1
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He MY, Tong KI, Liu T, Whittaker Hawkins R, Shelton V, Zeng Y, Bakhtiari M, Xiao Y, Zheng G, Sakhdari A, Yang L, Xu W, Brooks DG, Laister RC, He HH, Kridel R. GNAS knockout potentiates HDAC3 inhibition through viral mimicry-related interferon responses in lymphoma. Leukemia 2024:10.1038/s41375-024-02325-4. [PMID: 39117798 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-024-02325-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Despite selective HDAC3 inhibition showing promise in a subset of lymphomas with CREBBP mutations, wild-type tumors generally exhibit resistance. Here, using unbiased genome-wide CRISPR screening, we identify GNAS knockout (KO) as a sensitizer of resistant lymphoma cells to HDAC3 inhibition. Mechanistically, GNAS KO-induced sensitization is independent of the canonical G-protein activities but unexpectedly mediated by viral mimicry-related interferon (IFN) responses, characterized by TBK1 and IRF3 activation, double-stranded RNA formation, and transposable element (TE) expression. GNAS KO additionally synergizes with HDAC3 inhibition to enhance CD8+ T cell-induced cytotoxicity. Moreover, we observe in human lymphoma patients that low GNAS expression is associated with high baseline TE expression and upregulated IFN signaling and shares common disrupted biological activities with GNAS KO in histone modification, mRNA processing, and transcriptional regulation. Collectively, our findings establish an unprecedented link between HDAC3 inhibition and viral mimicry in lymphoma. We suggest low GNAS expression as a potential biomarker that reflects viral mimicry priming for enhanced response to HDAC3 inhibition in the clinical treatment of lymphoma, especially the CREBBP wild-type cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Y He
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kit I Tong
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ting Liu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ryder Whittaker Hawkins
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Victoria Shelton
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yong Zeng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mehran Bakhtiari
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yufeng Xiao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Guangrong Zheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ali Sakhdari
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lin Yang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wenxi Xu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David G Brooks
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rob C Laister
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Housheng Hansen He
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Kridel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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2
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Arora C, Matic M, Bisceglia L, Di Chiaro P, De Oliveira Rosa N, Carli F, Clubb L, Nemati Fard LA, Kargas G, Diaferia GR, Vukotic R, Licata L, Wu G, Natoli G, Gutkind JS, Raimondi F. The landscape of cancer-rewired GPCR signaling axes. CELL GENOMICS 2024; 4:100557. [PMID: 38723607 PMCID: PMC11099383 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2024.100557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
Abstract
We explored the dysregulation of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) ligand systems in cancer transcriptomics datasets to uncover new therapeutics opportunities in oncology. We derived an interaction network of receptors with ligands and their biosynthetic enzymes. Multiple GPCRs are differentially regulated together with their upstream partners across cancer subtypes and are associated to specific transcriptional programs and to patient survival patterns. The expression of both receptor-ligand (or enzymes) partners improved patient stratification, suggesting a synergistic role for the activation of GPCR networks in modulating cancer phenotypes. Remarkably, we identified many such axes across several cancer molecular subtypes, including many involving receptor-biosynthetic enzymes for neurotransmitters. We found that GPCRs from these actionable axes, including, e.g., muscarinic, adenosine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and chemokine receptors, are the targets of multiple drugs displaying anti-growth effects in large-scale, cancer cell drug screens, which we further validated. We have made the results generated in this study freely available through a webapp (gpcrcanceraxes.bioinfolab.sns.it).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chakit Arora
- Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marin Matic
- Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luisa Bisceglia
- Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Di Chiaro
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Natalia De Oliveira Rosa
- Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Carli
- Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lauren Clubb
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lorenzo Amir Nemati Fard
- Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giorgos Kargas
- Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe R Diaferia
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Ranka Vukotic
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Via Roma, 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luana Licata
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Guanming Wu
- Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Gioacchino Natoli
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Francesco Raimondi
- Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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3
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Desai R, Huang L, Gonzalez RS, Muthuswamy SK. Oncogenic GNAS Uses PKA-Dependent and Independent Mechanisms to Induce Cell Proliferation in Human Pancreatic Ductal and Acinar Organoids. Mol Cancer Res 2024; 22:440-451. [PMID: 38319286 PMCID: PMC10906748 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-23-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
IMPLICATIONS The study identifies an opportunity to discover a PKA-independent pathway downstream of oncogene GNAS for managing IPMN lesions and their progression to PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridhdhi Desai
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Current Address: Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ling Huang
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Current Address: Department of Surgery, Henry Ford Pancreatic Cancer Center, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Raul S. Gonzalez
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Senthil K. Muthuswamy
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, MA, 02215, USA
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4
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Pattalachinti VK, Ito I, Chowdhury S, Yousef A, Gu Y, Gunes BB, Salle ER, Taggart M, Fournier K, Fowlkes NW, Shen JP. Peritoneal Microenvironment Promotes Appendiceal Adenocarcinoma Growth: A Multi-omics Approach Using Patient-Derived Xenografts. Mol Cancer Res 2024; 22:329-336. [PMID: 38226984 PMCID: PMC10987270 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-23-0749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Appendiceal adenocarcinoma (AA) is unique from other gastrointestinal malignancies in that it almost exclusively metastasizes to the peritoneal cavity. However, few studies have investigated the molecular interaction of the peritoneal microenvironment and AA. Here, we use a multi-omics approach with orthotopic and flank-implanted patient-derived xenografts (PDX) to study the effect of the peritoneal microenvironment on AA. AA tumors implanted in the peritoneal microenvironment tended to grow faster and displayed greater nuclear expression of Ki-67 relative to the same tumors implanted in the flank. Comparing the tumor-specific transcriptome (excluding stromal transcription), the peritoneal microenvironment relatively upregulated genes related to proliferation, including MKI67 and EXO1. Peritoneal tumors were also enriched for proliferative gene sets, including E2F and Myc Targets. Proteomic studies found a 2.5-fold increased ratio of active-to-inactive phosphoforms of the YAP oncoprotein in peritoneal tumors, indicating downregulation of Hippo signaling. IMPLICATIONS The peritoneal microenvironment promotes growth of appendiceal tumors and expression of proliferative pathways in PDXs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay K. Pattalachinti
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
- The Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Ichiaki Ito
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Saikat Chowdhury
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Abdelrahman Yousef
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Yue Gu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Betul Beyza Gunes
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Emma R. Salle
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, U.S.A
| | - Melissa Taggart
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, U.S.A
| | - Keith Fournier
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, U.S.A
| | - Natalie W. Fowlkes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, U.S.A
| | - John Paul Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Linehan A, O’Reilly M, McDermott R, O’Kane GM. Targeting KRAS mutations in pancreatic cancer: opportunities for future strategies. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1369136. [PMID: 38576709 PMCID: PMC10991798 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1369136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Targeting the RAS pathway remains the holy grail of precision oncology. In the case of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC), 90-92% harbor mutations in the oncogene KRAS, triggering canonical MAPK signaling. The smooth structure of the altered KRAS protein without a binding pocket and its affinity for GTP have, in the past, hampered drug development. The emergence of KRASG12C covalent inhibitors has provided renewed enthusiasm for targeting KRAS. The numerous pathways implicated in RAS activation do, however, lead to the development of early resistance. In addition, the dense stromal niche and immunosuppressive microenvironment dictated by oncogenic KRAS can influence treatment responses, highlighting the need for a combination-based approach. Given that mutations in KRAS occur early in PDAC tumorigenesis, an understanding of its pleiotropic effects is key to progress in this disease. Herein, we review current perspectives on targeting KRAS with a focus on PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Linehan
- Department of Medical Oncology, St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary O’Reilly
- Department of Medical Oncology, St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ray McDermott
- Department of Medical Oncology, St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Grainne M. O’Kane
- Department of Medical Oncology, St James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Schiavoni G, Messina B, Scalera S, Memeo L, Colarossi C, Mare M, Blandino G, Ciliberto G, Bon G, Maugeri-Saccà M. Role of Hippo pathway dysregulation from gastrointestinal premalignant lesions to cancer. J Transl Med 2024; 22:213. [PMID: 38424512 PMCID: PMC10903154 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND First identified in Drosophila melanogaster, the Hippo pathway is considered a major regulatory cascade controlling tissue homeostasis and organ development. Hippo signaling components include kinases whose activity regulates YAP and TAZ final effectors. In response to upstream stimuli, YAP and TAZ control transcriptional programs involved in cell proliferation, cytoskeletal reorganization and stemness. MAIN TEXT While fine tuning of Hippo cascade components is essential for maintaining the balance between proliferative and non-proliferative signals, pathway signaling is frequently dysregulated in gastrointestinal cancers. Also, YAP/TAZ aberrant activation has been described in conditions characterized by chronic inflammation that precede cancer development, suggesting a role of Hippo effectors in triggering carcinogenesis. In this review, we summarize the architecture of the Hippo pathway and discuss the involvement of signaling cascade unbalances in premalignant lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, providing a focus on the underlying molecular mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS The biology of premalignant Hippo signaling dysregulation needs further investigation in order to elucidate the evolutionary trajectories triggering cancer inititation and develop effective early therapeutic strategies targeting the Hippo/YAP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Schiavoni
- Clinical Trial Center, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Research, Diagnosis and Innovative Technologies, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Messina
- Clinical Trial Center, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Research, Diagnosis and Innovative Technologies, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Scalera
- SAFU Laboratory, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic, and Technological Innovation, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Pathology Unit, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande, Italy
| | | | - Marzia Mare
- Medical Oncology Unit, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Blandino
- Translational Oncology Research Unit, Department of Research, Diagnosis and Innovative Technologies, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Gennaro Ciliberto
- Scientific Directorate, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Bon
- Cellular Network and Molecular Therapeutic Target Unit, Department of Research, Diagnosis and Innovative Technologies, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy.
| | - Marcello Maugeri-Saccà
- Clinical Trial Center, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Research, Diagnosis and Innovative Technologies, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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7
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Trinh VQH, Ankenbauer KE, Liu J, Batardiere M, Maurer HC, Copeland C, Wong J, Ben-Levy O, Torbit SM, Jarvis B, Revetta F, Ivanov S, Jyotsana N, Makino Y, Ruelas AM, Means AL, Maitra A, Tan MCB, DelGiorno KE. Oncogenic GNAS drives a gastric pylorus program in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.25.581948. [PMID: 38464029 PMCID: PMC10925208 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.25.581948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms (IPMNs) are cystic lesions and bona fide precursors for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Recently, we showed that acinar to ductal metaplasia, an injury repair program, is characterized by a transcriptomic program similar to gastric spasmolytic polypeptide expressing metaplasia (SPEM), suggesting common mechanisms of reprogramming between the stomach and pancreas. The aims of this study were to assay IPMN for pyloric markers and to identify molecular drivers of this program. DESIGN We analyzed RNA-seq studies of IPMN for pyloric markers, which were validated by immunostaining in patient samples. Cell lines expressing Kras G12D +/- GNAS R201C were manipulated to identify distinct and overlapping transcriptomic programs driven by each oncogene. A PyScenic-based regulon analysis was performed to identify molecular drivers in the pancreas. Expression of candidate drivers was evaluated by RNA-seq and immunostaining. RESULTS Pyloric markers were identified in human IPMN. GNAS R201C drove expression of these markers in cell lines and siRNA targeting of GNAS R201C or Kras G12D demonstrates that GNAS R201C amplifies a mucinous, pyloric phenotype. Regulon analysis identified a role for transcription factors SPDEF, CREB3L1, and CREB3L4, which are expressed in patient samples. siRNA-targeting of Spdef inhibited mucin production. CONCLUSION De novo expression of a SPEM phenotype has been identified in pancreatitis and a pyloric phenotype in Kras G12D -driven PanIN and Kras G12D ;GNAS R201C -driven IPMN, suggesting common mechanisms of reprogramming between these lesions and the stomach. A transition from a SPEM to pyloric phenotype may reflect disease progression and/or oncogenic mutation. IPMN-specific GNAS R201C amplifies a mucinous phenotype, in part, through SPDEF.
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8
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Lyu C, Bhimani AK, Draus WT, Weigel R, Chen S. Active Gα i/o Mutants Accelerate Breast Tumor Metastasis via the c-Src Pathway. Mol Cell Biol 2023; 43:650-663. [PMID: 38099640 PMCID: PMC10761066 DOI: 10.1080/10985549.2023.2285833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Constitutively active mutations in the Gαi2 and GαoA subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins have been found in various human cancers, including breast cancer, but their precise roles in tumor formation, progression, and metastasis remain poorly understood. This study focused on GαoAR243H and Gαi2R179C mutants in breast cancer. These mutants alone were insufficient to initiate mammary tumor formation in mice. However, when introduced into transgenic mouse models of breast cancer induced by Neu expression or PTEN loss, the Gαi2R179C mutant notably enhanced spontaneous lung metastasis, without affecting primary tumor initiation and growth. Ectopic expression of the GαoAR243H and Gαi2R179C mutants in tumor cells promoted cell migration in vitro and dissemination into multiple organs in vivo by activating the c-Src signaling pathway. These mutants activate c-Src through direct interaction, involving specific residues in the switch domains II of Gαi subunits, which only partially overlap with those involved in inhibiting adenylyl cyclases. This study uncovers a critical role of Gαi/o signaling in accelerating breast cancer metastasis through the c-Src pathway. These findings hold clinical significance as they may pave the way for personalized therapies targeting c-Src to inhibit breast cancer metastasis in patients with active Gαi/o mutations or elevated Gαi/o signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cancan Lyu
- The Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Aarzoo K. Bhimani
- The Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - William T. Draus
- The Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Ronald Weigel
- The Department of Surgery, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Songhai Chen
- The Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- The Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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9
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Arora C, Matic M, DiChiaro P, Rosa NDO, Carli F, Clubb L, Fard LAN, Kargas G, Diaferia G, Vukotic R, Licata L, Wu G, Natoli G, Gutkind JS, Raimondi F. The landscape of cancer rewired GPCR signaling axes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.13.532291. [PMID: 37398064 PMCID: PMC10312480 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.13.532291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
We explored the dysregulation of GPCR ligand signaling systems in cancer transcriptomics datasets to uncover new therapeutics opportunities in oncology. We derived an interaction network of receptors with ligands and their biosynthetic enzymes, which revealed that multiple GPCRs are differentially regulated together with their upstream partners across cancer subtypes. We showed that biosynthetic pathway enrichment from enzyme expression recapitulated pathway activity signatures from metabolomics datasets, providing valuable surrogate information for GPCRs responding to organic ligands. We found that several GPCRs signaling components were significantly associated with patient survival in a cancer type-specific fashion. The expression of both receptor-ligand (or enzymes) partners improved patient stratification, suggesting a synergistic role for the activation of GPCR networks in modulating cancer phenotypes. Remarkably, we identified many such axes across several cancer molecular subtypes, including many pairs involving receptor-biosynthetic enzymes for neurotransmitters. We found that GPCRs from these actionable axes, including e.g., muscarinic, adenosine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and chemokine receptors, are the targets of multiple drugs displaying anti-growth effects in large-scale, cancer cell drug screens. We have made the results generated in this study freely available through a webapp (gpcrcanceraxes.bioinfolab.sns.it).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chakit Arora
- Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marin Matic
- Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pierluigi DiChiaro
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Natalia De Oliveira Rosa
- Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Carli
- Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lauren Clubb
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lorenzo Amir Nemati Fard
- Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giorgos Kargas
- Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Diaferia
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Ranka Vukotic
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Via Roma, 67, 56126 Pisa
| | - Luana Licata
- Department of Biology, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Guanming Wu
- Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Gioacchino Natoli
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - J. Silvio Gutkind
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Francesco Raimondi
- Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
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10
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Sans M, Chen Y, Thege FI, Dou R, Min J, Yip-Schneider M, Zhang J, Wu R, Irajizad E, Makino Y, Rajapakshe KI, Hurd MW, León-Letelier RA, Vykoukal J, Dennison JB, Do KA, Wolff RA, Guerrero PA, Kim MP, Schmidt CM, Maitra A, Hanash S, Fahrmann JF. Integrated spatial transcriptomics and lipidomics of precursor lesions of pancreatic cancer identifies enrichment of long chain sulfatide biosynthesis as an early metabolic alteration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.14.553002. [PMID: 37645752 PMCID: PMC10462088 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.14.553002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Background The development of diverse spatial profiling technologies has provided an unprecedented insight into molecular mechanisms driving cancer pathogenesis. Here, we conducted the first integrated cross-species assessment of spatial transcriptomics and spatial metabolomics alterations associated with progression of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN), bona fide cystic precursors of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Methods Matrix Assisted Laster Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS)-based spatial imaging and Visium spatial transcriptomics (ST) (10X Genomics) was performed on human resected IPMN tissues (N= 23) as well as pancreata from a mutant Kras;Gnas mouse model of IPMN. Findings were further compared with lipidomic analyses of cystic fluid from 89 patients with histologically confirmed IPMNs, as well as single-cell and bulk transcriptomic data of PDAC and normal tissues. Results MALDI-MS analyses of IPMN tissues revealed long-chain hydroxylated sulfatides, particularly the C24:0(OH) and C24:1(OH) species, to be selectively enriched in the IPMN and PDAC neoplastic epithelium. Integrated ST analyses confirmed that the cognate transcripts engaged in sulfatide biosynthesis, including UGT8, Gal3St1 , and FA2H , were co-localized with areas of sulfatide enrichment. Lipidomic analyses of cystic fluid identified several sulfatide species, including the C24:0(OH) and C24:1(OH) species, to be significantly elevated in patients with IPMN/PDAC compared to those with low-grade IPMN. Targeting of sulfatide metabolism via the selective galactosylceramide synthase inhibitor, UGT8-IN-1, resulted in ceramide-induced lethal mitophagy and subsequent cancer cell death in vitro , and attenuated tumor growth of mutant Kras;Gnas allografts. Transcript levels of UGT8 and FA2H were also selectively enriched in PDAC transcriptomic datasets compared to non-cancerous areas, and elevated tumoral UGT8 was prognostic for poor overall survival. Conclusion Enhanced sulfatide metabolism is an early metabolic alteration in cystic pre-cancerous lesions of the pancreas that persists through invasive neoplasia. Targeting sulfatide biosynthesis might represent an actionable vulnerability for cancer interception.
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11
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Sans M, Makino Y, Min J, Rajapakshe KI, Yip-Schneider M, Schmidt CM, Hurd MW, Burks JK, Gomez JA, Thege FI, Fahrmann JF, Wolff RA, Kim MP, Guerrero PA, Maitra A. Spatial Transcriptomics of Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms of the Pancreas Identifies NKX6-2 as a Driver of Gastric Differentiation and Indolent Biological Potential. Cancer Discov 2023; 13:1844-1861. [PMID: 37285225 PMCID: PMC10880589 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-22-1200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) of the pancreas are bona fide precursor lesions of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The most common subtype of IPMNs harbors a gastric foveolar-type epithelium, and these low-grade mucinous neoplasms are harbingers of IPMNs with high-grade dysplasia and cancer. The molecular underpinning of gastric differentiation in IPMNs is unknown, although identifying drivers of this indolent phenotype might enable opportunities for intercepting progression to high-grade IPMN and cancer. We conducted spatial transcriptomics on a cohort of IPMNs, followed by orthogonal and cross-species validation studies, which established the transcription factor NKX6-2 as a key determinant of gastric cell identity in low-grade IPMNs. Loss of NKX6-2 expression is a consistent feature of IPMN progression, while reexpression of Nkx6-2 in murine IPMN lines recapitulates the aforementioned gastric transcriptional program and glandular morphology. Our study identifies NKX6-2 as a previously unknown transcription factor driving indolent gastric differentiation in IPMN pathogenesis. SIGNIFICANCE Identification of the molecular features driving IPMN development and differentiation is critical to prevent cancer progression and enhance risk stratification. We used spatial profiling to characterize the epithelium and microenvironment of IPMN, which revealed a previously unknown link between NKX6-2 and gastric differentiation, the latter associated with indolent biological potential. See related commentary by Ben-Shmuel and Scherz-Shouval, p. 1768. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1749.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sans
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Ahmed Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yuki Makino
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Ahmed Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jimin Min
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Ahmed Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kimal I. Rajapakshe
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Ahmed Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Michele Yip-Schneider
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - C Max Schmidt
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Mark W. Hurd
- Ahmed Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jared K. Burks
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Javier A. Gomez
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Fredrik I. Thege
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Ahmed Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Johannes F. Fahrmann
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Robert A. Wolff
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Michael P. Kim
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Paola A. Guerrero
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Ahmed Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Ahmed Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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12
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Halbrook CJ, Lyssiotis CA, Pasca di Magliano M, Maitra A. Pancreatic cancer: Advances and challenges. Cell 2023; 186:1729-1754. [PMID: 37059070 PMCID: PMC10182830 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 218.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the deadliest cancers. Significant efforts have largely defined major genetic factors driving PDAC pathogenesis and progression. Pancreatic tumors are characterized by a complex microenvironment that orchestrates metabolic alterations and supports a milieu of interactions among various cell types within this niche. In this review, we highlight the foundational studies that have driven our understanding of these processes. We further discuss the recent technological advances that continue to expand our understanding of PDAC complexity. We posit that the clinical translation of these research endeavors will enhance the currently dismal survival rate of this recalcitrant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Halbrook
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
| | - Costas A Lyssiotis
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Marina Pasca di Magliano
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Sheikh Ahmed Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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13
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Shockley KE, To B, Chen W, Lozanski G, Cruz-Monserrate Z, Krishna SG. The Role of Genetic, Metabolic, Inflammatory, and Immunologic Mediators in the Progression of Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms to Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:1722. [PMID: 36980608 PMCID: PMC10046238 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) have the potential to progress to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). As with any progression to malignancy, there are a variety of genetic and metabolic changes, as well as other disruptions to the cellular microenvironment including immune alterations and inflammation, that can contribute to tumorigenesis. Previous studies further characterized these alterations, revealing changes in lipid and glucose metabolism, and signaling pathways that mediate the progression of IPMN to PDAC. With the increased diagnosis of IPMNs and pancreatic cysts on imaging, the opportunity to attenuate risk with the removal of high-risk lesions is possible with the understanding of what factors accelerate malignant progression and how they can be clinically utilized to determine the level of dysplasia and stratify the risk of progression. Here, we reviewed the genetic, metabolic, inflammatory, and immunologic pathways regulating the progression of IPMN to PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie E. Shockley
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Briana To
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Gerard Lozanski
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Zobeida Cruz-Monserrate
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, and The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Somashekar G. Krishna
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, and The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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14
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Personalized matched targeted therapy in advanced pancreatic cancer: a pilot cohort analysis. NPJ Genom Med 2023; 8:1. [PMID: 36670111 PMCID: PMC9860045 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-022-00346-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite progress, 2-year pancreatic cancer survival remains dismal. We evaluated a biomarker-driven, combination/N-of-one strategy in 18 patients (advanced/metastatic pancreatic cancer) (from Molecular Tumor Board). Targeted agents administered/patient = 2.5 (median) (range, 1-4); first-line therapy (N = 5); second line, (N = 13). Comparing patients (high versus low degrees of matching) (matching score ≥50% versus <50%; reflecting number of alterations matched to targeted agents divided by number of pathogenic alterations), survival was significantly longer (hazard ratio [HR] 0.24 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.078-0.76, P = 0.016); clinical benefit rates (CBR) (stable disease ≥6 months/partial/complete response) trended higher (45.5 vs 0.0%, P = 0.10); progression-free survival, HR, 95% CI, 0.36 (0.12-1.10) (p = 0.075). First versus ≥2nd-line therapy had higher CBRs (80.0 vs 7.7%, P = 0.008). No grade 3-4 toxicities occurred. The longest responder achieved partial remission (17.5 months) by co-targeting MEK and CDK4/6 alterations (chemotherapy-free). Therefore, genomically matched targeted agent combinations were active in these advanced pancreatic cancers. Larger prospective trials are warranted.
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15
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Lyu C, Bhimani AK, Draus WT, Weigel R, Chen S. Active Gαi/o mutants accelerate breast tumor metastasis via the c-Src pathway. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.16.524334. [PMID: 36711612 PMCID: PMC9882124 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.16.524334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Constitutively active mutations in the Gαi2 and GαoA subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins have been identified in several human cancers including breast cancer, but their functional significance in tumorigenesis and metastasis has not been well characterized. In this study, we show that expression of the constitutively active GαoAR243H and Gαi2R179C mutants alone was insufficient to induce mammary tumor formation in mice. However, in transgenic mouse models of breast cancer induced by Neu expression or PTEN loss, we found that the Gαi2R179C mutant enhanced spontaneous lung metastasis while having no effect on primary tumor initiation and growth. Additionally, we observed that ectopic expression of the GαoAR243H and Gαi2R179C mutants in tumor cells promote cell migration in vitro as well as dissemination into multiple organs in vivo by activating c-Src signaling. Thus, our study uncovers a critical function of Gαi/o signaling in accelerating breast cancer metastasis via the c-Src pathway. This work is clinically significant, as it can potentially pave the way to personalized therapies for patients who present with active Gαi/o mutations or elevated Gαi/o signaling by targeting c-Src to inhibit breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cancan Lyu
- The Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa
| | - Aarzoo K Bhimani
- The Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa
| | - William T Draus
- The Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa
| | | | - Songhai Chen
- The Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa
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16
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Desai R, Muthuswamy S. Oncogenic GNAS uses PKA-dependent and independent mechanisms to induce cell proliferation in human pancreatic ductal and acinar organoids. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.16.524220. [PMID: 36789419 PMCID: PMC9928035 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.16.524220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Ductal and acinar pancreatic organoids generated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are promising models to study pancreatic diseases, including precursor lesions of pancreatic cancer. Genome sequencing studies have revealed that mutations in a G-protein (GNASR201C) are exclusively observed in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs), one of the most common cystic pancreatic precancerous lesions. GNASR201C cooperates with oncogenic KRASG12V/D to produce IPMN lesions in mice; however, the biological mechanisms by which oncogenic GNAS affects the ductal and acinar exocrine pancreas are not understood. In this study, we use pancreatic ductal and acinar organoids generated from human embryonic stem cells to investigate mechanisms by which GNASR201C functions. As expected, GNASR201C-induced cell proliferation in acinar organoids was PKA-dependent. Surprisingly, GNASR201C-induced cell proliferation independent of the canonical PKA signaling in short-term and stable, long-term cultures of GNAS-expressing ductal organoids and in an immortalized ductal epithelial cell line, demonstrating that GNASR201C uses PKA-dependent and independent mechanisms to induce cell proliferation in the exocrine pancreas. Co-expression of oncogenic KRASG12V and GNASR201C induced cell proliferation in ductal and acini organoids in a PKA-independent and dependent manner, respectively. Thus, we identify cell lineage-specific roles for PKA signaling driving pre-cancerous lesions and report the development of a human pancreatic ductal organoid model system to investigate mechanisms regulating GNASR201C-induced IPMNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridhdhi Desai
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Current Address: Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Senthil Muthuswamy
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Current Address: Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, MA, 02215, USsA
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17
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Chakraborty A, Halder B, Mondal S, Barrett A, Zhi W, Csanyi G, Sabbatini ME. NADPH oxidase 1 in chronic pancreatitis-activated pancreatic stellate cells facilitates the progression of pancreatic cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2023; 13:118-142. [PMID: 36777508 PMCID: PMC9906081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients suffering from chronic pancreatitis (CP) have a higher risk of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) compared to the general population. For instance, the presence of an activated pancreatic stellate cell (PaSC)-rich stroma in CP has facilitated the progression of non-invasive pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) lesions to invasive PDAC. We have previously found that in a mouse model of CP, NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1) in activated PaSCs forms fibrotic tissue and up-regulates both matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9 and the transcription factor Twist1. Yet, the role and mechanism of Nox1 in activated PaSCs from mice with CP (CP-activated PaSCs) in the progression of PDAC is unknown. For that, we tested the ability of Nox1 in CP-activated PaSCs to facilitate the growth of pancreatic cancer cells, and the mechanisms involved in these effects by identifying proteins in the secretome of CP-activated PaSCs whose production were Nox1-dependent. We found that, in vitro, Nox1 evoked a pro-invasive and cancer-promoting phenotype in CP-activated PaSCs via Twist1/MMP-9 expression, causing changes in the extracellular matrix composition. In vivo, Nox1 in CP-activated PaSCs facilitated tumor growth and stromal expansion. Using mass spectrometry, we identified proteins protecting from endoplasmic reticulum, oxidative and metabolic stresses in the secretome of CP-activated PaSCs whose production was Nox1-dependent, including peroxiredoxins (Prdx1 and Prdx4), and thioredoxin reductase 1. In conclusion, inhibiting the Nox1 signaling in activated PaSCs from patients with CP at early stages can reduce the reorganization of extracellular matrix, and the protection of neoplastic cells from cellular stresses, ameliorating the progression of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Chakraborty
- Department of Biological Sciences, Augusta UniversityAugusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Bithika Halder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Augusta UniversityAugusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Souravi Mondal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Augusta UniversityAugusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Amanda Barrett
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta UniversityAugusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Wenbo Zhi
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta UniversityAugusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gabor Csanyi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta UniversityAugusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Maria E Sabbatini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Augusta UniversityAugusta, Georgia, USA
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18
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Montañez-Miranda C, Perszyk RE, Harbin NH, Okalova J, Ramineni S, Traynelis SF, Hepler JR. Functional Assessment of Cancer-Linked Mutations in Sensitive Regions of Regulators of G Protein Signaling Predicted by Three-Dimensional Missense Tolerance Ratio Analysis. Mol Pharmacol 2023; 103:21-37. [PMID: 36384958 PMCID: PMC10955721 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.122.000614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins modulate G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling by acting as negative regulators of G proteins. Genetic variants in RGS proteins are associated with many diseases, including cancers, although the impact of these mutations on protein function is uncertain. Here we analyze the RGS domains of 15 RGS protein family members using a novel bioinformatic tool that measures the missense tolerance ratio (MTR) using a three-dimensional (3D) structure (3DMTR). Subsequent permutation analysis can define the protein regions that are most significantly intolerant (P < 0.05) in each dataset. We further focused on RGS14, RGS10, and RGS4. RGS14 exhibited seven significantly tolerant and seven significantly intolerant residues, RGS10 had six intolerant residues, and RGS4 had eight tolerant and six intolerant residues. Intolerant and tolerant-control residues that overlap with pathogenic cancer mutations reported in the COSMIC cancer database were selected to define the functional phenotype. Using complimentary cellular and biochemical approaches, proteins were tested for effects on GPCR-Gα activation, Gα binding properties, and downstream cAMP levels. Identified intolerant residues with reported cancer-linked mutations RGS14-R173C/H and RGS4-K125Q/E126K, and tolerant RGS14-S127P and RGS10-S64T resulted in a loss-of-function phenotype in GPCR-G protein signaling activity. In downstream cAMP measurement, tolerant RGS14-D137Y and RGS10-S64T and intolerant RGS10-K89M resulted in change of function phenotypes. These findings show that 3DMTR identified intolerant residues that overlap with cancer-linked mutations cause phenotypic changes that negatively impact GPCR-G protein signaling and suggests that 3DMTR is a potentially useful bioinformatics tool for predicting functionally important protein residues. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Human genetic variant/mutation information has expanded rapidly in recent years, including cancer-linked mutations in regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins. However, experimental testing of the impact of this vast catalogue of mutations on protein function is not feasible. We used the novel bioinformatics tool three-dimensional missense tolerance ratio (3DMTR) to define regions of genetic intolerance in RGS proteins and prioritize which cancer-linked mutants to test. We found that 3DMTR more accurately classifies loss-of-function mutations in RGS proteins than other databases thereby offering a valuable new research tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Montañez-Miranda
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (C.M.-M., R.E.P., N.H.H., S.R., S.F.T., J.R.H.) and Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics (J.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Riley E Perszyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (C.M.-M., R.E.P., N.H.H., S.R., S.F.T., J.R.H.) and Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics (J.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nicholas H Harbin
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (C.M.-M., R.E.P., N.H.H., S.R., S.F.T., J.R.H.) and Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics (J.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jennifer Okalova
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (C.M.-M., R.E.P., N.H.H., S.R., S.F.T., J.R.H.) and Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics (J.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Suneela Ramineni
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (C.M.-M., R.E.P., N.H.H., S.R., S.F.T., J.R.H.) and Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics (J.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (C.M.-M., R.E.P., N.H.H., S.R., S.F.T., J.R.H.) and Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics (J.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John R Hepler
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (C.M.-M., R.E.P., N.H.H., S.R., S.F.T., J.R.H.) and Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics (J.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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19
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Raut P, Nimmakayala RK, Batra SK, Ponnusamy MP. Clinical and Molecular Attributes and Evaluation of Pancreatic Cystic Neoplasm. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188851. [PMID: 36535512 PMCID: PMC9898173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) and mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCNs) are all considered "Pancreatic cystic neoplasms (PCNs)" and show a varying risk of developing into pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). These lesions display different molecular characteristics, mutations, and clinical manifestations. A lack of detailed understanding of PCN subtype characteristics and their molecular mechanisms limits the development of efficient diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies for these lesions. Proper in vivo mouse models that mimic human PCNs are also needed to study the molecular mechanisms and for therapeutic testing. A comprehensive understanding of the current status of PCN biology, mechanisms, current diagnostic methods, and therapies will help in the early detection and proper management of patients with these lesions and PDAC. This review aims to describe all these aspects of PCNs, specifically IPMNs, by describing the future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Raut
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Rama Krishna Nimmakayala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA.
| | - Moorthy P Ponnusamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA.
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20
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Pollini T, Adsay V, Capurso G, Molin MD, Esposito I, Hruban R, Luchini C, Maggino L, Matthaei H, Marchegiani G, Scarpa A, Wood LD, Bassi C, Salvia R, Mino-Kenudson M, Maker AV. The tumour immune microenvironment and microbiome of pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 7:1141-1150. [PMID: 36057265 PMCID: PMC9844533 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(22)00235-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) have gained substantial attention because they represent one of the only radiographically identifiable precursors of invasive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Although most of these neoplasms have low-grade dysplasia and will remain indolent, a subset of IPMNs will progress to invasive cancer. The role of the immune system in the progression of IPMNs is unclear, but understanding its role could reveal the mechanism of neoplastic progression and targets for immunotherapy to inhibit progression or treat invasive disease. The available evidence supports a shift in the immune composition of IPMNs during neoplastic progression. Although low-grade lesions contain a high proportion of effector T cells, high-grade IPMNs, and IPMNs with an associated invasive carcinoma lose the T-cell infiltrate and are characterised by a predominance of immunosuppressive elements. Several possible therapeutic strategies emerge from this analysis that are unique to IPMNs and its microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Pollini
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of General and Pancreatic Surgery, The Pancreas Institute, Section of Pathology University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Volcan Adsay
- Department of Pathology, Koç University Hospital and Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gabriele Capurso
- Department of Pancreatobiliary Endoscopy and Endosonography, Pancreas Translational and Clinical Research Center, IRCCS San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Dal Molin
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Irene Esposito
- Department of Pathology, Heinrich Heine University and University Hospital of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ralph Hruban
- Department of Pathology, the Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA, USA
| | - Claudio Luchini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Laura Maggino
- Department of General and Pancreatic Surgery, The Pancreas Institute, Section of Pathology University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Hanno Matthaei
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Giovanni Marchegiani
- Department of General and Pancreatic Surgery, The Pancreas Institute, Section of Pathology University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Laura D Wood
- Department of Pathology, the Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA, USA
| | - Claudio Bassi
- Department of General and Pancreatic Surgery, The Pancreas Institute, Section of Pathology University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Roberto Salvia
- Department of General and Pancreatic Surgery, The Pancreas Institute, Section of Pathology University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mari Mino-Kenudson
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ajay V Maker
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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21
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Furukawa T. Mechanisms of development and progression of pancreatic neoplasms. Pathol Int 2022; 72:529-540. [PMID: 36161420 PMCID: PMC9828726 DOI: 10.1111/pin.13272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) develops via dysplastic changes in the epithelia graded as low- and high-grade with accumulation of molecular alterations. Constitutive activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) contributed by attenuation of DUSP6 plays a key role in sustaining PDAC. Active MAPK induces various molecules that function as effectors to sustain PDAC. AURKA and SON are downstream effectors that contribute substantially to the proliferation and survival of PDAC cells and are potentially useful as therapeutic targets. Active MAPK also promote microRNAs that modulate the proliferation of PDAC cells and are useful as diagnostic markers. Familial pancreatic cancer kindreds in Japan show various germline mutations supposed to increase a pancreatic cancer risk. Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) consist of dilated ducts lined by papillary neoplastic epithelia of various shapes and varying grades of atypia. Various papillae of IPMNs are classified into four subtypes that are associated with clinicopathological features, including patient prognosis. GNAS is a specific driver gene for the development of IPMN through gain-of-function mutations. Tracing of molecular alterations has elucidated the mechanism of progression of IPMN from dysplasia to carcinoma, as well as one type of papillae. Intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasms belong to a distinct class of pancreatic neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Furukawa
- Department of Investigative PathologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
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22
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Trinh VQH, Roland JT, Wong J, Revetta F, Patel K, Shi C, DelGiorno KE, Carter BD, Tan MCB. Peak density of immature nerve cells occurs with high-grade dysplasia in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas. J Pathol 2022; 258:69-82. [PMID: 35686747 PMCID: PMC9378585 DOI: 10.1002/path.5978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of neural structures within tumors is now considered vital for carcinogenesis. However, the time course of this development in human pre-invasive neoplasia has been incompletely described. Therefore, we performed a detailed analysis of nerves across the neoplastic spectrum in resected intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) of the pancreas. Histology and multiplexed immunochemistry demonstrated that nerve density increased from low-grade (LG) to high-grade dysplasia (HG) but did not further increase once invasive IPMN (INV IPMN) was present. Higher nerve density correlated with increasing expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) by the tumor cells. Intra-tumoral nerves were immature and lacked markers of sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sensory lineages. Here, we show for the first time the presence of neural precursor cells (NPCs) within the stroma of pancreatic tumors. The density of these doublecortin (DCX)-positive NPCs increased from LG to HG, but not from HG to INV IPMN. We conclude that peak neural density of tumors is reached in high-grade dysplasia (often termed carcinoma in situ) rather than after invasion. These findings suggest that nerve-tumor interactions are important in IPMN progression and may serve as the basis for future mechanistic studies and novel therapeutic modalities. © 2022 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Quoc-Huy Trinh
- Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Joseph Thomas Roland
- Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jahg Wong
- Département de pathologie et biologie cellulaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Frank Revetta
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Krutika Patel
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Chanjuan Shi
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kathleen E. DelGiorno
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bruce D. Carter
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Marcus Chuan Beng Tan
- Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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23
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Wang Y, Chen H, Yu J, Kang W, To KF. Recent insight into the role and therapeutic potential of YAP/TAZ in gastrointestinal cancers. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188787. [PMID: 36041574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid development of cancer treatment, gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are still the most prevalent malignancies with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Dysregulation of the Hippo signaling pathway has been recognized to play a critical role during cancer development and adopted for monitoring disease progression and therapy response. Despite the well-documented tumor proliferation and metastasis, recent efforts in two core Hippo components, Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), have identified as the driving forces behind cancer metabolism, stemness, tumor immunity, and therapy resistance. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which YAP/TAZ facilitates the tumorigenesis and progression of GI cancer, and identifying novel therapeutic strategies for targeting YAP/TAZ are crucial to GI cancer treatment and prevention. In this study, we summarize the latest findings on the function and regulatory mechanisms of YAP/TAZ in GI cancers, and highlight the translational significance of targeting YAP/TAZ for cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Wang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Huarong Chen
- Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Wei Kang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
| | - Ka Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
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24
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Oncogene addiction to GNAS in GNAS R201 mutant tumors. Oncogene 2022; 41:4159-4168. [PMID: 35879396 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02388-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The GNASR201 gain-of-function mutation is the single most frequent cancer-causing mutation across all heterotrimeric G proteins, driving oncogenesis in various low-grade/benign gastrointestinal and pancreatic tumors. In this study, we investigated the role of GNAS and its product Gαs in tumor progression using peritoneal models of colorectal cancer (CRC). GNAS was knocked out in multiple CRC cell lines harboring GNASR201C/H mutations (KM12, SNU175, SKCO1), leading to decreased cell-growth in 2D and 3D organoid models. Nude mice were peritoneally injected with GNAS-knockout KM12 cells, leading to a decrease in tumor growth and drastically improved survival at 7 weeks. Supporting these findings, GNAS overexpression in LS174T cells led to increased cell-growth in 2D and 3D organoid models, and increased tumor growth in PDX mouse models. GNAS knockout decreased levels of cyclic AMP in KM12 cells, and molecular profiling identified phosphorylation of β-catenin and activation of its targets as critical downstream effects of mutant GNAS signaling. Supporting these findings, chemical inhibition of both PKA and β-catenin reduced growth of GNAS mutant organoids. Our findings demonstrate oncogene addiction to GNAS in peritoneal models of GNASR201C/H tumors, which signal through the cAMP/PKA and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. Thus, GNAS and its downstream mediators are promising therapeutic targets for GNAS mutant tumors.
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25
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Cheng X, Lou K, Ding L, Zou X, Huang R, Xu G, Zou J, Zhang G. Clinical potential of the Hippo-YAP pathway in bladder cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:925278. [PMID: 35912245 PMCID: PMC9336529 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.925278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the world’s most frequent cancers. Surgery coupled with adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy is the current standard of therapy for BC. However, a high proportion of patients progressed to chemotherapy-resistant or even neoplasm recurrence. Hence, identifying novel treatment targets is critical for clinical treatment. Current studies indicated that the Hippo-YAP pathway plays a crucial in regulating the survival of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which is related to the progression and reoccurrence of a variety of cancers. In this review, we summarize the evidence that Hippo-YAP mediates the occurrence, progression and chemotherapy resistance in BC, as well as the role of the Hippo-YAP pathway in regulating bladder cancer stem-like cells (BCSCs). Finally, the clinical potential of Hippo-YAP in the treatment of BC was prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cheng
- First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Institute of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Kecheng Lou
- First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Institute of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Liang Ding
- First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Institute of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zou
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Institute of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Jiangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Calculi Prevention, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Ruohui Huang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Institute of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Jiangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Calculi Prevention, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Institute of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Jiangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Calculi Prevention, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Junrong Zou
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Institute of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Jiangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Calculi Prevention, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Guoxi Zhang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Institute of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Jiangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Calculi Prevention, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guoxi Zhang,
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26
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Masugi Y. The Desmoplastic Stroma of Pancreatic Cancer: Multilayered Levels of Heterogeneity, Clinical Significance, and Therapeutic Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133293. [PMID: 35805064 PMCID: PMC9265767 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pancreatic cancer is a highly malignant disease with treatment resistance to standardized chemotherapies. In addition, only a small fraction of patients with pancreatic cancer has, to date, actionable genetic aberrations, leading to a narrow therapeutic window for molecularly targeted therapies or immunotherapies. A lot of preclinical and translational studies are ongoing to discover potential vulnerabilities to treat pancreatic cancer. Histologically, human pancreatic cancer is characterized by abundant cancer-associated fibrotic stroma, called “desmoplastic stroma”. Recent technological advances have revealed that desmoplastic stroma in pancreatic cancer is much more complicated than previously thought, playing pleiotropic roles in manipulating tumor cell fate and anti-tumor immunity. Moreover, real-world specimen-based analyses of pancreatic cancer stroma have also uncovered spatial heterogeneity and an intertumoral variety associated with molecular alterations, clinicopathological factors, and patient outcomes. This review describes an overview of the current efforts in the field of pancreatic cancer stromal biology and discusses treatment opportunities of stroma-modifying therapies against this hard-to-treat cancer. Abstract Pancreatic cancer remains one of the most lethal malignancies and is becoming a dramatically increasing cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Abundant desmoplastic stroma is a histological hallmark of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Emerging evidence suggests a promising therapeutic effect of several stroma-modifying therapies that target desmoplastic stromal elements in the pancreatic cancer microenvironment. The evidence also unveils multifaceted roles of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in manipulating pancreatic cancer progression, immunity, and chemotherapeutic response. Current state-of-the-art technologies, including single-cell transcriptomics and multiplexed tissue imaging techniques, have provided a more profound knowledge of CAF heterogeneity in real-world specimens from pancreatic cancer patients, as well as in genetically engineered mouse models. In this review, we describe recent advances in the understanding of the molecular pathology bases of pancreatic cancer desmoplastic stroma at multilayered levels of heterogeneity, namely, (1) variations in cellular and non-cellular members, including CAF subtypes and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins; (2) geographical heterogeneity in relation to cell–cell interactions and signaling pathways at niche levels and spatial heterogeneity at locoregional levels or organ levels; and (3) intertumoral stromal heterogeneity at individual levels. This review further discusses the clinicopathological significance of desmoplastic stroma and the potential opportunities for stroma-targeted therapies against this lethal malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Masugi
- Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 1608582, Japan; ; Tel.: +81-3-5363-3764; Fax: +81-3-3353-3290
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 1608582, Japan
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27
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McDonald OG. The biology of pancreatic cancer morphology. Pathology 2022; 54:236-247. [PMID: 34872751 PMCID: PMC8891077 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2021.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal of all human malignancies. PDAC precursor lesions, invasive primary PDAC, and metastatic PDAC each display distinct morphologies that reflect unique biology. This 'biomorphology' is determined by a complex neoplastic history of clonal phylogenetic relationships, geographic locations, external environmental exposures, intrinsic metabolic demands, and tissue migration patterns. Understanding the biomorphological evolution of PDAC progression is not only of academic interest but also of great practical value. Applying this knowledge to surgical pathology practice facilitates the correct diagnosis on routine H&E stains without additional ancillary studies in most cases. Here I provide a concise overview of the entire biomorphological spectrum of PDAC progression beginning with initial neoplastic transformation and ending in terminal distant metastasis. Most biopsy and resection specimens are currently obtained prior to treatment. As such, our understanding of untreated PDAC biomorphology is mature. The biomorphology of treated PDAC is less defined but will assume greater importance as the frequency of neoadjuvant therapy increases. Although this overview is slanted towards pathology, it is written so that pathologists, clinicians, and scientists alike might find it instructive for their respective disciplines.
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28
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Kawabata H, Ono Y, Tamamura N, Oyama K, Ueda J, Sato H, Takahashi K, Taniue K, Okada T, Fujibayashi S, Hayashi A, Goto T, Enomoto K, Konishi H, Fujiya M, Miyakawa K, Tanino M, Nishikawa Y, Koga D, Watanabe T, Maeda C, Karasaki H, Liss AS, Mizukami Y, Okumura T. Mutant GNAS limits tumor aggressiveness in established pancreatic cancer via antagonizing the KRAS-pathway. J Gastroenterol 2022; 57:208-220. [PMID: 35018527 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-021-01846-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in GNAS drive pancreatic tumorigenesis and frequently occur in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN); however, their value as a therapeutic target is yet to be determined. This study aimed at evaluating the involvement of mutant GNAS in tumor aggressiveness in established pancreatic cancer. METHODS CRISPR/Cas9-mediated GNAS R201H silencing was performed using human primary IPMN-associated pancreatic cancer cells. The role of oncogenic GNAS in tumor maintenance was evaluated by conducting cell culture and xenograft experiments, and western blotting and transcriptome analyses were performed to uncover GNAS-driven signatures. RESULTS Xenografts of GNAS wild-type cells were characterized by a higher Ki-67 labeling index relative to GNAS-mutant cells. Phenotypic alterations in the GNAS wild-type tumors resulted in a significant reduction in mucin production accompanied by solid with massive stromal components. Transcriptional profiling suggested an apparent conflict of mutant GNAS with KRAS signaling. A significantly higher Notch intercellular domain (NICD) was observed in the nuclear fraction of GNAS wild-type cells. Meanwhile, inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA) induced NICD in GNAS-mutant IPMN cells, suggesting that NOTCH signaling is negatively regulated by the GNAS-PKA pathway. GNAS wild-type cells were characterized by a significant invasive property relative to GNAS-mutant cells, which was mediated through the NOTCH regulatory pathway. CONCLUSIONS Oncogenic GNAS induces mucin production, not only via MUC2 but also via MUC5AC/B, which may enlarge cystic lesions in the pancreas. The mutation may also limit tumor aggressiveness by attenuating NOTCH signaling; therefore, such tumor-suppressing effects must be considered when therapeutically inhibiting the GNAS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidemasa Kawabata
- Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1 Midorigaoka Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ono
- Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1 Midorigaoka Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Sapporo-Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 065-0033, Japan
| | - Nobue Tamamura
- Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1 Midorigaoka Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Kyohei Oyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Jun Ueda
- Department of Advanced Medical Science, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sato
- Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1 Midorigaoka Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Kenji Takahashi
- Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1 Midorigaoka Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Kenzui Taniue
- Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1 Midorigaoka Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
- Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Okada
- Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1 Midorigaoka Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Syugo Fujibayashi
- Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1 Midorigaoka Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hayashi
- Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1 Midorigaoka Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Takuma Goto
- Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1 Midorigaoka Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Katsuro Enomoto
- Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1 Midorigaoka Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Konishi
- Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1 Midorigaoka Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Fujiya
- Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1 Midorigaoka Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Keita Miyakawa
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Mishie Tanino
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Yuji Nishikawa
- Division of Tumor Pathology, Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koga
- Department of Microscopic Anatomy and Cell Biology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Watanabe
- Department of Microscopic Anatomy and Cell Biology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Chiho Maeda
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Sapporo-Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 065-0033, Japan
| | - Hidenori Karasaki
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Sapporo-Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 065-0033, Japan
| | - Andrew S Liss
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Yusuke Mizukami
- Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1 Midorigaoka Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan.
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Sapporo-Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 065-0033, Japan.
| | - Toshikatsu Okumura
- Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1 Midorigaoka Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
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Shields MA, Spaulding C, Metropulos AE, Khalafalla MG, Pham TND, Munshi HG. Gα13 loss in Kras/Tp53 mouse model of pancreatic tumorigenesis promotes tumors susceptible to rapamycin. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110441. [PMID: 35235808 PMCID: PMC8989626 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gα13 transduces signals from G-protein-coupled receptors. While Gα13 functions as a tumor suppressor in lymphomas, it is not known whether Gα13 is pro-tumorigenic or tumor suppressive in genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models of epithelial cancers. Here, we show that loss of Gα13 in the Kras/Tp53 (KPC) GEM model promotes well-differentiated tumors and reduces survival. Mechanistically, tumors developing in KPC mice with Gα13 loss exhibit increased E-cadherin expression and mTOR signaling. Importantly, human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumors with low Gα13 expression also exhibit increased E-cadherin expression and mTOR signaling. Treatment with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin decreases the growth of syngeneic KPC tumors with Gα13 loss by promoting cell death. This work establishes a tumor-suppressive role of Gα13 in pancreatic tumorigenesis in the KPC GEM model and suggests targeting mTOR in human PDAC tumors with Gα13 loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario A Shields
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Avenue, Lurie 3-220 or Lurie 3-117, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Christina Spaulding
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Avenue, Lurie 3-220 or Lurie 3-117, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anastasia E Metropulos
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Avenue, Lurie 3-220 or Lurie 3-117, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Mahmoud G Khalafalla
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Avenue, Lurie 3-220 or Lurie 3-117, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Thao N D Pham
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Avenue, Lurie 3-220 or Lurie 3-117, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Hidayatullah G Munshi
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Avenue, Lurie 3-220 or Lurie 3-117, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Zhou X, Sun Z, Zhang M, Qu X, Yang S, Wang L, Jing Y, Li L, Deng W, Liu F, Di J, Chen J, Wu J, Zhang H. Deficient Rnf43 potentiates hyperactive Kras‐mediated pancreatic preneoplasia initiation and malignant transformation. Animal Model Exp Med 2022; 5:61-71. [PMID: 35229994 PMCID: PMC8879633 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methods Results Conclusions
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology Department of Physiology Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Zhichao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology Department of Physiology Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Mengdi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology Department of Physiology Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Xiaoyu Qu
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell Dalian Medical University Dalian China
| | - Shuhui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology Department of Physiology Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Lianmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology Department of Physiology Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yanling Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology Department of Physiology Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology Department of Physiology Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Weiwei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology Department of Physiology Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Fangming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology Department of Physiology Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Jin Di
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell Dalian Medical University Dalian China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Pathology Peking Union Medical College Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing China
| | - Jian Wu
- MyGenostics Inc. Beijing China
| | - Hongbing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology Department of Physiology Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
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Li J, Wei T, Zhang J, Liang T. Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms of the Pancreas: A Review of Their Genetic Characteristics and Mouse Models. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215296. [PMID: 34771461 PMCID: PMC8582516 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancers with the lowest survival rate. Little progress has been achieved in prolonging the survival for patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Hence, special attention should be paid to pre-cancerous lesions, for instance, an intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN). Here, we reviewed its genetic characteristics and the mouse models involving mutations in specific pathways, and updated our current perception of how this lesion develops into a precursor of invasive cancer. Abstract The intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) is attracting research attention because of its increasing incidence and proven potential to progress into invasive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In this review, we summarized the key signaling pathways or protein complexes (GPCR, TGF, SWI/SNF, WNT, and PI3K) that appear to be involved in IPMN pathogenesis. In addition, we collected information regarding all the genetic mouse models that mimic the human IPMN phenotype with specific immunohistochemistry techniques. The mouse models enable us to gain insight into the complex mechanism of the origin of IPMN, revealing that it can be developed from both acinar cells and duct cells according to different models. Furthermore, recent genomic studies describe the potential mechanism by which heterogeneous IPMN gives rise to malignant carcinoma through sequential, branch-off, or de novo approaches. The most intractable problem is that the risk of malignancy persists to some extent even if the primary IPMN is excised with a perfect margin, calling for the re-evaluation and improvement of diagnostic, pre-emptive, and therapeutic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China; (J.L.); (T.W.); (J.Z.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for the Study of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tao Wei
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China; (J.L.); (T.W.); (J.Z.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for the Study of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China; (J.L.); (T.W.); (J.Z.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for the Study of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tingbo Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China; (J.L.); (T.W.); (J.Z.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for the Study of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-571-87236688
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Ramms DJ, Raimondi F, Arang N, Herberg FW, Taylor SS, Gutkind JS. G αs-Protein Kinase A (PKA) Pathway Signalopathies: The Emerging Genetic Landscape and Therapeutic Potential of Human Diseases Driven by Aberrant G αs-PKA Signaling. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:155-197. [PMID: 34663687 PMCID: PMC11060502 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the fundamental concepts of signal transduction and kinase activity are attributed to the discovery and crystallization of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, or protein kinase A. PKA is one of the best-studied kinases in human biology, with emphasis in biochemistry and biophysics, all the way to metabolism, hormone action, and gene expression regulation. It is surprising, however, that our understanding of PKA's role in disease is largely underappreciated. Although genetic mutations in the PKA holoenzyme are known to cause diseases such as Carney complex, Cushing syndrome, and acrodysostosis, the story largely stops there. With the recent explosion of genomic medicine, we can finally appreciate the broader role of the Gαs-PKA pathway in disease, with contributions from aberrant functioning G proteins and G protein-coupled receptors, as well as multiple alterations in other pathway components and negative regulators. Together, these represent a broad family of diseases we term the Gαs-PKA pathway signalopathies. The Gαs-PKA pathway signalopathies encompass diseases caused by germline, postzygotic, and somatic mutations in the Gαs-PKA pathway, with largely endocrine and neoplastic phenotypes. Here, we present a signaling-centric review of Gαs-PKA-driven pathophysiology and integrate computational and structural analysis to identify mutational themes commonly exploited by the Gαs-PKA pathway signalopathies. Major mutational themes include hotspot activating mutations in Gαs, encoded by GNAS, and mutations that destabilize the PKA holoenzyme. With this review, we hope to incite further study and ultimately the development of new therapeutic strategies in the treatment of a wide range of human diseases. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Little recognition is given to the causative role of Gαs-PKA pathway dysregulation in disease, with effects ranging from infectious disease, endocrine syndromes, and many cancers, yet these disparate diseases can all be understood by common genetic themes and biochemical signaling connections. By highlighting these common pathogenic mechanisms and bridging multiple disciplines, important progress can be made toward therapeutic advances in treating Gαs-PKA pathway-driven disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana J Ramms
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
| | - Francesco Raimondi
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
| | - Nadia Arang
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
| | - Friedrich W Herberg
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
| | - Susan S Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
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Abstract
Although pancreatic cancer remains to be a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in many industrialized countries, there have been major advances in research over the past two decades that provided a detailed insight into the molecular and developmental processes that govern the genesis of this highly malignant tumor type. There is a continuous need for the development and analysis of preclinical and genetically engineered pancreatic cancer models to study the biological significance of new molecular targets that are identified using various genome-wide approaches and to better understand the mechanisms by which they contribute to pancreatic cancer onset and progression. Following an introduction into the etiology of pancreatic cancer, the molecular subtypes, and key signaling pathways, this review provides an overview of the broad spectrum of models for pancreatic cancer research. In addition to conventional and patient-derived xenografting, this review highlights major milestones in the development of chemical carcinogen-induced and genetically engineered animal models to study pancreatic cancer. Particular emphasis was placed on selected research findings of ligand-controlled tumor models and current efforts to develop genetically engineered strains to gain insight into the biological functions of genes at defined developmental stages during cancer initiation and metastatic progression.
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Cong Q, Liu Y, Zhou T, Zhou Y, Xu R, Cheng C, Chung HS, Yan M, Zhou H, Liao Z, Gao B, Bocobo GA, Covington TA, Song HJ, Su P, Yu PB, Yang Y. A self-amplifying loop of YAP and SHH drives formation and expansion of heterotopic ossification. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/599/eabb2233. [PMID: 34162750 PMCID: PMC8638088 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abb2233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) occurs as a common complication after injury or in genetic disorders. The mechanisms underlying HO remain incompletely understood, and there are no approved prophylactic or secondary treatments available. Here, we identify a self-amplifying, self-propagating loop of Yes-associated protein (YAP)-Sonic hedgehog (SHH) as a core molecular mechanism underlying diverse forms of HO. In mouse models of progressive osseous heteroplasia (POH), a disease caused by null mutations in GNAS, we found that Gnas-/- mesenchymal cells secreted SHH, which induced osteoblast differentiation of the surrounding wild-type cells. We further showed that loss of Gnas led to activation of YAP transcription activity, which directly drove Shh expression. Secreted SHH further induced YAP activation, Shh expression, and osteoblast differentiation in surrounding wild-type cells. This self-propagating positive feedback loop was both necessary and sufficient for HO expansion and could act independently of Gnas in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), another genetic HO, and nonhereditary HO mouse models. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of YAP or SHH abolished HO in POH and FOP and acquired HO mouse models without affecting normal bone homeostasis, providing a previously unrecognized therapeutic rationale to prevent, reduce, and shrink HO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Cong
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 188 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yuchen Liu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 188 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Taifeng Zhou
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 188 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yaxing Zhou
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 188 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ruoshi Xu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 188 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Caiqi Cheng
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 188 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hye Soo Chung
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 188 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Meijun Yan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hang Zhou
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhiheng Liao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 188 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Geoffrey A Bocobo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Taylor A Covington
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hyeon Ju Song
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peiqiang Su
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Paul B Yu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yingzi Yang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 188 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Venkat S, Alahmari AA, Feigin ME. Drivers of Gene Expression Dysregulation in Pancreatic Cancer. Trends Cancer 2021; 7:594-605. [PMID: 33618999 PMCID: PMC8217125 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a devastating disease with a poor prognosis. The functional consequences of common genetic aberrations and their roles in treatment strategies have been extensively reviewed. In addition to these genomic aberrations, consideration of non-genetic drivers of altered oncogene expression is essential to account for the diversity in PDAC phenotypes. In this review we seek to assess our current understanding of mechanisms of gene expression dysregulation. We focus on four drivers of gene expression dysregulation, including mutations, transcription factors, epigenetic regulators, and RNA stability/isoform regulation, in the context of PDAC pathogenesis. Recent studies provide much-needed insight into the role of gene expression dysregulation in dissecting tumor heterogeneity and stratifying patients for the development of personalized treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Venkat
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Abdulrahman A Alahmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael E Feigin
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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Nimmakayala RK, Rauth S, Chirravuri Venkata R, Marimuthu S, Nallasamy P, Vengoji R, Lele SM, Rachagani S, Mallya K, Malafa MP, Ponnusamy MP, Batra SK. PGC1α-Mediated Metabolic Reprogramming Drives the Stemness of Pancreatic Precursor Lesions. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:5415-5429. [PMID: 34172498 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-5020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Metabolic reprogramming and cancer stem cells drive the aggressiveness of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, the metabolic and stemness programs of pancreatic precursor lesions (PPL), considered early PDAC development events, have not been thoroughly explored. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Meta-analyses using gene expression profile data from NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus and IHC on tissue microarrays (TMA) were performed. The following animal and cellular models were used: cerulean-induced KrasG12D; Pdx1 Cre (KC) acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM) mice, KrasG12D; Smad4Loss; Pdx-1 Cre (KCSmad4-) intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) mice, LGKC1 cell line derived from the doxycycline-inducible Gnas IPMN model, and human IPMN organoids. Flow cytometry, Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer, qRT-PCR, and sphere assay were used to analyze metabolic and stemness features. SR18292 was used to inhibit PGC1α, and short hairpin RNA was used to knockdown (KD) PGC1α. RESULTS The meta-analysis revealed a significant upregulation of specific stemness genes in ADM-mediated pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasms (PanIN) and IPMN. Meta- and TMA analyses followed by in vitro and in vivo validation revealed that ADM/PanIN exhibit increased PGC1α and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPhos) but reduced CPT1A. IPMN showed elevated PGC1α, fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) gene expression, and FAO-OXPhos. PGC1α was co-overexpressed with its coactivator NRF1 in ADM/PanINs and with PPARγ in IPMN. PGC1α KD or SR18292 inhibited the specific metabolic and stemness features of PPLs and repressed IPMN organoid growth. CONCLUSIONS ADM/PanINs and IPMNs show specific stemness signatures with unique metabolisms. Inhibition of PGC1α using SR18292 diminishes the specific stemness by targeting FAO-independent and FAO-dependent OXPhos of ADM/PanINs and IPMNs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Krishna Nimmakayala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Sanchita Rauth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Ramakanth Chirravuri Venkata
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Saravanakumar Marimuthu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Palanisamy Nallasamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Raghupathy Vengoji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Subodh M Lele
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Satyanarayana Rachagani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Kavita Mallya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Mokenge P Malafa
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Moorthy P Ponnusamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska. .,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska. .,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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37
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Pitarresi JR, Rustgi AK. Pancreatic plasticity: Unlocking exocrine lineage specification. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:987-988. [PMID: 34087158 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Huang et al. (2021) and Breunig et al. (2021) developed human stem-cell-derived organoid culture systems to recapitulate pancreatic acinar and ductal lineages. This provides opportunities to study cellular plasticity and transformation in pancreatic cancer initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Pitarresi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5157, USA
| | - Anil K Rustgi
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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38
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Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Carcinoma Versus Conventional Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Comprehensive Review of Clinical-Pathological Features, Outcomes, and Molecular Insights. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136756. [PMID: 34201897 PMCID: PMC8268881 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) are common and one of the main precursor lesions of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). PDAC derived from an IPMN is called intraductal papillary mucinous carcinoma (IPMC) and defines a subgroup of patients with ill-defined specificities. As compared to conventional PDAC, IPMCs have been associated to clinical particularities and favorable pathological features, as well as debated outcomes. However, IPMNs and IPMCs include distinct subtypes of precursor (gastric, pancreato-biliary, intestinal) and invasive (tubular, colloid) lesions, also associated to specific characteristics. Notably, consistent data have shown intestinal IPMNs and associated colloid carcinomas, defining the “intestinal pathway”, to be associated with less aggressive features. Genomic specificities have also been uncovered, such as mutations of the GNAS gene, and recent data provide more insights into the mechanisms involved in IPMCs carcinogenesis. This review synthetizes available data on clinical-pathological features and outcomes associated with IPMCs and their subtypes. We also describe known genomic hallmarks of these lesions and summarize the latest data about molecular processes involved in IPMNs initiation and progression to IPMCs. Finally, potential implications for clinical practice and future research strategies are discussed.
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Arang N, Gutkind JS. G Protein-Coupled receptors and heterotrimeric G proteins as cancer drivers. FEBS Lett 2021; 594:4201-4232. [PMID: 33270228 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and heterotrimeric G proteins play central roles in a diverse array of cellular processes. As such, dysregulation of GPCRs and their coupled heterotrimeric G proteins can dramatically alter the signalling landscape and functional state of a cell. Consistent with their fundamental physiological functions, GPCRs and their effector heterotrimeric G proteins are implicated in some of the most prevalent human diseases, including a complex disease such as cancer that causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. GPCR/G protein-mediated signalling impacts oncogenesis at multiple levels by regulating tumour angiogenesis, immune evasion, metastasis, and drug resistance. Here, we summarize the growing body of research on GPCRs and their effector heterotrimeric G proteins as drivers of cancer initiation and progression, and as emerging antitumoural therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Arang
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Huang L, Desai R, Conrad DN, Leite NC, Akshinthala D, Lim CM, Gonzalez R, Muthuswamy LB, Gartner Z, Muthuswamy SK. Commitment and oncogene-induced plasticity of human stem cell-derived pancreatic acinar and ductal organoids. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:1090-1104.e6. [PMID: 33915081 PMCID: PMC8202734 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The exocrine pancreas, consisting of ducts and acini, is the site of origin of pancreatitis and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Our understanding of the genesis and progression of human pancreatic diseases, including PDAC, is limited because of challenges in maintaining human acinar and ductal cells in culture. Here we report induction of human pluripotent stem cells toward pancreatic ductal and acinar organoids that recapitulate properties of the neonatal exocrine pancreas. Expression of the PDAC-associated oncogene GNASR201C induces cystic growth more effectively in ductal than acinar organoids, whereas KRASG12D is more effective in modeling cancer in vivo when expressed in acinar compared with ductal organoids. KRASG12D, but not GNASR201C, induces acinar-to-ductal metaplasia-like changes in culture and in vivo. We develop a renewable source of ductal and acinar organoids for modeling exocrine development and diseases and demonstrate lineage tropism and plasticity for oncogene action in the human pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Huang
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ridhdhi Desai
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Daniel N Conrad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nayara C Leite
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Dipikaa Akshinthala
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Christine Maria Lim
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Raul Gonzalez
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lakshmi B Muthuswamy
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Zev Gartner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; NSF Center for Cellular Construction, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Senthil K Muthuswamy
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Breunig M, Merkle J, Wagner M, Melzer MK, Barth TFE, Engleitner T, Krumm J, Wiedenmann S, Cohrs CM, Perkhofer L, Jain G, Krüger J, Hermann PC, Schmid M, Madácsy T, Varga Á, Griger J, Azoitei N, Müller M, Wessely O, Robey PG, Heller S, Dantes Z, Reichert M, Günes C, Bolenz C, Kuhn F, Maléth J, Speier S, Liebau S, Sipos B, Kuster B, Seufferlein T, Rad R, Meier M, Hohwieler M, Kleger A. Modeling plasticity and dysplasia of pancreatic ductal organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:1105-1124.e19. [PMID: 33915078 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Personalized in vitro models for dysplasia and carcinogenesis in the pancreas have been constrained by insufficient differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into the exocrine pancreatic lineage. Here, we differentiate hPSCs into pancreatic duct-like organoids (PDLOs) with morphological, transcriptional, proteomic, and functional characteristics of human pancreatic ducts, further maturing upon transplantation into mice. PDLOs are generated from hPSCs inducibly expressing oncogenic GNAS, KRAS, or KRAS with genetic covariance of lost CDKN2A and from induced hPSCs derived from a McCune-Albright patient. Each oncogene causes a specific growth, structural, and molecular phenotype in vitro. While transplanted PDLOs with oncogenic KRAS alone form heterogenous dysplastic lesions or cancer, KRAS with CDKN2A loss develop dedifferentiated pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. In contrast, transplanted PDLOs with mutant GNAS lead to intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasia-like structures. Conclusively, PDLOs enable in vitro and in vivo studies of pancreatic plasticity, dysplasia, and cancer formation from a genetically defined background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Breunig
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jessica Merkle
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael K Melzer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany; Department of Urology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Engleitner
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, Center for Translational Cancer Research and Department of Medicine II, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Krumm
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Sandra Wiedenmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany; Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian M Cohrs
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lukas Perkhofer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Gaurav Jain
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, Center for Translational Cancer Research and Department of Medicine II, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jana Krüger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Patrick C Hermann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tamara Madácsy
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; MTA-SZTE Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Árpád Varga
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; MTA-SZTE Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Joscha Griger
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, Center for Translational Cancer Research and Department of Medicine II, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ninel Azoitei
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Oliver Wessely
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Pamela G Robey
- Skeletal Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sandra Heller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Zahra Dantes
- Medical Clinic and Polyclinic II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Reichert
- Medical Clinic and Polyclinic II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Florian Kuhn
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - József Maléth
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; MTA-SZTE Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; HCEMM-SZTE Molecular Gastroenterology Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Stephan Speier
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Liebau
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bence Sipos
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kuster
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany; Bavarian Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Center (BayBioMS), Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Seufferlein
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, Center for Translational Cancer Research and Department of Medicine II, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Meier
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Meike Hohwieler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander Kleger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany.
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Su W, Zhu S, Chen K, Yang H, Tian M, Fu Q, Shi G, Feng S, Ren D, Jin X, Yang C. Overexpressed WDR3 induces the activation of Hippo pathway by interacting with GATA4 in pancreatic cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:88. [PMID: 33648545 PMCID: PMC7923337 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01879-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND WD repeat domain 3 (WDR3) is involved in a variety of cellular processes including gene regulation, cell cycle progression, signal transduction and apoptosis. However, the biological role of WDR3 in pancreatic cancer and the associated mechanism remains unclear. We seek to explore the immune-independent functions and relevant mechanism for WDR3 in pancreatic cancer. METHODS The GEPIA web tool was searched, and IHC assays were conducted to determine the mRNA and protein expression levels of WDR3 in pancreatic cancer patients. MTS, colony formation, and transwell assays were conducted to determine the biological role of WDR3 in human cancer. Western blot analysis, RT-qPCR, and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expression of specific genes. An immunoprecipitation assay was used to explore protein-protein interactions. RESULTS Our study proved that overexpressed WDR3 was correlated with poor survival in pancreatic cancer and that WDR3 silencing significantly inhibited the proliferation, invasion, and tumor growth of pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, WDR3 activated the Hippo signaling pathway by inducing yes association protein 1 (YAP1) expression, and the combination of WDR3 silencing and administration of the YAP1 inhibitor TED-347 had a synergistic inhibitory effect on the progression of pancreatic cancer. Finally, the upregulation of YAP1 expression induced by WDR3 was dependent on an interaction with GATA binding protein 4 (GATA4), the transcription factor of YAP1, which interaction induced the nuclear translocation of GATA4 in pancreatic cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS We identified a novel mechanism by which WDR3 plays a critical role in promoting pancreatic cancer progression by activating the Hippo signaling pathway through the interaction with GATA4. Therefore, WDR3 is potentially a therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Su
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, Sichuan, China
| | - Shikai Zhu
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Organ Transplantation Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, Sichuan, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Organ Transplantation Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, Sichuan, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongji Yang
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Organ Transplantation Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, Sichuan, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingwu Tian
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Organ Transplantation Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, Sichuan, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Organ Transplantation Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, Sichuan, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China.,Transplant Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02148, USA
| | - Ganggang Shi
- Jack Bell Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H3Z6, Canada
| | - Shijian Feng
- Jack Bell Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H3Z6, Canada
| | - Dianyun Ren
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Chong Yang
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Organ Transplantation Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, Sichuan, China. .,Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China.
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Cholesterol Activates Cyclic AMP Signaling in Metaplastic Acinar Cells. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11030141. [PMID: 33652890 PMCID: PMC7996857 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11030141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is a non-essential metabolite that exerts both structural and signaling functions. However, cholesterol biosynthesis is elevated, and actively supports, pancreatic carcinogenesis. Our previous work showed that statins block the reprogramming of mutant KRAS-expressing acinar cells, that spontaneously undergo a metaplastic event termed acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM) to initiate carcinogenesis. Here we tested the impact of cholesterol supplementation on isolated primary wild-type acinar cells and observed enhanced ductal transdifferentiation, associated with generation of the second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and the induction of downstream protein kinase A (PKA). Inhibition of PKA suppresses cholesterol-induced ADM ex vivo. Live imaging using fluorescent biosensors dissected the temporal and spatial dynamics of PKA activation upon cholesterol addition and showed uneven activation both in the cytosol and on the outer mitochondrial membrane of primary pancreatic acinar cells. The ability of cholesterol to activate cAMP signaling is lost in tumor cells. Qualitative examination of multiple normal and transformed cell lines supports the notion that the cAMP/PKA axis plays different roles during multi-step pancreatic carcinogenesis. Collectively, our findings describe the impact of cholesterol availability on the cyclic AMP/PKA axis and plasticity of pancreatic acinar cells.
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Mao W, Mai J, Peng H, Wan J, Sun T. YAP in pancreatic cancer: oncogenic role and therapeutic strategy. Theranostics 2021; 11:1753-1762. [PMID: 33408779 PMCID: PMC7778590 DOI: 10.7150/thno.53438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer, especially pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), remains a fatal disease with few efficacious treatments. The Hippo signaling pathway, an evolutionarily conserved signaling module, plays critical roles in tissue homeostasis, organ size control and tumorigenesis. The transcriptional coactivator yes-associated protein (YAP), a major downstream effector of the Hippo pathway, is associated with various human cancers including PDAC. Considering its importance in cancer, YAP is emerging as a promising therapeutic target. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the oncogenic role and regulatory mechanism of YAP in PDAC, and the potential therapeutic strategies targeting YAP.
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Maziarz M, Federico A, Zhao J, Dujmusic L, Zhao Z, Monti S, Varelas X, Garcia-Marcos M. Naturally occurring hotspot cancer mutations in Gα 13 promote oncogenic signaling. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:16897-16904. [PMID: 33109615 PMCID: PMC7864081 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ac120.014698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G-proteins are signaling switches broadly divided into four families based on the sequence and functional similarity of their Gα subunits: Gs, Gi/o, Gq/11, and G12/13 Artificial mutations that activate Gα subunits of each of these families have long been known to induce oncogenic transformation in experimental systems. With the advent of next-generation sequencing, activating hotspot mutations in Gs, Gi/o, or Gq/11 proteins have also been identified in patient tumor samples. In contrast, patient tumor-associated G12/13 mutations characterized to date lead to inactivation rather than activation. By using bioinformatic pathway analysis and signaling assays, here we identified cancer-associated hotspot mutations in Arg-200 of Gα13 (encoded by GNA13) as potent activators of oncogenic signaling. First, we found that components of a G12/13-dependent signaling cascade that culminates in activation of the Hippo pathway effectors YAP and TAZ is frequently altered in bladder cancer. Up-regulation of this signaling cascade correlates with increased YAP/TAZ activation transcriptional signatures in this cancer type. Among the G12/13 pathway alterations were mutations in Arg-200 of Gα13, which we validated to promote YAP/TAZ-dependent (TEAD) and MRTF-A/B-dependent (SRE.L) transcriptional activity. We further showed that this mechanism relies on the same RhoGEF-RhoGTPase cascade components that are up-regulated in bladder cancers. Moreover, Gα13 Arg-200 mutants induced oncogenic transformation in vitro as determined by focus formation assays. In summary, our findings on Gα13 mutants establish that naturally occurring hotspot mutations in Gα subunits of any of the four families of heterotrimeric G-proteins are putative cancer drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Maziarz
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anthony Federico
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jingyi Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lorena Dujmusic
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zhiming Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stefano Monti
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xaralabos Varelas
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mikel Garcia-Marcos
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Raghav K, Shen JP, Jácome AA, Guerra JL, Scally CP, Taggart MW, Foo WC, Matamoros A, Shaw KR, Fournier K, Overman MJ, Eng C. Integrated clinico-molecular profiling of appendiceal adenocarcinoma reveals a unique grade-driven entity distinct from colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2020; 123:1262-1270. [PMID: 32733093 PMCID: PMC7553941 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-1015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Appendiceal adenocarcinoma (AA) is an orphan disease with unique clinical attributes but often treated as colorectal cancer (CRC). Understanding key molecular differences between AA and CRC is critical. METHODS We performed retrospective analyses of AA patients (N = 266) with tumour and/or blood next-generation sequencing (NGS) (2013-2018) with in-depth clinicopathological annotation. Overall survival (OS) was examined. For comparison, CRC cohorts annotated for sidedness, consensus molecular subtypes (CMS) and mutations (N = 3283) were used. RESULTS Blood-NGS identified less RAS/GNAS mutations compared to tissue-NGS (4.2% vs. 60.9%, P < 0.0001) and showed poor concordance with tissue for well-/moderately differentiated tumours. RAS (56.2%), GNAS (28.1%) and TP53 (26.9%) were most frequent mutations. Well/moderately differentiated tumours harboured more RAS (69.2%/64.0% vs. 40.5%) and GNAS (48.7%/32.0% vs. 10.1%) while moderate/poorly differentiated tumours had more TP53 (26.0%/27.8% vs. 7.7%) mutations. Appendiceal adenocarcinoma (compared to CRC) harboured significantly fewer APC (9.1% vs. 55.4%) and TP53 (26.9% vs. 67.5%) and more GNAS mutations (28.1% vs. 2.0%) (P < 0.0001). Appendiceal adenocarcinoma mutation profile did not resemble either right-sided CRC or any of the four CMS in CRC. High grade, but no mutation, was independently predictive of survival. CONCLUSION Integrated clinico-molecular profiling of AA identified key molecular drivers distinct from CRC. Appendiceal adenocarcinoma has a predominantly grade-driven biology that trumps mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwal Raghav
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - John P Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alexandre A Jácome
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer L Guerra
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher P Scally
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Melissa W Taggart
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wai C Foo
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Aurelio Matamoros
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kenna R Shaw
- Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Keith Fournier
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael J Overman
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cathy Eng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Huang B, Trujillo MA, Fujikura K, Qiu M, Chen F, Felsenstein M, Zhou C, Skaro M, Gauthier C, Macgregor-Das A, Hutchings D, Hong SM, Hruban RH, Eshleman JR, Thompson ED, Klein AP, Goggins M, Wood LD, Roberts NJ. Molecular characterization of organoids derived from pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms. J Pathol 2020; 252:252-262. [PMID: 32696980 DOI: 10.1002/path.5515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) are commonly identified non-invasive cyst-forming pancreatic neoplasms with the potential to progress into invasive pancreatic adenocarcinoma. There are few in vitro models with which to study the biology of IPMNs and their progression to invasive carcinoma. Therefore, we generated a living biobank of organoids from seven normal pancreatic ducts and ten IPMNs. We characterized eight IPMN organoid samples using whole genome sequencing and characterized five IPMN organoids and seven normal pancreatic duct organoids using transcriptome sequencing. We identified an average of 11,344 somatic mutations in the genomes of organoids derived from IPMNs, with one sample harboring 61,537 somatic mutations enriched for T→C transitions and T→A transversions. Recurrent coding somatic mutations were identified in 15 genes, including KRAS, GNAS, RNF43, PHF3, and RBM10. The most frequently mutated genes were KRAS, GNAS, and RNF43, with somatic mutations identified in six (75%), four (50%), and three (37.5%) IPMN organoid samples, respectively. On average, we identified 36 structural variants in IPMN derived organoids, and none had an unstable phenotype (> 200 structural variants). Transcriptome sequencing identified 28 genes differentially expressed between normal pancreatic duct organoid and IPMN organoid samples. The most significantly upregulated and downregulated genes were CLDN18 and FOXA1. Immunohistochemical analysis of FOXA1 expression in 112 IPMNs, 113 mucinous cystic neoplasms, and 145 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas demonstrated statistically significant loss of expression in low-grade IPMNs (p < 0.0016), mucinous cystic neoplasms (p < 0.0001), and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma of any histologic grade (p < 0.0001) compared to normal pancreatic ducts. These data indicate that FOXA1 loss of expression occurs early in pancreatic tumorigenesis. Our study highlights the utility of organoid culture to study the genetics and biology of normal pancreatic duct and IPMNs. © 2020 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Huang
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Maria A Trujillo
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kohei Fujikura
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Miaozhen Qiu
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthäus Felsenstein
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cancan Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Skaro
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christian Gauthier
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anne Macgregor-Das
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Danielle Hutchings
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Seung-Mo Hong
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ralph H Hruban
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James R Eshleman
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Thompson
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alison P Klein
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Goggins
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laura D Wood
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas J Roberts
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Faias S, Duarte M, Pereira L, Chaves P, Cravo M, Dias Pereira A, Albuquerque C. Methylation changes at the GNAS imprinted locus in pancreatic cystic neoplasms are important for the diagnosis of malignant cysts. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2020; 12:1056-1064. [PMID: 33005298 PMCID: PMC7510000 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v12.i9.1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guanine nucleotide-binding protein, alpha stimulating (GNAS) mutations are characteristic of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs). Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) harboring GNAS mutations originate in IPMNs. GNAS is a complex imprinted locus that produces five transcripts regulated by differential methylated regions, NESP55, GNASAS, GNASXL, GNAS1A, and GNAS.
AIM To evaluate if methylation changes in the differential methylated regions of GNAS locus contributed to malignant progression of pancreatic cysts.
METHODS GNAS locus methylation was analyzed in archival pancreatic cyst fluid (PCF) obtained by endoscopic ultrasound with fine-needle aspiration by methylation specific–multiplex ligation dependent probe amplification. Results were normalized and analyzed using Coffalyser.Net software.
RESULTS Fifty-two PCF samples obtained by endoscopic ultrasound with fine-needle aspiration and previously characterized for KRAS and GNAS mutations were studied. The final diagnoses were surgical (11) and clinicopathological (41), including 30 benign cysts, 14 pre-malignant cyst, and eight malignant cysts. Methylation changes at NESP55, GNASAS, GNAS1A, and especially GNASXL were more frequent in malignant cysts, and NESP55 and GNASAS were useful for diagnosis. A combined variable defined as “GNAS locus methylation changes” was significantly associated with malignancy (6/8 malignant cysts and only 2/20 benign cysts) and improved classification. Hypermethylation in both maternally (NESP55) and paternally (GNASXL) derived promoters was found in 3/3 PDACs.
CONCLUSION This is the first study to identify methylation changes in the GNAS locus, improving the diagnosis of malignant pancreatic cysts and suggesting a role in progression to PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Faias
- Department of Gastroenterology, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, EPE, Lisboa 1099-023, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã 6200-506, Portugal
| | - Marlene Duarte
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, EPE, Lisboa 1099-023, Portugal
| | - Luísa Pereira
- Centro de Matemática e Aplicações (CMA-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã 6200-506, Portugal
| | - Paula Chaves
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã 6200-506, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, EPE, Lisboa 1099-023, Portugal
| | - Marília Cravo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Loures 2674-514, Portugal
| | - Antonio Dias Pereira
- Department of Gastroenterology, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, EPE, Lisboa 1099-023, Portugal
| | - Cristina Albuquerque
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, EPE, Lisboa 1099-023, Portugal
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Early Detection of Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasias (PanINs) in Transgenic Mouse Model by Hyperpolarized 13C Metabolic Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103722. [PMID: 32466260 PMCID: PMC7279395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While pancreatic cancer (PC) survival rates have recently shown modest improvement, the disease remains largely incurable. Early detection of pancreatic cancer may result in improved outcomes and therefore, methods for early detection of cancer, even premalignant lesions, may provide more favorable outcomes. Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanINs) have been identified as premalignant precursor lesions to pancreatic cancer. However, conventional imaging methods used for screening high-risk populations do not have the sensitivity to detect PanINs. Here, we have employed hyperpolarized metabolic imaging in vivo and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) metabolomics ex vivo to identify and understand metabolic changes, towards enabling detection of early PanINs and progression to advanced PanINs lesions that precede pancreatic cancer formation. Progression of disease from tissue containing predominantly low-grade PanINs to tissue with high-grade PanINs showed a decreasing alanine/lactate ratio from high-resolution NMR metabolomics ex vivo. Hyperpolarized magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HP-MRS) allows over 10,000-fold sensitivity enhancement relative to conventional magnetic resonance. Real-time HP-MRS was employed to measure non-invasively changes of alanine and lactate metabolites with disease progression and in control mice in vivo, following injection of hyperpolarized [1-13C] pyruvate. The alanine-to-lactate signal intensity ratio was found to decrease as the disease progressed from low-grade PanINs to high-grade PanINs. The biochemical changes of alanine transaminase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme activity were assessed. These results demonstrate that there are significant alterations of ALT and LDH activities during the transformation from early to advanced PanINs lesions. Furthermore, we demonstrate that real-time conversion kinetic rate constants (kPA and kPL) can be used as metabolic imaging biomarkers of pancreatic premalignant lesions. Findings from this emerging HP-MRS technique can be translated to the clinic for detection of pancreatic premalignant lesion in high-risk populations.
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50
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Omori Y, Ono Y, Kobayashi T, Motoi F, Karasaki H, Mizukami Y, Makino N, Ueno Y, Unno M, Furukawa T. How does intestinal-type intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm emerge? CDX2 plays a critical role in the process of intestinal differentiation and progression. Virchows Arch 2020; 477:21-31. [PMID: 32291497 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-020-02806-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal-type intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) of the pancreas is clinicopathologically distinctive. Our research aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the development and progression of the intestinal-type IPMN. In 60 intestinal-type IPMN specimens, histological transitions from gastric-type epithelia to intestinal-type epithelia were observed in 48 cases (80%). CDX2/MUC2/alcian blue triple staining indicated that CDX2 appeared to precede MUC2 expression and subsequent alcian blue-positive mucin production. Expression of p21 and Ki-67 seemed to be accelerated by CDX2 expression (p = 6.02e-13 and p = 3.1e-09, respectively). p21/Ki-67 double staining revealed that p21 was mostly expressed in differentiated cells in the apex of papillae, while Ki-67 was expressed in proliferative cells in the base of papillae. This clear cellular arrangement seemed to break down with the progression of atypical grade and development of invasion (p = 0.00197). Intestinal-type IPMNs harbored frequent GNAS mutations (100%, 25/25) and RNF43 mutations (57%, 8/14) and shared identical GNAS and KRAS mutations with concurrent gastric-type IPMNs or incipient gastric-type neoplasia (100%, 25/25). RNF43 mutations showed emerging or being selected in intestinal-type neoplasms along with ß-catenin aberration. Activation of protein kinase A and extracellular-regulated kinase was observed in CDX2-positive intestinal-type neoplasm. These results suggest that gastric-type epithelia that acquire GNAS mutations together with induction of intrinsic CDX2 expression may evolve with clonal selection and additional molecular aberrations including RNF43 and ß-catenin into intestinal-type IPMNs, which may further progress with complex villous growth due to disoriented cell cycle regulation, acceleration of atypical grade, and advance to show an invasive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Omori
- Department of Investigative Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ono
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, Sapporo, 065-0033, Japan.,Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Kobayashi
- Department of Investigative Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Fuyuhiko Motoi
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Hidenori Karasaki
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, Sapporo, 065-0033, Japan
| | - Yusuke Mizukami
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, Sapporo, 065-0033, Japan.,Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Naohiko Makino
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Michiaki Unno
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Toru Furukawa
- Department of Investigative Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
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