1
|
Usuki K, Miyamoto T, Yamauchi T, Ando K, Ogawa Y, Onozawa M, Yamauchi T, Kiyoi H, Yokota A, Ikezoe T, Katsuoka Y, Takada S, Aotsuka N, Morita Y, Ishikawa T, Asada N, Ota S, Dohi A, Morimoto K, Imai S, Kishimoto U, Akashi K, Miyazaki Y. A phase 1/2 study of NS-87/CPX-351 (cytarabine and daunorubicin liposome) in Japanese patients with high-risk acute myeloid leukemia. Int J Hematol 2024; 119:647-659. [PMID: 38532078 PMCID: PMC11136735 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-024-03733-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES NS-87/CPX-351 is a dual-drug liposomal encapsulation of cytarabine and daunorubicin. NS-87/CPX-351 exerts antileukemic action by maintaining a synergistic molar ratio of cytarabine to daunorubicin of 5:1 within the liposome while in circulation. Patients with high-risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which includes therapy-related AML and AML with myelodysplasia-related changes (AML-MRC), have poorer outcomes than those with other AML. METHODOLOGY This open-label phase 1/2 (P1/2) study was conducted in 47 Japanese patients aged 60-75 years with newly diagnosed high-risk AML to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of NS-87/CPX-351. RESULTS In the 6 patients enrolled in the P1 portion, no dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) were reported, and 100 units/m2 during the induction cycle was found to be acceptable. Cytarabine and daunorubicin had a long half-life in the terminal phase (32.8 and 28.7 h, respectively). In the 35 patients enrolled in the P2 portion, composite complete remission (CRc; defined as complete remission [CR] or CR with incomplete hematologic recovery [CRi]) was achieved in 60.0% (90% CI: 44.7-74.0) of the patients. Adverse events due to NS-87/CPX-351 were well tolerated. OUTCOMES NS-87/CPX-351 can be considered as a frontline treatment option for Japanese patients with high-risk AML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Usuki
- Department of Hematology, NTT Medical Center Tokyo, 5-9-22 Higashi-Gotanda, Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo, 141-8625, Japan.
| | - Toshihiro Miyamoto
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Medical Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takuji Yamauchi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyusyu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ando
- Department of Hematology and Onclogy, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Hematology, Hiroshima University School of Medicine, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Ogawa
- Department of Hematology and Onclogy, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Onozawa
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamauchi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kiyoi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akira Yokota
- Department of Hematology, Chiba Aoba Municipal Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ikezoe
- Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yuna Katsuoka
- Department of Hematology, National Hospital Organization Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Satoru Takada
- Department of Hematology, Saiseikai Maebashi Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Aotsuka
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Japanese Red Cross Society Narita Hospital, Narita, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Morita
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ishikawa
- Department of Hematology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Noboru Asada
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ota
- Department of Hematology, Sapporo Hokuyu Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Atsushi Dohi
- Clinical Development Department, Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Shunji Imai
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Department, Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Umi Kishimoto
- Clinical Development Department, Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Akashi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyusyu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasushi Miyazaki
- Department of Hematology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Choi JH, Shukla M, Abdul-Hay M. Acute Myeloid Leukemia Treatment in the Elderly: A Comprehensive Review of the Present and Future. Acta Haematol 2023; 146:431-457. [PMID: 37459852 DOI: 10.1159/000531628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a disease of the hematopoietic system that remains a therapeutic challenge despite advances in our understanding of the underlying cancer biology in the past decade. It is also an affliction of the elderly that predominantly affects patients over 60 years of age. Standard therapy involves intensive chemotherapy that is often difficult to tolerate in older populations. Fortunately, recent developments in molecular targeting have shown promising results in treating leukemia, paving the way for novel treatment strategies that are easier to tolerate. SUMMARY Venetoclax, a BCL-2 inhibitor, when combined with a hypomethylating agent, has proven to be a highly effective and well-tolerated drug and established itself as a new standard for treating AML in patients who are unfit for standard intensive therapy. Other targeted therapies include clinically proven and FDA-approved agents, such as IDH1/2 inhibitors, FLT3 inhibitors, and Gemtuzumab, as well as newer and more experimental drugs such as magrolimab, PI-kinase inhibitors, and T-cell engaging therapy. Some of the novel agents such as magrolimab and menin inhibitors are particularly promising, providing therapeutic options to a wider population of patients than ever before. Determining who will benefit from intense or novel low-intense therapy remains a challenge, and it requires careful assessment of individual patient's fitness and disease characteristics. KEY MESSAGES This article reviews past and current treatment strategies that harness various mechanisms of leukemia-targeting agents and introduces novel therapies on the horizon aimed at exploring therapeutic options for the elderly and unfit patient population. It also provides a strategy to select the best available therapy for elderly patients with both newly diagnosed and relapsed/refractory AML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun H Choi
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, New York University Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mihir Shukla
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Maher Abdul-Hay
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, New York University Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Iida H, Imada K, Ueda Y, Kubo K, Yokota A, Ito Y, Kiguchi T, Hata T, Nawa Y, Ikezoe T, Uchida T, Morita Y, Kawashima I, Chiba M, Morimoto K, Hirooka S, Miyazaki Y, Ohno R, Naoe T. A phase II randomized study evaluating azacitidine versus conventional care regimens in newly diagnosed elderly Japanese patients with unfavorable acute myeloid leukemia. Int J Hematol 2022; 115:694-703. [PMID: 35211840 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-022-03307-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A multicenter phase II study was conducted in 44 elderly (≥ 65 years) Japanese patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) to evaluate whether azacitidine is also effective and feasible in Japanese AML patients. The 28 patients with AML with poor-risk cytogenetics and/or myelodysplasia-related changes (unfavorable AML) were randomly assigned to receive either azacitidine or conventional care regimens (CCR), and the other 16 patients without unfavorable AML received azacitidine alone. The primary endpoint was overall survival. At the median follow-up of 29 months, among the 26 evaluable patients with unfavorable AML, the median survival time (MST) of patients who received azacitidine (N = 14) was 9.6 months and that of patients who received CCR (N = 12) was 5.3 months (HR 0.73; 95% CI 0.31-1.69; log-rank P = 0.459). The MST of all 29 patients who received azacytidine, including the 15 evaluable patients without unfavorable AML, was 12.4 months. Adverse events of azacitidine were manageable and consistent with its established safety profile. Azacitidine tended to prolong survival in newly diagnosed elderly Japanese patients with AML, and was feasible as a front-line therapy for elderly AML patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroatsu Iida
- Department of Hematology, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, 4-1-1, Sannomaru, Naka-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Kazunori Imada
- Department of Hematology, Japanese Red Cross Osaka Hospital, Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasunori Ueda
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kohmei Kubo
- Department of Hematology, Aomori Prefectural Central Hospital, Aomori, Aomori, Japan
| | - Akira Yokota
- Department of Hematology, Chiba Aoba Municipal Hospital, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ito
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Kiguchi
- Department of Hematology, Chugoku Central Hospital, Fukuyama, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomoko Hata
- Department of Hematology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Nawa
- Division of Hematology, Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ikezoe
- Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Toshiki Uchida
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Japanese Red Cross Aichi Medical Center Nagoya Daini Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Morita
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kawashima
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Masahiro Chiba
- Clinical Development Department, Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kensaku Morimoto
- Data Science Department, Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shihomi Hirooka
- Clinical Development Department, Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasushi Miyazaki
- Department of Hematology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ryuzo Ohno
- Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomoki Naoe
- National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yamauchi T, Yoshida C, Usuki K, Takada S, Matsumura I, Dobashi N, Miyazaki Y, Miyamoto T, Iida H, Asou N, Kuroda J, Ichikawa S, Komatsu N, Mendes W, Honda H, Okubo S, Kurokawa M, Jiang Q, Wei A, Ishizawa K. Venetoclax plus low-dose cytarabine in Japanese patients with untreated acute myeloid leukaemia ineligible for intensive chemotherapy. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2021; 51:1372-1382. [PMID: 34322703 PMCID: PMC8405845 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyab112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In a multinational phase 3 trial (VIALE-C), venetoclax plus low-dose cytarabine prolonged overall survival vs placebo plus low-dose cytarabine in patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukaemia ineligible for intensive chemotherapy, although it was not statistically significant. Herein, we assess the benefit of venetoclax plus low-dose cytarabine in the Japanese subgroup of VIALE-C patients (n = 27). Methods VIALE-C, a randomized (2:1), double-blind study (NCT03069352), enrolled untreated patients (≥18 years) with acute myeloid leukaemia. Patients received venetoclax (600 mg days 1–28, 4-day ramp-up in cycle 1) or placebo in 28-day cycles with low-dose cytarabine (20 mg/m2 days 1–10). The primary endpoint was median overall survival. Results In the Japanese subgroup, at a 6-month follow-up from the primary analysis, median overall survival for venetoclax (n = 18) and placebo (n = 9), plus low-dose cytarabine, was 4.7 and 8.1 months, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.928, 95% confidence intervals : 0.399, 2.156). The rate of complete remission plus complete remission with incomplete blood count recovery was higher with venetoclax plus low-dose cytarabine (44.4%) vs placebo plus low-dose cytarabine (11.1%). All patients experienced at least 1 adverse event. The most common grade ≥3 adverse events with venetoclax or placebo, plus low-dose cytarabine, were febrile neutropenia (50.0% vs 44.4%, respectively) and thrombocytopenia (27.8% vs 44.4%, respectively). Serious adverse events were reported in 50.0 and 33.3% of patients in the venetoclax and placebo, plus low-dose cytarabine arms, respectively; pneumonia was the most common (22.2% each). Conclusions Limited survival benefit in the Japanese subgroup can be attributed to small patient numbers and to baseline imbalances observed between treatment arms, with more patients in the venetoclax plus low-dose cytarabine arm presenting poor prognostic factors. Venetoclax plus low-dose cytarabine was well tolerated in Japanese patients with acute myeloid leukaemia ineligible for intensive chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yamauchi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Chikashi Yoshida
- Department of Hematology, National Hospital Organization, Mito Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kensuke Usuki
- Department of Hematology, NTT Medical Center Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Takada
- Leukemia Research Center, Saiseikai Maebashi Hospital, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Itaru Matsumura
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Kindai University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Dobashi
- Division of Clinical Oncology/Hematology, The Jikei University Daisan Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Miyazaki
- Department of Hematology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Miyamoto
- Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroatsu Iida
- Department of Hematology, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norio Asou
- Department of Hematology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka, Japan
| | - Junya Kuroda
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ichikawa
- Department of Hematology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Norio Komatsu
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Qi Jiang
- AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andrew Wei
- Department of Clinical Haematology, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kenichi Ishizawa
- Department of Third Internal Medicine, Yamagata University Hospital, Yamagata, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sekeres MA, Guyatt G, Abel G, Alibhai S, Altman JK, Buckstein R, Choe H, Desai P, Erba H, Hourigan CS, LeBlanc TW, Litzow M, MacEachern J, Michaelis LC, Mukherjee S, O'Dwyer K, Rosko A, Stone R, Agarwal A, Colunga-Lozano LE, Chang Y, Hao Q, Brignardello-Petersen R. American Society of Hematology 2020 guidelines for treating newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia in older adults. Blood Adv 2020; 4:3528-3549. [PMID: 32761235 PMCID: PMC7422124 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) represent a vulnerable population in whom disease-based and clinical risk factors, patient goals, prognosis, and practitioner- and patient-perceived treatment risks and benefits influence treatment recommendations. OBJECTIVE These evidence-based guidelines of the American Society of Hematology (ASH) are intended to support patients, clinicians, and other health care professionals in their decisions about management of AML in older adults. METHODS ASH formed a multidisciplinary guideline panel that included specialists in myeloid leukemia, geriatric oncology, patient-reported outcomes and decision-making, frailty, epidemiology, and methodology, as well as patients. The McMaster Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) Centre supported the guideline-development process, including performing systematic evidence reviews (up to 24 May 2019). The panel prioritized clinical questions and outcomes according to their importance to patients, as judged by the panel. The panel used the GRADE approach, including GRADE's Evidence-to-Decision frameworks, to assess evidence and make recommendations, which were subject to public comment. RESULTS The panel agreed on 6 critical questions in managing older adults with AML, mirroring real-time practitioner-patient conversations: the decision to pursue antileukemic treatment vs best supportive management, the intensity of therapy, the role and duration of postremission therapy, combination vs monotherapy for induction and beyond, duration of less-intensive therapy, and the role of transfusion support for patients no longer receiving antileukemic therapy. CONCLUSIONS Treatment is recommended over best supportive management. More-intensive therapy is recommended over less-intensive therapy when deemed tolerable. However, these recommendations are guided by the principle that throughout a patient's disease course, optimal care involves ongoing discussions between clinicians and patients, continuously addressing goals of care and the relative risk-benefit balance of treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikkael A Sekeres
- Leukemia Program, Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Gordon Guyatt
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory Abel
- Leukemia Division, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Shabbir Alibhai
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jessica K Altman
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Rena Buckstein
- Odette Cancer Centre, Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hannah Choe
- Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Pinkal Desai
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Harry Erba
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | | | - Thomas W LeBlanc
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Mark Litzow
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Laura C Michaelis
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Sudipto Mukherjee
- Leukemia Program, Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Kristen O'Dwyer
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
| | - Ashley Rosko
- Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Richard Stone
- Leukemia Division, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Arnav Agarwal
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - L E Colunga-Lozano
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Health Science Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico; and
| | - Yaping Chang
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - QiuKui Hao
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- The Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics/National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pracinostat plus azacitidine in older patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia: results of a phase 2 study. Blood Adv 2020; 3:508-518. [PMID: 30760466 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018027409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pracinostat, a potent oral pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor with modest single-agent activity in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), has shown synergistic antitumor activity when combined with azacitidine. This single-group, multicenter phase 2 study assessed the safety and efficacy of pracinostat combined with azacitidine in patients who were at least 65 years old with newly diagnosed AML and who were ineligible for standard induction chemotherapy. Patients received pracinostat 60 mg/d, 3 d/wk, for 3 consecutive weeks, plus azacitidine 75 mg/m2 daily for 7 days in a 28-day cycle. Primary endpoints were complete remission (CR), CR with incomplete count recovery (CRi), and morphologic leukemia-free state (MLFS) rates of the combination. Secondary endpoints included safety, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) of the regimen. Fifty patients (33 de novo, 12 secondary, and 5 therapy-related AML) were enrolled. Twenty-six patients (52%) achieved the primary endpoint of CR (42%), CRi (4%), and MLFS (6%). Median OS and PFS were 19.1 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 10-26.5 months) and 12.6 months (95% CI, 10-17.7 months), respectively, with a 1-year OS rate of 62%. Forty-three patients (86%) experienced at least 1 grade 3 or worse treatment-emergent adverse event with the combination, with infections (52%), thrombocytopenia (46%), and febrile neutropenia (44%) reported as the most common toxicities. The 30- and 60-day all-cause mortality rates were 2% and 10%, respectively. DNA sequencing revealed somatic mutations at baseline, and clearance rates correlated with response to treatment. Pracinostat plus azacitidine is a well-tolerated and active regimen in the frontline treatment of older patients with AML unfit for intensive therapy. A larger controlled trial is ongoing. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01912274.
Collapse
|
7
|
Quality of life and mood of older patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) receiving intensive and non-intensive chemotherapy. Leukemia 2019; 33:2393-2402. [PMID: 30923318 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0449-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Older patients with AML face difficult treatment decisions as they can be treated either with 'intensive' chemotherapy requiring prolonged hospitalization, or 'non-intensive' chemotherapy. Although clinicians often perceive intensive chemotherapy as more burdensome, research is lacking on patients' quality of life (QOL) and psychological distress. We conducted a longitudinal study of older patients (≥60 years) newly diagnosed with AML receiving intensive (cytarabine/anthracycline combination) or non-intensive (hypomethylating agents) chemotherapy. We assessed patients' QOL [Functional-Assessment-of-Cancer-Therapy-Leukemia] and psychological distress [Hospital-Anxiety-and-Depression-Scale] at baseline and 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks after diagnosis. We enrolled 75.2% (100/133) of eligible patients within 72-hours of initiating intensive (n = 50) or non-intensive (n = 50) chemotherapy. Patient QOL improved over time (β = 0.32, P = 0.013). At baseline, 33.3% (33/100) and 30.0% (30/100) of patients reported clinically significant depression and anxiety symptoms, respectively, with no differences between groups. Patients' depression symptoms did not change over time, while their anxiety symptoms decreased over time (β = -0.08, P < 0.001). Patient-reported QOL, depression and anxiety symptoms did not differ significantly at any time point between those who received intensive versus non-intensive chemotherapy. Older patients with AML experience improvements in their QOL and anxiety while undergoing treatment. Patients receiving intensive and non-intensive chemotherapy have similar QOL and mood trajectories.
Collapse
|
8
|
Forsythe A, Kwon CS, Bell T, Smith TA, Arondekar B. Health-related quality of life in acute myeloid leukemia patients not eligible for intensive chemotherapy: results of a systematic literature review. CLINICOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2019; 11:87-98. [PMID: 30679915 PMCID: PMC6336133 DOI: 10.2147/ceor.s187409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background AML is a rapidly progressing bone marrow cancer, with poor survival rates compared to other types of leukemia. IC and NIC as well as BSC treatment options are available; however, there is scant published literature on the impact of disease and treatment on the HRQoL in patients receiving NIC. Aim This study determined the HRQoL among NIC AML patients. Materials and methods Embase, Medline, Cochrane database, and conference abstracts were searched using the prespecified PICOS criteria from January 2000 to November 2017 for studies reporting HRQoL and patient preference utilities in NIC AML. Studies on patients with RAEB-t MDS, randomized clinical trials (RCTs), prospective observational studies, and patient surveys were included, while systematic reviews and meta-analyses were used for bibliographic searching. Results Thirteen records from 12 original studies were identified. These included five records from four RCTs, three prospective studies, four patient survey studies, and one cost-effectiveness analysis. At baseline, NIC AML patients had poor HRQoL scores especially in fatigue (33) and GHS (50) on a 0–100 scale, with higher scores indicating better health. Low baseline HRQoL scores, especially PF and fatigue (<50) were shown to be significant independent predictors of poor survival. Clinical responders demonstrated meaningful improvements, especially in PF and fatigue, along with other health domains after being treated with NIC agents across several studies. Conclusion HRQoL is poor for patients with NIC AML; measures such as fatigue and PF at baseline have been identified as independent prognostic factors for overall survival with several studies showing improvement in both domains with treatment. RCTs should incorporate evaluation of treatment impact on patients’ PF and fatigue as important measures of effectiveness.
Collapse
|
9
|
Tong Z, Yerramilli U, Yao S, Young JD, Hoffmann M, Surapaneni S. In vitro inhibition of human nucleoside transporters and uptake of azacitidine by an isocitrate dehydrogenase-2 inhibitor enasidenib and its metabolite AGI-16903. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:1229-1236. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1539783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeen Tong
- Nonclinical Development, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - Usha Yerramilli
- Nonclinical Development, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - Sylvia Yao
- Department of Physiology, Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - James D. Young
- Department of Physiology, Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mei C, Ren Y, Zhou X, Ye L, Ma L, Luo Y, Lin P, Xu W, Lu C, Yang H, Yu W, Mao L, Wei J, Jin J, Tong H. Clinical and biological characteristics of acute myeloid leukemia with 20-29% blasts: a retrospective single-center study. Leuk Lymphoma 2018; 60:1136-1145. [PMID: 30301399 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2018.1515938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
It is controversial whether acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with 20-29% bone marrow (BM) blasts should be considered AML or myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). We retrospectively studied 382 patients, including 108 AML with 20-29% BM blasts (AML20-29), 210 AML with ≥30% BM blasts (AML ≥ 30), and 64 MDS with 10-19% BM blasts (MDS-EB2). We found that AML20-29 were more similar to MDS-EB2 in terms of advanced age, less blood count, the increased presence of poor-risk cytogenetics. The frequency of mutated genes in AML20-29 had both the characters of AML and MDS. Median overall survival of AML20-29 and MDS-EB2 were similar and shorter than those of AML ≥ 30 (p = .045). Multivariate analysis showed inferior survival with increased age, low platelet count and FLT3 mutations. Our findings suggest that AML20-29 have clinical features more similar to MDS than AML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Mei
- a Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang , China.,b Myelodysplastic Syndromes Diagnosis and Therapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China.,c Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Yanling Ren
- a Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang , China.,b Myelodysplastic Syndromes Diagnosis and Therapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China.,c Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Xinping Zhou
- a Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang , China.,b Myelodysplastic Syndromes Diagnosis and Therapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China.,c Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Li Ye
- a Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang , China.,b Myelodysplastic Syndromes Diagnosis and Therapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China.,c Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Liya Ma
- a Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang , China.,b Myelodysplastic Syndromes Diagnosis and Therapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China.,c Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Yingwan Luo
- a Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang , China.,b Myelodysplastic Syndromes Diagnosis and Therapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China.,c Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Peipei Lin
- a Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang , China.,b Myelodysplastic Syndromes Diagnosis and Therapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China.,c Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Weilai Xu
- a Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang , China.,c Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Chenxi Lu
- a Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang , China.,b Myelodysplastic Syndromes Diagnosis and Therapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China.,c Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Haiyang Yang
- a Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang , China.,b Myelodysplastic Syndromes Diagnosis and Therapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China.,c Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Wenjuan Yu
- a Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang , China.,c Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Liping Mao
- a Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang , China.,c Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Juying Wei
- a Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang , China.,c Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Jie Jin
- a Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang , China.,c Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Hongyan Tong
- a Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang , China.,b Myelodysplastic Syndromes Diagnosis and Therapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China.,c Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
El-Jawahri A, Nelson-Lowe M, VanDusen H, Traeger L, Abel GA, Greer JA, Fathi A, Steensma DP, LeBlanc TW, Li Z, DeAngelo D, Wadleigh M, Hobbs G, Foster J, Brunner A, Amrein P, Stone RM, Temel JS. Patient-Clinician Discordance in Perceptions of Treatment Risks and Benefits in Older Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Oncologist 2018; 24:247-254. [PMID: 30139841 PMCID: PMC6369944 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2018-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older patients (≥60 years) with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) face difficult decisions regarding treatment with "intensive" chemotherapy that carries significant toxicity for a small chance of a cure versus "nonintensive" chemotherapy to control the disease, but with fewer side effects. However, studies of how these patients understand the risks and benefits of such treatments are lacking. METHODS We conducted a longitudinal study of older patients newly diagnosed with AML assessing patients' (n = 100) and oncologists' (n = 11) perceptions of treatment-related mortality at enrollment and prognosis at 1 month. We examined concordance between patients' and oncologists' perceptions using Cohen's kappa (κ < 0.10 indicates little/no concordance). RESULTS We enrolled patients within 72 hours of initiating intensive (n = 50) or nonintensive (n = 50) chemotherapy. Whereas 91% of patients reported that they were "somewhat" to "extremely likely" to die from treatment, oncologists estimated that only 12% were at high risk of dying because of treatment (κ = -0.09). Ninety percent of patients reported that they were "somewhat" or "very likely" to be cured of their AML, whereas oncologists estimated this chance of cure for only 31% of patients (κ = 0.05). Among patients receiving intensive chemotherapy, 98% reported that they were "somewhat" or "very likely" to be cured, whereas their oncologists estimated this likelihood of cure for only 49% (κ = 0.04); among those receiving nonintensive chemotherapy and their clinicians, these proportions were 82% and 13%, respectively (κ = 0.03). Patients who indicated a lower likelihood of cure reported significantly higher depression symptoms (p = .03). CONCLUSION Older patients with AML overestimate the risks and benefits of treatment. Interventions to facilitate communication and enhance patients' understanding of the goals of therapy and treatment risk are needed. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Older patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are confronted with challenging decisions regarding treatment with "intensive" chemotherapy that carries significant toxicity for a small chance of a cure versus "nonintensive" chemotherapy to control the disease, but with fewer side effects. A clear understanding of the likely outcome and risks of the various treatment strategies is essential for these patients to make informed decisions about their care. This article reports that older patients with AML overestimate both the risks and benefits of treatment and have substantial misperceptions about their prognosis. Interventions to enhance patients' understanding of their prognosis and treatment risk are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Areej El-Jawahri
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Harry VanDusen
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lara Traeger
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory A Abel
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph A Greer
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amir Fathi
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David P Steensma
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Zhigang Li
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Daniel DeAngelo
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Martha Wadleigh
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gabriela Hobbs
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julia Foster
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew Brunner
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Philip Amrein
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard M Stone
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer S Temel
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dickinson AM, Norden J, Li S, Hromadnikova I, Schmid C, Schmetzer H, Jochem-Kolb H. Graft-versus-Leukemia Effect Following Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Leukemia. Front Immunol 2017. [PMID: 28638379 PMCID: PMC5461268 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) lies with the ability of the engrafting immune system to remove residual leukemia cells via a graft-versus-leukemia effect (GvL), caused either spontaneously post-HSCT or via donor lymphocyte infusion. GvL effects can also be initiated by allogenic mismatched natural killer cells, antigen-specific T cells, and activated dendritic cells of leukemic origin. The history and further application of this GvL effect and the main mechanisms will be discussed and reviewed in this chapter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Dickinson
- Haematological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jean Norden
- Haematological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Shuang Li
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Cell Pathology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ilona Hromadnikova
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Cell Pathology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Christoph Schmid
- Department for Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Augsburg, Munich, Germany
| | - Helga Schmetzer
- Department for Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Internal Medicine III, Hospital of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Jochem-Kolb
- Department of Hematology-Oncology Immunology Infectious Diseases, Klinikum München-Schwabing, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Schuh AC, Döhner H, Pleyer L, Seymour JF, Fenaux P, Dombret H. Azacitidine in adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 116:159-177. [PMID: 28693797 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Azacitidine is recommended front-line treatment for older patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who are not candidates for intensive treatment regimens, and was recently granted approval in the European Union for treatment of adult AML. Reviewed here is azacitidine experience in AML, including: mechanistic and pharmacokinetic data; safety and efficacy in controlled trials; treatment effects in AML subpopulations defined by disease characteristics; experience in unselected patients treated in the community setting; clinical outcomes relative to other approved AML therapies; and experience with azacitidine-based combination treatment regimens. Collectively, these data suggest that (a) azacitidine may prolong overall survival to a similar or greater extent than do other approved AML treatments, but with less toxicity, (b) azacitidine may be the preferred treatment option for older patients with unfavorable cytogenetics, and (c) experience and outcomes with azacitidine in the clinic are similar to those seen in clinical trials. Continued investigation of combination regimens on an azacitidine backbone is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andre C Schuh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | - Lisa Pleyer
- 3rd Medical Department with Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria; Salzburg Cancer Research Institute - Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials, Salzburg, Austria; Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Austria
| | - John F Seymour
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Pierre Fenaux
- Hôpital Saint Louis, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Dombret
- Hôpital Saint Louis, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Timilshina N, Breunis H, Tomlinson G, Brandwein J, Alibhai SM. Do quality of life, physical function, or the Wheatley index at diagnosis predict 1-year mortality with intensive chemotherapy in older acute myeloid leukemia patients? Leuk Res 2016; 47:142-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
15
|
Chen Y, Yang T, Zheng X, Yang X, Zheng Z, Zheng J, Liu T, Hu J. The outcome and prognostic factors of 248 elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia treated with standard-dose or low-intensity induction therapy. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4182. [PMID: 27472687 PMCID: PMC5265824 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is poor, and the recommendation of standard-dose or low-intensity induction regimen for these patients remains controversial. We retrospectively analyzed treatment outcome and prognostic factors of elderly AML patients who had received either standard-dose or low-intensity induction regimens.Two hundred forty-eight elderly AML patients with good Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS ≤ 2) received one of three regimens for induction in this study: standard-dose cytarabine plus idarubicin (IA; n = 144) or daunorubicin (DA; n = 42); low-intensity cytarabine, aclarubicin, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) (CAG; n = 62).After first induction treatment cycle, the overall complete remission (CR) rate was 42.7%. Patients in IA group had a higher CR rate than in DA or CAG group (49.3%, 35.7%, and 32.3%, respectively; P = 0.046). The 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year overall survival (OS) rates were 42.2%, 18.9%, and 13.5% for these 248 patients, with median survival of 9.2 months. Long-term survival of IA group was better than DA or CAG group. The 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year OS rates of IA group were 45.9%, 23.5%, and 19.4%, respectively, as compared to 39.8%, 8.3%, and estimated 2.4% in DA group, and 34.9%, 15.9%, and 6.3% in CAG group, respectively. Early induction mortality and 2-year relapse rates showed no difference among 3 groups. Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis identified lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) more than two times of upper normal limit at diagnosis and nonremission after first induction cycle as adverse prognostic factors for OS. A simple and valid scoring model was constructed for risk stratification and prediction of long-term survival of elderly AML patients.Standard-dose IA regimen could improve the prognosis of elderly AML patients with good performance status compared with standard-dose DA or low-intensity CAG regimen. All prognostic factors and risk assessment should be considered to ensure that each patient receives the suitable individualized treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jianda Hu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
- Correspondence: Jianda Hu, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, P. R. China (e-mail: )
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
International phase 3 study of azacitidine vs conventional care regimens in older patients with newly diagnosed AML with >30% blasts. Blood 2015; 126:291-9. [PMID: 25987659 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-01-621664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 887] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This multicenter, randomized, open-label, phase 3 trial evaluated azacitidine efficacy and safety vs conventional care regimens (CCRs) in 488 patients age ≥65 years with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with >30% bone marrow blasts. Before randomization, a CCR (standard induction chemotherapy, low-dose ara-c, or supportive care only) was preselected for each patient. Patients then were assigned 1:1 to azacitidine (n = 241) or CCR (n = 247). Patients assigned to CCR received their preselected treatment. Median overall survival (OS) was increased with azacitidine vs CCR: 10.4 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.0-12.7 months) vs 6.5 months (95% CI, 5.0-8.6 months), respectively (hazard ratio [HR] was 0.85; 95% CI, 0.69-1.03; stratified log-rank P = .1009). One-year survival rates with azacitidine and CCR were 46.5% and 34.2%, respectively (difference, 12.3%; 95% CI, 3.5%-21.0%). A prespecified analysis censoring patients who received AML treatment after discontinuing study drug showed median OS with azacitidine vs CCR was 12.1 months (95% CI, 9.2-14.2 months) vs 6.9 months (95% CI, 5.1-9.6 months; HR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.60-0.96; stratified log-rank P = .0190). Univariate analysis showed favorable trends for azacitidine compared with CCR across all subgroups defined by baseline demographic and disease features. Adverse events were consistent with the well-established safety profile of azacitidine. Azacitidine may be an important treatment option for this difficult-to-treat AML population. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01074047.
Collapse
|
17
|
Huang X, Li D, Li T, Zhao BO, Chen X. Prognostic value of the expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog and CD44 in elderly patients with refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:103-110. [PMID: 26170984 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The leukemic stem cell marker CD44, has been reported to have prognostic significance in hematological malignancies. The present study therefore aimed to evaluate whether the expression levels of CD44 and the associated pathway components are associated with the survival rate of elderly patients with refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML). A total of 20 elderly patients diagnosed with refractory AML were divided into two groups, following induction chemotherapy: Complete remission (CR, n=9) and non-remission (NR. n=11). Bone marrow biopsy specimens were collected, expression levels of CD44, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and the captured images were analyzed in a blinded manner using Image Pro Plus software, version 6.0. The overall survival rates (OS) of the patients were then analyzed with log rank, and the correlation between CD44, PTEN, mTOR and NF-κB expression levels and patients survival rates were statistically analyzed using Pearson's method. Significant differences were observed between the CR and NR groups for PTEN (P=0.025) and CD44 (P=0.020) expression levels. Positive CD44 expression was significantly correlated with poor overall survival, with a hazard ratio of 6.281 (95% CI, 1.78-22.12; P=0.0042). The mean OS was 4.00 months for patients that demonstrated positive CD44 expression, compared with 9.27 months for patients that demonstrated negative CD44 expression. A tendency towards reduced survival rates was also observed in patients negative for PTEN expression, when compared with that of PTEN-positive patients. The mean OS was 4.81 months in PTEN-negative patients vs. 8.8 months in PTEN-positive patients, with a hazard ratio of 2.689 (95%CI, 0.89-8.08; P=0.078). Patients that exhibited PTEN-positive and CD44-negative expression, survived significantly longer than patients that demonstrated PTEN-negative and CD44-positive expression (mean OS, 9.86 vs 2.67 months; hazard ratio=0.037; 95% CI, 0.006-0.222, P=0.0006). The expression levels of NF-κB and mTOR were slightly increased in the NR group compared with those of the CR group, although no significant differences were identified. PTEN and CD44 expression levels demonstrated trends towards negative correlation. In conclusion, the expression levels of CD44 and PTEN may be useful markers to predict the prognosis of elderly patients with refractory AML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Huang
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Dongyun Li
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Tiantian Li
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - B O Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas, Houston Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xinyi Chen
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
El-Jawahri AR, Abel GA, Steensma DP, LeBlanc TW, Fathi AT, Graubert TA, DeAngelo DJ, Wadleigh M, Ballen KK, Foster JE, Attar EC, Amrein PC, Brunner AM, Stone RM, Temel JS. Health care utilization and end-of-life care for older patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer 2015; 121:2840-8. [PMID: 25926135 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.29430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health care utilization in older adults (age ≥60 years) with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has not been well studied. METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis of 330 consecutive older patients who were diagnosed with AML between May 1, 2005 and December 23, 2011, at 2 hospitals in Boston to examine their health care utilization and end-of-life care. Using multivariable logistic and linear regression models adjusting for covariates, we also compared health care utilization between patients who received intensive induction chemotherapy (n = 197; cytarabine/ anthracycline combination) versus nonintensive chemotherapy (n = 133; single-agent therapy). RESULTS The median number of hospitalizations for the entire cohort was 4.2 (range, 1-18 hospitalizations). Patients who died spent a mean of 28.3% of their life after diagnosis in the hospital and 13.8% of their life attending outpatient clinic appointments. Although the majority of patients (87.9%) died during the 2-year follow-up period, a minority received palliative care (16.2%) or hospice (23.1%) services. Within 30 days of death, 84.5% of patients were hospitalized, and 61% died in the hospital. Among the patients who died, those who received intensive induction therapy (vs nonintensive therapy) spent 30% more of their life after diagnosis in the hospital (P < .0001) and were less likely to receive hospice services (odds ratio, 0.45; P = .05). CONCLUSIONS The current findings highlight the intensity of health care utilization among older patients with AML, regardless of treatment modality. Despite the poor prognosis, palliative care and hospice services are rarely used. Future work should study novel health care delivery models to optimize care throughout the course of illness and at the end of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Areej R El-Jawahri
- Department of Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Center for Outcomes and Policy Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gregory A Abel
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Center for Outcomes and Policy Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Hematological Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David P Steensma
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Center for Outcomes and Policy Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Hematological Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas W LeBlanc
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Amir T Fathi
- Department of Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Center for Outcomes and Policy Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy A Graubert
- Department of Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Center for Outcomes and Policy Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel J DeAngelo
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Center for Outcomes and Policy Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Hematological Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Martha Wadleigh
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Center for Outcomes and Policy Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Hematological Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Karen K Ballen
- Department of Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Center for Outcomes and Policy Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Julia E Foster
- Department of Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Center for Outcomes and Policy Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eyal C Attar
- Department of Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Center for Outcomes and Policy Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Philip C Amrein
- Department of Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Center for Outcomes and Policy Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew M Brunner
- Department of Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Center for Outcomes and Policy Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Richard M Stone
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Center for Outcomes and Policy Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Hematological Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer S Temel
- Department of Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Center for Outcomes and Policy Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Vives S, Oriol A, Piernas S, Brunet S, Clapés V, Guardia R, Subirà M, Sierra J, Ribera JM. Feasibility and efficacy of outpatient therapy with intermediate dose cytarabine, fludarabine and idarubicin for patients with acute myeloid leukaemia aged 70 or older. Eur J Haematol 2015; 95:576-82. [DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Vives
- Haematology Department; ICO-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol; Badalona Spain
- Haematology Department; Jose Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute; Universitat Autonòma of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Albert Oriol
- Haematology Department; ICO-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol; Badalona Spain
- Haematology Department; Jose Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute; Universitat Autonòma of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Sònia Piernas
- Haematology Department; Hospital Taulí; Sabadell Spain
| | - Salut Brunet
- Haematology Department; Jose Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute; Universitat Autonòma of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- Haematology Department; Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau; Barcelona Spain
| | - Victòria Clapés
- Haematology Department; ICO-Hospital Duran y Reynals; Barcelona Spain
| | - Ramon Guardia
- Haematology Department; ICO-Hospital Josep Trueta; Girona Spain
| | | | - Jordi Sierra
- Haematology Department; Jose Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute; Universitat Autonòma of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- Haematology Department; Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau; Barcelona Spain
| | - Josep-Maria Ribera
- Haematology Department; ICO-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol; Badalona Spain
- Haematology Department; Jose Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute; Universitat Autonòma of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hasserjian RP, Campigotto F, Klepeis V, Fu B, Wang SA, Bueso-Ramos C, Cascio MJ, Rogers HJ, Hsi ED, Soderquist C, Bagg A, Yan J, Ochs R, Orazi A, Moore F, Mahmoud A, George TI, Foucar K, Odem J, Booth C, Morice W, DeAngelo DJ, Steensma D, Stone RM, Neuberg D, Arber DA. De novo acute myeloid leukemia with 20-29% blasts is less aggressive than acute myeloid leukemia with ≥30% blasts in older adults: a Bone Marrow Pathology Group study. Am J Hematol 2014; 89:E193-9. [PMID: 25042343 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.23808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
It is controversial whether acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with 20-29% bone marrow (BM) blasts, formerly referred to as refractory anemia with excess blasts in transformation (RAEBT), should be considered AML or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) for the purposes of treatment and prognostication. We retrospectively studied 571 de novo AML in patients aged >50 years, including 142 RAEBT and 429 with ≥30% blasts (AML30), as well as 151 patients with 10-19% BM blasts (RAEB2). RAEBT patients were older and had lower white blood count, but higher hemoglobin, platelet count, and karyotype risk scores compared to AML30, while these features were similar to RAEB2. FLT3 and NPM1 mutations and monocytic morphology occurred more commonly in AML30 than in RAEBT. RAEBT patients were treated less often with induction therapy than AML30, whereas allogeneic stem cell transplant frequency was similar. The median and 4-year OS of RAEBT patients were longer than those of AML30 patients (20.5 vs 12.0 months and 28.6% vs 20.4%, respectively, P = 0.003); this difference in OS was manifested in patients in the intermediate UKMRC karyotype risk group, whereas OS of RAEBT patients and AML30 patients in the adverse karyotype risk group were not significantly different. Multivariable analysis showed that RAEBT (P < 0.0001), hemoglobin (P = 0.005), UKMRC karyotype risk group (P = 0.002), normal BM karyotype (P = 0.004), treatment with induction therapy (P < 0.0001), and stem cell transplant (P < 0.0001) were associated with longer OS. Our findings favor considering de novo RAEBT as a favorable prognostic subgroup of AML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Federico Campigotto
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology; Dana Farber Cancer Institute; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Veronica Klepeis
- Department of Pathology; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Bin Fu
- Department of Hematopathology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | - Sa A. Wang
- Department of Hematopathology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | - Carlos Bueso-Ramos
- Department of Hematopathology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | | | | | | | - Craig Soderquist
- Department of Pathology; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Adam Bagg
- Department of Pathology; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Jiong Yan
- Department of Pathology; Weill Cornell Medical College; New York New Yort
| | - Rachel Ochs
- Department of Pathology; Weill Cornell Medical College; New York New Yort
| | - Attilio Orazi
- Department of Pathology; Weill Cornell Medical College; New York New Yort
| | - Frank Moore
- Department of Pathology; University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center; Albuquerque New Mexico
| | - Amer Mahmoud
- Department of Pathology; University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center; Albuquerque New Mexico
| | - Tracy Irene George
- Department of Pathology; University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center; Albuquerque New Mexico
| | - Kathryn Foucar
- Department of Pathology; University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center; Albuquerque New Mexico
| | - Jamie Odem
- Department of Pathology; Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota
| | - Cassie Booth
- Department of Pathology; Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota
| | - William Morice
- Department of Pathology; Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota
| | - Daniel J. DeAngelo
- Department of Medical Oncology; Dana Farber Cancer Institute; Boston Massachusetts
| | - David Steensma
- Department of Medical Oncology; Dana Farber Cancer Institute; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Richard Maury Stone
- Department of Medical Oncology; Dana Farber Cancer Institute; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Donna Neuberg
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology; Dana Farber Cancer Institute; Boston Massachusetts
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ohnishi H, Imataki O, Kawachi Y, Ide M, Kawakami K, Waki M, Takimoto H, Hoshijima Y, Fukumoto T, Matsumoto K, Waki F, Matsuoka A, Shintani T, Uemura M, Yokokura S, Taoka T, Matsunaga T. Age is an independent adverse prognostic factor for overall survival in acute myeloid leukemia in Japan. World J Hematol 2014; 3:105-114. [DOI: 10.5315/wjh.v3.i3.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To elucidate risk factors for survival of elderly acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients in a real-world practice by observational study.
METHODS: We conducted a population-based study in 213 adult and elderly AML patients (127 males and 86 females) in Kagawa Prefecture, Japan. To construct this cohort, we gathered all data for patients diagnosed with AML at 7 hospitals in Kagawa between 2006 and 2010. The primary end point was overall survival (OS) after AML diagnosis. Unadjusted Kaplan-Meier survival plots were used to determine OS in the overall cohort. Multivariate analysis was used to determine the independent adverse prognostic factors for OS, with the covariates of interest including age, gender, race/ethnicity, CCI, education, median income, metropolitan statistical area size and history of myelodysplastic syndrome.
RESULTS: The average population of Kagawa during the study period was 992489, and the incidence of AML was 4.26 per 100000 person-years. A total of 197 patients with non-acute promyelocytic leukemia (non-APL) (119 males and 78 females) were also included. The median age of non-APL patients was 70 years (average 67, range 24-95). The 5-year OS rate was 21.1%. Subsequent analysis by age group showed that the survival rate declined with age; the 5-year OS rates of non-APL patients younger than 64 years, 65-74 years, and older than 75 years were 41.5%, 14.1%, and 8.9%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that unfavorable risk karyotype, older age, poor performance status (PS) (3-4), lack of induction chemotherapy, and antecedent haematological disease were independent prognostic predictors. In the subgroup analysis, we also found that older patients with non-APL had lower complete remission rates and higher early death rates than younger patients, irrespective of PS. However, intensive chemotherapy was a significant predictor for longer survival not only in the patients < 75 years of age, but also in those over 75 with PS 0-2.
CONCLUSION: Age would contribute considerable life expectancy to indicate induction chemotherapy with eligible dose of cytotoxic drugs for a favorable case even in advanced elderly.
Collapse
|
22
|
Yi HG, Lee MH, Kim CS, Hong J, Park J, Lee JH, Han BR, Kim HY, Zang DY, Kim SH, Park SK, Hong DS, Lee GJ, Jin JY. Clinical characteristics and treatment outcome of acute myeloid leukemia in elderly patients in Korea: a retrospective analysis. Blood Res 2014; 49:95-9. [PMID: 25025010 PMCID: PMC4090344 DOI: 10.5045/br.2014.49.2.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical characteristics of elderly patients with AML differ from those of younger patients, resulting in poorer survival and treatment outcomes. We analyzed retrospectively the clinical data of AML patients 65 years old and above to describe patients' characteristics and treatment patterns, and to define meaningful prognostic factors of survival in the Korean population. METHODS Basic patients' characteristics, clinical outcomes according to treatments, and prognostic factors associated with survival and treatment intensity were examined in a total of 168 patients diagnosed in 5 institutes between 1996 and 2012 as having AML. RESULTS Herein, 84 patients (50.0%) received high-intensity regimens (HIR), 18 (10.7%) received low-intensity regimens (LIR), and 66 (39.3%) received supportive care (SC) only. The median survival of all patients was 4.5 months; and median survival times with HIR, LIR, and SC were 6.8 months, 10.2 months, and 1.6 months, respectively. Median survival times with HIR and LIR were significantly longer than that with SC (P<0.0001 and P=0.006, respectively). Multivariate analysis identified age, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group-performance status (ECOG-PS), hemoglobin (Hb) level, and serum creatinine (Cr) level as statistically significant prognostic factors for survival. In the HIR group, prognostic factors for survival were ECOG-PS, Hb level, and C-reactive protein level. CONCLUSION Even in elderly AML patients, an intensive treatment regimen could be beneficial with careful patient selection. Further prospective studies designed to identify specific prognostic factors are required to establish an optimal treatment strategy for elderly AML patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Gyu Yi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University Hospital, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Moon Hee Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University Hospital, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Chul Soo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University Hospital, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Junsik Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jinny Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Bo Ram Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University, Anyang, Korea
| | - Ho Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University, Anyang, Korea
| | - Dae Young Zang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University, Anyang, Korea
| | - Se Hyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Seong Kyu Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Dae Sik Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Guk Jin Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Jong-Youl Jin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pleyer L, Burgstaller S, Girschikofsky M, Linkesch W, Stauder R, Pfeilstocker M, Schreder M, Tinchon C, Sliwa T, Lang A, Sperr WR, Krippl P, Geissler D, Voskova D, Schlick K, Thaler J, Machherndl-Spandl S, Theiler G, Eckmüllner O, Greil R. Azacitidine in 302 patients with WHO-defined acute myeloid leukemia: results from the Austrian Azacitidine Registry of the AGMT-Study Group. Ann Hematol 2014; 93:1825-38. [PMID: 24951123 PMCID: PMC4176957 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-014-2126-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Data on efficacy and safety of azacitidine in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with >30 % bone marrow (BM) blasts are limited, and the drug can only be used off-label in these patients. We previously reported on the efficacy and safety of azacitidine in 155 AML patients treated within the Austrian Azacitidine Registry (clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT01595295). We herein update this report with a population almost twice as large (n = 302). This cohort included 172 patients with >30 % BM blasts; 93 % would have been excluded from the pivotal AZA-001 trial (which led to European Medicines Agency (EMA) approval of azacitidine for high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and AML with 20-30 % BM blasts). Despite this much more unfavorable profile, results are encouraging: overall response rate was 48 % in the total cohort and 72 % in patients evaluable according to MDS-IWG-2006 response criteria, respectively. Median OS was 9.6 (95 % CI 8.53-10.7) months. A clinically relevant OS benefit was observed with any form of disease stabilization (marrow stable disease (8.1 months), hematologic improvement (HI) (9.7 months), or the combination thereof (18.9 months)), as compared to patients without response and/or without disease stabilization (3.2 months). Age, white blood cell count, and BM blast count at start of therapy did not influence OS. The baseline factors LDH >225 U/l, ECOG ≥2, comorbidities ≥3, monosomal karyotype, and prior disease-modifying drugs, as well as the response-related factors hematologic improvement and further deepening of response after first response, were significant independent predictors of OS in multivariate analysis. Azacitidine seems effective in WHO-AML, including patients with >30 % BM blasts (currently off-label use). Although currently not regarded as standard form of response assessment in AML, disease stabilization and/or HI should be considered sufficient response to continue treatment with azacitidine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Pleyer
- 3rd Medical Department with Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University Hospital Salzburg, and Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials at Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sonja Burgstaller
- Department for Internal Medicine IV, Hospital Wels-Grieskirchen, Wels, Austria
| | - Michael Girschikofsky
- 1st Medical Department with Hematology, Stem Cell Transplantation, Hemostatsis and Medical Oncology, Elisabethinen Hospital, Linz, Austria
| | | | - Reinhard Stauder
- Internal Medicine V (Hematology and Oncology), Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Martin Schreder
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Oncology and Hematology, Wilhelminenspital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Tinchon
- Department for Hematology and Oncology, LKH Leoben-Eisenerz, Leoben, Austria
| | - Thamer Sliwa
- 5th Medical Department with Oncology und Palliative Medicine, Hietzing, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alois Lang
- Internal Medicine, Hospital Feldkirch, Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Wolfgang R. Sperr
- Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Krippl
- Department for Internal Medicine, LKH Fuerstenfeld, Fuerstenfeld, Austria
| | - Dietmar Geissler
- Department for Internal Medicine, with Nephrology, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hematology and Medical Onkology, Intensive Care Unit, and Rheumatology, Klinikum Klagenfurt am Wörtersee, Pörtschach am Wörthersee, Austria
| | - Daniela Voskova
- Internal Medicine 3, Center for Hematology and Medical Oncology, General Hospital-Linz GesmbH, Linz, Austria
| | - Konstantin Schlick
- 3rd Medical Department with Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University Hospital Salzburg, and Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials at Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Josef Thaler
- Department for Internal Medicine IV, Hospital Wels-Grieskirchen, Wels, Austria
| | - Sigrid Machherndl-Spandl
- 1st Medical Department with Hematology, Stem Cell Transplantation, Hemostatsis and Medical Oncology, Elisabethinen Hospital, Linz, Austria
| | - Georg Theiler
- Department of Hematology, Medical University, Graz, Austria
| | - Otto Eckmüllner
- Institut für Waldwachstumsforschung, Universität für Bodenkultur, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Greil
- 3rd Medical Department with Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University Hospital Salzburg, and Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials at Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Jackson K, Kennedy G, Mollee P, Marlton P, Morris K. Intensive chemotherapy and reduced-intensity allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia in elderly patients. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2014; 10:246-54. [PMID: 24673966 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) incidence increases with age, yet treatment of elderly patients has reduced efficacy compared with younger patients and is often poorly tolerated. This retrospective study assessed the outcomes of older patients with AML treated with intensive chemotherapy with or without allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). METHODS We identified all adult patients≥60 years with newly diagnosed AML treated with induction chemotherapy at our institutions between February 1999 and July 2011. Institutional databases and medical records were used to collect information on baseline characteristics, chemotherapy protocols, response to therapy, relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS Three hundred and forty-five patients≥60 years were diagnosed with AML, including 172 patients (49.9%) who received intensive induction chemotherapy. The median age of intensively treated patients was 66 years (range 60-83 years). Responses to one to two cycles of induction chemotherapy were complete remission (CR) in 70.3% of patients, refractory disease in 15.1% and induction death in 14.5%. At a median follow-up of 22 months for survivors, intensive induction chemotherapy resulted in 3-year RFS of 20.2%, and 3-year OS of 24.0%. Seventeen patients (14.0% of patients in CR1) proceeded to allogeneic HSCT in first remission. These patients experienced 3-year RFS of 63.5% and 3-year OS of 77.5%. CONCLUSION Intensive induction chemotherapy for newly diagnosed AML in older patients is feasible and effective in a proportion of patients, and those selected for allogeneic transplantation in CR1 may experience particularly favorable survival outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Jackson
- Department of Haematology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zabkiewicz J, Pearn L, Hills RK, Morgan RG, Tonks A, Burnett AK, Darley RL. The PDK1 master kinase is over-expressed in acute myeloid leukemia and promotes PKC-mediated survival of leukemic blasts. Haematologica 2013; 99:858-64. [PMID: 24334295 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2013.096487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PDK1 is a master kinase that activates at least six protein kinase groups including AKT, PKC and S6K and is a potential target in the treatment of a range of malignancies. Here we show overexpression of PDK1 in over 40% of myelomonocytic acute leukemia patients. Overexpression of PDK1 occurred uniformly throughout the leukemic population, including putative leukemia-initiating cells. Clinical outcome analysis revealed PDK1 overexpression was associated with poorer treatment outcome. Primary acute myeloid leukemia blasts over-expressing PDK1 showed improved in vitro survival and ectopic expression of PDK1 promoted the survival of myeloid cell lines. Analysis of PDK1 target kinases revealed that PDK1 overexpression was most closely associated with increased phosphorylation of PKC isoenzymes and inhibition of PKC strongly inhibited the survival advantage of PDK1 over-expressing cells. Membrane localization studies implicated PKCα as a major target for PDK1 in this disease. PDK1 over-expressing blasts showed differential sensitivity to PDK1 inhibition (in the low micromolar range) suggesting oncogene addiction, whilst normal bone marrow progenitors were refractory to PDK1 inhibition at effective inhibitor concentrations. PDK1 inhibition also targeted subpopulations of leukemic blasts with a putative leukemia-initiating cell phenotype. Together these data show that overexpression of PDK1 is common in acute myelomonocytic leukemia and is associated with poorer treatment outcome, probably arising from the cytoprotective function of PDK1. We also show that therapeutic targeting of PDK1 has the potential to be both an effective and selective treatment for these patients, and is also compatible with current treatment regimes.
Collapse
|
26
|
Yoon J, Cho B, Kim H, Kim J, Shin S, Yahng S, Lee S, Eom K, Kim Y, Lee S, Min C, Cho S, Kim D, Lee J, Min W, Park C. Outcomes of elderly de novo acute myeloid leukemia treated by a risk-adapted approach based on age, comorbidity, and performance status. Am J Hematol 2013; 88:1074-81. [PMID: 23983148 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.23576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Several criteria to define fitness for induction chemotherapy in elderly acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have been proposed; however, no studies have reported outcomes according to the application of a risk-adapted approach. We treated 256 consecutive patients with elderly AML (≥60 years) with a risk-adapted approach based on age, comorbidity score (CS), and performance status (ECOG). Eighty-five low-risk patients (age ≤ 65 years and ECOG 0-1 with CS < 2), 86 intermediate-risk patients (age > 65 years or ECOG = 2 with CS < 2), and 85 high-risk patients (ECOG > 2 or CS ≥ 2) were treated with induction chemotherapies, including standard intensive regimens, abbreviated-scheduled regimens, and modified low-dose cytarabine with oral etoposide (mLDAC), respectively. Overall response rates (ORR; complete response and complete response with incomplete recovery) for these three groups were 71.8%, 60.5%, and 41.2%, respectively, without a significant difference in early death rate (17.6%, 25.6%, 23.5%, P = 0.415). Among three abbreviated-scheduled regimens, a gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO)-containing regimen (n = 43) showed a similar ORR rate (72.1%) to the intensive regimen. After achieving remission, 142 patients went on postremission treatments, including reduced-intensity allogeneic transplantation (RIC, n = 41), standard consolidation (n = 71), and repeated mLDAC (n = 30) according to donor availability, age, ECOG, and CS. Multivariate analyses revealed that not only RIC, but also repeated mLDAC, resulted in significantly superior survival outcomes to standard consolidation independent of age, ECOG, and CS. Clinical benefits of mLDAC for high-risk patients and abbreviated induction with GO for intermediate-risk patients should be confirmed with further studies. Our results also suggest that RIC should be actively considered in elderly AML as a postremission treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae‐Ho Yoon
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, Seoul St. Mary's hospitalThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoul Korea
| | - Byung‐Sik Cho
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, Seoul St. Mary's hospitalThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoul Korea
| | - Hee‐Je Kim
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, Seoul St. Mary's hospitalThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoul Korea
| | - Jung‐Ho Kim
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, Seoul St. Mary's hospitalThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoul Korea
| | - Seung‐Hwan Shin
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, Seoul St. Mary's hospitalThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoul Korea
| | - Seung‐Ah Yahng
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, Seoul St. Mary's hospitalThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoul Korea
| | - Sung‐Eun Lee
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, Seoul St. Mary's hospitalThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoul Korea
| | - Ki‐Seong Eom
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, Seoul St. Mary's hospitalThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoul Korea
| | - Yoo‐Jin Kim
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, Seoul St. Mary's hospitalThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoul Korea
| | - Seok Lee
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, Seoul St. Mary's hospitalThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoul Korea
| | - Chang‐Ki Min
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, Seoul St. Mary's hospitalThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoul Korea
| | - Seok‐Goo Cho
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, Seoul St. Mary's hospitalThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoul Korea
| | - Dong‐Wook Kim
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, Seoul St. Mary's hospitalThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoul Korea
| | - Jong‐Wook Lee
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, Seoul St. Mary's hospitalThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoul Korea
| | - Woo‐Sung Min
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, Seoul St. Mary's hospitalThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoul Korea
| | - Chong‐Won Park
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, Seoul St. Mary's hospitalThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoul Korea
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Raveh-Amit H, Berzsenyi S, Vas V, Ye D, Dinnyes A. Tissue resident stem cells: till death do us part. Biogerontology 2013; 14:573-90. [PMID: 24085521 PMCID: PMC3879821 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-013-9469-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by reduced regenerative capacity of all tissues and organs and dysfunction of adult stem cells. Notably, these age-related alterations contribute to distinct pathophysiological characteristics depending on the tissue of origin and function and thus require special attention in a type by type manner. In this paper, we review the current understanding of the mechanisms leading to tissue-specific adult stem cell dysfunction and reduced regenerative capacity with age. A comprehensive investigation of the hematopoietic, the neural, the mesenchymal, and the skeletal stem cells in age-related research highlights that distinct mechanisms are associated with the different types of tissue stem cells. The link between age-related stem cell dysfunction and human pathologies is discussed along with the challenges and the future perspectives in stem cell-based therapies in age-related diseases.
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
IPH2101 is an anti-killer inhibitory receptor (anti-KIR) mAb that can block KIR-mediated inhibition of natural killer (NK) cells to enhance cytotoxicity against acute myeloid leukemia blasts. We have conducted a phase 1 study of IPH2101 in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia in first complete remission. Patients received escalating doses (0.0003-3 mg/kg) of IPH2101 following a 3 + 3 design. Safety, toxicity (primary end points), pharmacokinetics, outcome, and immunologic correlates were evaluated. Twenty-three patients (median age, 71 years), were enrolled. Adverse events were mild and transient, consisting mainly of infusion syndrome and erythema. The maximum tolerated dose was not reached, although full KIR saturation (> 90%) was sustained for more than 2 weeks at 1 and 3 mg/kg. There was a clear correlation between mAb exposure and KIR occupancy. Neither hematologic toxicity nor significant changes in the numbers and distribution of lymphocyte subsets, NK cell receptor expression, or in vitro cytotoxicity were seen. At the highest dose levels (0.3, 1, and 3 mg/kg), transient increases in TNF-α and MIP-1β serum concentrations and NK cell CD69 expression were observed. Overall and relapse-free survival in the present study compared favorably to reports in comparable patient populations. We conclude that IPH2101 administration is safe and can block KIR for prolonged periods of time with limited side effects. Registered with the European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Clinical Trials (EUDRACT) as 2005-005298-31.
Collapse
|
29
|
Phase 1 trial of gemtuzumab ozogamicin in combination with enocitabine and daunorubicin for elderly patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia: Japan Adult Leukemia Study Group (JALSG)-GML208 study. Int J Hematol 2012; 96:485-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-012-1165-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
30
|
Acute myeloid leukemia in older adults. Int J Hematol 2012; 96:186-93. [PMID: 22791510 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-012-1137-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is predominantly a disease of older adults, with a median age at diagnosis of over 65 years. AML in older adults differs biologically and clinically from that in younger ones, and is characterized by stronger intrinsic resistance and lower tolerance to chemotherapy. The effects of age on both patient- and disease-related factors result in a higher incidence of early death during chemotherapy, a lower rate of complete remission, and a reduced chance of long-term survival. Treatment options for older adults with AML include intensive chemotherapy, less-intensive chemotherapy, best supportive care, or enrolment in clinical trials. Given the heterogeneous nature of AML in older adults, therapeutic decisions need to be individualized after systematic assessment of disease biology and patient characteristics. Regardless of treatment, however, outcomes for older AML patients remain in general unsatisfactory. In contrast with the progress made for younger adults, the treatment of AML in older adults has not improved significantly in recent decades. Development of less toxic and more targeted agents may well provide treatment alternatives for a majority of these patients. The overall dismal outcome with currently available treatment approaches has encouraged older AML patients to participate in prospective clinical trials.
Collapse
|
31
|
Retinoid differentiation therapy for common types of acute myeloid leukemia. LEUKEMIA RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2012; 2012:939021. [PMID: 23213553 PMCID: PMC3504222 DOI: 10.1155/2012/939021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Many cancers arise in a tissue stem cell, and cell differentiation is impaired resulting in an accumulation of immature cells. The introduction of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) in 1987 to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), a rare subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), pioneered a new approach to obtain remission in malignancies by restoring the terminal maturation of leukemia cells resulting in these cells having a limited lifespan. Differentiation therapy also offers the prospect of a less aggressive treatment by virtue of attenuated growth of leukemia cells coupled to limited damage to normal cells. The success of ATRA in differentiation therapy of APL is well known. However, ATRA does not work in non-APL AML. Here we examine some of the molecular pathways towards new retinoid-based differentiation therapy of non-APL AML. Prospects include modulation of the epigenetic status of ATRA-insensitive AML cells, agents that influence intracellular signalling events that are provoked by ATRA, and the use of novel synthetic retinoids.
Collapse
|
32
|
Brown G, Hughes PJ. A role for caspase inhibitors in differentiation therapy of myeloid leukaemia. Leuk Res 2012; 36:808-10. [PMID: 22534101 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2012.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
33
|
Mato A, Feldman T, Richter J, Siegel DS, Goy A. Liquid tumors in the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med 2012; 28:115-52. [PMID: 22326039 DOI: 10.1016/j.cger.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Mato
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ 07601, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Pollyea DA, Kohrt HE, Gallegos L, Figueroa ME, Abdel-Wahab O, Zhang B, Bhattacharya S, Zehnder J, Liedtke M, Gotlib JR, Coutre S, Berube C, Melnick A, Levine R, Mitchell BS, Medeiros BC. Safety, efficacy and biological predictors of response to sequential azacitidine and lenalidomide for elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2011; 26:893-901. [PMID: 22033493 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2011.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a disease of the elderly. Poor outcomes with standard therapies necessitate novel approaches. Outpatient regimens sufficiently potent and well tolerated to induce remissions and enable continuation therapy may be beneficial. In this phase-1 study, we determined the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and the efficacy for sequential azacitidine and lenalidomide as remission induction and continuation therapy in elderly, previously untreated patients. We investigated the impact on global DNA methylation and bone marrow cytokines, and sought biological predictors of response. Eighteen patients were enrolled. The MTD was not reached. Median follow-up was 8.2 months (10.3 months for survivors). Common adverse events included fatigue, injection site reactions, constipation, nausea, pruritus and febrile neutropenia. Ten patients responded (56%), and the rate of complete remissions (CRs) or CRs with incomplete recovery of blood counts for evaluable patients was 44% (7/16). The median response duration was 6.2 months. DNA demethylation and changes in bone marrow cytokines were observed; responders had a unique cytokine profile and a trend towards lower methylation levels. Sequential azacitidine and lenalidomide was well tolerated with encouraging clinical and biological activity in previously untreated elderly AML patients. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00890929).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Pollyea
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Temtap S, Nilmanat K. Symptom experience and management among people with acute myeloid leukaemia in Thailand. Int J Palliat Nurs 2011; 17:381-6. [DOI: 10.12968/ijpn.2011.17.8.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suthisa Temtap
- Songklanagarind Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Suthisa Temtap is Advanced Nurse Practitioner, Songklanagarind Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University
| | - Kittikorn Nilmanat
- Department of Medical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Role of HCT-comorbidity index, age and disease status at transplantation in predicting survival and non-relapse mortality in patients with myelodysplasia and leukemia undergoing reduced-intensity-conditioning hemopoeitic progenitor cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2011; 47:528-34. [PMID: 21743502 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2011.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Reduced-intensity-conditioning (RIC) regimens have allowed older patients to have allogeneic hemopoietic progenitor cell transplantation (HCT). This retrospective study was done to assess the impact of the HCT-comorbidity index (HCT-CI) in addition to other pre-transplant factors on the outcome of RIC transplants. In all 121 such patients were transplanted between 2002 and 2008 at two centers using fludarabine, melphalan and alumtuzumab conditioning. The OS and non-relapse mortality (NRM) were 56% and 30% at 2 years, respectively. The NRM of patients with HCT-CI ≥ 3 was not significantly different from the NRM of those with HCT-CI 0-2 (P value 0.24). Age and disease status at transplantation were significant factors affecting OS (P value 0.07 and 0.008, respectively), with no impact on NRM (P value 0.14 and 0.24, respectively). Although HCT-CI on its own did not independently predict NRM or survival, taken together with age and disease status at transplantation, it can be utilized to further delineate RIC allograft recipients into groups with different outcomes. Patients with none or one of these three adverse factors (age ≥ 60 years, leukemia in second CR or PR/high-risk myelodysplasia (MDS) and HCT-CI ≥ 3) had a 2-year NRM and survival of 18% and 80%, respectively, which was significantly better than those of patients with two or more of these adverse factors with 2-year NRM and survival of 46% (P value 0.03) and 40% (P value 0.02), respectively. None of the patients with all three adverse factors (age ≥ 60 years, leukemia in second CR or PR/high-risk MDS and HCT-CI ≥ 3) had survived for 2 years (median survival 12 months). This information can be used to guide patient selection for RIC transplants and to appropriately counsel patients of the risks and benefits of this treatment.
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
The majority of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) are elderly. Advancements in supportive care and regimen intensification have resulted in improvements in clinical outcomes for younger AML patients, but analogous improvements in older patients have not been realized. While outcomes are compromised by increased comorbidities and susceptibility to toxicity from therapy, it is now recognized that elderly AML represents a biologically distinct disease that is more aggressive and less responsive to therapy. Some patients tolerate and benefit from intensive remission-induction approaches, while others are best managed with less aggressive strategies. The challenge is to differentiate these groups based on host-related and biological features, in order to maximize the therapeutic benefit and minimize toxicity. As more is understood about the complicated pathogenesis and molecular basis of AML, there are more opportunities to develop and test targeted therapies. Elderly patients, with their narrow therapeutic window, are well positioned to derive a benefit from these novel agents, and therefore, despite a difficult past, there are reasons to be optimistic about the future of elderly AML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Pollyea
- Divisions of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, 875 Blake Wilbur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lapusan S, Vidriales MB, Thomas X, de Botton S, Vekhoff A, Tang R, Dumontet C, Morariu-Zamfir R, Lambert JM, Ozoux ML, Poncelet P, San Miguel JF, Legrand O, DeAngelo DJ, Giles FJ, Marie JP. Phase I studies of AVE9633, an anti-CD33 antibody-maytansinoid conjugate, in adult patients with relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Invest New Drugs 2011; 30:1121-31. [PMID: 21519855 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-011-9670-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of anti-CD33 immunoconjugates had been previously demonstrated for gemtuzumab-ozogamicin. AVE9633 is an anti-CD33-maytansine conjugate created by ImmunoGen Inc. Phase I trials of AVE9633 were performed in patients with AML to evaluate tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Three phase I studies of AVE9633 were performed in 54 patients with refractory/relapsed AML, evaluating drug infusion on day 1 of a 21-day cycle (Day 1 study), day 1 and 8 (Day 1/8 study) and day 1, 4 and 7 (Day 1/4/7 study) of a 28-day cycle. Toxicity was mainly allergic reaction during infusion (3 grade 3 bronchospasms). DLT was reached for the D1-D7 schedule at 150 mg/sqm (1 keratitis, 1 liver toxicity), and the MTD was set at 130 mg/sqm for this schedule. In the two other phases I, the DLT was not reached. In the Day 1/8 study, CD33 on peripheral blasts was saturated and down-modulated for doses of 75 mg/m(2) × 2 or higher, which was correlated with WBC kinetics and plasma levels of AVE9633. Decrease of DM4/CD33 ratio on the blasts surface between day 1 and 8 was the rational for evaluating day 1/4/7 schedule. This induced relatively constant DM4/CD33 levels over the first 8 days, however no activity was noted. One CRp, one PR and biological activity in five other patients were observed in this study. The Day 1 and Day 1/4/7 studies were early discontinued because of drug inactivity at doses significantly higher than CD33 -saturating doses. No myelossuppression was observed at any trial of AVE9633. The pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics data obtained in these studies will provide very useful information for the design of the next generation of immunoconjugates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Lapusan
- Hematology and Oncology Department, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Itzykson R, Gardin C, Pautas C, Thomas X, Turlure P, Raffoux E, Terré C, Fenaux P, Castaigne S, Dombret H, Boissel N. Impact of post-remission therapy in patients aged 65-70 years with de novo acute myeloid leukemia: a comparison of two concomitant randomized ALFA trials with overlapping age inclusion criteria. Haematologica 2011; 96:837-44. [PMID: 21459791 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2010.036921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no standard post-remission therapy in older patients with acute myeloid leukemia. DESIGN AND METHODS From 1999 to 2006, the Acute Leukemia French Association group ran two concurrent randomized trials with overlapping inclusion criteria for patients aged 65 to 70 with acute myeloid leukemia, with different post-remission strategies: two intensive courses in the 9801 trial, one intensive course or six outpatient courses in the 9803 trial. We analyzed the outcome of these patients per protocol and per post-remission therapy. RESULTS Two hundred and eleven patients aged 65 to 70 years with de novo acute myeloid leukemia were enrolled in trial 9801 (n=76) or 9803 (n=135). The patients in the two trials had comparable white blood cell counts (P=0.3), cytogenetics (P=0.49), and complete remission rates (70% and 57%, respectively; P=0.17). Overall survival was identical in both trials (32% and 34% at 2 years, respectively; P=0.71). Overall survival after complete remission was identical in the 103 of 130 patients who received the planned post-remission courses (n=44 with two intensive courses, n=28 with one intensive course, n=31 with six outpatient courses; 41%, 55%, and 58% at 2 years, respectively; P=0.34). Even in patients with favorable or normal karyotype (n=97), overall survival from complete remission was not improved by more intensive post-remission therapy. CONCLUSIONS In patients aged 65 to 70 years with de novo acute myeloid leukemia in complete remission after standard intensive induction chemotherapy, there is no apparent benefit from intensive post-remission therapy. (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT00931138 and NCT00363025).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Itzykson
- Department of Hematology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, EA-3518, University Paris 7, Paris 1, Avenue C. Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ferrara F. Treatment of Unfit Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Still Open Clinical Challenge. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2011; 11:10-6. [DOI: 10.3816/clml.2011.n.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
41
|
Ferrara F, Palmieri S, Izzo T, Criscuolo C, Riccardi C. Continuous sequential infusion of fludarabine and cytarabine for elderly patients with acute myeloid leukaemia secondary to a previously diagnosed myelodysplastic syndrome. Hematol Oncol 2010; 28:202-8. [DOI: 10.1002/hon.943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
42
|
Schellongowski P, Staudinger T, Kundi M, Laczika K, Locker GJ, Bojic A, Robak O, Fuhrmann V, Jäger U, Valent P, Sperr WR. Prognostic factors for intensive care unit admission, intensive care outcome, and post-intensive care survival in patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia: a single center experience. Haematologica 2010; 96:231-7. [PMID: 21071501 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2010.031583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia is a life-threatening disease associated with high mortality rates. A substantial number of patients require intensive care. This investigation analyzes risk factors predicting admission to the intensive care unit in patients with acute myeloid leukemia eligible for induction chemotherapy, the outcome of these patients, and prognostic factors predicting their survival. DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 406 consecutive patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia (15-89 years) were analyzed retrospectively. Markers recorded at the time of diagnosis included karyotype, fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, and Charlson comorbidity index. In patients requiring critical care, the value of the Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, the need for mechanical ventilation, and vasopressor support were recorded at the time of intensive care unit admission. The independent prognostic relevance of the parameters was tested by multivariate analysis. RESULTS Sixty-two patients (15.3%) required intensive care, primarily due to respiratory failure (50.0%) or life-threatening bleeding (22.6%). Independent risk factors predicting intensive care unit admission were lower fibrinogen concentration, the presence of an infection, and comorbidity. The survival rate was 45%, with the Simplified Acute Physiology Score II being the only independent prognostic parameter (P<0.05). Survival was inferior in intensive care patients compared to patients not admitted to an intensive care unit. However, no difference between intensive care and non-intensive care patients was found concerning continuous complete remission at 6 years or survival at 6 years in patients who survived the first 30 days after diagnosis (non-intensive care patients: 28%; intensive care patients: 20%, P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Ongoing infections, low fibrinogen and comorbidity are predictive for intensive care unit admission in acute myeloid leukemia. Although admission was a risk factor for survival, continuous complete remission and survival of patients alive at day 30 were similar in patients who were admitted or not admitted to an intensive care unit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schellongowski
- Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
|
44
|
Schiller GJ, O'Brien SM, Pigneux A, DeAngelo DJ, Vey N, Kell J, Solomon S, Stuart RK, Karsten V, Cahill AL, Albitar MX, Giles FJ. Single-Agent Laromustine, A Novel Alkylating Agent, Has Significant Activity in Older Patients With Previously Untreated Poor-Risk Acute Myeloid Leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:815-21. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.24.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose An international phase II study of laromustine (VNP40101M), a sulfonylhydrazine alkylating agent, was conducted in patients age 60 years or older with previously untreated poor-risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Patients and Methods Laromustine 600 mg/m2 was administered as a single 60-minute intravenous infusion. Patients were age 70 years or older or 60 years or older with at least one additional risk factor—unfavorable AML karyotype, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) of 2, and/or cardiac, pulmonary, or hepatic comorbidities. Results Eighty-five patients (median age, 72 years; range, 60 to 87 years) were treated. Poor-risk features included age 70 years or older, 78%; adverse karyotype, 47%; PS of 2, 41%; pulmonary disease, 77%; cardiac disease, 73%; and hepatic disease, 3%. Ninety-six percent of patients had at least two risk factors, and 39% had at least four risk factors. The overall response rate (ORR) was 32%, with 20 patients (23%) achieving complete response (CR) and seven (8%) achieving CR with incomplete platelet recovery (CRp). ORR was 20% in patients with adverse cytogenetics; 32% in those age 70 years or older; 32% in those with PS of 2; 32% in patients with baseline pulmonary dysfunction; 34% in patients with baseline cardiac dysfunction; and 27% in 33 patients with at least four risk factors. Twelve (14%) patients died within 30 days of receiving laromustine therapy. Median overall survival was 3.2 months, with a 1-year survival of 21%; the median duration of survival for those who achieved CR/CRp was 12.4 months, with a 1-year survival of 52%. Conclusion Laromustine has significant single-agent activity in elderly patients with poor-risk AML. Adverse events are predominantly myelosuppressive or respiratory. Response rates are consistent across a spectrum of poor-risk features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary J. Schiller
- From the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA; The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Cancer Therapy and Research Center at The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX; Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK; Northside Hospital
| | - Susan M. O'Brien
- From the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA; The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Cancer Therapy and Research Center at The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX; Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK; Northside Hospital
| | - Arnaud Pigneux
- From the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA; The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Cancer Therapy and Research Center at The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX; Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK; Northside Hospital
| | - Daniel J. DeAngelo
- From the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA; The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Cancer Therapy and Research Center at The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX; Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK; Northside Hospital
| | - Norbert Vey
- From the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA; The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Cancer Therapy and Research Center at The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX; Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK; Northside Hospital
| | - Jonathan Kell
- From the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA; The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Cancer Therapy and Research Center at The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX; Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK; Northside Hospital
| | - Scott Solomon
- From the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA; The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Cancer Therapy and Research Center at The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX; Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK; Northside Hospital
| | - Robert K. Stuart
- From the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA; The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Cancer Therapy and Research Center at The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX; Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK; Northside Hospital
| | - Verena Karsten
- From the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA; The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Cancer Therapy and Research Center at The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX; Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK; Northside Hospital
| | - Ann L. Cahill
- From the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA; The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Cancer Therapy and Research Center at The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX; Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK; Northside Hospital
| | - Maher X. Albitar
- From the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA; The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Cancer Therapy and Research Center at The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX; Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK; Northside Hospital
| | - Francis J. Giles
- From the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA; The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Cancer Therapy and Research Center at The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX; Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK; Northside Hospital
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Fenaux P, Mufti GJ, Hellström-Lindberg E, Santini V, Gattermann N, Germing U, Sanz G, List AF, Gore S, Seymour JF, Dombret H, Backstrom J, Zimmerman L, McKenzie D, Beach CL, Silverman LR. Azacitidine prolongs overall survival compared with conventional care regimens in elderly patients with low bone marrow blast count acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2009; 28:562-9. [PMID: 20026804 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.23.8329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 753] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In a phase III randomized trial, azacitidine significantly prolonged overall survival (OS) compared with conventional care regimens (CCRs) in patients with intermediate-2- and high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes. Approximately one third of these patients were classified as having acute myeloid leukemia (AML) under current WHO criteria. This analysis compared the effects of azacitidine versus CCR on OS in this subgroup. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients were randomly assigned to receive subcutaneous azacitidine 75 mg/m(2)/d or CCR (best supportive care [BSC] only, low-dose cytarabine (LDAC), or intensive chemotherapy [IC]). RESULTS Of the 113 elderly patients (median age, 70 years) randomly assigned to receive azacitidine (n = 55) or CCR (n = 58; 47% BSC, 34% LDAC, 19% IC), 86% were considered unfit for IC. At a median follow-up of 20.1 months, median OS for azacitidine-treated patients was 24.5 months compared with 16.0 months for CCR-treated patients (hazard ratio = 0.47; 95% CI, 0.28 to 0.79; P = .005), and 2-year OS rates were 50% and 16%, respectively (P = .001). Two-year OS rates were higher with azacitidine versus CCR in patients considered unfit for IC (P = .0003). Azacitidine was associated with fewer total days in hospital (P < .0001) than CCR. CONCLUSION In older adult patients with low marrow blast count (20% to 30%) WHO-defined AML, azacitidine significantly prolongs OS and significantly improves several patient morbidity measures compared with CCR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Fenaux
- Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Hospital Avicenne, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris XIII, Bobigny, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Management of relapse after allo-SCT for AML and the role of second transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2009; 44:769-77. [PMID: 19855439 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2009.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Relapse after allo-SCT for AML carries very poor prognosis. Second allo-SCT, although curative, is not an appropriate treatment option for a large number of relapsing patients (only 2-20% patients receive a second allo-SCT), and efforts to increase the number of patients who may benefit from a second allo-SCT are ongoing. In addition, understanding the varied biological processes that are operative in disease relapse has encouraged the development of novel therapies, and could be beneficial to patients who are currently managed conservatively with supportive care for relapsed disease. Incorporating novel combinations of drugs with immunomodulation, although theoretically attractive, should be tested in the setting of clinical trials. In this review, we discuss the currently available approaches for relapsed AML after allo-SCT.
Collapse
|
47
|
Maximum supportive care, standard conditioning and allogeneic stem cell transplantation for elderly patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. Curr Opin Oncol 2009; 21 Suppl 1:S7-9. [PMID: 19561415 DOI: 10.1097/01.cco.0000357468.45843.5e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dose-intense conditioning (DIC) (myeloablative) regimens for allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) were previously avoided in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia aged more than 55 years because of the fear of excessive morbidity and mortality. The introduction of reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) alloSCT led to their increasing use in these patients because of their reduced toxicity. Significant disadvantages remain, however, including the late establishment of a posttransplant graft-versus-leukemia effect and an overrepresentation of poor prognostic factors in elderly patients, resulting in the risk of early relapse/progression before the graft-versus-leukemia effect being disproportionally large. Preliminary results suggest that DIC with maximum prophylaxis and support is safe for elderly patients up to age 70 years. We hypothesize that DIC may be important for the early control of leukemia in elderly patients, and that prospective, randomized trials comparing DIC and RIC-based transplants should be carried out, with the expectation that early transplant-related mortality will be no different.
Collapse
|
48
|
Ferrara F, Criscuolo C, Riccardi C, Izzo T, Pedata M, Copia C, Vicari L, Tarsitano M, Palmieri S, Pane F. FLT3 mutations have no prognostic impact in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia and normal karyotype. Am J Hematol 2009; 84:532-5. [PMID: 19562748 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
49
|
|
50
|
Smith BD, Smith GL, Hurria A, Hortobagyi GN, Buchholz TA. Future of cancer incidence in the United States: burdens upon an aging, changing nation. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:2758-65. [PMID: 19403886 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.20.8983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1269] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE By 2030, the United States' population will increase to approximately 365 million, including 72 million older adults (age > or = 65 years) and 157 million minority individuals. Although cancer incidence varies by age and race, the impact of demographic changes on cancer incidence has not been fully characterized. We sought to estimate the number of cancer patients diagnosed in the United States through 2030 by age and race. METHODS Current demographic-specific cancer incidence rates were calculated using the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database. Population projections from the Census Bureau were used to project future cancer incidence through 2030. RESULTS From 2010 to 2030, the total projected cancer incidence will increase by approximately 45%, from 1.6 million in 2010 to 2.3 million in 2030. This increase is driven by cancer diagnosed in older adults and minorities. A 67% increase in cancer incidence is anticipated for older adults, compared with an 11% increase for younger adults. A 99% increase is anticipated for minorities, compared with a 31% increase for whites. From 2010 to 2030, the percentage of all cancers diagnosed in older adults will increase from 61% to 70%, and the percentage of all cancers diagnosed in minorities will increase from 21% to 28%. CONCLUSION Demographic changes in the United States will result in a marked increase in the number of cancer diagnoses over the next 20 years. Continued efforts are needed to improve cancer care for older adults and minorities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Smith
- Radiation Oncology Flight, Wilford Hall Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, 2200 Bergquist Dr, Ste #1, TX 78236, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|