1
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Pan L, Mulaw MA, Gout J, Guo M, Zarrin H, Schwarz P, Baumann B, Seufferlein T, Wagner M, Oswald F. RBPJ Deficiency Sensitizes Pancreatic Acinar Cells to KRAS-Mediated Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia Initiation. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 16:783-807. [PMID: 37543088 PMCID: PMC10520364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a multistep process intensively studied; however, precocious diagnosis and effective therapy still remain unsatisfactory. The role for Notch signaling in PDAC has been discussed controversially, as both cancer-promoting and cancer-antagonizing functions have been described. Thus, an improved understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms is necessary. Here, we focused on RBPJ, the receiving transcription factor in the Notch pathway, examined its expression pattern in PDAC, and characterized its function in mouse models of pancreatic cancer development and in the regeneration process after acute pancreatitis. METHODS Conditional transgenic mouse models were used for functional analysis of RBPJ in the adult pancreas, initiation of PDAC precursor lesions, and pancreatic regeneration. Pancreata and primary acinar cells were tested for acinar-to-ductal metaplasia together with immunohistology and comprehensive transcriptional profiling by RNA sequencing. RESULTS We identified reduced RBPJ expression in a subset of human PDAC specimens. Ptf1α-CreERT-driven depletion of RBPJ in transgenic mice revealed that its function is dispensable for the homeostasis and maintenance of adult acinar cells. However, primary RBPJ-deficient acinar cells underwent acinar-to-ductal differentiation in ex vivo. Importantly, oncogenic KRAS expression in the context of RBPJ deficiency facilitated the development of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia lesions with massive fibrotic stroma formation. Interestingly, RNA-sequencing data revealed a transcriptional profile associated with the cytokine/chemokine and extracellular matrix changes. In addition, lack of RBPJ delays the course of acute pancreatitis and critically impairs it in the context of KRASG12D expression. CONCLUSIONS Our findings imply that downregulation of RBPJ in PDAC patients derepresses Notch targets and promotes KRAS-mediated pancreatic acinar cells transformation and desmoplasia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiling Pan
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Medhanie A Mulaw
- Unit for Single-cell Genomics, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Johann Gout
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Min Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hina Zarrin
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peggy Schwarz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Bernd Baumann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Seufferlein
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Franz Oswald
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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2
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Lilly AC, Astsaturov I, Golemis EA. Intrapancreatic fat, pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:206. [PMID: 37452870 PMCID: PMC10349727 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04855-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is typically detected at an advanced stage, and is refractory to most forms of treatment, contributing to poor survival outcomes. The incidence of pancreatic cancer is gradually increasing, linked to an aging population and increasing rates of obesity and pancreatitis, which are risk factors for this cancer. Sources of risk include adipokine signaling from fat cells throughout the body, elevated levels of intrapancreatic intrapancreatic adipocytes (IPAs), inflammatory signals arising from pancreas-infiltrating immune cells and a fibrotic environment induced by recurring cycles of pancreatic obstruction and acinar cell lysis. Once cancers become established, reorganization of pancreatic tissue typically excludes IPAs from the tumor microenvironment, which instead consists of cancer cells embedded in a specialized microenvironment derived from cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). While cancer cell interactions with CAFs and immune cells have been the topic of much investigation, mechanistic studies of the source and function of IPAs in the pre-cancerous niche are much less developed. Intriguingly, an extensive review of studies addressing the accumulation and activity of IPAs in the pancreas reveals that unexpectedly diverse group of factors cause replacement of acinar tissue with IPAs, particularly in the mouse models that are essential tools for research into pancreatic cancer. Genes implicated in regulation of IPA accumulation include KRAS, MYC, TGF-β, periostin, HNF1, and regulators of ductal ciliation and ER stress, among others. These findings emphasize the importance of studying pancreas-damaging factors in the pre-cancerous environment, and have significant implications for the interpretation of data from mouse models for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Lilly
- Program in Cancer Signaling and Microenvironment, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave., Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
- Molecular & Cell Biology & Genetics (MCBG) Program, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Igor Astsaturov
- Program in Cancer Signaling and Microenvironment, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave., Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
- The Marvin & Concetta Greenberg Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Erica A Golemis
- Program in Cancer Signaling and Microenvironment, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave., Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA.
- Department of Cancer and Cellular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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3
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Marstrand-Daucé L, Lorenzo D, Chassac A, Nicole P, Couvelard A, Haumaitre C. Acinar-to-Ductal Metaplasia (ADM): On the Road to Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PanIN) and Pancreatic Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9946. [PMID: 37373094 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult pancreatic acinar cells show high plasticity allowing them to change in their differentiation commitment. Pancreatic acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM) is a cellular process in which the differentiated pancreatic acinar cells transform into duct-like cells. This process can occur as a result of cellular injury or inflammation in the pancreas. While ADM is a reversible process allowing pancreatic acinar regeneration, persistent inflammation or injury can lead to the development of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), which is a common precancerous lesion that precedes pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Several factors can contribute to the development of ADM and PanIN, including environmental factors such as obesity, chronic inflammation and genetic mutations. ADM is driven by extrinsic and intrinsic signaling. Here, we review the current knowledge on the cellular and molecular biology of ADM. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying ADM is critical for the development of new therapeutic strategies for pancreatitis and PDAC. Identifying the intermediate states and key molecules that regulate ADM initiation, maintenance and progression may help the development of novel preventive strategies for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Marstrand-Daucé
- INSERM UMR1149, Inflammation Research Center (CRI), Université Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Diane Lorenzo
- INSERM UMR1149, Inflammation Research Center (CRI), Université Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Anaïs Chassac
- INSERM UMR1149, Inflammation Research Center (CRI), Université Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France
- Department of Pathology, Bichat Hospital, Université Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Pascal Nicole
- INSERM UMR1149, Inflammation Research Center (CRI), Université Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Anne Couvelard
- INSERM UMR1149, Inflammation Research Center (CRI), Université Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France
- Department of Pathology, Bichat Hospital, Université Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Haumaitre
- INSERM UMR1149, Inflammation Research Center (CRI), Université Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France
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4
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Wöhner M, Pinter T, Bönelt P, Hagelkruys A, Kostanova-Poliakova D, Stadlmann J, Konieczny SF, Fischer M, Jaritz M, Busslinger M. The Xbp1-regulated transcription factor Mist1 restricts antibody secretion by restraining Blimp1 expression in plasma cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:859598. [PMID: 36618345 PMCID: PMC9811352 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.859598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody secretion by plasma cells provides acute and long-term protection against pathogens. The high secretion potential of plasma cells depends on the unfolded protein response, which is controlled by the transcription factor Xbp1. Here, we analyzed the Xbp1-dependent gene expression program of plasma cells and identified Bhlha15 (Mist1) as the most strongly activated Xbp1 target gene. As Mist1 plays an important role in other secretory cell types, we analyzed in detail the phenotype of Mist1-deficient plasma cells in Cd23-Cre Bhlha15 fl/fl mice under steady-state condition or upon NP-KLH immunization. Under both conditions, Mist1-deficient plasma cells were 1.4-fold reduced in number and exhibited increased IgM production and antibody secretion compared to control plasma cells. At the molecular level, Mist1 regulated a largely different set of target genes compared with Xbp1. Notably, expression of the Blimp1 protein, which is known to activate immunoglobulin gene expression and to contribute to antibody secretion, was 1.3-fold upregulated in Mist1-deficient plasma cells, which led to a moderate downregulation of most Blimp1-repressed target genes in the absence of Mist1. Importantly, a 2-fold reduction of Blimp1 (Prdm1) expression was sufficient to restore the cell number and antibody expression of plasma cells in Prdm1 Gfp/+ Cd23-Cre Bhlha15 fl/fl mice to the same level seen in control mice. Together, these data indicate that Mist1 restricts antibody secretion by restraining Blimp1 expression, which likely contributes to the viability of plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Wöhner
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Theresa Pinter
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Bönelt
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid Hagelkruys
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Johannes Stadlmann
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephen F. Konieczny
- Department of Biological Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Maria Fischer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Jaritz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria,*Correspondence: Meinrad Busslinger,
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5
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May AJ, Mattingly AJ, Gaylord EA, Griffin N, Sudiwala S, Cruz-Pacheco N, Emmerson E, Mohabbat S, Nathan S, Sinada H, Lombaert IMA, Knox SM. Neuronal-epithelial cross-talk drives acinar specification via NRG1-ERBB3-mTORC2 signaling. Dev Cell 2022; 57:2550-2565.e5. [PMID: 36413949 PMCID: PMC9727910 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Acinar cells are the principal secretory units of multiple exocrine organs. A single-cell, layered, lumenized acinus forms from a large cohort of epithelial progenitors that must initiate and coordinate three cellular programs of acinar specification, namely, lineage progression, secretion, and polarization. Despite this well-known outcome, the mechanism(s) that regulate these complex programs are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that neuronal-epithelial cross-talk drives acinar specification through neuregulin (NRG1)-ERBB3-mTORC2 signaling. Using single-cell and global RNA sequencing of developing murine salivary glands, we identified NRG1-ERBB3 to precisely overlap with acinar specification during gland development. Genetic deletion of Erbb3 prevented cell lineage progression and the establishment of lumenized, secretory acini. Conversely, NRG1 treatment of isolated epithelia was sufficient to recapitulate the development of secretory acini. Mechanistically, we found that NRG1-ERBB3 regulates each developmental program through an mTORC2 signaling pathway. Thus, we reveal that a neuronal-epithelial (NRG1/ERBB3/mTORC2) mechanism orchestrates the creation of functional acini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J May
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Aaron J Mattingly
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Eliza A Gaylord
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nathan Griffin
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sonia Sudiwala
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Noel Cruz-Pacheco
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Elaine Emmerson
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Seayar Mohabbat
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sara Nathan
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Hanan Sinada
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Isabelle M A Lombaert
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, 1011 N University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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6
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Gasparian A, Aksenova M, Oliver D, Levina E, Doran R, Lucius M, Piroli G, Oleinik N, Ogretmen B, Mythreye K, Frizzell N, Broude E, Wyatt MD, Shtutman M. Depletion of COPI in cancer cells: the role of reactive oxygen species in the induction of lipid accumulation, noncanonical lipophagy and apoptosis. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar135. [PMID: 36222847 PMCID: PMC9727790 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-08-0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The coatomer protein complex 1 (COPI) is a multisubunit complex that coats intracellular vesicles and is involved in intracellular protein trafficking. Recently we and others found that depletion of COPI complex subunits zeta (COPZ1) and delta (ARCN1) preferentially kills tumor cells relative to normal cells. Here we delineate the specific cellular effects and sequence of events of COPI complex depletion in tumor cells. We find that this depletion leads to the inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and the elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, followed by accumulation of lipid droplets (LDs) and autophagy-associated proteins LC3-II and SQSTM1/p62 and, finally, apoptosis of the tumor cells. Inactivation of ROS in COPI-depleted cells with the mitochondrial-specific quencher, mitoquinone mesylate, attenuated apoptosis and markedly decreased both the size and the number of LDs. COPI depletion caused ROS-dependent accumulation of LC3-II and SQSTM1 which colocalizes with LDs. Lack of double-membrane autophagosomes and insensitivity to Atg5 deletion suggested an accumulation of a microlipophagy complex on the surface of LDs induced by depletion of the COPI complex. Our findings suggest a sequence of cellular events triggered by COPI depletion, starting with inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation, followed by ROS activation and accumulation of LDs and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Gasparian
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - M. Aksenova
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - D. Oliver
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - E. Levina
- Department of Biological Sciences College of Art and Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - R. Doran
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - M. Lucius
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - G. Piroli
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - N. Oleinik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - B. Ogretmen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - K. Mythreye
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233
| | - N. Frizzell
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - E. Broude
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - M. D. Wyatt
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - M. Shtutman
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208,*Address correspondence to: M. Shtutman ()
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7
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Yang WJ, Cao RC, Xiao W, Zhang XL, Xu H, Wang M, Zhou ZT, Chen HJ, Xu J, Chen XM, Zeng JL, Li SJ, Luo M, Han YJ, Yang XB, Feng GD, Lu YH, Ni YY, Wu CG, Bai JJ, Yuan ZQ, Jin J, Zhang GW. Acinar ATP8b1/LPC pathway promotes macrophage efferocytosis and clearance of inflammation during chronic pancreatitis development. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:893. [PMID: 36273194 PMCID: PMC9588032 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05322-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Noninflammatory clearance of dying cells by professional phagocytes, termed efferocytosis, is fundamental in both homeostasis and inflammatory fibrosis disease but has not been confirmed to occur in chronic pancreatitis (CP). Here, we investigated whether efferocytosis constitutes a novel regulatory target in CP and its mechanisms. PRSS1 transgenic (PRSS1Tg) mice were treated with caerulein to mimic CP development. Phospholipid metabolite profiling and epigenetic assays were performed with PRSS1Tg CP models. The potential functions of Atp8b1 in CP model were clarified using Atp8b1-overexpressing adeno-associated virus, immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA), and lipid metabolomic approaches. ATAC-seq combined with RNA-seq was then used to identify transcription factors binding to the Atp8b1 promoter, and ChIP-qPCR and luciferase assays were used to confirm that the identified transcription factor bound to the Atp8b1 promoter, and to identify the specific binding site. Flow cytometry was performed to analyze the proportion of pancreatic macrophages. Decreased efferocytosis with aggravated inflammation was identified in CP. The lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) pathway was the most obviously dysregulated phospholipid pathway, and LPC and Atp8b1 expression gradually decreased during CP development. H3K27me3 ChIP-seq showed that increased Atp8b1 promoter methylation led to transcriptional inhibition. Atp8b1 complementation substantially increased the LPC concentration and improved CP outcomes. Bhlha15 was identified as a transcription factor that binds to the Atp8b1 promoter and regulates phospholipid metabolism. Our study indicates that the acinar Atp8b1/LPC pathway acts as an important "find-me" signal for macrophages and plays a protective role in CP, with Atp8b1 transcription promoted by the acinar cell-specific transcription factor Bhlha15. Bhlha15, Atp8b1, and LPC could be clinically translated into valuable therapeutic targets to overcome the limitations of current CP therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-jun Yang
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Division of Hepatobiliopancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong-chang Cao
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Division of Hepatobiliopancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wang Xiao
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Division of Hepatobiliopancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-lou Zhang
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Division of Hepatobiliopancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Xu
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Division of Hepatobiliopancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng Wang
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Nanfang PET Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-tao Zhou
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Department of the Electronic Microscope Room, Central Laboratory, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huo-ji Chen
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Xu
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue-mei Chen
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Department of Occupational Health and Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-ling Zeng
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Laboratory Animal Research Center of Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-ji Li
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Luo
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-jiang Han
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-bing Yang
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guo-dong Feng
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-heng Lu
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-yuan Ni
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chan-gui Wu
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-jie Bai
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-qi Yuan
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Jin
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guo-wei Zhang
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Division of Hepatobiliopancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Li S, Xie K. Ductal metaplasia in pancreas. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188698. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Abstract
Fluid secretion by exocrine glandular organs is essential to the survival of mammals. Each glandular unit within the body is uniquely organized to carry out its own specific functions, with failure to establish these specialized structures resulting in impaired organ function. Here, we review glandular organs in terms of shared and divergent architecture. We first describe the structural organization of the diverse glandular secretory units (the end-pieces) and their fluid transporting systems (the ducts) within the mammalian system, focusing on how tissue architecture corresponds to functional output. We then highlight how defects in development of end-piece and ductal architecture impacts secretory function. Finally, we discuss how knowledge of exocrine gland structure-function relationships can be applied to the development of new diagnostics, regenerative approaches and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameed Khan
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sarah Fitch
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sarah Knox
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ripla Arora
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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10
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van Roey R, Brabletz T, Stemmler MP, Armstark I. Deregulation of Transcription Factor Networks Driving Cell Plasticity and Metastasis in Pancreatic Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:753456. [PMID: 34888306 PMCID: PMC8650502 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.753456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a very aggressive disease with 5-year survival rates of less than 10%. The constantly increasing incidence and stagnant patient outcomes despite changes in treatment regimens emphasize the requirement of a better understanding of the disease mechanisms. Challenges in treating pancreatic cancer include diagnosis at already progressed disease states due to the lack of early detection methods, rapid acquisition of therapy resistance, and high metastatic competence. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, the most prevalent type of pancreatic cancer, frequently shows dominant-active mutations in KRAS and TP53 as well as inactivation of genes involved in differentiation and cell-cycle regulation (e.g. SMAD4 and CDKN2A). Besides somatic mutations, deregulated transcription factor activities strongly contribute to disease progression. Specifically, transcriptional regulatory networks essential for proper lineage specification and differentiation during pancreas development are reactivated or become deregulated in the context of cancer and exacerbate progression towards an aggressive phenotype. This review summarizes the recent literature on transcription factor networks and epigenetic gene regulation that play a crucial role during tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruthger van Roey
- Department of Experimental Medicine 1, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Brabletz
- Department of Experimental Medicine 1, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marc P Stemmler
- Department of Experimental Medicine 1, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Isabell Armstark
- Department of Experimental Medicine 1, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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11
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Backx E, Coolens K, Van den Bossche JL, Houbracken I, Espinet E, Rooman I. On the Origin of Pancreatic Cancer: Molecular Tumor Subtypes in Perspective of Exocrine Cell Plasticity. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 13:1243-1253. [PMID: 34875393 PMCID: PMC8881661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a devastating type of cancer. While many studies have shed light into the pathobiology of PDAC, the nature of PDAC's cell of origin remains under debate. Studies in adult pancreatic tissue have unveiled a remarkable exocrine cell plasticity including transitional states, mostly exemplified by acinar to ductal cell metaplasia, but also with recent evidence hinting at duct to basal cell transitions. Single-cell RNA sequencing has further revealed intrapopulation heterogeneity among acinar and duct cells. Transcriptomic and epigenomic relationships between these exocrine cell differentiation states and PDAC molecular subtypes have started to emerge, suggesting different ontogenies for different tumor subtypes. This review sheds light on these diverse aspects with particular focus on studies with human cells. Understanding the "masked ball" of exocrine cells at origin of PDAC and leaving behind the binary acinar vs duct cell classification may significantly advance our insights in PDAC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyne Backx
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology, Oncology Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katarina Coolens
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology, Oncology Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan-Lars Van den Bossche
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology, Oncology Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Houbracken
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology, Oncology Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elisa Espinet
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ilse Rooman
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology, Oncology Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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12
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Shanahan MT, Kanke M, Oyesola OO, Hung YH, Koch-Laskowski K, Singh AP, Peck BCE, Biraud M, Sheahan B, Cortes JE, Gong H, Sahoo DK, Cubitt R, Kurpios NA, Mochel JP, Allenspach K, McElroy SJ, Ding S, von Moltke J, Dekaney CM, Tait-Wojno ED, Sethupathy P. Multiomic analysis defines the first microRNA atlas across all small intestinal epithelial lineages and reveals novel markers of almost all major cell types. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 321:G668-G681. [PMID: 34643097 PMCID: PMC8887887 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00222.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNA-mediated regulation is critical for the proper development and function of the small intestinal (SI) epithelium. However, it is not known which microRNAs are expressed in each of the cell types of the SI epithelium. To bridge this important knowledge gap, we performed comprehensive microRNA profiling in all major cell types of the mouse SI epithelium. We used flow cytometry and fluorescence-activated cell sorting with multiple reporter mouse models to isolate intestinal stem cells, enterocytes, goblet cells, Paneth cells, enteroendocrine cells, tuft cells, and secretory progenitors. We then subjected these cell populations to small RNA-sequencing. The resulting atlas revealed highly enriched microRNA markers for almost every major cell type (https://sethupathy-lab.shinyapps.io/SI_miRNA/). Several of these lineage-enriched microRNAs (LEMs) were observed to be embedded in annotated host genes. We used chromatin-run-on sequencing to determine which of these LEMs are likely cotranscribed with their host genes. We then performed single-cell RNA-sequencing to define the cell type specificity of the host genes and embedded LEMs. We observed that the two most enriched microRNAs in secretory progenitors are miR-1224 and miR-672, the latter of which we found is deleted in hominin species. Finally, using several in vivo models, we established that miR-152 is a Paneth cell-specific microRNA.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, first, microRNA atlas (and searchable web server) across all major small intestinal epithelial cell types is presented. We have demonstrated microRNAs that uniquely mark several lineages, including enteroendocrine and tuft. Identification of a key marker of mouse secretory progenitor cells, miR-672, which we show is deleted in humans. We have used several in vivo models to establish miR-152 as a specific marker of Paneth cells, which are highly understudied in terms of microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Shanahan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Matt Kanke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Oyebola O Oyesola
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Yu-Han Hung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Kieran Koch-Laskowski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Ajeet P Singh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Bailey C E Peck
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mandy Biraud
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Breanna Sheahan
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Josca E Cortes
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Huiyu Gong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Dipak K Sahoo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Rebecca Cubitt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Natasza A Kurpios
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Karin Allenspach
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Steven J McElroy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Shengli Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jakob von Moltke
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Christopher M Dekaney
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Elia D Tait-Wojno
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Praveen Sethupathy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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13
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MECOM permits pancreatic acinar cell dedifferentiation avoiding cell death under stress conditions. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:2601-2615. [PMID: 33762742 PMCID: PMC8408219 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00771-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of the pancreatic acinar cell phenotype suppresses tumor formation. Hence, repetitive acute or chronic pancreatitis, stress conditions in which the acinar cells dedifferentiate, predispose for cancer formation in the pancreas. Dedifferentiated acinar cells acquire a large panel of duct cell-specific markers. However, it remains unclear to what extent dedifferentiated acini differ from native duct cells and which genes are uniquely regulating acinar cell dedifferentiation. Moreover, most studies have been performed on mice since the availability of human cells is scarce. Here, we applied a non-genetic lineage tracing method of human pancreatic exocrine acinar and duct cells that allowed cell-type-specific gene expression profiling by RNA sequencing. Subsequent to this discovery analysis, one transcription factor that was unique for dedifferentiated acinar cells was functionally characterized. RNA sequencing analysis showed that human dedifferentiated acinar cells expressed genes in "Pathways of cancer" with a prominence of MECOM (EVI-1), a transcription factor that was not expressed by duct cells. During mouse embryonic development, pre-acinar cells also transiently expressed MECOM and in the adult mouse pancreas, MECOM was re-expressed when mice were subjected to acute and chronic pancreatitis, conditions in which acinar cells dedifferentiate. In human cells and in mice, MECOM expression correlated with and was directly regulated by SOX9. Mouse acinar cells that, by genetic manipulation, lose the ability to upregulate MECOM showed impaired cell adhesion, more prominent acinar cell death, and suppressed acinar cell dedifferentiation by limited ERK signaling. In conclusion, we transcriptionally profiled the two major human pancreatic exocrine cell types, acinar and duct cells, during experimental stress conditions. We provide insights that in dedifferentiated acinar cells, cancer pathways are upregulated in which MECOM is a critical regulator that suppresses acinar cell death by permitting cellular dedifferentiation.
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14
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Wang W, Xie X, Zhou Z, Zhang H. Expression Analysis of MIST1 and EMT Markers in Primary Tumor Samples Points to MIST1 as a Biomarker of Cervical Cancer. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:1293-1300. [PMID: 33883927 PMCID: PMC8055369 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s307367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mist1 is a basic transcription factor, which plays an important role in the development of multiple organs, and may also regulate tumor progression by mediating epithelial-mesenchymal transformation. However, there is lack of research on its role of squamous cell carcinoma, especially in cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Methods Bioinformatic methods were used to analyze gene expression, correlation, and patient survival according to the TCGA database. Thirty pairs of cancer tissues and distal cancer tissues from cervical cancer patients who received radical surgery were enrolled in the study. The expression of Mist1 was analyzed using Western blot. Furthermore, the potential associations among Mist1 expression, EMT biomarkers and various clinicopathological characteristics were investigated. All statistical tests employed in this study were two-sided, and P values <0.05 were deemed statistically significant. Results Overall survival data were obtained from TCGA-CESC dataset, containing 3 control samples and 305 tumor samples. The expression of Mist1 was significantly higher in primary tumor than in normal tissues (P<0.001). The samples were divided into a low Mist1 expression group (n=144) and a high Mist1 expression group (n=146) according to the median expression level. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis revealed that high expression of Mist1 was significantly correlated with poor overall survival (P=0.032). We further explored the relationships between Mist1 and EMT. Among the 30 primary cervical cancer specimens investigated, the difference in Mist1 expressed statuses between cervical cancer tissues and distal noncancerous cervical tissues was significant (P=0.001). And the epithelial cell marker E-cadherin was downregulated in Mist1 overexpressed cervical cancer cells; however, the mesenchymal marker N-Cadherin and Twist was upregulated. Conclusion Our study found that Mist1 seemed to play the role of oncogene in cervical squamous cell carcinoma and could be a potential biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Xie
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangjian Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China
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15
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Adult Pancreatic Acinar Progenitor-like Populations in Regeneration and Cancer. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:758-767. [PMID: 32362534 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The bulk of the pancreas primarily comprises long-lived acinar cells that are not considered a bona fide source for stem cells. However, certain acinar subpopulations have a repopulating capacity during regeneration, raising the hypothesis as to the presence of regenerative progenitor-like populations in the adult pancreas. Here, we describe recent discoveries based on fate-mapping techniques that support the existence of progenitor-like acinar subpopulations, including active progenitor-like cells that maintain tissue homeostasis and facultative progenitor-like cells that drive tissue regeneration. A possible link between progenitor-like acinar cells and cancer initiators is proposed. Further analysis of these cellular components is needed, because it would help uncover possible cellular sources for regeneration and cancer, as well as potential targets for therapy.
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16
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17
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Weng PL, Luitje ME, Ovitt CE. Cellular plasticity in salivary gland regeneration. Oral Dis 2019; 25:1837-1839. [PMID: 31560148 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Lun Weng
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Martha E Luitje
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Catherine E Ovitt
- Center for Oral Biology, Department of Biomedical Genetics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
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18
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Spatz LB, Mills JC. DeMISTifying Paneth Cell Maturation. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 8:643-644. [PMID: 31593647 PMCID: PMC6889777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason C Mills
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri.
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19
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The cyclical hit model: how paligenosis might establish the mutational landscape in Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2019; 35:363-370. [PMID: 31021922 DOI: 10.1097/mog.0000000000000540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we explore a paligenosis-based model to explain Barrett's esophagus development and progression: 'the cyclical hit model.' RECENT FINDINGS Genomic analyses have highlighted the high mutational burden of esophageal adenocarcinoma, Barrett's esophagus, and even normal esophageal epithelium. Somatic mutations in key genes including TP53 occur early in the neoplastic progression sequence of Barrett's esophagus, whereas chromosomal amplification resulting in oncogene activation occurs as a critical late event. Paligenosis is a shared injury response mechanism characterized by activation of autophagy, expression of progenitor markers, and increased mTORC signaling-induced cell-cycle reentry. In the setting of chronic injury/inflammation, cycles of paligenosis may allow accumulation of mutations until eventually the mutational burden, in concert perhaps with mutations in key driver oncogenes, finally alters the cell's ability to redifferentiate, leading to the emergence of a potential neoplastic clone. SUMMARY Under conditions of chronic gastroesophageal refluxate exposure, the normal esophageal squamous epithelium might undergo multiple cycles of paligenosis, allowing initially silent mutations to accumulate until key events impart mutant clones with an oncogenic survival advantage.
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20
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MIST1, an Inductive Signal for Salivary Amylase in Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030767. [PMID: 30759717 PMCID: PMC6387180 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sjögren’s syndrome (SjS) is an autoimmune disease that destroys the salivary glands and results in severe dry mouth. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation has been recently proposed as a promising therapy for restoring cells in multiple degenerative diseases. We have recently utilized advanced proteomics biochemical assays to identify the key molecules involved in the mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) of co-cultured mouse bone-marrow-derived MSCs mMSCs with primary salivary gland cells. Among the multiple transcription factors (TFs) that were differentially expressed, two major TFs were selected: muscle, intestine, and stomach expression-1 (MIST1) and transcription factor E2a (TCF3). These factors were assessed in the current study for their ability to drive the expression of acinar cell marker, alpha-salivary amylase 1 (AMY1), and ductal cell marker, cytokeratin19 (CK19), in vitro. Overexpression of MIST1-induced AMY1 expression while it had little effect on CK19 expression. In contrast, TCF3 induced neither of those cellular markers. Furthermore, we have identified that mMSCs express muscarinic-type 3 receptor (M3R) mainly in the cytoplasm and aquaporin 5 (AQP5) in the nucleus. While MIST1 did not alter M3R levels in mMSCs, a TCF3 overexpression downregulated M3R expressions in mMSCs. The mechanisms for such differential regulation of glandular markers by these TFs warrant further investigation.
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21
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Abstract
Hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) are critical regulators of the response to oxygen deficiency by activating target genes involved in a variety of biological functions. HIFs have been implicated in the pathophysiology of numerous pathologies including cancer. Patients with mutations in the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene, an essential regulator of HIF activity, develop tumors in several organs including the pancreas. Previous functional studies of HIF activation in the pancreas have used Vhlh (the murine homolog of VHL) deficient mice. However, the role of each specific HIF transcription factors in the pancreas has not been thoroughly examined. We derived mice that constitutively express a normoxia-stable form of HIF2α in the pancreas. Activation of HIF2α in the pancreas severely impairs postnatal exocrine pancreas. Mice with pancreas-specific activation of HIF2α develop histological features reminiscent of pancreatitis including loss of acinar cells, ductal dilation and fibrosis. Moreover, we provide evidence that signaling pathways important for acinar cell homeostasis are altered in HIF2α-overexpressing pancreata.
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22
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Li X, Chen H, Liu Z, Ye Z, Gou S, Wang C. Overexpression of MIST1 reverses the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and reduces the tumorigenicity of pancreatic cancer cells via the Snail/E-cadherin pathway. Cancer Lett 2018; 431:96-104. [PMID: 29859299 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The role of transcription factors in cancer has attracted significant attention. Although genetic models indicate MIST1 functions as a tumor suppressor in mice, its role in human pancreatic cancer is unclear. We explored the expression and function of MIST1 in pancreatic cancer. Analysis of three GEO datasets (GSE16515, GSE15471, and GSE62165) showed MIST1 mRNA was significantly downregulated in human pancreatic cancer compared to normal pancreatic tissues. Moreover, MIST1 protein and mRNA expression were downregulated in pancreatic cancer cell lines compared to normal cells. Immunohistochemistry confirmed MIST1 was downregulated in human pancreatic cancer tissues (n = 47) and associated with differentiation. In vitro, overexpression of MIST1 reduced pancreatic cancer cell growth, migration, and invasion. In vivo, overexpression of MIST1 retarded tumor xenograft growth and decreased tumor cell dissemination to the liver. Furthermore, MIST1 reversed the epithelial-mesenchymal transition by downregulating Snail and upregulating E-cadherin. Knockdown of E-cadherin promoted the migration and invasion of cancer cells overexpressing MIST1. In conclusion, this study indicates restoring the expression of MIST1 reversed the EMT and reduced the tumorigenicity of pancreatic cancer cells partly via the Snail/E-cadherin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Li
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hengyu Chen
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zeng Ye
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shanmiao Gou
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Chunyou Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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23
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Jakubison BL, Schweickert PG, Moser SE, Yang Y, Gao H, Scully K, Itkin-Ansari P, Liu Y, Konieczny SF. Induced PTF1a expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells activates acinar gene networks, reduces tumorigenic properties, and sensitizes cells to gemcitabine treatment. Mol Oncol 2018; 12:1104-1124. [PMID: 29719936 PMCID: PMC6026875 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic acinar cells synthesize, package, and secrete digestive enzymes into the duodenum to aid in nutrient absorption and meet metabolic demands. When exposed to cellular stresses and insults, acinar cells undergo a dedifferentiation process termed acinar-ductal metaplasia (ADM). ADM lesions with oncogenic mutations eventually give rise to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In healthy pancreata, the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) factors MIST1 and PTF1a coordinate an acinar-specific transcription network that maintains the highly developed differentiation status of the cells, protecting the pancreas from undergoing a transformative process. However, when MIST1 and PTF1a gene expression is silenced, cells are more prone to progress to PDAC. In this study, we tested whether induced MIST1 or PTF1a expression in PDAC cells could (i) re-establish the transcriptional program of differentiated acinar cells and (ii) simultaneously reduce tumor cell properties. As predicted, PTF1a induced gene expression of digestive enzymes and acinar-specific transcription factors, while MIST1 induced gene expression of vesicle trafficking molecules as well as activation of unfolded protein response components, all of which are essential to handle the high protein production load that is characteristic of acinar cells. Importantly, induction of PTF1a in PDAC also influenced cancer-associated properties, leading to a decrease in cell proliferation, cancer stem cell numbers, and repression of key ATP-binding cassette efflux transporters resulting in heightened sensitivity to gemcitabine. Thus, activation of pancreatic bHLH transcription factors rescues the acinar gene program and decreases tumorigenic properties in pancreatic cancer cells, offering unique opportunities to develop novel therapeutic intervention strategies for this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad L Jakubison
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Patrick G Schweickert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Sarah E Moser
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Hongyu Gao
- Laboratory for Computational Genomics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kathleen Scully
- Development and Aging Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pamela Itkin-Ansari
- Development and Aging Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yunlong Liu
- Laboratory for Computational Genomics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Stephen F Konieczny
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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24
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Willet SG, Lewis MA, Miao ZF, Liu D, Radyk MD, Cunningham RL, Burclaff J, Sibbel G, Lo HYG, Blanc V, Davidson NO, Wang ZN, Mills JC. Regenerative proliferation of differentiated cells by mTORC1-dependent paligenosis. EMBO J 2018; 37:e98311. [PMID: 29467218 PMCID: PMC5881627 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201798311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1900, Adami speculated that a sequence of context-independent energetic and structural changes governed the reversion of differentiated cells to a proliferative, regenerative state. Accordingly, we show here that differentiated cells in diverse organs become proliferative via a shared program. Metaplasia-inducing injury caused both gastric chief and pancreatic acinar cells to decrease mTORC1 activity and massively upregulate lysosomes/autophagosomes; then increase damage associated metaplastic genes such as Sox9; and finally reactivate mTORC1 and re-enter the cell cycle. Blocking mTORC1 permitted autophagy and metaplastic gene induction but blocked cell cycle re-entry at S-phase. In kidney and liver regeneration and in human gastric metaplasia, mTORC1 also correlated with proliferation. In lysosome-defective Gnptab-/- mice, both metaplasia-associated gene expression changes and mTORC1-mediated proliferation were deficient in pancreas and stomach. Our findings indicate differentiated cells become proliferative using a sequential program with intervening checkpoints: (i) differentiated cell structure degradation; (ii) metaplasia- or progenitor-associated gene induction; (iii) cell cycle re-entry. We propose this program, which we term "paligenosis", is a fundamental process, like apoptosis, available to differentiated cells to fuel regeneration following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer G Willet
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mark A Lewis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhi-Feng Miao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dengqun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Megan D Radyk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rebecca L Cunningham
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joseph Burclaff
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Greg Sibbel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hei-Yong G Lo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Valerie Blanc
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nicholas O Davidson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhen-Ning Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jason C Mills
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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25
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Abstract
Tumor suppressor genes play critical roles orchestrating anti-cancer programs that are both context dependent and mechanistically diverse. Beyond canonical tumor suppressive programs that control cell division, cell death, and genome stability, unexpected tumor suppressor gene activities that regulate metabolism, immune surveillance, the epigenetic landscape, and others have recently emerged. This diversity underscores the important roles these genes play in maintaining cellular homeostasis to suppress cancer initiation and progression, but also highlights a tremendous challenge in discerning precise context-specific programs of tumor suppression controlled by a given tumor suppressor. Fortunately, the rapid sophistication of genetically engineered mouse models of cancer has begun to shed light on these context-dependent tumor suppressor activities. By using techniques that not only toggle "off" tumor suppressor genes in nascent tumors, but also facilitate the timely restoration of gene function "back-on again" in disease specific contexts, precise mechanisms of tumor suppression can be revealed in an unbiased manner. This review discusses the development and implementation of genetic systems designed to toggle tumor suppressor genes off and back-on again and their potential to uncover the tumor suppressor's tale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonuelle Acosta
- Biomedical Graduate Studies Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd., 751 BRB II/III, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6160, USA
| | - Walter Wang
- Vagelos Scholars Program, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd., 751 BRB II/III, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6160, USA
| | - David M Feldser
- Biomedical Graduate Studies Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd., 751 BRB II/III, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6160, USA. .,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd., 751 BRB II/III, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6160, USA. .,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd., 751 BRB II/III, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6160, USA.
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26
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Kong B, Bruns P, Behler NA, Chang L, Schlitter AM, Cao J, Gewies A, Ruland J, Fritzsche S, Valkovskaya N, Jian Z, Regel I, Raulefs S, Irmler M, Beckers J, Friess H, Erkan M, Mueller NS, Roth S, Hackert T, Esposito I, Theis FJ, Kleeff J, Michalski CW. Dynamic landscape of pancreatic carcinogenesis reveals early molecular networks of malignancy. Gut 2018; 67:146-156. [PMID: 27646934 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The initial steps of pancreatic regeneration versus carcinogenesis are insufficiently understood. Although a combination of oncogenic Kras and inflammation has been shown to induce malignancy, molecular networks of early carcinogenesis remain poorly defined. DESIGN We compared early events during inflammation, regeneration and carcinogenesis on histological and transcriptional levels with a high temporal resolution using a well-established mouse model of pancreatitis and of inflammation-accelerated KrasG12D-driven pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Quantitative expression data were analysed and extensively modelled in silico. RESULTS We defined three distinctive phases-termed inflammation, regeneration and refinement-following induction of moderate acute pancreatitis in wild-type mice. These corresponded to different waves of proliferation of mesenchymal, progenitor-like and acinar cells. Pancreas regeneration required a coordinated transition of proliferation between progenitor-like and acinar cells. In mice harbouring an oncogenic Kras mutation and challenged with pancreatitis, there was an extended inflammatory phase and a parallel, continuous proliferation of mesenchymal, progenitor-like and acinar cells. Analysis of high-resolution transcriptional data from wild-type animals revealed that organ regeneration relied on a complex interaction of a gene network that normally governs acinar cell homeostasis, exocrine specification and intercellular signalling. In mice with oncogenic Kras, a specific carcinogenic signature was found, which was preserved in full-blown mouse pancreas cancer. CONCLUSIONS These data define a transcriptional signature of early pancreatic carcinogenesis and a molecular network driving formation of preneoplastic lesions, which allows for more targeted biomarker development in order to detect cancer earlier in patients with pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Kong
- Department of Surgery, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Philipp Bruns
- Department of Surgery, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany.,Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nora A Behler
- Department of Surgery, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Ligong Chang
- Department of Surgery, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Jing Cao
- Department of Surgery, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Gewies
- Institute für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, TUM, Munich, Germany.,Research Unit Cellular Signal Integration, Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) at the partner site Munich and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Ruland
- Institute für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, TUM, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) at the partner site Munich and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sina Fritzsche
- Department of Surgery, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Ziying Jian
- Department of Surgery, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Ivonne Regel
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Susanne Raulefs
- Department of Surgery, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Experimental Genetics, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Helmut Friess
- Department of Surgery, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Mert Erkan
- Department of Surgery, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nikola S Mueller
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Roth
- Department of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thilo Hackert
- Department of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Irene Esposito
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Fabian J Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Mathematics, TUM, Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg Kleeff
- Department of Surgery, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany.,NIHR Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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27
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Bastidas-Ponce A, Scheibner K, Lickert H, Bakhti M. Cellular and molecular mechanisms coordinating pancreas development. Development 2017; 144:2873-2888. [PMID: 28811309 DOI: 10.1242/dev.140756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pancreas is an endoderm-derived glandular organ that participates in the regulation of systemic glucose metabolism and food digestion through the function of its endocrine and exocrine compartments, respectively. While intensive research has explored the signaling pathways and transcriptional programs that govern pancreas development, much remains to be discovered regarding the cellular processes that orchestrate pancreas morphogenesis. Here, we discuss the developmental mechanisms and principles that are known to underlie pancreas development, from induction and lineage formation to morphogenesis and organogenesis. Elucidating such principles will help to identify novel candidate disease genes and unravel the pathogenesis of pancreas-related diseases, such as diabetes, pancreatitis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimée Bastidas-Ponce
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Technical University of Munich, Medical Faculty, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Scheibner
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Technical University of Munich, Medical Faculty, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Technical University of Munich, Medical Faculty, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Mostafa Bakhti
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany .,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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28
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Mello SS, Sinow C, Raj N, Mazur PK, Bieging-Rolett K, Broz DK, Imam JFC, Vogel H, Wood LD, Sage J, Hirose T, Nakagawa S, Rinn J, Attardi LD. Neat1 is a p53-inducible lincRNA essential for transformation suppression. Genes Dev 2017; 31:1095-1108. [PMID: 28698299 PMCID: PMC5538433 DOI: 10.1101/gad.284661.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mello et al. identify Neat1, a ncRNA constituent of paraspeckles, as a p53 target gene that plays a crucial role in suppressing transformation in response to oncogenic signals. The p53 gene is mutated in over half of all cancers, reflecting its critical role as a tumor suppressor. Although p53 is a transcriptional activator that induces myriad target genes, those p53-inducible genes most critical for tumor suppression remain elusive. Here, we leveraged p53 ChIP-seq (chromatin immunoprecipitation [ChIP] combined with high-throughput sequencing) and RNA-seq (RNA sequencing) data sets to identify new p53 target genes, focusing on the noncoding genome. We identify Neat1, a noncoding RNA (ncRNA) constituent of paraspeckles, as a p53 target gene broadly induced by mouse and human p53 in different cell types and by diverse stress signals. Using fibroblasts derived from Neat1−/− mice, we examined the functional role of Neat1 in the p53 pathway. We found that Neat1 is dispensable for cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to genotoxic stress. In sharp contrast, Neat1 plays a crucial role in suppressing transformation in response to oncogenic signals. Neat1 deficiency enhances transformation in oncogene-expressing fibroblasts and promotes the development of premalignant pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanINs) and cystic lesions in KrasG12D-expressing mice. Neat1 loss provokes global changes in gene expression, suggesting a mechanism by which its deficiency promotes neoplasia. Collectively, these findings identify Neat1 as a p53-regulated large intergenic ncRNA (lincRNA) with a key role in suppressing transformation and cancer initiation, providing fundamental new insight into p53-mediated tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephano S Mello
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Carolyn Sinow
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Nitin Raj
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Pawel K Mazur
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Kathryn Bieging-Rolett
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Daniela Kenzelmann Broz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Jamie F Conklin Imam
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Hannes Vogel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Laura D Wood
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Julien Sage
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Tetsuro Hirose
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- RNA Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - John Rinn
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Laura D Attardi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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29
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Liu AP, Botelho RJ, Antonescu CN. The big and intricate dreams of little organelles: Embracing complexity in the study of membrane traffic. Traffic 2017; 18:567-579. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allen P. Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan
- Biophysics Program University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Roberto J. Botelho
- The Graduate Program in Molecular Science and Department of Chemistry and Biology Ryerson University Toronto Canada
| | - Costin N. Antonescu
- The Graduate Program in Molecular Science and Department of Chemistry and Biology Ryerson University Toronto Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science St. Michael's Hospital Toronto Canada
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30
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Abstract
Acinar cells in the adult pancreas show high plasticity and can undergo transdifferentiation to a progenitor-like cell type with ductal characteristics. This process, termed acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM), is an important feature facilitating pancreas regeneration after injury. Data from animal models show that cells that undergo ADM in response to oncogenic signalling are precursors for pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia lesions, which can further progress to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). As human pancreatic adenocarcinoma is often diagnosed at a stage of metastatic disease, understanding the processes that lead to its initiation is important for the discovery of markers for early detection, as well as options that enable an early intervention. Here, the critical determinants of acinar cell plasticity are discussed, in addition to the intracellular and extracellular signalling events that drive acinar cell metaplasia and their contribution to development of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Storz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Room 306 Griffin Building, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA
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31
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Shubin AD, Felong TJ, Schutrum BE, Joe DSL, Ovitt CE, Benoit DSW. Encapsulation of primary salivary gland cells in enzymatically degradable poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels promotes acinar cell characteristics. Acta Biomater 2017; 50:437-449. [PMID: 28039063 PMCID: PMC5455143 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Radiation therapy for head and neck cancers leads to permanent xerostomia due to the loss of secretory acinar cells in the salivary glands. Regenerative treatments utilizing primary submandibular gland (SMG) cells show modest improvements in salivary secretory function, but there is limited evidence of salivary gland regeneration. We have recently shown that poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels can support the survival and proliferation of SMG cells as multicellular spheres in vitro. To further develop this approach for cell-based salivary gland regeneration, we have investigated how different modes of PEG hydrogel degradation affect the proliferation, cell-specific gene expression, and epithelial morphology within encapsulated salivary gland spheres. Comparison of non-degradable, hydrolytically-degradable, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-degradable, and mixed mode-degradable hydrogels showed that hydrogel degradation by any mechanism is required for significant proliferation of encapsulated cells. The expression of acinar phenotypic markers Aqp5 and Nkcc1 was increased in hydrogels that are MMP-degradable compared with other hydrogel compositions. However, expression of secretory acinar proteins Mist1 and Pip was not maintained to the same extent as phenotypic markers, suggesting changes in cell function upon encapsulation. Nevertheless, MMP- and mixed mode-degradability promoted organization of polarized cell types forming tight junctions and expression of the basement membrane proteins laminin and collagen IV within encapsulated SMG spheres. This work demonstrates that cellularly remodeled hydrogels can promote proliferation and gland-like organization by encapsulated salivary gland cells as well as maintenance of acinar cell characteristics required for regenerative approaches. Investigation is required to identify approaches to further enhance acinar secretory properties. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Regenerative strategies to replace damaged salivary glands require the function and organization of acinar cells. Hydrogel-based approaches have shown promise to control cell function and phenotype. However, little is known about how specific parameters, such as the mechanism of hydrogel degradation (e.g., hydrolytic or enzymatic), influence the viability, proliferation, organization, and phenotype of salivary gland cells. In this work, it is shown that hydrogel-encapsulated primary salivary gland cell proliferation is dependent upon hydrogel degradation. Hydrogels crosslinked with enzymatically degradable peptides promoted the expression of critical acinar cell markers, which are typically downregulated in primary cultures. Furthermore, salivary gland cells encapsulated in enzymatically- but not hydrolytically-degradable hydrogels displayed highly organized and polarized salivary gland cell markers, which mimics characteristics found in native gland tissue. In sum, results indicate that salivary gland cells respond to cellularly remodeled hydrogels, resulting in self-assembly and organization akin to acini substructures of the salivary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Shubin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Timothy J Felong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Brittany E Schutrum
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Debria S L Joe
- Department of Biology, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Catherine E Ovitt
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States; Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States.
| | - Danielle S W Benoit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States; Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States; Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States.
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32
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A single transcription factor is sufficient to induce and maintain secretory cell architecture. Genes Dev 2017; 31:154-171. [PMID: 28174210 PMCID: PMC5322730 DOI: 10.1101/gad.285684.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Here, Lo et al. demonstrate that cell architecture can be controlled by a developmentally regulated transcriptional program independent of the program that specifies cell identity. They show that MIST1 (BHLHA15) is a “scaling factor” that universally establishes secretory morphology in cells that perform regulated secretion, and targeted deletion of MIST1 causes dismantling of the secretory apparatus of diverse exocrine cells. We hypothesized that basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) MIST1 (BHLHA15) is a “scaling factor” that universally establishes secretory morphology in cells that perform regulated secretion. Here, we show that targeted deletion of MIST1 caused dismantling of the secretory apparatus of diverse exocrine cells. Parietal cells (PCs), whose function is to pump acid into the stomach, normally lack MIST1 and do not perform regulated secretion. Forced expression of MIST1 in PCs caused them to expand their apical cytoplasm, rearrange mitochondrial/lysosome trafficking, and generate large secretory granules. Mist1 induced a cohort of genes regulated by MIST1 in multiple organs but did not affect PC function. MIST1 bound CATATG/CAGCTG E boxes in the first intron of genes that regulate autophagosome/lysosomal degradation, mitochondrial trafficking, and amino acid metabolism. Similar alterations in cell architecture and gene expression were also caused by ectopically inducing MIST1 in vivo in hepatocytes. Thus, MIST1 is a scaling factor necessary and sufficient by itself to induce and maintain secretory cell architecture. Our results indicate that, whereas mature cell types in each organ may have unique developmental origins, cells performing similar physiological functions throughout the body share similar transcription factor-mediated architectural “blueprints.”
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33
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Transcriptional Maintenance of Pancreatic Acinar Identity, Differentiation, and Homeostasis by PTF1A. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:3033-3047. [PMID: 27697859 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00358-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of cell type identity is crucial for health, yet little is known of the regulation that sustains the long-term stability of differentiated phenotypes. To investigate the roles that key transcriptional regulators play in adult differentiated cells, we examined the effects of depletion of the developmental master regulator PTF1A on the specialized phenotype of the adult pancreatic acinar cell in vivo Transcriptome sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing results showed that PTF1A maintains the expression of genes for all cellular processes dedicated to the production of the secretory digestive enzymes, a highly attuned surveillance of unfolded proteins, and a heightened unfolded protein response (UPR). Control by PTF1A is direct on target genes and indirect through a ten-member transcription factor network. Depletion of PTF1A causes an imbalance that overwhelms the UPR, induces cellular injury, and provokes acinar metaplasia. Compromised cellular identity occurs by derepression of characteristic stomach genes, some of which are also associated with pancreatic ductal cells. The loss of acinar cell homeostasis, differentiation, and identity is directly relevant to the pathologies of pancreatitis and pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
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34
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MIST1 and PTF1 Collaborate in Feed-Forward Regulatory Loops That Maintain the Pancreatic Acinar Phenotype in Adult Mice. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:2945-2955. [PMID: 27644326 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00370-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Much remains unknown regarding the regulatory networks formed by transcription factors in mature, differentiated mammalian cells in vivo, despite many studies of individual DNA-binding transcription factors. We report a constellation of feed-forward loops formed by the pancreatic transcription factors MIST1 and PTF1 that govern the differentiated phenotype of the adult pancreatic acinar cell. PTF1 is an atypical basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor complex of pancreatic acinar cells and is critical to acinar cell fate specification and differentiation. MIST1, also a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, enhances the formation and maintenance of the specialized phenotype of professional secretory cells. The MIST1 and PTF1 collaboration controls a wide range of specialized cellular processes, including secretory protein synthesis and processing, exocytosis, and homeostasis of the endoplasmic reticulum. PTF1 drives Mist1 transcription, and MIST1 and PTF1 bind and drive the transcription of over 100 downstream acinar genes. PTF1 binds two canonical bipartite sites within a 0.7-kb transcriptional enhancer upstream of Mist1 that are essential for the activity of the enhancer in vivo MIST1 and PTF1 coregulate target genes synergistically or additively, depending on the target transcriptional enhancer. The frequent close binding proximity of PTF1 and MIST1 in pancreatic acinar cell chromatin implies extensive collaboration although the collaboration is not dependent on a stable physical interaction.
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35
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MIST1 Links Secretion and Stress as both Target and Regulator of the Unfolded Protein Response. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:2931-2944. [PMID: 27644325 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00366-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional networks that govern secretory cell specialization, including instructing cells to develop a unique cytoarchitecture, amass extensive protein synthesis machinery, and be embodied to respond to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, remain largely uncharacterized. In this study, we discovered that the secretory cell transcription factor MIST1 (Bhlha15), previously shown to be essential for cytoskeletal organization and secretory activity, also functions as a potent ER stress-inducible transcriptional regulator. Genome-wide DNA binding studies, coupled with genetic mouse models, revealed MIST1 gene targets that function along the entire breadth of the protein synthesis, processing, transport, and exocytosis networks. Additionally, key MIST1 targets are essential for alleviating ER stress in these highly specialized cells. Indeed, MIST1 functions as a coregulator of the unfolded protein response (UPR) master transcription factor XBP1 for a portion of target genes that contain adjacent MIST1 and XBP1 binding sites. Interestingly, Mist1 gene expression is induced during ER stress by XBP1, but as ER stress subsides, MIST1 serves as a feedback inhibitor, directly binding the Xbp1 promoter and repressing Xbp1 transcript production. Together, our findings provide a new paradigm for XBP1-dependent UPR regulation and position MIST1 as a potential biotherapeutic for numerous human diseases.
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Sancho P, Alcala S, Usachov V, Hermann PC, Sainz B. The ever-changing landscape of pancreatic cancer stem cells. Pancreatology 2016; 16:489-96. [PMID: 27161173 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the cancer stem cell (CSC) concept in solid tumors has gained enormous momentum as an attractive model to explain tumor heterogeneity. The model proposes that tumors contain a subpopulation of rare cancer cells with stem-like properties that maintain the hierarchy of the tumor and drive tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and chemoresistance. The identification and subsequent isolation of CSCs in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in 2007 provided enormous insight into this extremely metastatic and chemoresistant tumor and renewed hope for developing more specific therapies against this disease. Unfortunately, we have made only marginal advances in applying the knowledge learned to the development of new and more effective treatments for pancreatic cancer. The latter has been partly due to the lack of adequate in vitro and in vivo systems compounded by the use of markers that do not reproducibly nor exclusively select for an enriched CSC population. Thus, attempts to define a pancreatic CSC-specific genetic, epigenetic or proteomic signature has been challenging. Fortunately recent advances in the CSC field have overcome many of these challenges and have opened up new opportunities for developing therapies that target the CSC population. In this review, we discuss these current advances, specifically new methods for the identification and isolation of pancreatic CSCs, new insights into the metabolic profile of CSCs at the level of mitochondrial respiration, and the utility of genetically engineered mouse models as surrogate systems to both study CSC biology and evaluate CSC-specific targeted therapies in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Sancho
- Stem Cells in Cancer & Ageing, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Sonia Alcala
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain; Enfermedades Crónicas y Cáncer Area, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Bruno Sainz
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain; Enfermedades Crónicas y Cáncer Area, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.
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Silencing Mist1 Gene Expression Is Essential for Recovery from Acute Pancreatitis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145724. [PMID: 26717480 PMCID: PMC4696804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinar cells of the exocrine pancreas are tasked with synthesizing, packaging and secreting vast quantities of pro-digestive enzymes to maintain proper metabolic homeostasis for the organism. Because the synthesis of high levels of hydrolases is potentially dangerous, the pancreas is prone to acute pancreatitis (AP), a disease that targets acinar cells, leading to acinar-ductal metaplasia (ADM), inflammation and fibrosis—events that can transition into the earliest stages of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Despite a wealth of information concerning the broad phenotype associated with pancreatitis, little is understood regarding specific transcriptional regulatory networks that are susceptible to AP and the role these networks play in acinar cell and exocrine pancreas responses. In this study, we examined the importance of the acinar-specific maturation transcription factor MIST1 to AP damage and organ recovery. Analysis of wild-type and Mist1 conditional null mice revealed that Mist1 gene transcription and protein accumulation were dramatically reduced as acinar cells underwent ADM alterations during AP episodes. To test if loss of MIST1 function was primarily responsible for the damaged status of the organ, mice harboring a Cre-inducible Mist1 transgene (iMist1) were utilized to determine if sustained MIST1 activity could alleviate AP damage responses. Unexpectedly, constitutive iMist1 expression during AP led to a dramatic increase in organ damage followed by acinar cell death. We conclude that the transient silencing of Mist1 expression is critical for acinar cells to survive an AP episode, providing cells an opportunity to suppress their secretory function and regenerate damaged cells. The importance of MIST1 to these events suggests that modulating key pancreas transcription networks could ease clinical symptoms in patients diagnosed with pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer.
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Chikada H, Ito K, Yanagida A, Nakauchi H, Kamiya A. The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, Mist1, induces maturation of mouse fetal hepatoblasts. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14989. [PMID: 26456005 PMCID: PMC4601036 DOI: 10.1038/srep14989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stem/progenitor cells, hepatoblasts, have a high proliferative ability and can differentiate into mature hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Therefore, these cells are considered to be useful for regenerative medicine and drug screening for liver diseases. However, it is problem that in vitro maturation of hepatoblasts is insufficient in the present culture system. In this study, a novel regulator to induce hepatic differentiation was identified and the molecular function of this factor was examined in embryonic day 13 hepatoblast culture with maturation factor, oncostatin M and extracellular matrices. Overexpression of the basic helix-loop-helix type transcription factor, Mist1, induced expression of mature hepatocytic markers such as carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase1 and several cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes in this culture system. In contrast, Mist1 suppressed expression of cholangiocytic markers such as Sox9, Sox17, Ck19, and Grhl2. CYP3A metabolic activity was significantly induced by Mist1 in this hepatoblast culture. In addition, Mist1 induced liver-enriched transcription factors, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α and Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α, which are known to be involved in liver functions. These results suggest that Mist1 partially induces mature hepatocytic expression and function accompanied by the down-regulation of cholangiocytic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Chikada
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ito
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-4 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Ayaka Yanagida
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-4 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-4 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305-5461, USA
| | - Akihide Kamiya
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
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Schofield H, Pasca di Magliano M. Change isn't always better. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26274776 PMCID: PMC4536744 DOI: 10.7554/elife.10054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining the identity of acinar cells in the pancreas could help to prevent the development of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Schofield
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology and the Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Marina Pasca di Magliano
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Surgery and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
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Mills JC, Sansom OJ. Reserve stem cells: Differentiated cells reprogram to fuel repair, metaplasia, and neoplasia in the adult gastrointestinal tract. Sci Signal 2015; 8:re8. [PMID: 26175494 PMCID: PMC4858190 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaa7540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It has long been known that differentiated cells can switch fates, especially in vitro, but only recently has there been a critical mass of publications describing the mechanisms adult, postmitotic cells use in vivo to reverse their differentiation state. We propose that this sort of cellular reprogramming is a fundamental cellular process akin to apoptosis or mitosis. Because reprogramming can invoke regenerative cells from mature cells, it is critical to the long-term maintenance of tissues like the pancreas, which encounter large insults during adulthood but lack constitutively active adult stem cells to repair the damage. However, even in tissues with adult stem cells, like the stomach and intestine, reprogramming may allow mature cells to serve as reserve ("quiescent") stem cells when normal stem cells are compromised. We propose that the potential downside to reprogramming is that it increases risk for cancers that occur late in adulthood. Mature, long-lived cells may have years of exposure to mutagens. Mutations that affect the physiological function of differentiated, postmitotic cells may lead to apoptosis, but mutations in genes that govern proliferation might not be selected against. Hence, reprogramming with reentry into the cell cycle might unmask those mutations, causing an irreversible progenitor-like, proliferative state. We review recent evidence showing that reprogramming fuels irreversible metaplastic and precancerous proliferation in the stomach and pancreas. Finally, we illustrate how we think reprogrammed differentiated cells are likely candidates as cells of origin for cancers of the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Mills
- Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine, Pathology & Immunology, and Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK.
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The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor E47 reprograms human pancreatic cancer cells to a quiescent acinar state with reduced tumorigenic potential. Pancreas 2015; 44:718-27. [PMID: 25894862 PMCID: PMC4464938 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) initiates from quiescent acinar cells that attain a Kras mutation, lose signaling from basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors, undergo acinar-ductal metaplasia, and rapidly acquire increased growth potential. We queried whether PDA cells can be reprogrammed to revert to their original quiescent acinar cell state by shifting key transcription programs. METHODS Human PDA cell lines were engineered to express an inducible form of the bHLH protein E47. Gene expression, growth, and functional studies were investigated using microarray, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunoblots, immunohistochemistry, small interfering RNA, chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses, and cell transplantation into mice. RESULTS In human PDA cells, E47 activity triggers stable G0/G1 arrest, which requires the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 and the stress response protein TP53INP1. Concurrently, E47 induces high level expression of acinar digestive enzymes and feed forward activation of the acinar maturation network regulated by the bHLH factor MIST1. Moreover, induction of E47 in human PDA cells in vitro is sufficient to inhibit tumorigenesis. CONCLUSIONS Human PDA cells retain a high degree of plasticity, which can be exploited to induce a quiescent acinar cell state with reduced tumorigenic potential. Moreover, bHLH activity is a critical node coordinately regulating human PDA cell growth versus cell fate.
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Lugea A, Waldron RT, Pandol SJ. Pancreatic adaptive responses in alcohol abuse: Role of the unfolded protein response. Pancreatology 2015; 15:S1-5. [PMID: 25736240 PMCID: PMC4515411 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The majority of those who drink excessive amounts of alcohol do not develop pancreatic disease. One overarching hypothesis is that alcohol abuse requires additional risk factors, either environmental or genetic, for disease to occur. However, another reason be a result of alcohol-induced activation of adaptive systems that protect the pancreas from the toxic effects of alcohol. We show that mechanisms within the unfolded protein response (UPR) of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that can lead to protection of the pancreas from pancreatic diseases with alcohol abuse. The remarkable ability of the pancreas to adapt its machinery to alcohol abuse using UPR systems and continue functioning is the likely reason that pancreatitis from alcohol abuse does not occur in the majority of heavy drinkers. These findings indicate that methods to enhance the protective responses of the UPR can provide opportunities for prevention and treatment of pancreatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia Lugea
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Richard T Waldron
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephen J Pandol
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Identification of key transcription factors in caerulein-induced pancreatitis through expression profiling data. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:2570-6. [PMID: 25975747 PMCID: PMC4464163 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to isolate key transcription factors (TFs) in caerulein-induced pancreatitis, and to identify the difference between wild type and Mist1 knockout (KO) mice, in order to elucidate the contribution of Mist1 to pancreatitis. The gene profile of GSE3644 was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database then analyzed using the t-test. The isolated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mapped into a transcriptional regulatory network derived from the Integrated Transcription Factor Platform database and in the network, the interaction pairs involving at least one DEG were screened. Fisher’s exact test was used to analyze the functional enrichment of the target genes. A total of 1,555 and 3,057 DEGs were identified in the wild type and Mist1KO mice treated with caerulein, respectively. DEGs screened in Mist1KO mice were predominantly enriched in apoptosis, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and other cancer-associated pathways. A total of 188 and 51 TFs associated with pathopoiesis were isolated in Mist1KO and wild type mice, respectively. Out of the top 10 TFs (ranked by P-value), 7 TFs, including S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2); minichromosome maintenance complex component 3 (Mcm3); cell division cycle 6 (Cdc6); cyclin B1 (Ccnb1); mutS homolog 6 (Msh6); cyclin A2 (Ccna2); and cyclin B2 (Ccnb2), were expressed in the two types of mouse. These TFs were predominantly involved in phosphorylation, DNA replication, cell division and DNA mismatch repair. In addition, specific TFs, including minichromosome maintenance complex component 7 (Mcm7); lymphoid-specific helicase (Hells); and minichromosome maintenance complex component 6 (Mcm6), that function in the unwinding of DNA were identified to participate in Mist1KO pancreatitis. The DEGs, including Cdc6, Mcm6, Msh6 and Wdr1 are closely associated with the regulation of caerulein-induced pancreatitis. Furthermore, other identified TFs were also involved in this type of regulation.
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44
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Puri S, Folias AE, Hebrok M. Plasticity and dedifferentiation within the pancreas: development, homeostasis, and disease. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 16:18-31. [PMID: 25465113 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cellular identity is established by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors that regulate organogenesis and tissue homeostasis. Although some flexibility in fate potential is beneficial to overall organ health, dramatic changes in cellular identity can have disastrous consequences. Emerging data within the field of pancreas biology are revising current beliefs about how cellular identity is shaped by developmental and environmental cues under homeostasis and stress conditions. Here, we discuss the changes occurring in cellular states upon fate modulation and address how our understanding of the nature of this fluidity is shaping therapeutic approaches to pancreatic disorders such as diabetes and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Puri
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Alexandra E Folias
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthias Hebrok
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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45
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Ponnusamy MP, Batra SK. Insights into the role of nicotine in pancreatic stem cell activation and acinar dedifferentiation. Gastroenterology 2014; 147:962-5. [PMID: 25265575 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Moorthy P Ponnusamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.
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Hermann PC, Sancho P, Cañamero M, Martinelli P, Madriles F, Michl P, Gress T, de Pascual R, Gandia L, Guerra C, Barbacid M, Wagner M, Vieira CR, Aicher A, Real FX, Sainz B, Heeschen C. Nicotine promotes initiation and progression of KRAS-induced pancreatic cancer via Gata6-dependent dedifferentiation of acinar cells in mice. Gastroenterology 2014; 147:1119-33.e4. [PMID: 25127677 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Although smoking is a leading risk factor for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), little is known about the mechanisms by which smoking promotes initiation or progression of PDAC. METHODS We studied the effects of nicotine administration on pancreatic cancer development in Kras(+/LSLG12Vgeo);Elas-tTA/tetO-Cre (Ela-KRAS) mice, Kras(+/LSLG12D);Trp53+/LSLR172H;Pdx-1-Cre (KPC) mice (which express constitutively active forms of KRAS), and C57/B6 mice. Mice were given nicotine for up to 86 weeks to produce blood levels comparable with those of intermediate smokers. Pancreatic tissues were collected and analyzed by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; cells were isolated and assayed for colony and sphere formation and gene expression. The effects of nicotine were also evaluated in primary pancreatic acinar cells isolated from wild-type, nAChR7a(-/-), Trp53(-/-), and Gata6(-/-);Trp53(-/-) mice. We also analyzed primary PDAC cells that overexpressed GATA6 from lentiviral expression vectors. RESULTS Administration of nicotine accelerated transformation of pancreatic cells and tumor formation in Ela-KRAS and KPC mice. Nicotine induced dedifferentiation of acinar cells by activating AKT-ERK-MYC signaling; this led to inhibition of Gata6 promoter activity, loss of GATA6 protein, and subsequent loss of acinar differentiation and hyperactivation of oncogenic KRAS. Nicotine also promoted aggressiveness of established tumors as well as the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, increasing numbers of circulating cancer cells and their dissemination to the liver, compared with mice not exposed to nicotine. Nicotine induced pancreatic cells to acquire gene expression patterns and functional characteristics of cancer stem cells. These effects were markedly attenuated in K-Ras(+/LSL-G12D);Trp53(+/LSLR172H);Pdx-1-Cre mice given metformin. Metformin prevented nicotine-induced pancreatic carcinogenesis and tumor growth by up-regulating GATA6 and promoting differentiation toward an acinar cell program. CONCLUSIONS In mice, nicotine promotes pancreatic carcinogenesis and tumor development via down-regulation of Gata6 to induce acinar cell dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Hermann
- Stem Cells and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Sancho
- Stem Cells and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Cañamero
- Comparative Pathology Core Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paola Martinelli
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Madriles
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patrick Michl
- Department of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Infectiology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Gress
- Department of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Infectiology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ricardo de Pascual
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Gandia
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Guerra
- Experimental Oncology Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Barbacid
- Experimental Oncology Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Martin Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Catarina R Vieira
- Stem Cells and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexandra Aicher
- Stem Cells and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco X Real
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Bruno Sainz
- Stem Cells and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Christopher Heeschen
- Stem Cells and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain; Centre for Stem Cells in Cancer & Ageing, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
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Collins MA, Yan W, Sebolt–Leopold JS, di Magliano MP. MAPK signaling is required for dedifferentiation of acinar cells and development of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia in mice. Gastroenterology 2014; 146:822-834.e7. [PMID: 24315826 PMCID: PMC4037403 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Kras signaling via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is highly up-regulated in pancreatic cancer cells. We investigated whether MAPK signaling is required for the initiation and maintenance of pancreatic carcinogenesis in mice. METHODS We studied the formation and maintenance of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanINs) in p48Cre; TetO-KrasG12D; Rosa26(rtTa-IRES-EGFP) (iKras*) mice and LSL-KrasG12D mice bred with p48Cre mice (KC). Mice were given oral PD325901, a small-molecule inhibitor of MEK1 and MEK2 (factors in the MAPK signaling pathway), along with injections of cerulein to induce pancreatitis. Other mice were given PD325901 only after PanINs developed. Pancreatic tissues were collected and evaluated using histologic, immunohistochemical, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy analyses. Acinar cells were isolated from the tissues and the effects of MEK1 and 2 inhibitors were assessed. RESULTS PD325901 prevented PanIN formation, but not pancreatitis, in iKras* and KC mice. In iKras* or KC mice given PD325901 at 5 weeks after PanINs developed, PanINs regressed and acinar tissue regenerated. The regression occurred through differentiation of the PanIN cells to acini, accompanied by re-expression of the acinar transcription factor Mist1. CONCLUSIONS In iKras* and KC mice, MAPK signaling is required for the initiation and maintenance of pancreatic cancer precursor lesions. MAPK signaling promotes formation of PanINs by enabling dedifferentiation of acinar cells into duct-like cells that are susceptible to transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith A. Collins
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Marina Pasca di Magliano
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Jin RU, Mills JC. RAB26 coordinates lysosome traffic and mitochondrial localization. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:1018-32. [PMID: 24413166 PMCID: PMC3937772 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.138776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As they mature, professional secretory cells like pancreatic acinar and gastric chief cells induce the transcription factor MIST1 (also known as BHLHA15) to substantially scale up production of large secretory granules in a process that involves expansion of apical cytoplasm and redistribution of lysosomes and mitochondria. How a scaling factor like MIST1 rearranges cellular architecture simply by regulating expression levels of its transcriptional targets is unknown. RAB26 is a MIST1 target whose role in MIST1-mediated secretory cell maturation is also unknown. Here, we confirm that RAB26 expression, unlike most Rabs which are ubiquitously expressed, is tissue specific and largely confined to MIST1-expressing secretory tissues. Surprisingly, functional studies showed that RAB26 predominantly associated with LAMP1/cathepsin D lysosomes and not directly with secretory granules. Moreover, increasing RAB26 expression - by inducing differentiation of zymogen-secreting cells or by direct transfection - caused lysosomes to coalesce in a central, perinuclear region. Lysosome clustering in turn caused redistribution of mitochondria into distinct subcellular neighborhoods. The data elucidate a novel function for RAB26 and suggest a mechanism for how cells could increase transcription of key effectors to reorganize subcellular compartments during differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon U. Jin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jason C. Mills
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Epigenetic reprogramming in Mist1(-/-) mice predicts the molecular response to cerulein-induced pancreatitis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84182. [PMID: 24465395 PMCID: PMC3897368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene expression is affected by modifications to histone core proteins within chromatin. Changes in these modifications, or epigenetic reprogramming, can dictate cell fate and promote susceptibility to disease. The goal of this study was to determine the extent of epigenetic reprogramming in response to chronic stress that occurs following ablation of MIST1 (Mist1−/−), which is repressed in pancreatic disease. Chromatin immunoprecipitation for trimethylation of lysine residue 4 on histone 3 (H3K4Me3) in purified acinar cells from wild type and Mist1−/− mice was followed by Next Generation sequencing (ChIP-seq) or ChIP-qPCR. H3K4Me3-enriched genes were assessed for expression by qRT-PCR in pancreatic tissue before and after induction of cerulein-induced pancreatitis. While most of H3K4Me3-enrichment is restricted to transcriptional start sites, >25% of enrichment sites are found within, downstream or between annotated genes. Less than 10% of these sites were altered in Mist1−/− acini, with most changes in H3K4Me3 enrichment not reflecting altered gene expression. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of genes differentially-enriched for H3K4Me3 revealed an association with pancreatitis and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in Mist1−/− tissue. Most of these genes were not differentially expressed but several were readily induced by acute experimental pancreatitis, with significantly increased expression in Mist1−/− tissue relative to wild type mice. We suggest that the chronic cell stress observed in the absence of MIST1 results in epigenetic reprogramming of genes involved in promoting pancreatitis to a poised state, thereby increasing the sensitivity to events that promote disease.
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Zhang Y, Yan W, Collins MA, Bednar F, Rakshit S, Zetter BR, Stanger BZ, Chung I, Rhim AD, di Magliano MP. Interleukin-6 is required for pancreatic cancer progression by promoting MAPK signaling activation and oxidative stress resistance. Cancer Res 2013; 73:6359-74. [PMID: 24097820 PMCID: PMC3831882 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1558-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer, one of the deadliest human malignancies, is almost invariably associated with the presence of an oncogenic form of Kras. Mice expressing oncogenic Kras in the pancreas recapitulate the stepwise progression of the human disease. The inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 is often expressed by multiple cell types within the tumor microenvironment. Here, we show that IL-6 is required for the maintenance and progression of pancreatic cancer precursor lesions. In fact, the lack of IL-6 completely ablates cancer progression even in presence of oncogenic Kras. Mechanistically, we show that IL-6 synergizes with oncogenic Kras to activate the reactive oxygen species detoxification program downstream of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) signaling cascade. In addition, IL-6 regulates the inflammatory microenvironment of pancreatic cancer throughout its progression, providing several signals that are essential for carcinogenesis. Thus, IL-6 emerges as a key player at all stages of pancreatic carcinogenesis and a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Meredith A. Collins
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Filip Bednar
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sabita Rakshit
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Bruce R. Zetter
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Karp Family Research Laboratories, Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ben Z. Stanger
- Gastroenterology Division and Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ivy Chung
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- UM Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Andrew D. Rhim
- Gastroenterology Division and Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marina Pasca di Magliano
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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