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Villasis-Keever MA, Zurita-Cruz JN, Zepeda-Martinez C, Alegria-Torres G, Serret-Montoya J, Estrada-Loza MDJ, Hernández-Hernández BC, Alonso-Flores S, Zavala-Serret M. Adipokines as predictive factor of cardiac function in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1120445. [PMID: 36967775 PMCID: PMC10034059 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1120445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipokines are associated with cardiovascular disease; in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients adipokines could be useful prognostic factors. OBJECTIVES To explore whether leptin and adiponectin in kidney replacement therapy (KRT) children could have a role on their cardiac function, in the long-term. DESIGN Prospective cohort study was performed with pediatric KRT patients, aged 8 to 17 years who were undergoing hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. At enrollment, lipid profile, adipokines (leptin, leptin receptor, free leptin, and adiponectin), anthropometric measurements and cardiological evaluation were determined. At two-year follow-up, a new cardiological evaluation was performed. Statistical analysis: Quantitative data are presented as median and interquartile range (IQR). Mann-Whitney U test and Chi-squared were used for the between-group comparison. Multivariate analyzes were performed to determine the association of adipokines levels with ventricular ejection fraction (LEVF). RESULTS We included 56 patients, with a median age of 12.5 years. In the first cardiological evaluation, median LVEF was 70.0% (IQR 61%, 76%), 20 patients (35.7%) had some cardiovascular condition, and 10 (17.8%) altered LVEF. At 24-month follow-up, the median LVEF was 70.5% (IQR 65.1%, 77%), while the delta-LVEF values was 3% (IQR -6.5%, 7%). Delta-LVEF were correlated with baseline adipokines serum levels, and the only positive correlation found was with free leptin (r=0.303, p=0.025). In multivariate analysis, levels of free leptin (Coef. 0.12, p<0.036) and leptin (coef. 1.72, p=0.049), as well as baseline LVEF (Coef. -0.65, p<0.001) were associated with delta-LVEF. CONCLUSIONS Free leptin, leptin and LVEF at the beginning of follow-up were associated with the LVEF decrease at the 24-month follow-up in KRT children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Villasis-Keever
- Research Unit in Analysis and Synthesis of the Evidence, National Medical Center XXI Century, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jessie Nallely Zurita-Cruz
- Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gómez, Facultad de Medicina Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Jessie Nallely Zurita-Cruz,
| | - Claudia Zepeda-Martinez
- Department of Pediatric Nephology, Children’s Hospital, National Medical Center XXI Century, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Alegria-Torres
- Department of Pediatric Nephology, Children’s Hospital, National Medical Center XXI Century, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juana Serret-Montoya
- Adolescent Medicine Service, Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gómez, Ministry of Health, Secretaria de Salud (SSA), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria de Jesus Estrada-Loza
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children’s Hospital, National Medical Center XXI Century, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Carolina Hernández-Hernández
- Department of Pediatric Nephology, Children’s Hospital, National Medical Center XXI Century, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sara Alonso-Flores
- Department of Pediatric Nephology, Children’s Hospital, National Medical Center XXI Century, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Monica Zavala-Serret
- Adolescent Medicine Service, Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gómez, Ministry of Health, Secretaria de Salud (SSA), Mexico City, Mexico
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Lee FFY, Alper S. Alternative pre-mRNA splicing as a mechanism for terminating Toll-like Receptor signaling. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1023567. [PMID: 36531997 PMCID: PMC9755862 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1023567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
While inflammation induced by Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is required to combat infection, persistent inflammation can damage host tissues and contribute to a myriad of acute and chronic inflammatory disorders. Thus, it is essential not only that TLR signaling be activated in the presence of pathogens but that TLR signaling is ultimately terminated. One mechanism that limits persistent TLR signaling is alternative pre-mRNA splicing. In addition to encoding the canonical mRNAs that produce proteins that promote inflammation, many genes in the TLR signaling pathway also encode alternative mRNAs that produce proteins that are dominant negative inhibitors of signaling. Many of these negative regulators are induced by immune challenge, so production of these alternative isoforms represents a negative feedback loop that limits persistent inflammation. While these alternative splicing events have been investigated on a gene by gene basis, there has been limited systemic analysis of this mechanism that terminates TLR signaling. Here we review what is known about the production of negatively acting alternative isoforms in the TLR signaling pathway including how these inhibitors function, how they are produced, and what role they may play in inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Fang Yao Lee
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine and Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz, CO, United States
| | - Scott Alper
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine and Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz, CO, United States,*Correspondence: Scott Alper,
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3
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Esposito P, Cipriani L, Verzola D, Grignano MA, De Amici M, Testa G, Grosjean F, Russo E, Garibotto G, Rampino T, Viazzi F. Effects of Different Dialysis Strategies on Inflammatory Cytokine Profile in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients with COVID-19: A Randomized Trial. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10071383. [PMID: 33808205 PMCID: PMC8037035 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10071383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled inflammation plays a relevant role in the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Here, we studied the time trend of inflammatory markers in a population of hemodialysis (HD) patients affected by COVID-19, undergoing two different dialysis approaches. In a prospective study, thirty-one maintenance HD patients with COVID-19 were randomized to expanded HD (HDx), performed using a medium cut-off membrane, or standard treatment using a protein-leaking dialyzer (PLD). Circulating levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-10 (IL-10), soluble TLR4 (sTLR4), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), were collected at diagnosis, and one and two weeks after. Compared with 14 non-infected HD patients, COVID-19 patients showed lymphopenia and higher ferritin and lactate dehydrogenase levels. Moreover, COVID-19 patients had higher levels of IL-10 (15.2 (12.5) vs. 1.2 (1.4) pg/mL, p = 0.02). Twenty-nine patients were randomized to HDx (n = 15) or PLD (n = 14). After a single treatment, IL-8 showed a significant reduction in both groups, whereas IL-10 decreased only in HDx. All over the study, there were no significant modifications in circulating cytokine levels between the two groups, except for a parallel increase of IL-8 and IL-10 at one week control in the HDx group. No correlations were found between cytokine levels and clinical outcomes. In maintenance HD patients, COVID-19 is not related to a sustained inflammatory response. Therefore, modulation of inflammation seems not to be a suitable therapeutic target in this specific population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Esposito
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (L.C.); (D.V.); (E.R.); (G.G.); (F.V.)
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Clinica Nefrologica, Dialisi, Trapianto, 16132 Genova, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Leda Cipriani
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (L.C.); (D.V.); (E.R.); (G.G.); (F.V.)
| | - Daniela Verzola
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (L.C.); (D.V.); (E.R.); (G.G.); (F.V.)
| | - Maria Antonietta Grignano
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, and University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.A.G.); (F.G.); (T.R.)
| | - Mara De Amici
- Laboratory of Immuno-Allergology of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Giorgia Testa
- Pediatrics Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Fabrizio Grosjean
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, and University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.A.G.); (F.G.); (T.R.)
| | - Elisa Russo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (L.C.); (D.V.); (E.R.); (G.G.); (F.V.)
| | - Giacomo Garibotto
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (L.C.); (D.V.); (E.R.); (G.G.); (F.V.)
| | - Teresa Rampino
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, and University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.A.G.); (F.G.); (T.R.)
| | - Francesca Viazzi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (L.C.); (D.V.); (E.R.); (G.G.); (F.V.)
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Clinica Nefrologica, Dialisi, Trapianto, 16132 Genova, Italy
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Boaz M, Kaufman-Shriqui V, Azoulay O, Weinstein T. Status of Nutrition in Hemodialysis Patients Survey (SNIPS): Nutrition Intake in Obese and Overweight vs. Healthy Weight Patients. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:166. [PMID: 33669914 PMCID: PMC7924556 DOI: 10.3390/life11020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated body mass index (BMI) has been associated with improved survival and fewer hospitalizations in hemodialysis patients; however, it is not clear that dietary intake is associated with increased BMI in hemodialysis patients. The present analysis was designed to compare energy and macronutrient intake and distribution, as well as compliance with the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism (ISRNM) dietary guidelines, by body weight status (overweight/obese vs. normal weight) in hemodialysis patients. The status of nutrition in hemodialysis patients survey (SNIPS) cohort is a cross-sectional study including a representative sample of individuals on hemodialysis treated in hospital dialysis centers throughout Israel. Of the 375 patients eligible for the current analysis, 60.1% had BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (overweight/obese). For each participant, the following measures were recorded: dietary intake, blood biochemistry, anthropometric and hemodynamic measures. These were compared by body weight status. Compared to their normal-weight counterparts, overweight/obese hemodialysis patients did not differ by energy and macronutrient intake, distribution of these nutrients in the diet. Regardless of body weight status, hemodialysis patients have poor compliance with ISRNM dietary guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Boaz
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
| | - Vered Kaufman-Shriqui
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
| | - Odile Azoulay
- Department of Nephrology, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tikvah 49100, Israel;
| | - Talia Weinstein
- Department of Nephrology, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 62431, Israel;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Diaz-Ricart M, Torramade-Moix S, Pascual G, Palomo M, Moreno-Castaño AB, Martinez-Sanchez J, Vera M, Cases A, Escolar G. Endothelial Damage, Inflammation and Immunity in Chronic Kidney Disease. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060361. [PMID: 32492843 PMCID: PMC7354562 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients have an accelerated atherosclerosis, increased risk of thrombotic-ischemic complications, and excessive mortality rates when compared with the general population. There is also evidence of an endothelial damage in which the proinflammatory state, the enhanced oxidative stress, or the accumulation of toxins due to their reduced renal clearance in uremia play a role. Further, there is evidence that uremic endothelial cells are both involved in and victims of the activation of the innate immunity. Uremic endothelial cells produce danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPS), which by binding to specific pattern recognition receptors expressed in multiple cells, including endothelial cells, induce the expression of adhesion molecules, the production of proinflammatory cytokines and an enhanced production of reactive oxygen species in endothelial cells, which constitute a link between immunity and inflammation. The connection between endothelial damage, inflammation and defective immunity in uremia will be reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Diaz-Ricart
- Hematopathology, Pathology Department, Center for Biomedical Diagnosis (CDB), Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (S.T.-M.); (M.P.); (A.B.M.-C.); (J.M.-S.); (G.E.)
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Endothelium Team, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Sergi Torramade-Moix
- Hematopathology, Pathology Department, Center for Biomedical Diagnosis (CDB), Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (S.T.-M.); (M.P.); (A.B.M.-C.); (J.M.-S.); (G.E.)
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Marta Palomo
- Hematopathology, Pathology Department, Center for Biomedical Diagnosis (CDB), Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (S.T.-M.); (M.P.); (A.B.M.-C.); (J.M.-S.); (G.E.)
- Barcelona Endothelium Team, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Hospital Clinic/University of Barcelona Campus, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Belen Moreno-Castaño
- Hematopathology, Pathology Department, Center for Biomedical Diagnosis (CDB), Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (S.T.-M.); (M.P.); (A.B.M.-C.); (J.M.-S.); (G.E.)
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Endothelium Team, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julia Martinez-Sanchez
- Hematopathology, Pathology Department, Center for Biomedical Diagnosis (CDB), Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (S.T.-M.); (M.P.); (A.B.M.-C.); (J.M.-S.); (G.E.)
- Barcelona Endothelium Team, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Hospital Clinic/University of Barcelona Campus, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Vera
- Nephrology Department. Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (M.V.); (A.C.)
| | - Aleix Cases
- Nephrology Department. Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (M.V.); (A.C.)
| | - Gines Escolar
- Hematopathology, Pathology Department, Center for Biomedical Diagnosis (CDB), Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (S.T.-M.); (M.P.); (A.B.M.-C.); (J.M.-S.); (G.E.)
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Endothelium Team, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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Garibotto G, Picciotto D, Saio M, Esposito P, Verzola D. Muscle protein turnover and low-protein diets in patients with chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2020; 35:741-751. [PMID: 32378720 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfaa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to a low-protein diet (LPD) involves a reduction in the rate of amino acid (AA) flux and oxidation, leading to more efficient use of dietary AA and reduced ureagenesis. Of note, the concept of 'adaptation' to low-protein intakes has been separated from the concept of 'accommodation', the latter term implying a decrease in protein synthesis, with development of wasting, when dietary protein intake becomes inadequate, i.e. beyond the limits of the adaptive mechanisms. Acidosis, insulin resistance and inflammation are recognized mechanisms that can increase protein degradation and can impair the ability to activate an adaptive response when an LPD is prescribed in a chronic kidney disease (CKD) patient. Current evidence shows that, in the short term, clinically stable patients with CKD Stages 3-5 can efficiently adapt their muscle protein turnover to an LPD containing 0.55-0.6 g protein/kg or a supplemented very-low-protein diet (VLPD) by decreasing muscle protein degradation and increasing the efficiency of muscle protein turnover. Recent long-term randomized clinical trials on supplemented VLPDs in patients with CKD have shown a very good safety profile, suggesting that observations shown by short-term studies on muscle protein turnover can be extrapolated to the long-term period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Garibotto
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Daniela Picciotto
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Michela Saio
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Pasquale Esposito
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Daniela Verzola
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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Esposito P, Battaglia Y, La Porta E, Grignano MA, Caramella E, Avella A, Peressini S, Sessa N, Albertini R, Di Natali G, Lisi C, Gregorini M, Rampino T. Significance of serum Myostatin in hemodialysis patients. BMC Nephrol 2019; 20:462. [PMID: 31829144 PMCID: PMC6907124 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-019-1647-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malnutrition and muscle wasting are common in haemodialysis (HD) patients. Their pathogenesis is complex and involves many molecules including Myostatin (Mstn), which acts as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle. The characterisation of Mstn as a biomarker of malnutrition could be useful in the prevention and management of this condition. Previous studies have reported no conclusive results on the actual relationship between serum Mstn and wasting and malnutrition. So, in this study, we evaluated Mstn profile in a cohort of regular HD patients. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study, enrolling 37 patients undergoing bicarbonate-HD (BHD) or haemodiafiltration (HDF) at least for six months. 20 sex-matched healthy subjects comprised the control group. Mstn serum levels were evaluated by ELISA before and after HD. We collected clinical and biochemical data, evaluated insulin resistance, body composition, malnutrition [by Malnutrition Inflammation Score (MIS)] and tested muscle function (by hand-grip strength, six-minute walking test and a questionnaire on fatigue). RESULTS Mstn levels were not significantly different between HD patients and controls (4.7 ± 2.8 vs 4.5 ± 1.3 ng/ml). In addition, while a decrease in Mstn was observed after HD treatment, there were no differences between BHD and HDF. In whole group of HD patients Mstn was positively correlated with muscle mass (r = 0.82, p < 0.001) and inversely correlated with age (r = - 0.63, p < 0.01) and MIS (r = - 0.39, p = 0.01). No correlations were found between Mstn and insulin resistance, such as between Mstn levels and parameters of muscle strength and fatigue. In multivariate analysis, Mstn resulted inversely correlated with fat body content (β = - 1.055, p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Circulating Mstn is related to muscle mass and nutritional status in HD patients, suggesting that it may have a role in the regulation of skeletal muscle and metabolic processes. However, also considering the lack of difference of serum Mstn between healthy controls and HD patients and the absence of correlations with muscle function tests, our findings do not support the use of circulating Mstn as a biomarker of muscle wasting and malnutrition in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Esposito
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, University of Genoa and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Yuri Battaglia
- Department of Specialized Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Hospital-University St. Anna, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Edoardo La Porta
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Grignano
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Caramella
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessando Avella
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Peressini
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Nicodemo Sessa
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Albertini
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Natali
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudio Lisi
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marilena Gregorini
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Teresa Rampino
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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