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Xin S, Liu X, He C, Gao H, Wang B, Hua R, Gao L, Shang H, Sun F, Xu J. Inflammation accelerating intestinal fibrosis: from mechanism to clinic. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:335. [PMID: 38890719 PMCID: PMC11184829 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-01932-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Intestinal fibrosis is a prevalent complication of IBD that that can frequently be triggered by prolonged inflammation. Fibrosis in the gut can cause a number of issues, which continue as an ongoing challenge to healthcare systems worldwide. The primary causes of intestinal fibrosis are soluble molecules, G protein-coupled receptors, epithelial-to-mesenchymal or endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and the gut microbiota. Fresh perspectives coming from in vivo and in vitro experimental models demonstrate that fibrogenic pathways might be different, at least to some extent, independent of the ones that influence inflammation. Understanding the distinctive procedures of intestinal fibrogenesis should provide a realistic foundation for targeting and blocking specific fibrogenic pathways, estimating the risk of fibrotic consequences, detecting early fibrotic alterations, and eventually allowing therapy development. Here, we first summarize the inflammatory and non-inflammatory components of fibrosis, and then we elaborate on the underlying mechanism associated with multiple cytokines in fibrosis, providing the framework for future clinical practice. Following that, we discuss the relationship between modernization and disease, as well as the shortcomings of current studies. We outline fibrosis diagnosis and therapy, as well as our recommendations for the future treatment of intestinal fibrosis. We anticipate that the global review will provides a wealth of fresh knowledge and suggestions for future fibrosis clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzi Xin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Chengwei He
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Han Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Aerospace Clinical Medical College, Aerospace Central Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Boya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Rongxuan Hua
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Intelligent Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Hongwei Shang
- Experimental Center for Morphological Research Platform, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Fangling Sun
- Department of Laboratory Animal Research, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Jingdong Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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Qiu D, Xu S, Ji K, Tang C. Myeloid Cell-Derived IL-1 Signaling Damps Neuregulin-1 from Fibroblasts to Suppress Colitis-Induced Early Repair of the Intestinal Epithelium. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4469. [PMID: 38674054 PMCID: PMC11050633 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuregulin-1 (Nrg1, gene symbol: Nrg1), a ligand of the ErbB receptor family, promotes intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and repair. However, the dynamics and accurate derivation of Nrg1 expression during colitis remain unclear. By analyzing the public single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets and employing a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model, we investigated the cell source of Nrg1 expression and its potential regulator in the process of epithelial healing. Nrg1 was majorly expressed in stem-like fibroblasts arising early in mouse colon after DSS administration, and Nrg1-Erbb3 signaling was identified as a potential mediator of interaction between stem-like fibroblasts and colonic epithelial cells. During the ongoing colitis phase, a significant infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils secreting IL-1β emerged, accompanied by the rise in stem-like fibroblasts that co-expressed Nrg1 and IL-1 receptor 1. By stimulating intestinal or lung fibroblasts with IL-1β in the context of inflammation, we observed a downregulation of Nrg1 expression. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease also exhibited an increase in NRG1+IL1R1+ fibroblasts and an interaction of NRG1-ERBB between IL1R1+ fibroblasts and colonic epithelial cells. This study reveals a novel potential mechanism for mucosal healing after inflammation-induced epithelial injury, in which inflammatory myeloid cell-derived IL-1β suppresses the early regeneration of intestinal tissue by interfering with the secretion of reparative neuregulin-1 by stem-like fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Qiu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No.58, Zhong Shan Er Lu, Guangzhou 510080, China;
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (S.X.); (K.J.)
| | - Shaoting Xu
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (S.X.); (K.J.)
| | - Kaile Ji
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (S.X.); (K.J.)
| | - Ce Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No.58, Zhong Shan Er Lu, Guangzhou 510080, China;
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (S.X.); (K.J.)
- Animal Experiment Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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3
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AlAmeel T, AlMutairdi A, Al-Bawardy B. Emerging Therapies for Ulcerative Colitis: Updates from Recent Clinical Trials. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2023; 16:147-167. [PMID: 37609124 PMCID: PMC10441644 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s375969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic and progressive inflammatory disorder that affects the colon. The advent of advanced therapies such as biologic agents and small molecules has revolutionized the management of UC. Despite the expanding therapeutic armamentarium of advanced therapies to treat UC, the overall net remission rates and durability of currently available agents are relatively low. This highlights the need for further drug development and more innovative clinical trial design. There are currently multiple emerging agents in the pipeline for the management of UC. This includes agents with alternative routes of administration such as oral or subcutaneous tumor necrosis factor inhibitors or novel mechanisms of action such as toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist cobitolimod and phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor apremilast. In this review, we will highlight novel and emerging advanced therapies currently in the pipeline for the management of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turki AlAmeel
- Department of Medicine, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulelah AlMutairdi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badr Al-Bawardy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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4
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Szandruk-Bender M, Nowak B, Merwid-Ląd A, Kucharska AZ, Krzystek-Korpacka M, Bednarz-Misa I, Wiatrak B, Szeląg A, Piórecki N, Sozański T. Cornus mas L. Extract Targets the Specific Molecules of the Th17/Treg Developmental Pathway in TNBS-Induced Experimental Colitis in Rats. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073034. [PMID: 37049797 PMCID: PMC10095994 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Given that one of the crucial events in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease is the loss of homeostasis between Th17 and Treg cells, targeting the specific molecules of the Th17/Treg axis developmental pathway is a promising strategy for inflammatory bowel disease prevention and treatment. The current study aimed to assess the impact of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) extract, rich in iridoids and polyphenols known for their potential anti-inflammatory activity, at two doses (20 or 100 mg/kg) on the crucial factors for Th17/Treg cell differentiation in the course of experimental colitis and compare this action with that of sulfasalazine. This study was conducted on the biobank colon tissue samples collected during the previous original experiment, in which colitis in rats was induced by trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS). The levels of IL-6, RORγt, total STAT3, p-STAT3, and Foxp3 were determined by ELISA. The expression of PIAS3 mRNA was quantified by qPCR. Cornelian cherry extract at a dose of 100 mg/kg counteracted the TNBS-induced elevation of IL-6, RORγt, and p-STAT3 levels and a decrease in Foxp3 level and PIAS3 mRNA expression, while given concomitantly with sulfasalazine was more effective than sulfasalazine alone in reversing the TNBS-induced changes in IL-6, RORγt, total STAT3, p-STAT3, Foxp3 levels, and PIAS3 mRNA expression. The beneficial effect of cornelian cherry extract on experimental colitis may be due to its immunomodulatory activity reflected by the influence on factors regulating the Th17/Treg axis.
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Omayone TP, Salami FT, Aluko OM, Nathanniel JN, Jeje SO, Adedeji TG, Ijomone OM. Neuroprotective effects of methyl jasmonate in male Wistar rats exposed to delayed acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis: involvement of antioxidant status, GFAP, and IBA-1 immunoreactivities. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:671-686. [PMID: 36595156 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01145-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neurobehavioral deficits have been severally reported as a comorbid outcome in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). This study evaluated neurological changes in the experimental model of IBDs, as well potential protective effects of methyl jasmonate (MJ). The study used the acetic acid model of colitis and thereafter delayed the healing process by the administration of indomethacin (Indo) (2 mg/kg, SC). Thirty male Wistar rats (120-160 g) were divided into 5 groups (n = 6). Control, Colitis, Colitis + Indo, MJ (50 mg/kg, IP) + Colitis and MJ + Colitis + Indo. Colitis was induced by intrarectal administration of 2 mL, 4% acetic acid. Neurobehavioral studies were carried out to assess memory function, depression, and anxiety on day 7 of post-colitis induction. Animals were thereafter sacrificed to collect the brain tissues for routine histology, immunoreactivity of GFAP and IBA-1, and biochemical assays. Neurobehavioral tests showed anxiety, depression, and memory deficits, especially in the Colitis + Indo group which were accompanied by increased IBA-1 and GFAP count. MJ reversed these effects and reduced GFAP count in the hippocampus and amygdala as well as IBA-1 count in the hippocampus, amygdala, and cortex. Histological observations of these areas showed no significant histopathological changes across all groups. GPx and CAT levels were significantly reduced, while MPO was significantly increased in colitis and Colitis+indo groups when compared with control, which was attenuated in groups administered with MJ. These findings tuggest that MJ possesses neuroprotective, anti-oxidant, and neuron-regeneration properties. Therefore, it could be considered as a potential treatment for behavioral deficits associated with ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tosan P Omayone
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.
| | - Faizah T Salami
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Oritoke M Aluko
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
- The Neuro-Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Jannie N Nathanniel
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
- The Neuro-Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Sikirullai O Jeje
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Temitope G Adedeji
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Omamuyovwi M Ijomone
- The Neuro-Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
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Mayer AT, Holman DR, Sood A, Tandon U, Bhate SS, Bodapati S, Barlow GL, Chang J, Black S, Crenshaw EC, Koron AN, Streett SE, Gambhir SS, Sandborn WJ, Boland BS, Hastie T, Tibshirani R, Chang JT, Nolan GP, Schürch CM, Rogalla S. A tissue atlas of ulcerative colitis revealing evidence of sex-dependent differences in disease-driving inflammatory cell types and resistance to TNF inhibitor therapy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd1166. [PMID: 36662860 PMCID: PMC9858501 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Although literature suggests that resistance to TNF inhibitor (TNFi) therapy in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) is partially linked to immune cell populations in the inflamed region, there is still substantial uncertainty underlying the relevant spatial context. Here, we used the highly multiplexed immunofluorescence imaging technology CODEX to create a publicly browsable tissue atlas of inflammation in 42 tissue regions from 29 patients with UC and 5 healthy individuals. We analyzed 52 biomarkers on 1,710,973 spatially resolved single cells to determine cell types, cell-cell contacts, and cellular neighborhoods. We observed that cellular functional states are associated with cellular neighborhoods. We further observed that a subset of inflammatory cell types and cellular neighborhoods are present in patients with UC with TNFi treatment, potentially indicating resistant niches. Last, we explored applying convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to our dataset with respect to patient clinical variables. We note concerns and offer guidelines for reporting CNN-based predictions in similar datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T. Mayer
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Enable Medicine LLC, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Derek R. Holman
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Anav Sood
- Department of Biomedical Data Science and of Statistics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Salil S. Bhate
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Graham L. Barlow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeff Chang
- Enable Medicine LLC, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Black
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Erica C. Crenshaw
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alexander N. Koron
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sarah E. Streett
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sanjiv S. Gambhir
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - William J. Sandborn
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brigid S. Boland
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Trevor Hastie
- Department of Biomedical Data Science and of Statistics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robert Tibshirani
- Department of Biomedical Data Science and of Statistics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John T. Chang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Garry P. Nolan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christian M. Schürch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Rogalla
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Chen J, Xiang X, Nie L, Guo X, Zhang F, Wen C, Xia Y, Mao L. The emerging role of Th1 cells in atherosclerosis and its implications for therapy. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1079668. [PMID: 36685487 PMCID: PMC9849744 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1079668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic progressive inflammatory disease of the large and medium-sized artery walls. The molecular mechanisms regulating the onset and progression of atherosclerosis remain unclear. T cells, one of the most common immune cell types in atherosclerotic plaques, are increasingly recognized as a key mediator in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Th1 cells are a subset of CD4+ T helper cells of the adaptive immune system, characterized by the expression of the transcription factor T-bet and secretion of cytokines such as IFN-γ. Converging evidence shows that Th1 cells play a key role in the onset and progression of atherosclerosis. Besides, Th1 is the central mediator to orchestrate the adaptive immune system. In this review, we aim to summarize the complex role of Th1 cells in atherosclerosis and propose novel preventative and therapeutic approaches targeting Th1 cell-associated specific cytokines and receptors to prevent atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lei Nie
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoqing Guo
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Wen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanpeng Xia
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Conditioned medium of mesenchymal stem cells pretreated with H 2O 2 promotes intestinal mucosal repair in acute experimental colitis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20772. [PMID: 36456585 PMCID: PMC9715703 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24493-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a new therapeutic strategy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and their efficacy has been widely recognized. However, there are still some challenges in cell therapy, including stable cell passage, laboratory conditions for cell culture, high-cost burden, and poor transplantation. The conditioned medium (CM) of MSCs is considered be an excellent alternative to cell transplantation, but the paracrine group in MSC-CM is limited in variety and low in concentration, which cannot meet the therapeutic needs of injured tissues and needs to be optimized. Pretreatment with low concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can not only protect cells from oxidative damage, but also play a role similar to growth factors and regulate the physiological function of stem cells, to obtain an improved conditioned medium. To determine the optimal protocol for pretreatment of MSCs with H2O2, and to study the efficacy and potential mechanism of MSC-CM pretreated with H2O2 on Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)-induced acute experimental colitis. MSCs were exposed to different concentrations of H2O2, and the optimal H2O2 pretreatment conditions were determined by evaluating their critical cell functional properties. H2O2-pretreated MSC-CM was transplanted into experimental mouse colitis by enema at 2, 4, and 6 days in modeling, and the changes of colonic tissue structure, the levels of inflammation and oxidative stress, the molecular changes of Nrf2/Keap1/ARE axis, and the related indicators of apoptosis in colonic epithelial cells were observed in each group. In vitro, Pretreated MSCs with 25 μM H2O2 significantly enhanced cell proliferation, migration, and survival, but had no effect on apoptosis. In vivo, MSC-CM treatment decreased apoptosis and extracellular matrix deposition, and maintained the mechanical barrier and permeability of colonic epithelial cells in experimental mouse colitis. Mechanistically, H2O2-pretreated MSC-CM against reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and MDA generation, accompanied by increases in components of the enzymatic antioxidant system includes SOD, CAT, GSH-PX, and T-AOC, which is through the up-regulation of the Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO-1 antioxidant genes. Our data confirmed that 25 μM H2O2 pretreated MSC-CM treatment could effectively improve intestinal mucosal repair in experimental colitis, which may be achieved by activating Nrf2/Keap1/ARE pathway.
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Targeting Lineage-Specific Transcription Factors and Cytokines of the Th17/Treg Axis by Novel 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Derivatives of Pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazinone Attenuates TNBS-Induced Experimental Colitis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179897. [PMID: 36077306 PMCID: PMC9456461 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacotherapy of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is still not fully effective and safe. Attempts to search for new IBD drugs remain an incessant research aim. One of the novel approaches is targeting the developmental pathway molecules and effector cytokines of Th17/Treg axis. This study aimed to elucidate the impact of new pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazinone derivatives, compounds 7b, 10b, or 13b, on the course of experimental colitis in rats and to assess whether these new compounds may influence Th17/Treg axis. Rats were pretreated with studied compounds intragastrically before intrarectal administration of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid used for colitis induction. Body weight loss, disease activity index, colon index, and colon tissue damage were analyzed to evaluate the severity of colitis. The colonic levels of RORγt, STAT3, CCR6, Foxp3, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, TNF-α, IL-23, and PGE2 were assessed. Pretreatment with compounds 7b and 13b alleviated the severity of colitis and concomitantly counteracted the increased levels of RORγt, STAT3, CCR6, IL-6, IL-17, IL-23, TNF-α, and PGE2. The beneficial effect of compounds 7b and 13b may be due to the decrease in the levels of Th17-specific transcription factors and cytokines. The studied compounds might therefore constitute a promising therapeutic strategy in Th17/Treg imbalance-driven inflammatory conditions such as IBD.
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10
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Nowak JK, Adams AT, Kalla R, Lindstrøm JC, Vatn S, Bergemalm D, Keita ÅV, Gomollón F, Jahnsen J, Vatn MH, Ricanek P, Ostrowski J, Walkowiak J, Halfvarson J, Satsangi J. Characterisation of the Circulating Transcriptomic Landscape in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Provides Evidence for Dysregulation of Multiple Transcription Factors Including NFE2, SPI1, CEBPB, and IRF2. J Crohns Colitis 2022; 16:1255-1268. [PMID: 35212366 PMCID: PMC9426667 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM To assess the pathobiological and translational importance of whole-blood transcriptomic analysis in inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]. METHODS We analysed whole-blood expression profiles from paired-end sequencing in a discovery cohort of 590 Europeans recruited across six countries in the IBD Character initiative (newly diagnosed patients with Crohn's disease [CD; n = 156], ulcerative colitis [UC; n = 167], and controls [n = 267]), exploring differential expression [DESeq2], co-expression networks [WGCNA], and transcription factor involvement [EPEE, ChEA, DoRothEA]. Findings were validated by analysis of an independent replication cohort [99 CD, 100 UC, 95 controls]. In the discovery cohort, we also defined baseline expression correlates of future treatment escalation using cross-validated elastic-net and random forest modelling, along with a pragmatic ratio detection procedure. RESULTS Disease-specific transcriptomes were defined in IBD [8697 transcripts], CD [7152], and UC [8521], with the most highly significant changes in single genes, including CD177 (log2-fold change [LFC] = 4.63, p = 4.05 × 10-118), MCEMP1 [LFC = 2.45, p = 7.37 × 10-109], and S100A12 [LFC = 2.31, p = 2.15 × 10-93]. Significantly over-represented pathways included IL-1 [p = 1.58 × 10-11], IL-4, and IL-13 [p = 8.96 × 10-9]. Highly concordant results were obtained using multiple regulatory activity inference tools applied to the discovery and replication cohorts. These analyses demonstrated central roles in IBD for the transcription factors NFE2, SPI1 [PU.1], CEBPB, and IRF2, all regulators of cytokine signalling, based on a consistent signal across cohorts and transcription factor ranking methods. A number of simple transcriptome-based models were associated with the need for treatment escalation, including the binary CLEC5A/CDH2 expression ratio in UC (hazard ratio = 23.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.3-102.0). CONCLUSIONS Transcriptomic analysis has allowed for a detailed characterisation of IBD pathobiology, with important potential translational implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan K Nowak
- Corresponding authors: Dr Jan K. Nowak, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
| | | | - Rahul Kalla
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jonas C Lindstrøm
- Health Services Research Unit, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Simen Vatn
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Gastroenterology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Daniel Bergemalm
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Åsa V Keita
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - Jørgen Jahnsen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Gastroenterology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Morten H Vatn
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- EpiGen Institute, Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Petr Ricanek
- Department of Gastroenterology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Jerzy Ostrowski
- Department of Genetics, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Centre for Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Walkowiak
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Jack Satsangi
- Jack Satsangi, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
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11
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Yang S, Li X, Xiu M, Dai Y, Wan S, Shi Y, Liu Y, He J. Flos puerariae ameliorates the intestinal inflammation of Drosophila via modulating the Nrf2/Keap1, JAK-STAT and Wnt signaling. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:893758. [PMID: 36059974 PMCID: PMC9432424 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.893758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut homeostasis is important for human health, and its disruption can lead to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Flos Puerariae is a herb with a wide variety of pharmacological activities including antioxidant, antidiabetic, antialcoholismic and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the role of Flos Puerariae on treating IBD remains obscure. Here, we employed Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism to investigate the protective effect of Flos Puerariae extract (FPE) against sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-induced intestinal injury. Our data showed that FPE had no toxic effect in flies, and significantly extended lifespan in SDS-inflamed flies, reduced stem cell proliferation in the midgut, and maintained intestinal morphological integrity. Furthermore, FPE remarkably recused the altered expression level of genes and proteins in Nrf2/Keap1 signaling, JAK-STAT signaling and Wnt signaling pathways in gut of inflammation flies. Thus, FPE has a protective effect against intestinal injury possibly via increasing the Nrf2/keap1 pathway and suppressing the JAK-STAT and Wnt signaling pathways, which would have tremendous potential for treating IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipei Yang
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and The Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and University, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xu Li
- College of Public Health, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Minghui Xiu
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and The Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and University, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- College of Public Health, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Gansu, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuting Dai
- College of Public Health, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shengfang Wan
- College of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and The Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and University, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongqi Liu
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and The Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and University, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Transfer of Dunhuang Medicine at the Provincial and Ministerial Level, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jianzheng He, ; Yongqi Liu,
| | - Jianzheng He
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and The Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and University, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Transfer of Dunhuang Medicine at the Provincial and Ministerial Level, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jianzheng He, ; Yongqi Liu,
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12
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Santiago P, Braga-Neto MB, Loftus EV. Novel Therapies for Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 2022; 18:453-465. [PMID: 36397817 PMCID: PMC9666808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of biologic therapy has improved the treatment and clinical course of patients with inflammatory bowel disease since the initial approval of infliximab for Crohn's disease in 1998. However, the efficacy and safety profiles of currently available therapies are still less than optimal in several ways, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic targets. Several new drug classes (Janus kinase inhibitors, anti-integrins, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators, anti-interleukin-23 antibodies, and stem cell therapies) are currently being studied in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis with promising results. This article reviews the current literature and provides an updated overview of the emerging therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Santiago
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Manuel B Braga-Neto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Edward V Loftus
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
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13
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Monteleone G, Stolfi C, Marafini I, Atreya R, Neurath MF. Smad7 Antisense Oligonucleotide-Based Therapy in Crohn's Disease: Is it Time to Re-Evaluate? Mol Diagn Ther 2022; 26:477-481. [PMID: 35841457 PMCID: PMC9411088 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-022-00606-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abundant preclinical work showed that in Crohn’s disease (CD), the defective activity of the immunosuppressive cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TGF)-β1 due to high levels of the intracellular inhibitor Smad7 contributes to amplify the tissue-damaging inflammatory response. Consistently, phase I and II studies documented clinical and endoscopic benefit in active CD patients treated with mongersen, an oral antisense oligonucleotide targeting Smad7. However, a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III study was prematurely discontinued as a futility analysis showed that mongersen was not effective in CD patients. The reasons why the phase III study failed despite the fact that previous clinical trials documented the efficacy of the drug remain unknown. The primary objective of this Viewpoint was to provide clues about the factors explaining discrepancies among the clinical trials. We illustrate the recent data indicating that the various batches of mongersen, used during the phase III program, are chemically different, with some of them being unable to downregulate Smad7 expression. Overall, these findings suggest the necessity of new clinical studies to further evaluate the efficacy of chemically homogenous batches of mongersen in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), and, at the same time, they can help understand the failure of other clinical trials with antisense oligonucleotides in IBD (i.e. alicaforsen).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Monteleone
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "TOR VERGATA", Via Montpellier, 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - Carmine Stolfi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "TOR VERGATA", Via Montpellier, 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Marafini
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "TOR VERGATA", Via Montpellier, 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Raja Atreya
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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14
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Abraham C, Abreu MT, Turner JR. Pattern Recognition Receptor Signaling and Cytokine Networks in Microbial Defenses and Regulation of Intestinal Barriers: Implications for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterology 2022; 162:1602-1616.e6. [PMID: 35149024 PMCID: PMC9112237 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.12.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is characterized by defects in epithelial function and dysregulated inflammatory signaling by lamina propria mononuclear cells including macrophages and dendritic cells in response to microbiota. In this review, we focus on the role of pattern recognition receptors in the inflammatory response as well as epithelial barrier regulation. We explore cytokine networks that increase inflammation, regulate paracellular permeability, cause epithelial damage, up-regulate epithelial proliferation, and trigger restitutive processes. We focus on studies using patient samples as well as speculate on pathways that can be targeted to more holistically treat patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Abraham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Maria T. Abreu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Jerrold R. Turner
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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15
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Sandborn WJ, D'Haens GR, Reinisch W, Panés J, Chan D, Gonzalez S, Weisel K, Germinaro M, Frustaci ME, Yang Z, Adedokun OJ, Han C, Panaccione R, Hisamatsu T, Danese S, Rubin DT, Sands BE, Afzali A, Andrews JM, Feagan BG. Guselkumab for the Treatment of Crohn's Disease: Induction Results From the Phase 2 GALAXI-1 Study. Gastroenterology 2022; 162:1650-1664.e8. [PMID: 35134323 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2022.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Guselkumab, a selective p19 interleukin-23 antagonist, is approved for the treatment of plaque psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of guselkumab in patients with moderately to severely active Crohn's disease with inadequate response or intolerance to conventional or biologic therapy. METHODS GALAXI-1, a phase 2, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, randomized patients 1:1:1:1:1 to intravenous guselkumab 200 mg, 600 mg, or 1200 mg at weeks 0, 4, and 8; intravenous ustekinumab approximately 6 mg/kg at week 0 and 90 mg subcutaneously at week 8; or placebo. Change from baseline in Crohn's Disease Activity Index score (primary end point), clinical remission, clinical response, Patient Reported Outcomes-2 remission, clinical-biomarker response, endoscopic response (major secondary end points), and safety in guselkumab-treated patients vs placebo were evaluated through week 12. Ustekinumab was a reference arm. RESULTS Of 309 patients evaluated, approximately 50% had disease refractory to prior biologic therapy. At week 12, significantly greater reductions in Crohn's Disease Activity Index from baseline (least squares means: 200 mg: -160.4, 600 mg: -138.9, and 1200 mg: -144.9 vs placebo: -36.2; all, P < .05) and significantly greater proportions of patients achieved clinical remission in each guselkumab group vs placebo (Crohn's Disease Activity Index <150; 57.4%, 55.6%, and 45.9% vs 16.4%; all, P < .05). Greater proportions of patients receiving guselkumab achieved clinical response, Patient Reported Outcomes-2 remission, clinical-biomarker response, and endoscopic response at week 12 vs placebo. Efficacy of ustekinumab vs placebo was also demonstrated. Safety event rates were generally similar across treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS At week 12, all 3 dose regimens of guselkumab induced greater clinical and endoscopic improvements vs placebo, with a favorable safety profile. CLINICALTRIALS gov, Number: NCT03466411.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geert R D'Haens
- Department of Gastroenterology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Julián Panés
- Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Biomedical Research Centers on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daphne Chan
- Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, Horsham, Pennsylvania
| | - Susana Gonzalez
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathleen Weisel
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Zijiang Yang
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | | | - Silvio Danese
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - David T Rubin
- University of Chicago Medicine Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Bruce E Sands
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Anita Afzali
- The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jane M Andrews
- Royal Adelaide Hospital and University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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16
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Yang W, Dong H, Wang P, Xu Z, Xian J, Chen J, Wu H, Lou Y, Lin D, Zhong B. IL-36γ and IL-36Ra Reciprocally Regulate Colon Inflammation and Tumorigenesis by Modulating the Cell-Matrix Adhesion Network and Wnt Signaling. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103035. [PMID: 35119210 PMCID: PMC8981487 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer are associated with dysregulation of cytokine networks. However, it is challenging to target cytokines for effective intervention because of the overlapping functions and unpredictable interactions of cytokines in such diverse networks. Here, it is shown that IL-36γ and IL-36Ra, an agonist and an antagonist for IL-36R signaling respectively, reciprocally regulate the experimental colitis and the colon cancer development in mice. Knockout or neutralization of IL-36γ alleviates dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and inhibits colon cancer development, whereas knockout of IL-36Ra exacerbates DSS-induced colitis and promotes colonic tumorigenesis in multiple colon cancer models in mice. Mechanistically, IL-36γ upregulates extracellular matrix and cell-matrix adhesion molecules and facilitates Wnt signaling, which is mitigated by IL-36Ra or IL-36γ neutralizing antibody. Consistently, IL-36γ levels are positively correlated with extracellular matrix levels and β-catenin levels in human colorectal tumor biopsies. These findings suggest the critical role of IL-36γ and IL-36Ra in gut inflammation and tumorigenesis and indicate that targeting the IL-36γ/IL-36Ra signal balance provides potential therapeutic strategy for inflammatory bowel disease and gastrointestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryMedical Research InstituteZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Department of VirologyCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
- Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and CancerChinese Academy of Medical SciencesWuhan430071China
| | - Hong‐Peng Dong
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryMedical Research InstituteZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Department of VirologyCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryMedical Research InstituteZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Department of VirologyCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Zhi‐Gao Xu
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases and Transplant CenterZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
| | - Jiahuan Xian
- Yurogen Biosystems LLC (Wuhan)666 Gaoxin Avenue, Building C6, Donghu DistrictWuhan430064China
| | - Jiachen Chen
- Yurogen Biosystems LLC (Wuhan)666 Gaoxin Avenue, Building C6, Donghu DistrictWuhan430064China
| | - Hai Wu
- Yurogen Biosystems LLC (Wuhan)666 Gaoxin Avenue, Building C6, Donghu DistrictWuhan430064China
| | - Yang Lou
- Yurogen Biosystems LLC (Wuhan)666 Gaoxin Avenue, Building C6, Donghu DistrictWuhan430064China
| | - Dandan Lin
- Cancer CenterRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan430061China
| | - Bo Zhong
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryMedical Research InstituteZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Department of VirologyCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
- Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and CancerChinese Academy of Medical SciencesWuhan430071China
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17
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Nielsen OH, Boye TL, Chakravarti D, Gubatan J. Selective tyrosine kinase 2 inhibitors in inflammatory bowel disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:424-436. [PMID: 35277286 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent significant advances have been made in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases with initiation of the era of biologics. However, an unmet medical need still exists for novel targeted therapies. Compared with biologics, Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKis) are a new drug class of orally administered small molecules that have been shown to efficiently modulate complex cytokine-driven inflammation in preclinical models and human studies. Unfortunately, serious adverse effects have been reported with the first introduced pan-JAKi, tofacitinib. Here, we review tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) signaling in the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), examine mechanisms of action of selective TYK2 inhibitors (TYK2is), and discuss the potential for these inhibitors in efforts to balance benefits and harms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Haagen Nielsen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Theresa Louise Boye
- Department of Gastroenterology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Deepavali Chakravarti
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John Gubatan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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18
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Probiotics in Intestinal Mucosal Healing: A New Therapy or an Old Friend? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111181. [PMID: 34832962 PMCID: PMC8622522 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn’s disease, and ulcerative colitis are characterized by chronic and relapsing inflammation, while their pathogenesis remains mostly unelucidated. Gut commensal microbiota seem to be one of the various implicated factors, as several studies have shown a significant decrease in the microbiome diversity of patients with IBD. Although the question of whether microbiota dysbiosis is a causal factor or the result of chronic inflammation remains unanswered, one fact is clear; active inflammation in IBD results in the disruption of the mucus layer structure, barrier function, and also, colonization sites. Recently, many studies on IBD have been focusing on the interplay between mucosal and luminal microbiota, underlining their possible beneficial effect on mucosal healing. Regarding this notion, it has now been shown that specific probiotic strains, when administrated, lead to significantly decreased inflammation, amelioration of colitis, and improved mucosal healing. Probiotics are live microorganisms exerting beneficial effects on the host’s health when administered in adequate quantity. The aim of this review was to present and discuss the current findings on the role of gut microbiota and their metabolites in intestinal wound healing and the effects of probiotics on intestinal mucosal wound closure.
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19
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Ihara Y, Torisu T, Miyawaki K, Umeno J, Kawasaki K, Hirano A, Fujioka S, Fuyuno Y, Matsuno Y, Sugio T, Sasaki K, Moriyama T, Akashi K, Kitazono T. Ustekinumab Improves Active Crohn's Disease by Suppressing the T Helper 17 Pathway. Digestion 2021; 102:946-955. [PMID: 34350861 DOI: 10.1159/000518103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ustekinumab (UST), an antibody targeting the p40 subunit of interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23, is effective in treating Crohn's disease (CD). To clarify the mechanism of UST, we investigated T-cell differentiation in CD patients treated with UST. METHODS Twenty-seven patients with active CD were enrolled in this study. Seventeen patients were treated with UST, and 10 patients were treated with anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha therapy. The changes in the proportions of T-cell subsets after these therapies were analyzed by flow cytometry. Comprehensive gene expression changes in the colonic mucosa were also evaluated. RESULTS The frequency of T helper (Th) 17 cells was significantly decreased in the peripheral blood of patients with active CD after UST therapy. Anti-TNF therapy had a minimal effect on Th17 cells but increased the proportion of regulatory T cells. Enrichment analysis showed the expression of genes involved in the Th17 differentiation pathway was downregulated in the colonic mucosa after UST but not anti-TNF therapy. There were no common differentially expressed genes between CD patients treated with UST and anti-TNF therapy, suggesting a clear difference in their mechanism of action. CONCLUSION In patients with active CD, UST therapy suppressed Th17 cell differentiation both in the peripheral blood and colonic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Ihara
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takehiro Torisu
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kohta Miyawaki
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junji Umeno
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kawasaki
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hirano
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shin Fujioka
- Department of Endoscopic Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuta Fuyuno
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuichi Matsuno
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sugio
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kensuke Sasaki
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Moriyama
- Department of International Medical, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koichi Akashi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takanari Kitazono
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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20
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Lucaciu LA, Ilieș M, Vesa ȘC, Seicean R, Din S, Iuga CA, Seicean A. Serum Interleukin (IL)-23 and IL-17 Profile in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Patients Could Differentiate between Severe and Non-Severe Disease. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11111130. [PMID: 34834482 PMCID: PMC8621192 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11111130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-23 are crucial for mediating gut mucosal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which has led to new therapeutic strategies. We assessed the relevancy of IL-17 and IL-23 serum levels as potential biomarkers towards severe IBD discrimination and disease-related complications. Sixty-two patients diagnosed with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) were included. Serum IL-17 and IL-23 were measured by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). IL-23 and fecal calprotectin (FCal) were significantly higher in severe CD (p < 0.001) and UC (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively), compared to mild or moderate. Elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) was correlated with severe disease only in CD (p = 0.008), whereas for UC, disease severity was associated with increased IL-17 values (p < 0.001). Diagnostic role of IL-23 was superior to FCal in discriminating between severe and mild to moderate CD (p < 0.001). IL-23 levels were also significantly higher in CD patients with intestinal complications (p = 0.04). Both IL-17 and IL-23 correlate with IBD severity, and IL-23 might be a promising novel biomarker for severe CD. Identifying the dominant IL pathway involved in IBD severity could serve as guidance for clinical decision-making on biologic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Lucaciu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Victor Babeș Street No. 8, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.A.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Maria Ilieș
- Department of Proteomics and Metabolomics, MedFuture-Research Centre for Advanced Medicine, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Victor Babeș Street No. 8, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.I.); (C.A.I.)
| | - Ștefan C. Vesa
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Victor Babeș Street No. 8, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Radu Seicean
- Department of General Surgery, First Surgical Clinic, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Victor Babeș Street No. 8, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Shahida Din
- Edinburgh IBD Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK;
| | - Cristina Adela Iuga
- Department of Proteomics and Metabolomics, MedFuture-Research Centre for Advanced Medicine, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Victor Babeș Street No. 8, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.I.); (C.A.I.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Victor Babeș Street No. 8, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andrada Seicean
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Victor Babeș Street No. 8, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.A.L.); (A.S.)
- “Prof. Dr. Octavian Fodor” Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Croitorilor Street No. 19-21, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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21
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Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are chronic, immune-mediated diseases of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Their etiology is complex and involves immune (eg, cytokines) and nonimmune (eg, environment) mediated contributions, causing inflammatory damage to the GI tract. Though cytokines contribute a major role in the inflammatory process of both CD and UC, there are some key differences in which cytokines are involved in the pathobiology of CD and UC. Over the past several years, new biologic-directed therapies have focused on controlling specific aspects of inflammation associated with both conditions. Although these treatments have benefited patients overall, approximately 30% of patients still do not respond to induction (initial) therapy, and up to 50% of patients lose response to treatment over a year. Many of these therapies are administered parenterally and have been associated with adverse events such as serious infections or malignancy. Therefore, there is a significant unmet medical need for these patients to minimize symptoms and promote GI healing. There are several therapeutic agents in the pipeline, including oral, small molecules, which hold much promise. One group of small molecules known as Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors offers an additional option for treatment of chronic inflammatory conditions, based on currently available data. The article will focus on the potential benefits of JAK inhibitors as oral, small molecules, such as the potential role of selectivity, and potential risks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruce R Yacyshyn
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
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22
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Hundhausen C, Schneckmann R, Ostendorf Y, Rimpler J, von Glinski A, Kohlmorgen C, Pasch N, Rolauer L, von Ameln F, Eckermann O, Altschmied J, Ale-Agha N, Haendeler J, Flögel U, Fischer JW, Grandoch M. Endothelial hyaluronan synthase 3 aggravates acute colitis in an experimental model of inflammatory bowel disease. Matrix Biol 2021; 102:20-36. [PMID: 34464693 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The association between hyaluronan (HA) accumulation and increased inflammation in the colon suggests that HA is a potential therapeutic target in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, whether patients with IBD would benefit from interference with HA synthesis is unknown. Here, we used pharmacological and genetic approaches to investigate the impact of systemic and partial blockade of HA synthesis in the Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis model. To systemically inhibit HA production, we used 4-Methylumbelliferone (4-MU), whereas genetic approaches included the generation of mice with global or inducible cell-type specific deficiency in the Hyaluronan synthase 3 (Has3). We found that 4-MU treatment did not ameliorate but exacerbated disease severity characterized by increased body weight loss and enhanced colon tissue destruction compared to control mice without colitis. In contrast, global Has3 deficiency had a profound protective effect as reflected by a low colitis score and reduced infiltration of immune cells into the colon. To get further mechanistic insight into the proinflammatory role of HAS3, we deleted Has3 in a cell-type specific manner. Interestingly, while lack of Has3 expression in intestinal epithelial and smooth muscle cells had no effect or was rather proinflammatory, mice with Has3 deficiency in the endothelium were strongly protected against acute colitis. We conclude that endothelium-derived HAS3 plays a critical role in driving experimental colitis, warranting future studies on cell type-specific therapeutic interference with HA production in human IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hundhausen
- Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rebekka Schneckmann
- Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Yanina Ostendorf
- Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Rimpler
- Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anette von Glinski
- Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christina Kohlmorgen
- Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nina Pasch
- Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Luca Rolauer
- Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Florian von Ameln
- Environmentally-induced Cardiovascular Degeneration, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical Faculty, University Clinics and Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf and IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Olaf Eckermann
- Environmentally-induced Cardiovascular Degeneration, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical Faculty, University Clinics and Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf and IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Joachim Altschmied
- Environmentally-induced Cardiovascular Degeneration, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical Faculty, University Clinics and Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf and IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Niloofar Ale-Agha
- Environmentally-induced Cardiovascular Degeneration, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical Faculty, University Clinics and Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Judith Haendeler
- Environmentally-induced Cardiovascular Degeneration, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical Faculty, University Clinics and Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ulrich Flögel
- Institute for Molecular Cardiology, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jens W Fischer
- Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maria Grandoch
- Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Misselwitz B, Juillerat P, Sulz MC, Siegmund B, Brand S. Emerging Treatment Options in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Janus Kinases, Stem Cells, and More. Digestion 2021; 101 Suppl 1:69-82. [PMID: 32570252 DOI: 10.1159/000507782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) has tremendously improved during the last 20 years; however, a substantial fraction of patients does not respond to available therapies or lose response, and new strategies are needed. SUMMARY Two pharmacological principles have been successfully used for IBD treatment: inhibition of cellular signaling and interference with leukocyte trafficking. Besides tumor necrosis factor, interleukin (IL)-23 is a promising drug target, and antibodies for the combined inhibition of IL-23 and IL-12 (ustekinumab and briakinumab) or selective IL-23 inhibition (brazikumab, risankizumab, and mirikizumab) seem to be effective in Crohn's disease (CD) with emerging evidence also for ulcerative colitis (UC). Janus kinase (JAK) mediates intracellular signaling of a large number of cytokines. Tofacitinib is the first JAK inhibitor approved for UC, and the JAK inhibitors filgotinib and upadacitinib showed potential in CD. Leukocyte trafficking can be inhibited by interference with lymphocyte integrin-α4β7 or endothelial MadCAM-1. The α4β7 integrin inhibitor vedolizumab is an established treatment in IBD, and long-term data of pivotal studies are now available. Additional molecules with therapeutic potential are α4β7-specific abrilumab, β7-specific etrolizumab, and the α4-specific small molecule AJM300. PF-00547659, an antibody against endothelial MadCAM-1, also showed therapeutic potential in UC. Modulation of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) activity is necessary for the egress of lymphocytes into the circulation, and S1PR modulation results in lymphocyte trapping in lymphatic organs. Ozanimod, an S1PR1 and S1PR5 inhibitor, has been successfully tested in initial studies in UC. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy has been approved for the treatment of complex, active CD fistula, and mesenchymal stem cell therapy might be a paradigm shift for this condition. Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) has been successfully used in CD case series; however, in a randomized trial, a highly stringent endpoint was not met. However, considering positive effects in secondary endpoints, ASCT might be a future treatment of last resort in severe, refractory CD cases, provided that safer protocols can be provided. Key messages: New IBD treatments are successful for a significant fraction of patients. However, new strategies for patient selection, treatment combinations, and/or additional therapies must be developed to serve the need of all IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Misselwitz
- Gastroenterology, Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital Bern and Bern University, Bern, Switzerland,
| | - Pascal Juillerat
- Gastroenterology, Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital Bern and Bern University, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Christian Sulz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Medical Department (Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Brand
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Caballol B, Gudiño V, Panes J, Salas A. Ulcerative colitis: shedding light on emerging agents and strategies in preclinical and early clinical development. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2021; 30:931-946. [PMID: 34365869 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2021.1965122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory disease of the large intestine. Progress in preclinical therapeutic target discovery and clinical trial design has resulted in the approval of new therapies. Nonetheless, remission rates remain below 30% thus underlining the need for novel, more effective therapies. AREAS COVERED This paper reviews current experimental techniques available for drug testing in intestinal inflammation and examines new therapies in clinical development for the treatment of UC. The authors searched the literature for 'ulcerative colitis' AND 'preclinical' OR 'drug target/drug name' (i.e. infliximab, vedolizumab, IL-12, IL-23, JAK, etc.). Studies that included preclinical in vivo or in vitro experiments are discussed. The clinicaltrial.gov site was searched for 'ulcerative colitis' AND 'Recruiting' OR 'Active, not recruiting' AND 'Interventional (Clinical Trial)' AND 'early phase 1' OR 'phase 1' OR 'phase 2' OR 'phase 3.' EXPERT OPINION Using in vivo, ex vivo, and/or in vitro models could increase the success rates of drugs moving to clinical trials, and hence increase the efficiency of this costly process. Selective JAK1 inhibitors, S1P modulators, and anti-p19 antibodies are the most promising options to improve treatment effectiveness. The development of drugs with gut-restricted exposure may provide increased efficacy and an improved safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Caballol
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victoria Gudiño
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julian Panes
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Azucena Salas
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Gonzalez Acera M, Patankar JV, Diemand L, Siegmund B, Neurath MF, Wirtz S, Becker C. Comparative Transcriptomics of IBD Patients Indicates Induction of Type 2 Immunity Irrespective of the Disease Ideotype. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:664045. [PMID: 34136502 PMCID: PMC8200538 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.664045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines initiate and sustain the perpetuation of processes leading to chronic inflammatory conditions such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The nature of the trigger causing an inflammatory reaction decides whether type 1, type 17, or type 2 immune responses, typically characterized by the respective T- helper cell subsets, come into effect. In the intestine, Type 2 responses have been linked with mucosal healing and resolution upon an immune challenge involving parasitic infections. However, type 2 cytokines are frequently elevated in certain types of IBD in particular ulcerative colitis (UC) leading to the assumption that Th2 cells might critically support the pathogenesis of UC raising the question of whether such elevated type 2 responses in IBD are beneficial or detrimental. In line with this, previous studies showed that suppression of IL-13 and other type 2 related molecules in murine models could improve the outcomes of intestinal inflammation. However, therapeutic attempts of neutralizing IL-13 in ulcerative colitis patients have yielded no benefits. Thus, a better understanding of the role of type 2 cytokines in regulating intestinal inflammation is required. Here, we took a comparative transcriptomic approach to address how Th2 responses evolve in different mouse models of colitis and human IBD datasets. Our data show that type 2 immune-related transcripts are induced in the inflamed gut of IBD patients in both Crohn's disease and UC and across widely used mouse models of IBD. Collectively our data implicate that the presence of a type 2 signature rather defines a distinct state of intestinal inflammation than a disease-specific pathomechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Gonzalez Acera
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jay V Patankar
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Leonard Diemand
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Medizinische Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Wirtz
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Becker
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
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26
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Magrì S, Chessa L, Demurtas M, Cabras F, Mocci G. Review article: safety of new biologic agents for inflammatory bowel disease in the liver. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 33:623-630. [PMID: 33470695 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000002076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
New biologic agents (vedolizumab, ustekinumab and tofacitinib) represent an effective treatment for inflammatory bowel diseases and have been recently approved. However, with a rapidly evolving complement of advanced targeted therapies, new concerns about their potentially undesirable effects on liver function emerge. In particular, little is known about safety data in patients with hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus chronic infections, cirrhosis and in transplanted patients who are accumulating. In addition, these new agents have also been associated with drug-induced liver injury. Limited data on the efficacy of vedolizumab in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis are also available. This article reviews available data about hepatic safety concerns in patients receiving vedolizumab, ustekinumab and tofacitinib with and without preexistent hepatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Magrì
- Department of Endoscopic Surgery, 'G.Brotzu' Hospital, Piazzale Alessandro Ricchi, Cagliari
| | - Luchino Chessa
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Presidio Policlinico of Monserrato, Monserrato
| | - Mauro Demurtas
- Endoscopic Unit, Department of Surgery, San Martino Hospital, Viale Fondazione Rockfeller, Oristano
| | - Francesco Cabras
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Surgery, 'G. Brotzu' Hospital, Piazzale Alessandro Ricchi, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giammarco Mocci
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Surgery, 'G. Brotzu' Hospital, Piazzale Alessandro Ricchi, Cagliari, Italy
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27
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Planat-Benard V, Varin A, Casteilla L. MSCs and Inflammatory Cells Crosstalk in Regenerative Medicine: Concerted Actions for Optimized Resolution Driven by Energy Metabolism. Front Immunol 2021; 12:626755. [PMID: 33995350 PMCID: PMC8120150 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.626755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are currently widely used in cell based therapy regarding to their remarkable efficacy in controlling the inflammatory status in patients. Despite recent progress and encouraging results, inconstant therapeutic benefits are reported suggesting that significant breakthroughs in the understanding of MSCs immunomodulatory mechanisms of action remains to be investigated and certainly apprehended from original point of view. This review will focus on the recent findings regarding MSCs close relationship with the innate immune compartment, i.e. granulocytes and myeloid cells. The review will also consider the intercellular mechanism of communication involved, such as factor secretion, cell-cell contact, extracellular vesicles, mitochondria transfer and efferocytosis. Immune-like-properties of MSCs supporting part of their therapeutic effect in the clinical setting will be discussed, as well as their potentials (immunomodulatory, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant defenses and metabolic adaptation…) and effects mediated, such as cell polarization, differentiation, death and survival on various immune and tissue cell targets determinant in triggering tissue regeneration. Their metabolic properties in term of sensing, reacting and producing metabolites influencing tissue inflammation will be highlighted. The review will finally open to discussion how ongoing scientific advances on MSCs could be efficiently translated to clinic in chronic and age-related inflammatory diseases and the current limits and gaps that remain to be overcome to achieving tissue regeneration and rejuvenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Planat-Benard
- RESTORE, University of Toulouse, UMR 1031-INSERM, 5070-CNRS, Etablissement Français du Sang-Occitanie (EFS), Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Audrey Varin
- RESTORE, University of Toulouse, UMR 1031-INSERM, 5070-CNRS, Etablissement Français du Sang-Occitanie (EFS), Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Louis Casteilla
- RESTORE, University of Toulouse, UMR 1031-INSERM, 5070-CNRS, Etablissement Français du Sang-Occitanie (EFS), Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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28
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Menter A, Krueger GG, Paek SY, Kivelevitch D, Adamopoulos IE, Langley RG. Interleukin-17 and Interleukin-23: A Narrative Review of Mechanisms of Action in Psoriasis and Associated Comorbidities. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2021; 11:385-400. [PMID: 33512665 PMCID: PMC8019008 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-021-00483-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is an immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease associated with numerous inflammatory comorbidities, including increased cardiovascular risk. The interleukin (IL)-23/IL-17 axis plays a central role in the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis and related comorbidities by acting to stimulate keratinocyte hyperproliferation and feed-forwarding circuits of perpetual T cell-mediated inflammation. IL-17 plays an important role in the downstream portion of the psoriatic inflammatory cascade. This review discusses the distinct mechanisms of action of IL-17 and IL-23 in the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis and related comorbidities plus the significant therapeutic benefits of selectively inhibiting these cytokines in patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Iannis E Adamopoulos
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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29
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Uncovering the mechanism of Ge-Gen-Qin-Lian decoction for treating ulcerative colitis based on network pharmacology and molecular docking verification. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:227516. [PMID: 33409535 PMCID: PMC7876598 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20203565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Ge-Gen-Qin-Lian Decoction (GGQLD), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula, has been widely used for ulcerative colitis (UC) in China, but the pharmacological mechanisms remain unclear. This research was designed to clarify the underlying pharmacological mechanism of GGQLD against UC. Method: In this research, a GGQLD-compound-target-UC network was constructed based on public databases to clarify the relationship between active compounds in GGQLD and potential targets. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed to investigate biological functions associated with potential targets. A protein–protein interaction network was constructed to screen and evaluate hub genes and key active ingredients. Molecular docking was used to verify the activities of binding between hub targets and ingredients. Results: Finally, 83 potential therapeutic targets and 118 corresponding active ingredients were obtained by network pharmacology. Quercetin, kaempferol, wogonin, baicalein, and naringenin were identified as potential candidate ingredients. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed that GGQLD had anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and immunomodulatory effects. The effect of GGQLD on UC might be achieved by regulating the balance of cytokines (e.g., IL-6, TNF, IL-1β, CXCL8, CCL2) in the immune system and inflammation-related pathways, such as the IL-17 pathway and the Th17 cell differentiation pathway. In addition, molecular docking results demonstrated that the main active ingredient, quercetin, exhibited good affinity to hub targets. Conclusion: This research fully reflects the multicomponent and multitarget characteristics of GGQLD in the treatment of UC. Furthermore, the present study provided new insight into the mechanisms of GGQLD against UC.
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Tyagi RK, Jacobse J, Li J, Allaman MM, Otipoby KL, Sampson ER, Wilson KT, Goettel JA. HLA-Restriction of Human Treg Cells Is Not Required for Therapeutic Efficacy of Low-Dose IL-2 in Humanized Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:630204. [PMID: 33717161 PMCID: PMC7945590 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.630204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are essential to maintain immune homeostasis in the intestine and Treg cell dysfunction is associated with several inflammatory and autoimmune disorders including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Efforts using low-dose (LD) interleukin-2 (IL-2) to expand autologous Treg cells show therapeutic efficacy for several inflammatory conditions. Whether LD IL-2 is an effective strategy for treating patients with IBD is unknown. Recently, we demonstrated that LD IL-2 was protective against experimental colitis in immune humanized mice in which human CD4+ T cells were restricted to human leukocyte antigen (HLA). Whether HLA restriction is required for human Treg cells to ameliorate colitis following LD IL-2 therapy has not been demonstrated. Here, we show that treatment with LD IL-2 reduced 2,4,6-trinitrobenzensulfonic acid (TNBS) colitis severity in NOD.PrkdcscidIl2rg-/- (NSG) mice reconstituted with human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells. These data demonstrate the utility of standard immune humanized NSG mice as a pre-clinical model system to evaluate therapeutics targeting human Treg cells to treat IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev K. Tyagi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Justin Jacobse
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Willem-Alexander Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Margret M. Allaman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Kevin L. Otipoby
- Pandion Therapeutics, Immunology Department, Watertown, MA, United States
| | - Erik R. Sampson
- Pandion Therapeutics, Immunology Department, Watertown, MA, United States
| | - Keith T. Wilson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jeremy A. Goettel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Jeremy A. Goettel,
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31
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D'Amico F, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Danese S, Fiorino G. New drugs in the pipeline for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases: what is coming? Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 55:141-150. [PMID: 33254032 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the past twenty years several biological drugs and the first small molecule have been approved for the treatment of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). However, a large percentage of patients do not respond to therapies and the demand for new effective drugs is still an unmet need. The better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of disease has allowed to identify new therapeutic targets to block inflammatory pathways. To date, many emerging drugs have been developed and are being tested for both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease patients. Here, we summarize the efficacy and safety data of the most promising drugs that could soon enrich the therapeutic armamentarium of IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando D'Amico
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy; Department of Gastroenterology and Inserm NGERE U1256, University Hospital of Nancy, University of Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet
- Department of Gastroenterology and Inserm NGERE U1256, University Hospital of Nancy, University of Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Silvio Danese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy; IBD Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gionata Fiorino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy; IBD Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
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Gioco R, Corona D, Ekser B, Puzzo L, Inserra G, Pinto F, Schipa C, Privitera F, Veroux P, Veroux M. Gastrointestinal complications after kidney transplantation. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:5797-5811. [PMID: 33132635 PMCID: PMC7579754 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i38.5797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal complications are common after renal transplantation, and they have a wide clinical spectrum, varying from diarrhoea to post-transplant inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Chronic immunosuppression may increase the risk of post-transplant infection and medication-related injury and may also be responsible for IBD in kidney transplant re-cipients despite immunosuppression. Differentiating the various forms of post-transplant colitis is challenging, since most have similar clinical and histological features. Drug-related colitis are the most frequently encountered colitis after kidney transplantation, particularly those related to the chronic use of mycophenolate mofetil, while de novo IBDs are quite rare. This review will explore colitis after kidney transplantation, with a particular focus on different clinical and histological features, attempting to clearly identify the right treatment, thereby improving the final outcome of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Gioco
- General Surgery Unit, University Hospital of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Daniela Corona
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Burcin Ekser
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Lidia Puzzo
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Gaetano Inserra
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania 95100, Italy
| | - Flavia Pinto
- General Surgery Unit, University Hospital of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Chiara Schipa
- General Surgery Unit, University Hospital of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | | | | | - Massimiliano Veroux
- General Surgery Unit, Organ Transplant Unit, University Hospital of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, University Hospital of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
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33
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Physical Activity Shapes the Intestinal Microbiome and Immunity of Healthy Mice but Has No Protective Effects against Colitis in MUC2 -/- Mice. mSystems 2020; 5:5/5/e00515-20. [PMID: 33024049 PMCID: PMC7542559 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00515-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Perturbation in the gut microbial ecosystem has been associated with various diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease. Habitual physical activity, through its ability to modulate the gut microbiome, has recently been shown to prophylactically protect against chemically induced models of murine colitis. Here, we (i) confirm previous reports that physical activity has limited but significant effects on the gut microbiome of mice and (ii) show that such changes are associated with anti-inflammatory states in the gut, such as increased production of beneficial short-chain fatty acids and lower levels of proinflammatory immune markers implicated in human colitis; however, we also show that (iii) these physical activity-derived benefits are completely lost in the absence of a healthy intestinal mucus layer, a hallmark phenotype of human colitis. The interactions among humans, their environment, and the trillions of microbes residing within the human intestinal tract form a tripartite relationship that is fundamental to the overall health of the host. Disruptions in the delicate balance between the intestinal microbiota and host immunity are implicated in various chronic diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). There is no known cure for IBD; therefore, novel therapeutics targeting prevention and symptom management are of great interest. Recently, physical activity in healthy mice was shown to be protective against chemically induced colitis; however, the benefits of physical activity during or following disease onset are not known. In this study, we examine whether voluntary wheel running is protective against primary disease symptoms in a mucin 2-deficient (Muc2−/−) lifelong model of murine colitis. We show that 6 weeks of wheel running in healthy C57BL/6 mice leads to distinct changes in fecal bacteriome, increased butyrate production, and modulation in colonic gene expression of various cytokines, suggesting an overall primed anti-inflammatory state. However, these physical activity-derived benefits are not present in Muc2−/− mice harboring a dysfunctional mucosal layer from birth, ultimately showing no improvements in clinical signs. We extrapolate from our findings that while physical activity in healthy individuals may be an important preventative measure against IBD, for those with a compromised intestinal mucosa, a commonality in IBD patients, these benefits are lost. IMPORTANCE Perturbation in the gut microbial ecosystem has been associated with various diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease. Habitual physical activity, through its ability to modulate the gut microbiome, has recently been shown to prophylactically protect against chemically induced models of murine colitis. Here, we (i) confirm previous reports that physical activity has limited but significant effects on the gut microbiome of mice and (ii) show that such changes are associated with anti-inflammatory states in the gut, such as increased production of beneficial short-chain fatty acids and lower levels of proinflammatory immune markers implicated in human colitis; however, we also show that (iii) these physical activity-derived benefits are completely lost in the absence of a healthy intestinal mucus layer, a hallmark phenotype of human colitis.
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Palasik BN, Wang H. Tofacitinib, the First Oral Janus Kinase Inhibitor Approved for Adult Ulcerative Colitis. J Pharm Pract 2020; 34:913-921. [PMID: 32873116 DOI: 10.1177/0897190020953019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) characterized by chronic gastrointestinal inflammation. In most patients, the disease cycles through periods of remission and exacerbations. The complex etiology involves multiple factors including environmental, genetic, and immune causal elements. Janus Kinase (JAK) family is an essential component of a cytokine-signaling cascade partially responsible for the pathogenesis of UC. Treating UC presents difficulties despite various therapeutic options. Medications that block the JAK-signaling pathway can interfere with the inflammatory pathway of UC and possibly reduce symptoms and frequency of exacerbations. Tofacitinib is an oral pan-JAK inhibitor, primarily of JAK1 and JAK3, that was recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the chronic treatment of UC in 2018. The following review describes the newly approved Janus kinase inhibitor, tofacitinib, including its pharmacokinetic properties, efficacy and safety data, and potential place in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany N Palasik
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, University of North Texas System College of Pharmacy, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Texas Southern University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
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35
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Ho GT, Cartwright JA, Thompson EJ, Bain CC, Rossi AG. Resolution of Inflammation and Gut Repair in IBD: Translational Steps Towards Complete Mucosal Healing. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020; 26:1131-1143. [PMID: 32232386 PMCID: PMC7365805 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izaa045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant recent therapeutic advances, complete mucosal healing remains a difficult treatment target for many patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) to achieve. Our review focuses on the translational concept of promoting resolution of inflammation and repair as a necessary adjunctive step to reach this goal. We explore the roles of inflammatory cell apoptosis and efferocytosis to promote resolution, the new knowledge of gut monocyte-macrophage populations and their secreted prorepair mediators, and the processes of gut epithelial repair and regeneration to bridge this gap. We discuss the need and rationale for this vision and the tangible steps toward integrating proresolution therapies in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwo-tzer Ho
- Edinburgh IBD Science Unit, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Unit, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom,Address correspondence to: Gwo-tzer Ho, FRCP, PhD, Edinburgh IBD Science Unit, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Scotland, United Kingdom ()
| | - Jennifer A Cartwright
- Edinburgh IBD Science Unit, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Unit, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Emily J Thompson
- Edinburgh IBD Science Unit, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Unit, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Calum C Bain
- Edinburgh IBD Science Unit, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Unit, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Adriano G Rossi
- Edinburgh IBD Science Unit, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Unit, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
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36
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Elyasi A, Voloshyna I, Ahmed S, Kasselman LJ, Behbodikhah J, De Leon J, Reiss AB. The role of interferon-γ in cardiovascular disease: an update. Inflamm Res 2020; 69:975-988. [PMID: 32699989 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01382-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death, globally, and its prevalence is only expected to rise due to the increasing incidence of co-morbidities such as obesity and diabetes. Medical treatment of CVD is directed primarily at slowing or reversing the underlying atherosclerotic process by managing circulating lipids with an emphasis on control of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. However, over the past several decades, there has been increasing recognition that chronic inflammation and immune system activation are important contributors to atherosclerosis. This shift in focus has led to the elucidation of the complex interplay between cholesterol and cellular secretion of cytokines involved in CVD pathogenesis. Of the vast array of cytokine promoting atherosclerosis, interferon (IFN)-γ is highly implicated and, therefore, of great interest. METHODS Literature review was performed to further understand the effect of IFN-γ on the development of atherosclerotic CVD. RESULTS IFN-γ, the sole member of the type II IFN family, is produced by T cells and macrophages, and has been found to induce production of other cytokines and to have multiple effects on all stages of atherogenesis. IFN-γ activates a variety of signaling pathways, most commonly the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway, to induce oxidative stress, promote foam cell accumulation, stimulate smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration into the arterial intima, enhance platelet-derived growth factor expression, and destabilize plaque. These are just a few of the contributions of IFN-γ to the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic CVD. CONCLUSION Given the pivotal role of IFN-γ in the advancement of CVD, activation of its signaling pathways is being explored as a driver of atherosclerosis. Manipulation of this key cytokine may lead to novel therapeutic avenues for CVD prevention and treatment. A number of therapies are being explored with IFN-γ as the potential target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailin Elyasi
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA
| | - Iryna Voloshyna
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA
| | - Saba Ahmed
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA
| | - Lora J Kasselman
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA
| | - Jennifer Behbodikhah
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA
| | - Joshua De Leon
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA
| | - Allison B Reiss
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA.
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37
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Zhang X, Wang S, Ding X, Guo J, Tian Z. Potential methods for improving the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. Scand J Immunol 2020; 92:e12897. [PMID: 32443180 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are a group of chronic recurrent gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases, including ulcerative colitis (UC), Crohn's disease (CD) and IBD unclassified. The pathogenesis may be related to the mucosal immune dysfunction in genetically susceptible hosts affected by environmental factors. Current therapeutic agents mainly include aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs and novel biological agents. The purpose of treatment is to suppress inflammation and prevent irreversible structural damage. However, long-term application of these drugs may lead to multiple adverse effects and is not always effective. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent progenitors with low immunogenicity, which can be obtained and expanded easily. They play an important role in regulating immune responses and repairing damaged tissues in vivo. Therefore, MSCs are considered to be a promising option for the treatment of IBD. Nonetheless, there are many factors that can reduce the efficacy of MSCs, such as gradual deterioration of functional stem cells with age, low recruitment and persistence in vivo and different routes of administration. In recent years, researchers have been able to improve the efficacy of MSCs by pretreatment, genetic modification or co-application with other substances, as well as using different tissue-derived cells, administration methods or doses. This article reviews these methods to provide references for more effective application of MSCs in the treatment of IBD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shaojun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xueli Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zibin Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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38
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Kim W, Lee EJ, Bae IH, Myoung K, Kim ST, Park PJ, Lee KH, Pham AVQ, Ko J, Oh SH, Cho EG. Lactobacillus plantarum-derived extracellular vesicles induce anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage polarization in vitro. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 9:1793514. [PMID: 32944181 PMCID: PMC7480564 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2020.1793514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics offer various health benefits. Lactobacillus plantarum has been used for decades to enhance human intestinal mucosal immunity and improve skin barrier integrity. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells have been recognized as efficient carriers for delivery of biomolecules to recipient cells, and to efficiently regulate human pathophysiology. However, the mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of probiotic bacteria-derived EVs on human skin is unclear. Herein, we investigated how L. plantarum-derived EVs (LEVs) exert beneficial effects on human skin by examining the effect of LEVs on cutaneous immunity, particularly on macrophage polarization. LEVs promoted differentiation of human monocytic THP1 cells towards an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, especially M2b, by inducing biased expression of cell-surface markers and cytokines associated with M2 macrophages. Pre- or post-treatment with LEVs under inflammatory M1 macrophage-favouring conditions, induced by LPS and interferon-γ, inhibited M1-associated surface marker, HLA-DRα expression. Moreover, LEV treatment significantly induced expression of macrophage-characteristic cytokines, IL-1β, GM-CSF and the representative anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, in human skin organ cultures. Hence, LEVs can trigger M2 macrophage polarization in vitro, and induce an anti-inflammatory phenomenon in the human skin, and may be a potent anti-inflammatory strategy to alleviate hyperinflammatory skin conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanil Kim
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, R&D Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin, Republic of Korea.,Division of Cosmetic Science & Technology, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Hong Bae
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, R&D Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Kilsun Myoung
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, R&D Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Tae Kim
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, R&D Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Phil June Park
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, R&D Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ha Lee
- Division of Cosmetic Science & Technology, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jaeyoung Ko
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, R&D Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ho Oh
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Gyung Cho
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, R&D Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin, Republic of Korea
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39
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Takashima S, Martin ML, Jansen SA, Fu Y, Bos J, Chandra D, O'Connor MH, Mertelsmann AM, Vinci P, Kuttiyara J, Devlin SM, Middendorp S, Calafiore M, Egorova A, Kleppe M, Lo Y, Shroyer NF, Cheng EH, Levine RL, Liu C, Kolesnick R, Lindemans CA, Hanash AM. T cell-derived interferon-γ programs stem cell death in immune-mediated intestinal damage. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/42/eaay8556. [PMID: 31811055 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aay8556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite the importance of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) for epithelial maintenance, there is limited understanding of how immune-mediated damage affects ISCs and their niche. We found that stem cell compartment injury is a shared feature of both alloreactive and autoreactive intestinal immunopathology, reducing ISCs and impairing their recovery in T cell-mediated injury models. Although imaging revealed few T cells near the stem cell compartment in healthy mice, donor T cells infiltrating the intestinal mucosa after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) primarily localized to the crypt region lamina propria. Further modeling with ex vivo epithelial cultures indicated ISC depletion and impaired human as well as murine organoid survival upon coculture with activated T cells, and screening of effector pathways identified interferon-γ (IFNγ) as a principal mediator of ISC compartment damage. IFNγ induced JAK1- and STAT1-dependent toxicity, initiating a proapoptotic gene expression program and stem cell death. BMT with IFNγ-deficient donor T cells, with recipients lacking the IFNγ receptor (IFNγR) specifically in the intestinal epithelium, and with pharmacologic inhibition of JAK signaling all resulted in protection of the stem cell compartment. In addition, epithelial cultures with Paneth cell-deficient organoids, IFNγR-deficient Paneth cells, IFNγR-deficient ISCs, and purified stem cell colonies all indicated direct targeting of the ISCs that was not dependent on injury to the Paneth cell niche. Dysregulated T cell activation and IFNγ production are thus potent mediators of ISC injury, and blockade of JAK/STAT signaling within target tissue stem cells can prevent this T cell-mediated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Takashima
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - M L Martin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - S A Jansen
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Division of Pediatrics, Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 AB Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Y Fu
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - J Bos
- Division of Pediatrics, Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 AB Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - D Chandra
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - M H O'Connor
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - A M Mertelsmann
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - P Vinci
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - J Kuttiyara
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - S M Devlin
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - S Middendorp
- Division of Pediatrics, Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 AB Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - M Calafiore
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - A Egorova
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - M Kleppe
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Y Lo
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - N F Shroyer
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - E H Cheng
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - R L Levine
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - C Liu
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - R Kolesnick
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - C A Lindemans
- Division of Pediatrics, Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 AB Utrecht, Netherlands.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - A M Hanash
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Sun R, Abraham C. IL23 Promotes Antimicrobial Pathways in Human Macrophages, Which Are Reduced With the IBD-Protective IL23R R381Q Variant. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 10:673-697. [PMID: 32474165 PMCID: PMC7490566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Interleukin (IL)23 is a major contributor to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis and is being pursued as a therapeutic target, both through targeting IL23 alone or in combination with IL12. Unexpected trial outcomes highlight the importance of understanding the cell types through which IL23 regulates immune responses, and how IL23 and IL12 compare in these responses. Macrophages are key players in IBD, and IL23 recently was found to promote inflammatory outcomes in human macrophages. This raises the possibility that IL23 may be required for additional essential macrophage functions, in particular microbial clearance, such that either blocking the IL23 pathway or the IL23R-R381Q IBD-protective variant may reduce macrophage-mediated microbial clearance. METHODS We analyzed protein expression, signaling, bacterial uptake, and intracellular bacterial clearance in human monocyte-derived macrophages through Western blot, flow cytometry, and gentamicin protection. RESULTS Autocrine/paracrine IL23 was critical for optimal levels of pattern-recognition-receptor (PRR)-induced intracellular bacterial clearance in human macrophages. Mechanisms regulated by IL23 included induction of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1-dependent bacterial uptake, and up-regulation of reactive oxygen species through nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase members, nitric oxide synthase 2, and autophagy through ATG5 and ATG16L1. Complementing these pathways in IL23R-deficient macrophages restored PRR-induced bacterial uptake and clearance. Janus kinase 2, TYK2, and STAT3 were required for IL23-induced mechanisms. IL23 and IL12 induced antimicrobial pathways to similar levels in human macrophages. Relative to IL23R-R381, transfected IL23R-Q381, or monocyte-derived macrophages from IL23R-Q381 carriers showed reduced bacterial uptake and clearance. CONCLUSIONS We identify that autocrine/paracrine IL23 is required for optimal PRR-enhanced macrophage bacterial uptake and intracellular bacterial clearance, define mechanisms regulating IL23R-induced bacterial clearance, and determine how the IBD-protective IL23R-R381Q variant modulates these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Clara Abraham
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
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41
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Hou G, Bishu S. Th17 Cells in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An Update for the Clinician. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020; 26:653-661. [PMID: 31970388 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izz316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Studies in humans strongly implicate Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Thus, Th17 cells are major targets of approved and emerging biologics. Herein, we review the role of Th17 in IBD with a clinical focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Hou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, MI, USA
| | - Shrinivas Bishu
- Crohn's and Colitis Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, MI, USA
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42
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Busch MA, Gröndahl B, Knoll RL, Pretsch L, Doganci A, Hoffmann I, Kullmer U, Bähner V, Zepp F, Meyer CU, Gehring S. Patterns of mucosal inflammation in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: striking overexpression of IL-17A in children with ulcerative colitis. Pediatr Res 2020; 87:839-846. [PMID: 31261370 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0486-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant immune responses play a key role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Most studies conducted to delineate the underlying molecular mechanisms focus on adults; an understanding of these mechanisms in children remains to be determined. Here, cytokines and transcription factors produced by immune cells within the intestinal mucosa of pediatric patients stricken with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) are characterized; potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets are identified. METHODS Fifty-two pediatric IBD and non-IBD patients were enrolled in the study. Specimens were taken during ileocolonoscopy. Expression of 16 genes that encode cytokines or transcription molecules was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Clinical data were collected via retrospective chart review. RESULTS Overexpression of interleukin-17A (IL-17A) was evident in children with UC compared to both non-IBD and CD patients. IL-22 was strongly increased in UC patients only. Typical proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines were pronounced in IBD patients, although to a lower extent in the latter case. Clustered gene expression enabled differentiation between UC and non-IBD patients. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the crucial involvement of IL-17A immunity in the early course of IBD, particularly UC, and the potential value of gene panels in diagnosing pediatric IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike A Busch
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Britta Gröndahl
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rebecca L Knoll
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Leah Pretsch
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Aysefa Doganci
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Isabell Hoffmann
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrike Kullmer
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Viola Bähner
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fred Zepp
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Claudius U Meyer
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephan Gehring
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.
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Caër C, Wick MJ. Human Intestinal Mononuclear Phagocytes in Health and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:410. [PMID: 32256490 PMCID: PMC7093381 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is a complex immune-mediated disease of the gastrointestinal tract that increases morbidity and negatively influences the quality of life. Intestinal mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs) have a crucial role in maintaining epithelial barrier integrity while controlling pathogen invasion by activating an appropriate immune response. However, in genetically predisposed individuals, uncontrolled immune activation to intestinal flora is thought to underlie the chronic mucosal inflammation that can ultimately result in IBD. Thus, MNPs are involved in fine-tuning mucosal immune system responsiveness and have a critical role in maintaining homeostasis or, potentially, the emergence of IBD. MNPs include monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells, which are functionally diverse but highly complementary. Despite their crucial role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis, specific functions of human MNP subsets are poorly understood, especially during diseases such as IBD. Here we review the current understanding of MNP ontogeny, as well as the recently identified human intestinal MNP subsets, and discuss their role in health and IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Caër
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mary Jo Wick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Huang S, Fu Y, Xu B, Liu C, Wang Q, Luo S, Nong F, Wang X, Huang S, Chen J, Zhou L, Luo X. Wogonoside alleviates colitis by improving intestinal epithelial barrier function via the MLCK/pMLC2 pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 68:153179. [PMID: 32062328 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction, which involves myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) activation, contributes to the occurrence and progression of inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Wogonoside helps maintain intestinal homeostasis in mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, but it is unclear whether it modulates intestinal barrier function. PURPOSE Here, we demonstrate that wogonoside protects against intestinal barrier dysfunction in colitis via the MLCK/pMLC2 pathway both in vivo and in vitro. METHODS Caco-2 cell monolayers treated with the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α showed barrier dysfunction and were assessed in the absence and presence of wogonoside for various physiological, morphological, and biochemical parameters. Colitis was induced by 3% DSS in mice, which were used as an animal model to explore the pharmacodynamics of wogonoside. We detected MLCK/pMLC2 pathway proteins via western blot analysis, assessed the cytokines IL-13 and IFN-γ via ELISA, tested bacterial translocation via fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and a proper sampling of secondary lymphoid organs for bacterial culture. In addition, the docking affinity of wogonoside and MLCK was observed with DS2.5 software. RESULTS Wogonoside alleviated the disruption of transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) in TNF-α exposured Caco-2 cell; FITC-dextran hyperpermeability; loss of the tight junction (TJ) proteins occludin, ZO-1 and claudin-1 in Caco-2 cell monolayers; and bacterial translocation in colitic mice. Moreover, wogonoside reduced the levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-13 and IFN-γ to maintain intestinal immune homeostasis. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed that wogonoside ameliorated the destruction of intestinal epithelial TJs. Wogonoside not only inhibited the cytoskeletal F-actin rearrangement induced by TNF-α, stabilized the cytoskeletal structure, suppressed MLCK protein expression, and reduced MLC2 phosphorylation. In addition, the results of molecular docking analysis showed that wogonoside had a high affinity for MLCK and formed hydrogen bonds with the amino acid residue LYS261 and π bonds with LYS229. CONCLUSION Collectively, our study indicates that wogonoside alleviates colitis by protecting against intestinal barrier dysfunction, and the potential mechanism may involve regulation of TJs via the MLCK/pMLC2 signaling pathway. Meanwhile, our study also explains the success of S. baicalensis in the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yajun Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feifei Nong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songyu Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinyan Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lian Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xia Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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The Influence of Nutrients on Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. J Nutr Metab 2020; 2020:2894169. [PMID: 32190385 PMCID: PMC7064842 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2894169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases is a group of inflammatory diseases. The pathogenesis of diseases is multifactorial, which may include a Western-type diet. Diseases occur with periods of recurrence and remission. Many factors can have a beneficial effect on reducing the frequency of recurrence and prolonging the remission period. Such ingredients include dietary fibre, mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, certain vitamins (D, C, and E), flavonoids, and minerals such as zinc and selenium. Properly selected nutrition might be an integral part of the treatment of patients with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis.
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Sun R, Hedl M, Abraham C. IL23 induces IL23R recycling and amplifies innate receptor-induced signalling and cytokines in human macrophages, and the IBD-protective IL23R R381Q variant modulates these outcomes. Gut 2020; 69:264-273. [PMID: 31097538 PMCID: PMC6858485 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The interleukin (IL)23 pathway contributes to IBD pathogenesis and is being actively studied as a therapeutic target in patients with IBD. Unexpected outcomes in these therapeutic trials have highlighted the importance of understanding the cell types and mechanisms through which IL23 regulates immune outcomes. How IL23 regulates macrophage outcomes and the consequences of the IL23R R381Q IBD-protective variant on macrophages are not well defined; macrophages are key players in IBD pathogenesis and inflammation. DESIGN We analysed protein and RNA expression, signalling and localisation in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) through western blot, ELISA, real-time PCR, flow cytometry, immunoprecipitation and microscopy. RESULTS IL23R was critical for optimal levels of pattern-recognition receptor (PRR)-induced signalling and cytokines in human MDMs. In contrast to the coreceptor IL12Rβ1, IL23 induced dynamic IL23R cell surface regulation and this required clathrin and dynamin-mediated endocytosis and endocytic recycling-dependent pathways; these pathways were essential for IL23R-mediated outcomes. The IBD-protective IL23R R381Q variant showed distinct outcomes. Relative to IL23R R381, HeLa cells expressing IL23R Q381 showed decreased IL23R recycling and reduced assembly of IL23R Q381 with Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway members. In MDMs from IL23R Q381 carriers, IL23R accumulated in late endosomes and lysosomes on IL23 treatment and cells demonstrated decreased IL23R- and PRR-induced signalling and cytokines relative to IL23R R381 MDMs. CONCLUSION Macrophage-mediated inflammatory pathways are key contributors to IBD pathogenesis, and we identify an autocrine/paracrine IL23 requirement in PRR-initiated human macrophage outcomes and in human intestinal myeloid cells, establish that IL23R undergoes ligand-induced recycling, define mechanisms regulating IL23R-induced signalling and determine how the IBD-protective IL23R R381Q variant modulates these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Matija Hedl
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Clara Abraham
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Takahashi N, Kitazawa C, Itani Y, Awaga Y, Hama A, Hayashi I, Takamatsu H. Exploratory clinical characterization of experimentally-induced ulcerative colitis nonhuman primates. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03178. [PMID: 31938753 PMCID: PMC6953712 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A limitation of currently used preclinical models of colitis is that disease and treatment assessment methods differ from clinically used methods. Thus, a modified Mayo score and an endoscopic index (EI) were developed for use in cynomolgus macaques with 0.25% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis. Macaques were treated with water with DSS for two weeks followed by water without DSS for two weeks. Disease activity was classified according to a modified Mayo score: stool consistency, rectal bleeding, colonoscopy examination and global assessment. Findings on colonoscopy were further graded according the Rachmilewitz EI. To demonstrate the sensitivity of the modified Mayo score and EI to therapeutic intervention, macaques were treated with the anti-inflammatory steroid prednisolone followed eight weeks later by the integrin antibody vedolizumab. Before DSS treatment, normal stool consistency and no rectal bleeding were observed. Colonoscopy demonstrated no mucosal abnormalities. Following the first DSS treatment, Mayo score and EI indicated signs of mild colitis. Following subsequent DSS treatments, mild to moderate colitis emerged with each DSS treatment and reduced signs of colitis were observed 2 weeks after DSS treatment termination. Prednisolone treatment during DSS treatment suppressed the emergence of colitis. Vedolizumab reduced signs of colitis during DSS treatment and further reduced signs of colitis that persisted after termination of DSS treatment. The current study demonstrated the potential of utilizing clinical outcome measures to assess experimentally-induced colitis in the macaque. Furthermore, signs of colitis, as assessed with the current methods, were reduced following therapeutic treatment. The current findings suggest that clinically relevant outcome measures in the macaque model of ulcerative colitis could be used to test novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Takahashi
- Hamamatsu Pharma Research, Inc., Pharmacology, Hamamatsu, 431-2103 Japan
| | - Chinatsu Kitazawa
- Hamamatsu Pharma Research, Inc., Pharmacology, Hamamatsu, 431-2103 Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Itani
- Hamamatsu Pharma Research, Inc., Pharmacology, Hamamatsu, 431-2103 Japan
| | - Yuji Awaga
- Hamamatsu Pharma Research, Inc., Pharmacology, Hamamatsu, 431-2103 Japan
| | - Aldric Hama
- Hamamatsu Pharma Research, Inc., Pharmacology, Hamamatsu, 431-2103 Japan
- Corresponding author.
| | - Ikuo Hayashi
- Hamamatsu Pharma Research USA, Inc., San Diego, CA 92122, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Takamatsu
- Hamamatsu Pharma Research, Inc., Pharmacology, Hamamatsu, 431-2103 Japan
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Manipulating resident microbiota to enhance regulatory immune function to treat inflammatory bowel diseases. J Gastroenterol 2020; 55:4-14. [PMID: 31482438 PMCID: PMC6942586 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-019-01618-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Altered intestinal microbial composition (dysbiosis) and metabolic products activate aggressive mucosal immune responses that mediate inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). This dysbiosis impairs the function of regulatory immune cells, which normally promote mucosal homeostasis. Normalizing and maintaining regulatory immune cell function by correcting dysbiosis provides a promising approach to treat IBD patients. However, existing microbe-targeted therapies, including antibiotics, prebiotics, probiotics, and fecal microbial transplantation, provide variable outcomes that are not optimal for current clinical application. This review discusses recent progress in understanding the dysbiosis of IBD and the basis for therapeutic restoration of homeostatic immune function by manipulating an individual patient's microbiota composition and function. We believe that identifying more precise therapeutic targets and developing appropriate rapid diagnostic tools will guide more effective and safer microbe-based induction and maintenance treatments for IBD patients that can be applied in a personalized manner.
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49
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Should We Divide Crohn's Disease Into Ileum-Dominant and Isolated Colonic Diseases? Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 17:2634-2643. [PMID: 31009791 PMCID: PMC6885453 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2019.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is an inflammatory bowel disease that can involve any region of the gastrointestinal tract. First described in 1932 as terminal ileitis or regional enteritis, it predominately involves the ileum with or without colonic involvement. Isolated colonic CD was first described in 1960 and since then the phenotypic classification of CD has evolved to stratify patients into isolated ileal, ileocolonic, or isolated colonic involvement. In the current review we evaluate the published literature regarding differences in epidemiology, natural history, pathogenesis, response to therapy, and disease monitoring, when stratified by disease location. Based on the available evidence consideration could be given to a new classification for CD, which splits it into ileum dominant (isolated ileal and ileocolonic) and isolated colonic disease. This may allow for a more optimized approach to clinical care and scientific research for CD.
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50
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Martin JC, Chang C, Boschetti G, Ungaro R, Giri M, Grout JA, Gettler K, Chuang LS, Nayar S, Greenstein AJ, Dubinsky M, Walker L, Leader A, Fine JS, Whitehurst CE, Mbow ML, Kugathasan S, Denson LA, Hyams JS, Friedman JR, Desai PT, Ko HM, Laface I, Akturk G, Schadt EE, Salmon H, Gnjatic S, Rahman AH, Merad M, Cho JH, Kenigsberg E. Single-Cell Analysis of Crohn's Disease Lesions Identifies a Pathogenic Cellular Module Associated with Resistance to Anti-TNF Therapy. Cell 2019; 178:1493-1508.e20. [PMID: 31474370 PMCID: PMC7060942 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 464] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Clinical benefits of cytokine blockade in ileal Crohn's disease (iCD) are limited to a subset of patients. Here, we applied single-cell technologies to iCD lesions to address whether cellular heterogeneity contributes to treatment resistance. We found that a subset of patients expressed a unique cellular module in inflamed tissues that consisted of IgG plasma cells, inflammatory mononuclear phagocytes, activated T cells, and stromal cells, which we named the GIMATS module. Analysis of ligand-receptor interaction pairs identified a distinct network connectivity that likely drives the GIMATS module. Strikingly, the GIMATS module was also present in a subset of patients in four independent iCD cohorts (n = 441), and its presence at diagnosis correlated with failure to achieve durable corticosteroid-free remission upon anti-TNF therapy. These results emphasize the limitations of current diagnostic assays and the potential for single-cell mapping tools to identify novel biomarkers of treatment response and tailored therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome C Martin
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Christie Chang
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Gilles Boschetti
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ryan Ungaro
- The Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mamta Giri
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - John A Grout
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kyle Gettler
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ling-Shiang Chuang
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Shikha Nayar
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Alexander J Greenstein
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Marla Dubinsky
- Department of Pediatrics, Susan and Leonard Feinstein IBD Clinical Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Laura Walker
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Andrew Leader
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jay S Fine
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - Charles E Whitehurst
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - M Lamine Mbow
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - Subra Kugathasan
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lee A Denson
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Hyams
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Huaibin M Ko
- The Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ilaria Laface
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Guray Akturk
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Eric E Schadt
- Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Helene Salmon
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sacha Gnjatic
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Adeeb H Rahman
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Miriam Merad
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Judy H Cho
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Ephraim Kenigsberg
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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