, sex and menopausal status)
and lifestyle factors (diet, physical activity, smoking status, obesity, alcohol and medication use) may
influence postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia. This narrative review considers the studies published over
the last decade that evaluated postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia. Additionally, the genetic determinants
of postprandial plasma triglyceride levels, the types of meals for studying postprandial triglyceride response,
and underlying conditions (e.g. familial dyslipidaemias, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome,
non-alcoholic fatty liver and chronic kidney disease) that are associated with postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia
are reviewed; therapeutic aspects are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genovefa D. Kolovou
- Cardiology Department and LDL-Apheresis Unit, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerald F. Watts
- Lipid Disorders Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Dimitri P. Mikhailidis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Pérez-Martínez
- Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, and CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Samia Mora
- Center for Lipid Metabolomics, Divisions of Preventive and Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Helen Bilianou
- Department of Cardiology, Tzanio Hospital, Piraeus, Greece
| | | | - Niki Katsiki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology-Metabolism, Diabetes Center, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Teik C. Ooi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - José Lopez-Miranda
- Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, and CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anne Tybjærg-Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicholas Tentolouris
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Børge G. Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kaufman S, Arnold M, Diaz AA, Neubauer H, Wolfrum S, Köfeler H, Langhans W, Krieger JP. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery reprograms enterocyte triglyceride metabolism and postprandial secretion in rats. Mol Metab 2019; 23:51-59. [PMID: 30905616 PMCID: PMC6480308 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery produces rapid and persistent reductions in plasma triglyceride (TG) levels associated with fewer cardiovascular events. The mechanisms of the reduction in systemic TG levels remain unclear. We hypothesized that RYGB reduces intestinal TG secretion via altered enterocyte lipid handling. METHODS RYGB or Sham surgery was performed in diet-induced obese, insulin-resistant male Sprague-Dawley rats. First, we tested whether RYGB reduced test meal-induced TG levels in the intestinal lymph, a direct readout of enterocyte lipid secretion. Second, we examined whether RYGB modified TG enterocyte secretion at the single lipid level and in comparison to other lipid subclasses, applying mass spectrometry lipidomics to the intestinal lymph of RYGB and Sham rats (0-21 days after surgery). Third, we explored whether RYGB modulated the metabolic characteristics of primary enterocytes using transcriptional and functional assays relevant to TG absorption, reesterification, storage in lipid droplets, and oxidation. RESULTS RYGB reduced overall postprandial TG concentrations compared to Sham surgery in plasma and intestinal lymph similarly. RYGB reduced lymphatic TG concentrations more than other lipid subclasses, and shifted the remaining TG pool towards long-chain, unsaturated species. In enterocytes of fasted RYGB rats, lipid uptake was transcriptionally (Fatp4, Fabp2, Cd36) and functionally reduced compared to Sham, whereas TG reesterification genes were upregulated. CONCLUSION Our results show that RYGB substantially reduces intestinal TG secretion and modifies enterocyte lipid absorption and handling in rats. These changes likely contribute to the improvements in the plasma TG profile observed after RYGB in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Kaufman
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.
| | - Myrtha Arnold
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | | | - Heike Neubauer
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH and Co. KG, 88397 Biberach/Riss, Germany
| | - Susanne Wolfrum
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Harald Köfeler
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry Lipidomics Research Center Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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18
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Sandoval DA. Mechanisms for the metabolic success of bariatric surgery. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12708. [PMID: 30882956 PMCID: PMC9205614 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To date, bariatric surgery remains the most effective strategy for the treatment of obesity and its comorbidities. However, given the enormity of the obesity epidemic, and sometimes variable results, it is not a feasible strategy for the treatment of all obese patients. A simple PubMed search for 'bariatric surgery' reveals over 28 000 papers that have been published since the 1940s when the first bariatric surgeries were performed. However, there is still an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms for the weight loss and metabolic success of surgery. An understanding of the mechanisms is important because it may lead to greater understanding of the pathophysiology of obesity and thus surgery-alternative strategies for the treatment of all obese patients. In this review, the potential mechanisms that underlie the success of surgery are discussed, with a focus on the potential endocrine, neural and other circulatory factors (eg, bile acids) that have been proposed to play a role.
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19
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Griffin C, Hutch CR, Abrishami S, Stelmak D, Eter L, Li Z, Chang E, Agarwal D, Zamarron B, Varghese M, Subbaiah P, MacDougald OA, Sandoval DA, Singer K. Inflammatory responses to dietary and surgical weight loss in male and female mice. Biol Sex Differ 2019; 10:16. [PMID: 30944030 PMCID: PMC6446331 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-019-0229-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight loss by surgery or lifestyle changes is strongly recommended for obese individuals to improve metabolic health, but the underlying impairments that persist from a history of obesity remain unclear. Recent investigations demonstrate a persistent inflammatory state with weight loss and bariatric surgery, but the mechanism and impact are not fully understood. Additionally, these studies have not been performed in females although women are the majority of individuals undergoing weight loss interventions. METHODS The goal of this study was to determine the sex differences in metabolically induced inflammation after dietary weight loss (WL) or bariatric surgery. Following a 60% high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks, C57Bl/6j mice underwent either a dietary switch to normal chow for WL or vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) and were evaluated 8 weeks after intervention. WL effects on myelopoiesis were further evaluated with bone marrow chimeras. RESULTS Both sexes had a decrease in adiposity and total weight following WL or VSG intervention. With HFD, females had very little inflammation and no further increase with WL, but males had persistent inflammation even after WL despite metabolic improvement. Interestingly, after VSG, myeloid inflammation was increased in the livers of males and to a lesser extent in females. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrate that regardless of sex, it is critical to assess an individuals' history of obesity rather than just rely on current weight status in medical decision-making. There are long-lasting effects on tissue inflammation in both sexes especially with surgical weight loss. Dietary change is overall most effective to improve meta-inflammation in obese males on its own or in combination with surgical weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Griffin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chelsea R Hutch
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Simin Abrishami
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daria Stelmak
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Leila Eter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ziru Li
- Department Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eric Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Devyani Agarwal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Brian Zamarron
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mita Varghese
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Perla Subbaiah
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, 48309, USA
| | - Ormond A MacDougald
- Department Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Darleen A Sandoval
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kanakadurga Singer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, D1205 MPB, 1500 E Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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20
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Ding L, Fang Z, Liu Y, Zhang E, Huang T, Yang L, Wang Z, Huang W. Targeting Bile Acid-Activated Receptors in Bariatric Surgery. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 256:359-378. [PMID: 31144046 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bariatric surgical procedures, including Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and vertical sleeve gastrectomy, are currently the most effective clinical approaches to achieve a significant and sustainable weight loss. Bariatric surgery also concomitantly improves type 2 diabetes and other metabolic diseases such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, cardiovascular diseases, and hyperlipidemia. However, despite the recent exciting progress in the understanding how bariatric surgery works, the underlying molecular mechanisms of bariatric surgery remain largely unknown. Interestingly, bile acids are emerging as potential signaling molecules to mediate the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery. In this review, we summarize the recent findings on bile acids and their activated receptors in mediating the beneficial metabolic effects of bariatric surgery. We also discuss the potential to target bile acid-activated receptors in order to treat obesity and other metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Ding
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute of City of Hope, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhipeng Fang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute of City of Hope, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute of City of Hope, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Eryun Zhang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute of City of Hope, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tracy Huang
- Eugene and Roth Roberts Summer Student Academy, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Li Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wendong Huang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute of City of Hope, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.
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21
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Al-Najim W, Docherty NG, le Roux CW. Food Intake and Eating Behavior After Bariatric Surgery. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1113-1141. [PMID: 29717927 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an escalating global chronic disease. Bariatric surgery is a very efficacious treatment for obesity and its comorbidities. Alterations to gastrointestinal anatomy during bariatric surgery result in neurological and physiological changes affecting hypothalamic signaling, gut hormones, bile acids, and gut microbiota, which coalesce to exert a profound influence on eating behavior. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms underlying eating behavior is essential in the management of patients after bariatric surgery. Studies investigating candidate mechanisms have expanded dramatically in the last decade. Herein we review the proposed mechanisms governing changes in eating behavior, food intake, and body weight after bariatric surgery. Additive or synergistic effects of both conditioned and unconditioned factors likely account for the complete picture of changes in eating behavior. Considered application of strategies designed to support the underlying principles governing changes in eating behavior holds promise as a means of optimizing responses to surgery and long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werd Al-Najim
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland ; Department of Gastrosurgical Research and Education, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden ; and Investigative Science, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Neil G Docherty
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland ; Department of Gastrosurgical Research and Education, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden ; and Investigative Science, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Carel W le Roux
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland ; Department of Gastrosurgical Research and Education, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden ; and Investigative Science, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom
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22
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Gut adaptation after metabolic surgery and its influences on the brain, liver and cancer. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 15:606-624. [PMID: 30181611 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-018-0057-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic surgery is the best treatment for long-term weight loss maintenance and comorbidity control. Metabolic operations were originally intended to change anatomy to alter behaviour, but we now understand that the anatomical changes can modulate physiology to change behaviour. They are no longer considered only mechanically restrictive and/or malabsorptive procedures; rather, they are considered metabolic procedures involving complex physiological changes, whereby gut adaptation influences signalling pathways in several other organs, including the liver and the brain, regulating hunger, satiation, satiety, body weight, glucose metabolism and immune functions. The integrative physiology of gut adaptation after these operations consists of a complex mechanistic web of communication between gut hormones, bile acids, gut microbiota, the brain and both enteric and central nervous systems. The understanding of nutrient sensing via enteroendocrine cells, the enteric nervous system, hypothalamic peptides and adipose tissue and of the role of inflammation has advanced our knowledge of this integrative physiology. In this Review, we focus on the adaptation of gut physiology to the anatomical alterations from Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and vertical sleeve gastrectomy and the influence of these procedures on food intake, weight loss, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cancer. We also aim to demonstrate the underlying mechanisms that could explain how metabolic surgery could be used as a therapeutic option in NAFLD and certain obesity-related cancers.
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23
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Cash JG, Konaniah E, Hegde N, Kuhel DG, Watanabe M, Romick-Rosendale L, Hui DY. Therapeutic reduction of lysophospholipids in the digestive tract recapitulates the metabolic benefits of bariatric surgery and promotes diabetes remission. Mol Metab 2018; 16:55-64. [PMID: 30087032 PMCID: PMC6158127 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity and obesity-related metabolic disorders are major health problems worldwide. The most effective obesity intervention is bariatric surgery. This study tested the hypothesis that bariatric surgery alters phospholipid metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract to favor a metabolically healthy gut microbiota profile and therapeutic intervention of phospholipid metabolism in the gastrointestinal may have similar metabolic benefits. METHODS The first study compared plasma levels of the bioactive lipid metabolites lysophospholipid and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) as well as gut microbiota profile in high fat/carbohydrate (HFHC) diet-fed C57BL/6 mice with or without vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) and in Pla2g1b-/- mice with group 1B phospholipase A2 gene inactivation. The second study examined the effectiveness of the non-absorbable secretory phospholipase A2 inhibitor methyl indoxam to reverse hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in HFHC diet-fed C57BL/6 mice after diabetes onset. RESULTS Both bariatric surgery and PLA2G1B inactivation were shown to reduce lysophospholipid content in the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in resistance to HFHC diet-induced alterations of the gut microbiota, reduction of the cardiovascular risk factors hyperlipidemia and TMAO, decreased adiposity, and prevention of HFHC diet-induced diabetes. Importantly, treatment of wild type mice with methyl indoxam after HFHC diet-induced onset of hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia effectively restored normal plasma lipid and glucose levels and replicated the metabolic benefits of VSG surgery with diabetes remission and TMAO reduction. CONCLUSION These results provided pre-clinical evidence that PLA2G1B inhibition in the digestive tract may be a viable alternative option to bariatric surgery for obesity and obesity-related cardiometabolic disorder intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Cash
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA
| | - Eddy Konaniah
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA
| | - Narasimha Hegde
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA
| | - David G Kuhel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA
| | - Miki Watanabe
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Lindsey Romick-Rosendale
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - David Y Hui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA.
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Gastric mucosal devitalization is safe and effective in reducing body weight and visceral adiposity in a porcine model. Gastrointest Endosc 2018; 88:175-184.e1. [PMID: 29476845 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The early improvement in metabolic profile after sleeve gastrectomy (SG) indicates that the significant benefits of metabolic surgery are gastric in origin. We have previously demonstrated that devitalization of the gastric mucosa (without a reduction in gastric volume) in metabolically disturbed obese rats results in an improvement of obesity and its associated comorbidities. The aims of this study were to assess the technical feasibility, efficacy, and safety of gastric mucosal devitalization (GMD) in a large animal (porcine) model. METHODS A 3-arm (GMD versus SG versus sham [SH]) prospective randomized controlled trial with an 8-week follow-up period was performed. The primary endpoint was relative weight loss. Secondary endpoints were absolute body weight, abdominal visceral adiposity, abdominal subcutaneous adiposity, organ lipid content, and serum ghrelin level. RESULTS GMD resulted in a significant relative weight loss of 36% over SH at 8 weeks (P < .05). There was no significant difference in relative weight loss between GMD and SG at 4 weeks; however, SG resulted in a 29% superior relative weight loss at 8 weeks (P < .05). With regard to visceral adiposity, there was a significant benefit of GMD over SH at 8 weeks. Despite differences in relative weight loss, there was no significant difference in visceral adiposity between SG and GMD at 8 weeks. Significant improvements in GMD over SH were noted with regard to skeletal and heart muscle lipid content. GMD pigs at 8 weeks demonstrated regeneration of the gastric mucosa without ulceration or significant scarring. Despite mucosal regeneration, the abundance of serum ghrelin was significantly lower in the GMD cohort compared with the SG and SH cohorts. CONCLUSIONS GMD was technically feasible and resulted in relative weight loss and an improvement in visceral adiposity. The benefits noted were out of proportion to what would be expected with weight loss alone.
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Wood L, Roelofs K, Koch LG, Britton SL, Sandoval DA. Vertical sleeve gastrectomy corrects metabolic perturbations in a low-exercise capacity rat model. Mol Metab 2018; 11:189-196. [PMID: 29519582 PMCID: PMC6001357 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bariatric surgery is currently our most effective strategy at weight loss, yet the mechanisms for its success remain unknown. Low exercise capacity, in humans and rodents, predicts poor metabolic outcome. The objective of this manuscript was to determine if bariatric surgery could restore metabolic perturbations in rats with low intrinsic exercise capacity. METHODS We performed vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) or sham surgery in high fat-fed rats selectively bred for low running capacity. RESULTS We found that VSG reduced body mass through a reduction in fat mass, caused early reductions in food intake, and shifted macronutrient preference away from fat and toward carbohydrates. VSG had no impact on basal glucose but did improve the return to baseline after an oral glucose load. As has been shown previously, VSG increased postprandial insulin, GLP-1, and bile acids. There was no significant impact of VSG on plasma triglycerides, hepatic triglycerides, or cholesterol. Interestingly, the brown adipose tissue to white adipose tissue ratio tended to be greater in VSG compared to sham surgery animals. While VSG positively impacted several aspects of metabolism, it did not enhance maximal oxygen capacity and seemed to lower metabolic efficiency as indicated by lower resting oxygen consumption and fat and carbohydrate oxidation. CONCLUSION VSG can improve the metabolic status of animals with a low exercise capacity independently of exercise capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landon Wood
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Karen Roelofs
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lauren G Koch
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Steven L Britton
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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26
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Vertical sleeve gastrectomy improves indices of metabolic disease in rodent model of surgical menopause. Menopause 2018; 24:426-436. [PMID: 27801704 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although women are the most common recipients of weight loss surgeries for the amelioration of the comorbidities of obesity, few studies have addressed the efficacy of these procedures with specific attention to reproductive stage. Here we ask in a rodent model of vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) whether improvements to metabolic health are realized in women having received surgical menopause. Specifically we were interested in knowing whether rats made menopausal through surgical means would exhibit persistent hepatic steatosis as reported in previously pregnant, freely cycling female VSG rats or if it is resolved as reported in male VSG rats. METHODS All the rats first received ovariectomy (OVX) and then were placed on high-fat diet before either sham or VSG surgery (N = 12, 9) and then were monitored for resolution of obesity-related comorbidities. RESULTS VSG was sufficient to reduce weight and adiposity in OVX females in comparison to obese rats (P < 0.001). Glucose tolerance (P < 0.05) was improved in OVX-VSG females with no change in insulin sensitivity. Both circulating (P < 0.01) and hepatic triglyceride (P < 0.01) levels were also reduced after VSG. Liver integrity was improved in OVX-VSG in comparison to OVX-obese as reflected by reduced aspartate aminotransferase levels (P < 0.05). The ability of mitochondria to generate adenosine triphosphate was maintained, and an increase in complex IV may decrease the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, VSG in OVX rats experience many positive benefits including the resolution of hepatic steatosis that persists in reproductively intact female rats after VSG.
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Oberbach A, Schlichting N, Heinrich M, Kullnick Y, Retschlag U, Lehmann S, Khashab MA, Kalloo AN, Kumbhari V. Gastric mucosal devitalization reduces adiposity and improves lipid and glucose metabolism in obese rats. Gastrointest Endosc 2018; 87:288-299.e6. [PMID: 28479494 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2017.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The gastric mucosa is an endocrine organ that regulates satiation pathways by expression of orexigenic and anorexigenic hormones. Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) excludes gastric mucosa and reduces gastric volume. Our study aimed to investigate the independent effects of altering gastric mucosa on obesity and its related comorbidities. METHODS Gastric mucosa devitalization (GMD) of 70% of the stomach was achieved by argon plasma coagulation in a high-fat diet rat model and was compared with VSG and sham surgery. In an 8-week follow-up study, we quantified body weight, visceral adiposity, insulin resistance index, cholesterol profiles, and free fatty acid profiles by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Following a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test, the kinetics of ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1, peptide YY, and serum and liver bile acid levels were measured. Liver lipid content was quantified by ELISA. RESULTS GMD resulted in significant reductions in body weight, visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue, and hepatic steatosis as well as an improvement in lipid metabolism. GMD resulted in significant reductions in food intake and intestinal malabsorption of free fatty acids, both contributing to improved body composition and metabolic profile. Mechanistically, GMD resulted in a significant reduction in serum palmitate levels as well as an increase in serum and liver bile acid levels, known to alter glucose and lipid metabolism. Similar changes were noted when VSG rats were compared with sham surgery rats. CONCLUSIONS Devitalization of gastric mucosa, independent of altering gastric volume, was able to reduce obesity-related comorbidities. The gastric mucosa may be a potential target for treating obesity and its associated comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Oberbach
- Department of Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nadine Schlichting
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marco Heinrich
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yvonne Kullnick
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulf Retschlag
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefanie Lehmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mouen A Khashab
- Department of Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anthony N Kalloo
- Department of Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vivek Kumbhari
- Department of Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Sinclair P, Docherty N, le Roux CW. Metabolic Effects of Bariatric Surgery. Clin Chem 2018; 64:72-81. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2017.272336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Obesity can be defined as a chronic subcortical brain disease, as there is an important neurophysiological component to its etiology based on changes in the functioning of those areas of the brain controlling food intake and reward. Extensive metabolic changes accompany bariatric surgery-based treatment of obesity. Consequently, the term “metabolic” surgery is being increasingly adopted in relation to the beneficial effects these procedures have on chronic diseases like type 2 diabetes.
CONTENT
In the present review, we focus on the key biochemical and physiological changes induced by metabolic surgery and highlight the beneficial effects accrued systemically with the use of an organ-based approach. Understanding the impact on and interactions between the gut, brain, adipose tissue, liver, muscle, pancreas, and kidney is key to understanding the sum of the metabolic effects of these operations.
SUMMARY
Further mechanistic studies are essential to assess the true potential of metabolic surgery to treat metabolic comorbidities of obesity beyond type 2 diabetes. Approaches that may mitigate the metabolic side effects of surgery also require attention. Understanding the positive impact of metabolic surgery on metabolic health may result in a wider acceptance of this intervention as treatment for metabolic, comorbid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piriyah Sinclair
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Neil Docherty
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland
- Gastrosurgical Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carel W le Roux
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland
- Gastrosurgical Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
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Hutch CR, Sandoval D. The Role of GLP-1 in the Metabolic Success of Bariatric Surgery. Endocrinology 2017; 158:4139-4151. [PMID: 29040429 PMCID: PMC5711387 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Two of the most popular bariatric procedures, vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), are commonly considered metabolic surgeries because they are thought to affect metabolism in a weight loss-independent manner. In support of this classification, improvements in glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, and even discontinuation of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) medication can occur before substantial postoperative weight loss. The mechanisms that underlie this effect are unknown. However, one of the common findings after VSG and RYGB in both animal models and humans is the sharp postprandial rise in several gut peptides, including the incretin and satiety peptide glucagonlike peptide-1 (GLP-1). The increase in endogenous GLP-1 signaling has been considered a primary pathway leading to postsurgical weight loss and improvements in glucose metabolism. However, the degree to which GLP-1 and other gut peptides are responsible for the metabolic successes after bariatric surgery is continually debated. In this review we discuss the mechanisms underlying the increase in GLP-1 and its potential role in the metabolic improvements after bariatric surgery, including remission of T2DM. Understanding the role of changes in gut peptides, or lack thereof, will be crucial in understanding the critical factors necessary for the metabolic success of bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea R. Hutch
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Darleen Sandoval
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Blanchard C, Moreau F, Ayer A, Toque L, Garçon D, Arnaud L, Borel F, Aguesse A, Croyal M, Krempf M, Prieur X, Neunlist M, Cariou B, Le May C. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass reduces plasma cholesterol in diet-induced obese mice by affecting trans-intestinal cholesterol excretion and intestinal cholesterol absorption. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 42:552-560. [PMID: 29135972 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bariatric surgery appears as the most efficient therapeutic alternative in morbidly obese patients. In addition to its efficiency to decrease body weight, it also improves metabolic complications associated to morbid obesity, including dyslipidemia. Although the cholesterol-lowering effect varies with the bariatric procedures, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly defined. This study aims to assess the consequence of both restrictive (sleeve gastrectomy; SG) and malabsorptive (Roux-en-Y gastric bypass; RYGB) procedures on cholesterol metabolism in mice. SUBJECTS Ten-week-old C57BL6/J males were fed with a high-fat diet for 8-14 weeks before sleeve or RYGB surgery. RESULTS SG has a modest and transient effect on plasma cholesterol levels, linked to a reduction in food intake. In contrast, modified RYGB led to a sustained ≈35% reduction in plasma cholesterol concentrations with a drastic increase in fecal cholesterol output. Mechanistically, RYGB exerts a synergystic effect on cholesterol metabolism by inducing the trans-intestinal cholesterol efflux and reducing the intestinal cholesterol absorption. CONCLUSIONS In mice, RYGB, but not sleeve, strongly favors plasma cholesterol elimination by concomitantly increasing trans-intestinal cholesterol excretion and by decreasing intestinal cholesterol absorption. Our models open new perspective for deciphering the hypocholesterolemic effects of bariatric procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Blanchard
- l'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France.,Service de Clinique de Chirurgie Digestive et Endocrinienne, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - F Moreau
- l'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - A Ayer
- l'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - L Toque
- l'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - D Garçon
- l'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - L Arnaud
- l'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - F Borel
- l'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France.,Service de Clinique de Chirurgie Digestive et Endocrinienne, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - A Aguesse
- Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France.,CRNHO, West Human Nutrition Research Center, CHU, Nantes, France
| | - M Croyal
- Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France.,CRNHO, West Human Nutrition Research Center, CHU, Nantes, France
| | - M Krempf
- Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France.,CRNHO, West Human Nutrition Research Center, CHU, Nantes, France
| | - X Prieur
- l'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - M Neunlist
- 5 INSERM UMR 1235, Nantes France.,CHU Nantes, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Nantes, France
| | - B Cariou
- l'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France.,l'institut du thorax, CHU Nantes, Department of Endocrinology, Nantes, France
| | - C Le May
- l'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France
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Spivak H, Sakran N, Dicker D, Rubin M, Raz I, Shohat T, Blumenfeld O. Different effects of bariatric surgical procedures on dyslipidemia: a registry-based analysis. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2017; 13:1189-1194. [PMID: 28456511 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The scale and variables linked to bariatric surgery's effect on dyslipidemia have not been conclusive. OBJECTIVE To compare the effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), sleeve gastrectomy (SG), and adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) on dyslipidemia SETTING: National bariatric surgery registry. METHODS Plasma lipids and associated variables were compared at baseline and 1 year (12±4 mo) after surgery for registry patients with dyslipidemia enrolled from June 2013 to August 2014. RESULTS The greatest mean total-cholesterol (TC) reduction was observed post-RYGB, 226.7±26.4 to 181.3±30.9 mg/dL (19.9%, n = 208), followed by post-SG, 227.9±24.4 to 206.7±34.2 mg/dL (8.9%, n = 1515; P<.001). Normal TC levels of below 200 mg/dL were achieved by 76% post-RYGB patients compared with 43.5% post-SG patients (odds ratio [OR] = 6.24, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.69-10.53) and 25.6% post-LABG patients (OR = 9.66, 95% CI: 4.11-22.67; P<.01). Although equivalent patterns were observed for low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), the levels of high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) were most improved post-SG, reaching normal levels in 58.1% of SG male patients versus 39.5% of RYGB male patients (OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.04-2.35), (P = .02). The lowering of triglyceride levels by approximately 75% was comparable after SG and RYGB procedures. The type of surgery was the strongest independent predictor for all lipid level improvements or remissions. Male sex was an independent predictor for LDL normalization only (OR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.24-2.85). Excess weight loss offered no meaningful prediction for lipid improvement (OR = 1.01-1.03). CONCLUSION Particular types of bariatric surgeries had different effects on dyslipidemia, independent of weight loss. Overall, the RYGB achieved the biggest reduction in plasma lipids (TC and LDL), although SG did affect HDL. Our results could aid in the decision-making process regarding the most appropriate procedure for patients with dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadar Spivak
- Department of Surgery, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Rama-Gan, Israel; Department of Surgery, Herzliya Medical Center, Herzliya, Israel.
| | - Nasser Sakran
- Department of Surgery A, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel; affiliated with the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dror Dicker
- Department of Medicine, Hasharon Hospital-Rabin Medical Center, Petach-Tikva, Israel; affiliated with Sackler School of Medicine Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Moshe Rubin
- Department of Surgery, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Rama-Gan, Israel; Department of Surgery, Herzliya Medical Center, Herzliya, Israel
| | - Itamar Raz
- Diabetes Unit, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tamy Shohat
- Israel Center for Disease Control, Israel Ministry of Health, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Orit Blumenfeld
- Israel Center for Disease Control, Israel Ministry of Health, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Evers SS, Sandoval DA, Seeley RJ. The Physiology and Molecular Underpinnings of the Effects of Bariatric Surgery on Obesity and Diabetes. Annu Rev Physiol 2017; 79:313-334. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-022516-034423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon S. Evers
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109;
| | - Darleen A. Sandoval
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109;
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Randy J. Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109;
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Grayson BE, Gutierrez-Aguilar R, Sorrell JE, Matter EK, Adams MR, Howles P, Karns R, Seeley RJ, Sandoval DA. Bariatric surgery emphasizes biological sex differences in rodent hepatic lipid handling. Biol Sex Differ 2017; 8:4. [PMID: 28149499 PMCID: PMC5273842 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-017-0126-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eighty percent of patients who receive bariatric surgery are women, yet the majority of preclinical studies are in male rodents. Because sex differences drive hepatic gene expression and overall lipid metabolism, we sought to determine whether sex differences were also apparent in these endpoints in response to bariatric surgery. Methods Two cohorts of age-matched virgin male and female Long-Evans rats were placed on a high fat diet for 3 weeks and then received either Sham or vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG), a surgery which resects 80% of the stomach with no intestinal rearrangement. Results Each sex exhibited significantly decreased body weight due to a reduction in fat mass relative to Sham controls (p < 0.05). Microarray and follow-up qPCR on liver revealed striking sex differences in gene expression after VSG that reflected a down-regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism and an up-regulation of hepatic inflammatory pathways in females vs. males after VSG. While the males had a significant reduction in hepatic lipids after VSG, there was no reduction in females. Ad lib-fed and fasting circulating triglycerides, and postprandial chylomicron production were significantly lower in VSG relative to Sham animals of both sexes (p < 0.01). However, hepatic VLDL production, highest in sham-operated females, was significantly reduced by VSG in females but not males. Conclusions Taken together, although both males and females lose weight and improve plasma lipids, there are large-scale sex differences in hepatic gene expression and consequently hepatic lipid metabolism after VSG. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13293-017-0126-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette E Grayson
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS USA
| | - Ruth Gutierrez-Aguilar
- Divsion de Investigacion, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Laboratorio de Enfermedades Metabólicas Obesidad y Diabetes, Hospital Infantil de México "Federico Gómez", Mexico, Mexico
| | - Joyce E Sorrell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio USA
| | - Emily K Matter
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio USA
| | - Michelle R Adams
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio USA
| | - Philip Howles
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio USA
| | - Rebekah Karns
- Bioinformatics Core, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio USA
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Darleen A Sandoval
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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Frikke-Schmidt H, O'Rourke RW, Lumeng CN, Sandoval DA, Seeley RJ. Does bariatric surgery improve adipose tissue function? Obes Rev 2016; 17:795-809. [PMID: 27272117 PMCID: PMC5328428 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bariatric surgery is currently the most effective treatment for obesity. Not only do these types of surgeries produce significant weight loss but also they improve insulin sensitivity and whole body metabolic function. The aim of this review is to explore how altered physiology of adipose tissue may contribute to the potent metabolic effects of some of these procedures. This includes specific effects on various fat depots, the function of individual adipocytes and the interaction between adipose tissue and other key metabolic tissues. Besides a dramatic loss of fat mass, bariatric surgery shifts the distribution of fat from visceral to the subcutaneous compartment favoring metabolic improvement. The sensitivity towards lipolysis controlled by insulin and catecholamines is improved, adipokine secretion is altered and local adipose inflammation as well as systemic inflammatory markers decreases. Some of these changes have been shown to be weight loss independent, and novel hypothesis for these effects includes include changes in bile acid metabolism, gut microbiota and central regulation of metabolism. In conclusion bariatric surgery is capable of improving aspects of adipose tissue function and do so in some cases in ways that are not entirely explained by the potent effect of surgery. © 2016 World Obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R W O'Rourke
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - C N Lumeng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - D A Sandoval
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - R J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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Kulkarni BV, LaSance K, Sorrell JE, Lemen L, Woods SC, Seeley RJ, Sandoval D. The role of proximal versus distal stomach resection in the weight loss seen after vertical sleeve gastrectomy. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 311:R979-R987. [PMID: 27581811 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00125.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms involved in the weight loss seen after vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) are not clear. The rat stomach has two morphologically and functionally distinct proximal and distal parts. The rat model for VSG involves complete removal of the proximal part and 80% removal of the distal part along the greater curvature. The purpose of this study was to understand the potential independent contributions of removal of these distinct gastric sections to VSG outcomes. We prepared four surgical groups of male Long-Evans rats: VSG, sham surgery (control), selective proximal section removal (PR), and selective distal section removal (DR). Gastric emptying rate (GER) was highest after VSG compared with all other groups. However, PR, in turn, had significantly greater GER compared with both DR and sham groups. The surgery-induced weight loss followed the same pattern with VSG causing the greatest weight loss and PR having greater weight loss compared with DR and sham groups. The results were robust for rats fed regular chow or a high-fat diet. Body mass analysis revealed that the weight loss was due to the loss of fat mass, and there was no change in lean mass after the surgeries. In conclusion, removal of the proximal stomach contributes to most, but not all, of the physiological impact of VSG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhushan V Kulkarni
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
| | - Kathleen LaSance
- Department of Radiology, Vontz Core Imaging Laboratory, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Joyce E Sorrell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
| | - Lisa Lemen
- Department of Radiology, Vontz Core Imaging Laboratory, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Stephen C Woods
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
| | - Darleen Sandoval
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; .,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
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Lutz TA, Bueter M. The Use of Rat and Mouse Models in Bariatric Surgery Experiments. Front Nutr 2016; 3:25. [PMID: 27547753 PMCID: PMC4974272 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2016.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models have been proven to be a crucial tool for investigating the physiological mechanisms underlying bariatric surgery in general and individual techniques in particular. By using a translational approach, most of these studies have been performed in rodents and have helped to understand how bariatric surgery may or may not work. However, data from studies using animal models should always be critically evaluated for their transferability to the human physiology. It is, therefore, the aim of this review to summarize both advantages and limitations of data generated by animal based experiments designed to investigate and understand the physiological mechanisms at the root of bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Lutz
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Bueter
- Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Surgery, Division of Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Fouladi F, Mitchell JE, Wonderlich JA, Steffen KJ. The Contributing Role of Bile Acids to Metabolic Improvements After Obesity and Metabolic Surgery. Obes Surg 2016; 26:2492-502. [DOI: 10.1007/s11695-016-2272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D 2 synthase (L-PGDS) modulates beneficial metabolic effects of vertical sleeve gastrectomy. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2016; 12:1523-1531. [PMID: 27425837 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) ameliorates metabolic complications in obese and diabetic patients through unknown mechanisms. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the role of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D2 synthase (L-PGDS) in glucose regulation in response to VSG using L-PGDS knock-out (KO), knock-in (KI), and C57BL/6 (wild type) mice. SETTING Winthrop University Hospital Research Institute. METHODS Animals were divided into 6 groups: L-PGDS KO sham/VSG (n = 5), L-PGDS KI sham/VSG (n = 5), and C57BL/6 (wild type) sham/VSG (n = 5). Related parameters were measured in fasting animals after 10 weeks. RESULTS Our intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests and homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance results showed significant glycemic improvement 10 weeks post-VSG in both C57BL/6 and KI groups compared with the sham group. In contrast, the KO group developed glucose intolerance and insulin resistance similar to or greater than the sham group 10 weeks post-VSG. Interestingly, weight gain was insignificant 10 weeks post-VSG in all the groups and even trended higher in the KO group compared with sham. Peptide YY levels in the KO group post-VSG were slightly increased but significantly less than other groups. Similarly, the KO group showed significantly less leptin sensitivity in response to VSG compared with the KI group. Total cholesterol level remained unchanged in all groups irrespective of sham or surgery but interestingly, the KO group had significantly higher cholesterol levels. In parallel, adipocyte size was also found to be significantly increased in the KO group post-VSG compared with the sham group. CONCLUSION Our findings propose that L-PGDS plays an important role in the beneficial metabolic effects observed after VSG.
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Abstract
Obesity is closely associated with the development of type 2 diabetes. Many strategies have been used in the past to combat these two conditions, but very few provide for stable and durable glycemic control. Bariatric surgery has emerged as a powerful tool for treating obesity and in over 70 % of cases provides a short-term cure for diabetes. While the acute metabolic effects of surgery are striking, it remains important for us to also consider the long-term effects. This review aims to summarize the chronic or long-term metabolic and physiological effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery on pancreatic function, skeletal muscle and hepatic insulin sensitivity, and gastrointestinal remodeling. An increased understanding of the current state of research in these areas can provide the basis for stimulating further research that would contribute to new treatment and management strategies for obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J David Mosinski
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - John P Kirwan
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
- Metabolic Translational Research Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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Abstract
Obesity and its associated medical conditions continue to increase and add significant burden to patients, as well as health-care systems, worldwide. Bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for severe obesity and its comorbidities, and resolution of diabetes is weight loss-independent in the case of some operations. Although these weight-independent effects are frequently described clinically, the mechanisms behind them are not well understood and remain an intense area of focus in the growing field of metabolic and bariatric surgery. Perceptions of the mechanisms responsible for the beneficial metabolic effects of metabolic/bariatric operations have shifted from being mostly restrictive and malabsorption over the last 10 to 15 years to being more neuro-hormonal in origin. In this review, we describe recent basic and clinical findings of the major clinical procedures (adjustable gastric banding, vertical sleeve gastrectomy, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, and biliopancreatic diversion) as well as other experimental procedures (ileal interposition and bile diversion) that recapitulate many of the metabolic effects of these complex operations in a simpler fashion. As the role of bile acids and the gut microbiome on metabolism is becoming increasingly well described, their potential roles in these improvements following metabolic surgery are becoming better appreciated. Bile acid and gut microbiome changes, in light of recent developments, are discussed in the context of these surgical procedures, as well as their implications for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vance L Albaugh
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232, USA
| | - C Robb Flynn
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232, USA
| | - Robyn A Tamboli
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232, USA
| | - Naji N Abumrad
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232, USA
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Lipids and bariatric procedures Part 2 of 2: scientific statement from the American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS), the National Lipid Association (NLA), and Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) 1. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2016; 12:468-495. [DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Hao Z, Mumphrey MB, Townsend RL, Morrison CD, Münzberg H, Ye J, Berthoud HR. Reprogramming of defended body weight after Roux-En-Y gastric bypass surgery in diet-induced obese mice. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:654-60. [PMID: 26847390 PMCID: PMC4769678 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB) results in sustained lowering of body weight in most patients, but the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to obtain support for the notion that reprogramming of defended body weight, rather than passive restriction of energy intake, is a fundamental mechanism of RYGB. METHODS Male C57BL6J mice reaching different degrees of obesity on a high-fat diet either with ad libitum access or with caloric restriction (weight-reduced) were subjected to RYGB. RESULTS RYGB-induced weight loss and fat mass loss were proportional to pre-surgical levels, with moderately obese mice losing less body weight and fat compared with very obese mice. Remarkably, mice that were weight-reduced to the level of chow controls before surgery immediately gained weight after surgery, exclusively accounted for by lean mass gain. CONCLUSIONS The results provide additional evidence for reprogramming of a new defended body weight as an important principle by which RYGB lastingly suppresses body weight. RYGB appears to selectively abolish defense of a higher fat mass level, while remaining sensitive to the defense of lean mass. The molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying this reprogramming remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Hao
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Michael B Mumphrey
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - R Leigh Townsend
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Christopher D Morrison
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Heike Münzberg
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jianping Ye
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Hans-Rudolf Berthoud
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Aktekin A, Kazan K, Gunes P, Yekrek M, Muftuoglu T, Saglam A. Hematological, Biochemical, and Immunological Laboratory and Histomorphological Effects of Sleeve Gastrectomy on Female Rats. Indian J Surg 2016; 77:557-62. [PMID: 26730064 DOI: 10.1007/s12262-013-0921-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Restriction of food intake leads to immunologic and histomorphological changes in rats demonstrated by Moriyama. This study is planned to show how sleeve gastrectomy restricts food intake and its effects on biochemical liver function, immunologic and hematologic laboratory parameters, and histomorphological changes in rats. We used sleeve gastrectomy model on seven young adult female rats and compared study group with sham and control groups. Food consumption of rats was measured. All rats were sacrificed on the 50th day, and blood and tissue samples were collected. There was a significant low food intake in sleeve gastrectomy group (p = 0.013). No differences were observed on hematologic, biochemical, and immunologic laboratory parameters between groups. Toxicity parameters in liver samples such as cytoplasmic atrophy, single-cell hepatocellular necrosis, and necrotic eosinophilic cells were significantly high in sleeve gastrectomy group (p = 0.005). Histomorphological examination of the spleen and kidneys revealed significant changes in sleeve gastrectomy and sham groups compared with controls (p = 0.004 and p = 0.018, respectively). Although sleeve gastrectomy does not lead to alteration in hematologic, biochemical, and immunologic laboratory parameters, it causes decreased food consumption, which results in toxicological histomorphological changes in rat liver as well as some changes in kidney and spleen samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Aktekin
- 4th General Surgery Clinic, Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital, 17 Selimiye Uskudar, 34668 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kazım Kazan
- 4th General Surgery Clinic, Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital, 17 Selimiye Uskudar, 34668 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pembegul Gunes
- Pathology Section, Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital, 17 Selimiye Uskudar, 34668 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Yekrek
- Biochemistry Section, Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital, 17 Selimiye Uskudar, 34668 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tolga Muftuoglu
- 4th General Surgery Clinic, Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital, 17 Selimiye Uskudar, 34668 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Saglam
- 4th General Surgery Clinic, Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital, 17 Selimiye Uskudar, 34668 Istanbul, Turkey
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Zhang X, Liu T, Wang Y, Zhong M, Zhang G, Liu S, Wu T, Rayner CK, Hu S. Comparative Effects of Bile Diversion and Duodenal-Jejunal Bypass on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Male Diabetic Rats. Obes Surg 2015; 26:1565-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s11695-015-1925-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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45
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Singh AK, Kota SK. Bariatric surgery and diabetes remission: how far have we progressed? Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2015; 10:545-559. [PMID: 30298760 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2015.1073586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus have been associated with higher morbidity and mortality. Bariatric surgery results in substantial and sustained weight loss in morbidly obese patients and improves obstructive sleep apnea. Furthermore, bariatric surgery improves diabetes control, hypertension, quality of life, stroke, myocardial infarction and reduces mortality. Interestingly, bariatric surgery induces high rates of short and long-term diabetes remission. While the exact mechanisms behind this are not completely understood, improved insulin action, β-cell function and a complex interplay of hormones in the entero-insular axis appear to play major roles. Insulin action improves proportionally to weight loss and it gets completely normalized especially after bilio-pancreatic diversion. β-Cell function also seems to improve after a variety of bariatric surgeries. Seemingly, baseline β-cell function is able to predict future diabetes remission. This article will review the effectiveness of bariatric procedures on the remission and improvement of diabetes and its implicated mechanisms.
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Ressler IB, Grayson BE, Seeley RJ. Metabolic, behavioral, and reproductive effects of vertical sleeve gastrectomy in an obese rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome. Obes Surg 2015; 24:866-76. [PMID: 24408363 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-013-1153-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy affecting women of reproductive age. Its clinical expression is diverse, including metabolic, behavioral, and reproductive effects, with many affected by obesity and decreased quality of life. Women with PCOS who have undergone surgically induced weight loss have reported tremendous benefit, not only with weight loss, but also improvement of hyperandrogenism and menstrual cyclicity. METHODS In a rat model of PCOS achieved via chronic administration of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) exposure, we investigated the ability of bariatric surgery, specifically vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG), to ameliorate the metabolic, behavioral, and reproductive abnormalities invoked by this PCOS model. RESULTS We found that DHT treatment combined with exposure to a high-fat diet resulted in increased body weight and body fat, impaired fasting glucose, hirsutism, anxiety, and irregular cycles. VSG resulted in reduced food intake, body weight, and adiposity with improved fasting glucose and triglycerides. VSG induced lower basal corticosterone levels and attenuated stress responsivity. Once the DHT levels decreased to normal, regular estrous cyclicity was also restored. CONCLUSIONS VSG, therefore, improved PCOS manifestations in a comprehensive manner and may represent a potential therapeutic approach for specific aspects of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana B Ressler
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
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Penney NC, Kinross J, Newton RC, Purkayastha S. The role of bile acids in reducing the metabolic complications of obesity after bariatric surgery: a systematic review. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 39:1565-74. [PMID: 26081915 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bariatric surgery is currently the most efficacious treatment for obesity and its associated metabolic co-morbidities, such as diabetes. The metabolic improvements occur through both weight-dependent and weight-independent mechanisms. Bile acids (BAs) have emerged as key signalling molecules that have a central role in modulating many of the physiological effects seen after bariatric surgery. This systematic review assesses the evidence from both human and animal studies for the role of BAs in reducing the metabolic complications of obesity following bariatric surgery. METHODS We conducted a systematic search of Medline and Embase databases to identify all articles investigating the role of BAs in mediating the metabolic changes observed following bariatric surgery in both animal and human studies. Boolean logic was used with relevant search terms, including the following MeSH terms: 'bile acids and salts', 'bariatric surgery', 'metabolic surgery', 'gastrointestinal tract/surgery' and 'obesity/surgery'. RESULTS Following database searches (n=1197), inclusion from bibliography searches (n=2) and de-duplication (n=197), 1002 search results were returned. Of these, 132 articles were selected for full-text review, of which 38 articles were deemed relevant and included in the review. The findings support the effects of BAs on satiety, lipid and cholesterol metabolism, incretins and glucose homoeostasis, energy metabolism, gut microbiota and endoplasmic reticulum stress following bariatric surgery. Many of these metabolic effects are modulated through the BA receptors FXR and TGR5. We also explore a possible link between BAs and carcinogenesis following bariatric surgery. CONCLUSIONS Overall there is good evidence to support the role of BAs in the metabolic effects of bariatric surgery through the above mechanisms. BAs could serve as a novel therapeutic pharmacological target for the treatment of obesity and its associated co-morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Penney
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J Kinross
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - R C Newton
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - S Purkayastha
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Baraboi ED, Li W, Labbé SM, Roy MC, Samson P, Hould FS, Lebel S, Marceau S, Biertho L, Richard D. Metabolic changes induced by the biliopancreatic diversion in diet-induced obesity in male rats: the contributions of sleeve gastrectomy and duodenal switch. Endocrinology 2015; 156:1316-29. [PMID: 25646712 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the body weight and fat loss after the biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD/DS) remain to be fully delineated. The aim of this study was to examine the contributions of the two main components of BPD/DS, namely sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and duodenal switch (DS), on energy balance changes in rats rendered obese with a high-fat (HF) diet. Three different bariatric procedures (BPD/DS, SG, and DS) and three sham surgeries were performed in male Wistar rats. Sham-operated animals fed HF were either fed ad libitum (Sham HF) or pair weighed (Sham HF PW) by food restriction to the BPD/DS rats. A group of sham-operated rats was kept on standard chow and served as normal diet control (Sham Chow). All three bariatric surgeries resulted in a transient reduction in food intake. SG per se induced a delay in body weight gain. BPD/DS and DS led to a noticeable gut malabsorption and a reduction in body weight and fat gains along with significant elevations in plasma levels of glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36) and peptide YY. BPD/DS and DS elevated energy expenditure above that of Sham HF PW during the dark phase. However, they reduced the volume, oxidative metabolism, and expression of thermogenic genes in interscapular brown adipose tissue. Altogether the results of this study suggest that the DS component of the BPD/DS, which led to a reduction in digestible energy intake while sustaining energy expenditure, plays a key role in the improvement in the metabolic profile led by BPD/DS in rats fed a HF diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena-Dana Baraboi
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada G1V 4G5
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Ding L, Yang L, Wang Z, Huang W. Bile acid nuclear receptor FXR and digestive system diseases. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:135-44. [PMID: 26579439 PMCID: PMC4629217 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are not only digestive surfactants but also important cell signaling molecules, which stimulate several signaling pathways to regulate some important biological processes. The bile-acid-activated nuclear receptor, farnesoid X receptor (FXR), plays a pivotal role in regulating bile acid, lipid and glucose homeostasis as well as in regulating the inflammatory responses, barrier function and prevention of bacterial translocation in the intestinal tract. As expected, FXR is involved in the pathophysiology of a wide range of diseases of gastrointestinal tract, including inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer and type 2 diabetes. In this review, we discuss current knowledge of the roles of FXR in physiology of the digestive system and the related diseases. Better understanding of the roles of FXR in digestive system will accelerate the development of FXR ligands/modulators for the treatment of digestive system diseases.
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Key Words
- 6-ECDCA, 6α-ethyl-chenodeoxycholic acid
- AF2, activation domain
- ANGTPL3, angiopoietin-like protein 3
- AOM, azoxymethane
- AP-1, activator protein-1
- ASBT, apical sodium-dependent bile salt transporter
- Apo, apolipoprotein
- BAAT, bile acid-CoA amino acid N-acetyltransferase
- BACS, bile acid-CoA synthetase
- BAs, bile acids
- BMI, body mass index
- BSEP, bile salt export pump
- Bile acids
- CA, cholic acid
- CD, Crohn׳s disease
- CDCA, chenodeoxycholic acid
- CREB, cAMP regulatory element-binding protein
- CYP7A1, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
- Colorectal cancer
- DBD, DNA binding domain
- DCA, deoxycholic acid
- DSS, dextrane sodium sulfate
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- FABP6, fatty acid-binding protein subclass 6
- FFAs, free fatty acids
- FGF19, fibroblast growth factor 19
- FGFR4, fibroblast growth factor receptor 4
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- FXRE, farnesoid X receptor response element
- Farnesoid X receptor
- G6Pase, glucose-6-phosphatase
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1
- GLUT2, glucose transporter type 2
- GPBAR, G protein-coupled BA receptor
- GPCRs, G protein-coupled receptors
- GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase 3
- Gastrointestinal tract
- HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol
- HNF4α, hepatic nuclear factor 4α
- I-BABP, intestinal bile acid-binding protein
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- IL-1, interleukin 1
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- KLF11, Krüppel-like factor 11
- KRAS, Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog
- LBD, ligand binding domain
- LCA, lithocholic acid
- LPL, lipoprotein lipase
- LRH-1, liver receptor homolog-1
- MCA, muricholicacid
- MRP2, multidrug resistance-associated protein 2
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa B
- NOD, non-obese diabetic
- NRs, nuclear receptors
- OSTα, organic solute transporter alpha
- OSTβ, organic solute transporter beta
- PEPCK, phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase
- PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ coactivator protein-1α
- SHP, small heterodimer partner
- SREBP-1c, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c
- STAT3, signal transducers and activators of transcription 3
- T2D, type 2 diabetes
- TLCA, taurolithocholic acid
- TNBS, trinitrobenzensulfonic acid
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factors α
- Type 2 diabetes
- UC, ulcerative colitis
- UDCA, ursodeoxycholic acid
- VSG, vertical sleeve gastrectomy
- db/db, diabetic mice
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Münzberg H, Laque A, Yu S, Rezai-Zadeh K, Berthoud HR. Appetite and body weight regulation after bariatric surgery. Obes Rev 2015; 16 Suppl 1:77-90. [PMID: 25614206 PMCID: PMC4784979 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bariatric surgery continues to be remarkably efficient in treating obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus and a debate has started whether it should remain the last resort only or also be used for the prevention of metabolic diseases. Intense research efforts in humans and rodent models are underway to identify the critical mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects with a view towards non-surgical treatment options. This non-systematic review summarizes and interprets some of this literature, with an emphasis on changes in the controls of appetite. Contrary to earlier views, surgery-induced reduction of energy intake and subsequent weight loss appear to be the main drivers for rapid improvements of glycaemic control. The mechanisms responsible for suppression of appetite, particularly in the face of the large weight loss, are not well understood. Although a number of changes in food choice, taste functions, hedonic evaluation, motivation and self-control have been documented in both humans and rodents after surgery, their importance and relative contribution to diminished appetite has not yet been demonstrated. Furthermore, none of the major candidate mechanisms postulated in mediating surgery-induced changes from the gut and other organs to the brain, such as gut hormones and sensory neuronal pathways, have been confirmed yet. Future research efforts should focus on interventional rather than descriptive approaches in both humans and rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Münzberg
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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