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Singh R, Singh KP, Singh R, Singh V, Kumar P, Varshney R, Yadav A, Mote A, Gangwar M, Prasath NB. Preliminary investigation reveals novel pathological consequences of bluetongue virus-1 infection in the endocrine glands of pregnant Indian sheep. Anim Biotechnol 2024; 35:2269428. [PMID: 37850824 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2269428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV), a major peril to the sheep industry, infects a wide range of the cells in the infected animals including mononuclear, dendritic and epithelial cells. However, little is known about its tropism for the secretory epithelial cells of endocrine glands and the pathogenesis it induces. The aim of the study was to assess the BTV load, antigen distribution in the tissue of the pituitary, thyroid as well as adrenal glands and associated histopathological consequences. BTV antigens were localized using immunohistochemistry in the thyroid's epithelial cells, zona fasciculata and zona reticularis cells and the anterior pituitary epithelial cells. The real-time PCR portrayed the high viral load in adrenals at 7th days postinoculation (DPI) and in thyroid and pituitary glands at 15th DPI. Serum examination revealed variation in the T-3 and T-4 of infected animals in comparison to the control group. Caspase-3 immunolocalization revealed BTV-1 induces apoptosis in the affected cells of endocrine gland of infected animals. Further, this study signifies the tropism of BTV in the novel sites (endocrine glands) of the host that might be one of the reasons for the poor performance of infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | | | - Rajendra Singh
- SOA Institute of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Vidya Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Rajat Varshney
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, I.Ag.Scs, RGSC, Banaras Hindu University, Mirzapur, India
| | - Akanksha Yadav
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Akash Mote
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Mukesh Gangwar
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - N Babu Prasath
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
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2
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Neonatal sepsis and the skin microbiome. J Perinatol 2022; 42:1429-1433. [PMID: 35817842 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-022-01451-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal sepsis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. Preterm and very low birth weight infants are particularly susceptible to sepsis due to their immature skin barrier, naive immune system, exposure to broad-spectrum antibiotics, and insertion of medical devices. Neonatal intestinal dysbiosis has been linked to neonatal sepsis; however, the cutaneous microbiome likely plays a role as well, as common sepsis pathogens also dominate the skin flora. This review summarizes our current understanding of the infant skin microbiome and common causative pathogens in neonatal sepsis, as well as the relationship between the two. A better understanding of the role of the skin microbiome in the pathogenesis of neonatal sepsis may guide future prophylaxis and treatment.
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3
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Herpes simplex virus infection in Bulgarian patients with neurological diseases. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcvp.2022.100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Price NB, Wood KE. Distinguishing Features Common to Dual Fatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections That Occur in Both a Pregnant Woman and Her Newborn Infant. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122542. [PMID: 34960811 PMCID: PMC8705528 DOI: 10.3390/v13122542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Deaths from herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) are rare. A major exception is perinatally acquired HSV-1 or HSV-2 infection where the neonatal death rate is substantial. Fatal HSV infection also occurs occasionally in pregnant women. The goal of this review is to enumerate the reports that describe dual deaths of both a pregnant woman and her newborn from a herpesvirus infection. A total of 15 reports were found in the medical literature, of which five described pregnant women with HSV encephalitis and 10 described women with disseminated HSV infection. When the virus was typed, most cases of dual mother/newborn deaths were caused by HSV-2. Of interest, in two situations caused by HSV-1, the pregnant woman probably acquired her primary HSV-1 infection from one of her children and not by sexual transmission. Complete genomic sequencing was performed on one set of HSV-1 isolates collected from mother (blood) and newborn (blood and skin). The mother's strain and the newborn's skin strain were 98.9% identical. When the newborn's two strains were compared, they were 97.4% identical. Only one mother was tested by the HerpeSelect IgG antibody kit. During the nine days of her undiagnosed disseminated infection preceding her death, her serology was negative. In summary, although dual mother/newborn deaths from HSV infection are rare, they continue to be reported as recently as 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan B. Price
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Kelly E. Wood
- Newborn Nursery Service and Hospitalist Service, Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA 52242, USA;
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5
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Borges E, Setti AS, Iaconelli A, Braga DPDAF. Current status of the COVID-19 and male reproduction: A review of the literature. Andrology 2021; 9:1066-1075. [PMID: 33998143 PMCID: PMC8222884 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which causes serious respiratory illnesses such as pneumonia and lung failure, was first reported in mid-December 2019 in China and has spread around the world. In addition to causing serious respiratory illnesses such as pneumonia and lung failure, there have been conflicting reports about the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the semen of patients who were previously diagnosed with COVID-19 and possible implications for the male reproductive tract. OBJECTIVE The goal for the present study was to review the current status of the literature concerning COVID-19 and male reproduction. MATERIAL AND METHODS An electronic literature search was done by using PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Relevant papers, concerning SARS-COV-2 and COVID-19 and male reproduction, published between January 2020 and December 2020 were selected, analyzed and eventually included in the present literature review. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2 may infect any cell type expressing angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), including reproductive cells. Besides the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor, the expression of host proteases, such as transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), is needed to cleave the viral S protein, allowing permanent fusion of the viral and host cell membranes. Here, we aimed to review the current status of the literature concerning COVID-19 and male reproduction. The lack of co-expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in the testis suggests that sperm cells may not be at increased risk of viral entry and spread. However, the presence of orchitis in COVID-19-confirmed patients and compromised sex-related hormonal balance among these patients intrigues reproductive medicine. DISCUSSION SARS-CoV-2 may use alternate receptors to enter certain cell types, or the expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 may not be detected in healthy individuals. CONCLUSION COVID-19 challenges all medical areas, including reproductive medicine. It is not yet clear what effects, if any, the COVID-19 pandemic will have on male reproduction. Further research is needed to understand the long-term impact of SARS-CoV-2 on male reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson Borges
- Fertility Medical GroupSão PauloBrazil
- Instituto Sapientiae – Centro de Estudos e Pesquisa em Reprodução Humana AssistidaSão PauloBrazil
| | - Amanda Souza Setti
- Fertility Medical GroupSão PauloBrazil
- Instituto Sapientiae – Centro de Estudos e Pesquisa em Reprodução Humana AssistidaSão PauloBrazil
| | - Assumpto Iaconelli
- Fertility Medical GroupSão PauloBrazil
- Instituto Sapientiae – Centro de Estudos e Pesquisa em Reprodução Humana AssistidaSão PauloBrazil
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6
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Wang L, Wang D, Wu X, Xu R, Li Y. Antiviral mechanism of carvacrol on HSV-2 infectivity through inhibition of RIP3-mediated programmed cell necrosis pathway and ubiquitin-proteasome system in BSC-1 cells. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:832. [PMID: 33176697 PMCID: PMC7661259 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05556-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carvacrol, as the major components of aromatic plants used for treating human skin diseases including origanum, Satureja, thymus, and coridothymus species, presented a kind of antiviral activity. To explore the mechanisms of carvacrol against herpes simplex virus (HSV) in vitro. METHOD The BSC-1 cells model of HSV infection was established, and from the two aspects of viral replication level and cell death pathway, the antiviral effects of carvacrol on HSV infected cells were also evaluated by plaque assay under the three modes including prevention, treatment, and direct inactivation. RESULTS In the three ways, the half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 2% true carvacrol solution on HSV-2 infected cells were severally 0.43, 0.19 and 0.51 mmol/L, and the corresponding therapeutic index (TI) were 4.02, 9.11 and 3.39, respectively. It's the opposite of the increased levels caused by HSV-2 infection, that both the expressions at the transcription genes and protein levels of virus own replication key factors (including ICP4, ICP27, VP16, gB, and UL30) and cytokines (including RIP3, TNF-α, and MLKL) of infected cells treated with carvacrol were dose-dependently inhibited. Besides, HSV-2 infection can cause the decrease of intracellular protein ubiquitination level, and carvacrol can reverse the ubiquitination decrease level caused by HSV-2 infection. CONCLUSION Carvacrol exhibits significant antiviral activity by inhibiting the HSV-2 proliferation process and HSV-2-induced TNF-α increasing levels, decreasing RIP3 and MLKL protein expressions through the intracellular RIP3-mediated programmed cell necrosis pathway. In addition, carvacrol also may exhibit anti-HSV-2 activity by reversing the ubiquitination decrease level caused by HSV-2 infection on the ubiquitin-proteasome system, which provides insights into the molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Scientific Research, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi' an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xingan Wu
- Department of Pathogenic Microorganism, School of Preclinical Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yunlan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, No. 36, Xin Jian South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
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7
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Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) acquired during delivery places the neonate at risk for mortality or long-term neurodevelopmental disability. Exposure generally occurs from recurrent genital herpes infection, although primary infections result in the highest risk of neonatal disease. Neonates generally present in the second or third week of life with lesions. Encephalitis with seizures indicates the presence of central nervous system involvement, and other end organs may also be impacted. Clinical suspicion for neonatal HSV infection warrants immediate initiation of appropriate antiviral therapy. In the last 50 years, antiviral therapy has progressed from agents with prohibitive toxicity or cumbersome administration to herpes virus-specific agents that dramatically improve clinical outcomes with manageable toxicity. Multicenter clinical trials have demonstrated the superiority of high-dose intravenous acyclovir for acute therapy, followed by long-term oral suppressive therapy. This work has dramatically reduced morbidity and mortality from neonatal HSV, representing the benchmark for future clinical trials in neonatal pharmacotherapy.
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8
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Swartz S, Hadjiev J, Kolinski J, Chou E, Allen K, Yan K, Havens PL. Factors Associated With HSV PCR CSF Testing and Empiric Acyclovir Therapy in Young Febrile Infants. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2019; 58:1194-1200. [PMID: 31409122 DOI: 10.1177/0009922819868687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in infants is a devastating disease with an often subtle presentation. We examined cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) HSV PCR (polymerase chain reaction) testing and empiric acyclovir therapy in young febrile infants. Chart review identified hospitalized infants aged ≤60 days with fever ≥38°C who had undergone lumbar puncture. Previously published criteria were used to define patients at high risk for HSV. Primary outcomes were CSF HSV PCR testing and empiric acyclovir therapy. Of 536 febrile infants, 23% had HSV testing; empiric acyclovir was started in 15%. HSV testing and therapy were associated with younger age, seizure, maternal vaginal lesions, postnatal HSV contact, vesicles, poor tone, CSF pleocytosis, and enteroviral testing. Sixty-two percent of high-risk infants did not undergo HSV testing, and 75% did not receive acyclovir. High-risk infants were untested and untreated at relatively high rates. Evidence-based criteria to guide HSV testing and treatment are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Erica Chou
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - Ke Yan
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Poole CL, Kimberlin DW. Antiviral Approaches for the Treatment of Herpes Simplex Virus Infections in Newborn Infants. Annu Rev Virol 2019; 5:407-425. [PMID: 30265626 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-092917-043457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections in newborns are associated with severe disease and death. Trials conducted by the Collaborative Antiviral Study Group have established the standard of care for the treatment of neonatal HSV disease with marked improvements in morbidity and mortality. We review the studies that have contributed to our understanding of the epidemiology and clinical course of neonatal HSV disease and discuss the landmark trials that have resulted in safe and effective treatment together with improved diagnostics. Although significant advances have been made, neonatal HSV disease continues to have an unacceptably high mortality rate with significant sequelae in survivors. Further research is urgently needed for prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudette L Poole
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35233, USA; ,
| | - David W Kimberlin
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35233, USA; ,
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10
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Abstract
Sepsis in children is typically presumed to be bacterial in origin until proven otherwise, but frequently bacterial cultures ultimately return negative. Although viruses may be important causative agents of culture-negative sepsis worldwide, the incidence, disease burden and mortality of viral-induced sepsis is poorly elucidated. Consideration of viral sepsis is critical as its recognition carries implications on appropriate use of antibacterial agents, infection control measures, and, in some cases, specific, time-sensitive antiviral therapies. This review outlines our current understanding of viral sepsis in children and addresses its epidemiology and pathophysiology, including pathogen-host interaction during active infection. Clinical manifestation, diagnostic testing, and management options unique to viral infections will be outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Gupta
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Robert Richter
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Stephen Robert
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michele Kong
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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11
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Update on Neonatal Herpes Simplex Epidemiology in the Netherlands: A Health Problem of Increasing Concern? Pediatr Infect Dis J 2018; 37:806-813. [PMID: 29356762 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000001905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This article provides an update on the incidence of neonatal herpes, guideline adherence by health care professionals (HCP) and trends in genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection during pregnancy in the Netherlands. METHODS Questionnaires were sent to all hospitals inquiring about numbers and characteristics of neonatal and maternal HSV infections, and guideline adherence between 2012 and 2015. Longitudinal trends were investigated from 1999 onward using survey data and Perinatal Registry of the Netherlands data (Perined). Trends were smoothed with Poisson regression splines. Risk indicators for neonatal and maternal HSV infections were examined with Poisson regression analyses. RESULTS Neonatal herpes incidence was 4.8/100,000 live births based on survey data (2012-2015) and 3.4/100,000 based on Perined (2012-2014). Mortality rate was 23% (7/30). Neonatal herpes incidence increased slightly over time as did the prevalence of genital HSV infection among pregnant women. Non-Western ethnicity (Rate Ratio: 1.9; 95% confidence interval: 1.5-2.5) and age <20 years (Rate Ratio: 2.3; 95% confidence interval: 1.2-4.7) were associated with genital herpes during pregnancy. In Perined, none of the neonatal herpes cases had a mother diagnosed with an active genital herpes infection during pregnancy. Preventive measures to reduce vertical herpes transmission (such as cesarean section) were less commonly reported by HCP in 2012-2015 compared with 2006-2011. CONCLUSIONS Neonatal herpes incidence in the Netherlands slowly increased over the last 15 years. An increased genital HSV prevalence during pregnancy or, to lower extent, the decreased guideline adherence by HCP may be responsible. A rise in asymptomatic maternal HSV shedding is also plausible, emphasizing the challenges in preventing neonatal herpes.
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12
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Renesme L. [Neonatal herpes: Epidemiology, clinical manifestations and management. Guidelines for clinical practice from the French College of Gynecologists and Obstetricians (CNGOF)]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 45:691-704. [PMID: 29132771 DOI: 10.1016/j.gofs.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the epidemiology of neonatal herpes and its risk factors, clinical and paraclinic manifestations, propose guidelines for a newborn at risk of neonatal herpes, describe treatment modalities, describe post-natal transmission and its prevention. METHODS Bibliographic search from Medline, Cochrane Library databases and research of international clinical practice guidelines. RESULTS Neonatal herpes is rare (about 20 cases per year in France) and mainly due to HSV 1 (level of evidence LE3). The main risk factors for mother-to-child transmission are maternal primary episode of genital herpes close to delivery and serotype HSV 1 (LE3). There are three clinical forms of neonatal herpes : SEM infection for skin, eyes and mucosa, central nervous system (CNS) associated infection, and the disseminated infection. Neurological mortality and morbidity depend on the clinical form and the HSV serotype (LE3). In most of the case of neonatal herpes, the mothers have no history of genital herpes (LE3). Fever and vesicular rash may be absent at the time of diagnosis (LE3). In case of suspicion of neonatal herpes, different samples (blood and cerebrospinal fluid) for HSV PCR must be carried out to confirm the diagnosis (Professional consensus). Any newborn suspected of neonatal herpes should be treated with intravenous aciclovir (Grade A) prior to the results of HSV PCR (Professional consensus). In case of maternal genital herpes at delivery, the management of an asymptomatic newborn depends on the evaluation of the risk of transmission. In case of maternal reactivation (low risk of transmission), HSV PCR samples are taken at 24hours of life and the newborn must be follow closely until results. In the case of maternal primary episode or non-primary infection first episode (high risk of transmission), the samples are taken at 24hours of life and intravenous treatment with aciclovir is started (Professional consensus). The treatment of neonatal herpes is based on intravenous aciclovir (60mg/kg/day divided into 3 injections) (Grade C). The duration of the treatment depends on the clinical form (14 days for the SEM infection, 21 days for the other forms) (Professional consensus). A relay with aciclovir per os (300mg/m2/day) for 6 months is recommended to improve the neurological outcome and reduce the risk of reactivation (grade B). Post-natal transmission is mainly due to HSV 1. The rules for the prevention of post-natal transmission must be known by parents and family, but also by nursing staff (Professional consensus). Breastfeeding is not contraindicated in cases of maternal herpes, except if there is herpetic lesion on the nipple (Professional consensus). Parents of newborns at risk for neonatal herpes should receive information on the clinical signs to be monitored at home after hospital discharge (Professional consensus). CONCLUSIONS Neonatal herpes is a rare disease with a high morbidity and mortality. The management of a newborn at risk requires good coordination between the obstetric and pediatric teams and parent's information.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Renesme
- Unité de néonatalogie soins intensifs-pédiatrie de maternité, centre Aliénor d'Aquitaine, groupe hospitalier Pellegrin, centre hospitalier universitaire de Bordeaux, place Amélie-Raba-Léon, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
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13
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Cetina-Corona A, López-Sánchez U, Salinas-Trujano J, Méndez-Tenorio A, Barrón BL, Torres-Flores J. Peptides Derived from Glycoproteins H and B of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Are Capable of Blocking Herpetic Infection in vitro. Intervirology 2017; 59:235-242. [PMID: 28329739 DOI: 10.1159/000464134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to design peptides derived from glycoproteins H (gH) and B (gB) of herpes simplex viruses type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) with the potential to block herpetic infection and to evaluate their ability to inhibit HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection in vitro. METHODS A library of continuous 15-25 residue stretches (CRSs) located at the surface of gH and gB from HSV-1 and HSV-2 was created. These CRSs were analyzed, and only those that were highly flexible and rich in charged residues were selected for the design of the antiviral peptides (AVPs). The toxicity of the AVPs was evaluated by MTT reduction assays. Virucidal activity of the AVPs was determined by a plaque reduction assay, and their antiviral effect was measured by cell viability assays. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Four AVPs (CB-1, CB-2, U-1, and U-2) derived from gB and gH were designed and synthetized, none of which showed high levels of toxicity in Vero cells. The U-1 and U-2 gB-derived AVPs showed high virucidal and antiviral activities against both HSV-1 and HSV-2. The gH-derived peptide CB-1 showed high virucidal and antiviral activities against HSV-2, while CB-2 showed similar results against HSV-1. The peptides CB-1 and CB-2 showed higher IC50 values than the U-1 and U-2 peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Cetina-Corona
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
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14
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Sanchez MD, Ochoa AC, Foster TP. Development and evaluation of a host-targeted antiviral that abrogates herpes simplex virus replication through modulation of arginine-associated metabolic pathways. Antiviral Res 2016; 132:13-25. [PMID: 27192555 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Since their inception five decades ago, most antivirals have been engineered to disrupt a single viral protein or process that is essential for viral replication. This approach has limited the overall therapeutic effectiveness and applicability of current antivirals due to restricted viral specificity, a propensity for development of drug resistance, and an inability to control deleterious host-mediated inflammation. As obligate intracellular parasites, viruses are reliant on host metabolism and macromolecular synthesis pathways. Of these biosynthetic processes, many viruses, including Herpes simplex viruses (HSV), are absolutely dependent on the bioavailability of arginine, a non-essential amino acid that is critical for many physiological and pathophysiological processes associated with either facilitating viral replication or progression of disease. To assess if targeting host arginine-associated metabolic pathways would inhibit HSV replication, a pegylated recombinant human Arginase I (peg-ArgI) was generated and its in vitro anti-herpetic activity was evaluated. Cells continuously treated with peg-ArgI for over 48 h exhibited no signs of cytotoxicity or loss of cell viability. The antiviral activity of peg-ArgI displayed a classical dose-response curve with IC50's in the sub-nanomolar range. peg-ArgI potently inhibited HSV-1 and HSV-2 viral replication, infectious virus production, cell-to-cell spread/transmission and virus-mediated cytopathic effects. Not unexpectedly given its host-targeted mechanism of action, peg-ArgI showed similar effectiveness at controlling replication of single and multidrug resistant HSV-1 mutants. These findings illustrate that targeting host arginine-associated metabolic pathways is an effective means of controlling viral replicative processes. Further exploration into the breadth of viruses inhibited by peg-ArgI, as well as the ability of peg-ArgI to suppress arginine-associated virus-mediated pathophysiological disease processes is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dulfary Sanchez
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, USA; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, USA; The Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, USA
| | - Augusto C Ochoa
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, USA; The Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, USA; The Louisiana Vaccine Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Timothy P Foster
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, USA; The Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, USA; The Louisiana Vaccine Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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15
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Britton PN, Eastwood K, Paterson B, Durrheim DN, Dale RC, Cheng AC, Kenedi C, Brew BJ, Burrow J, Nagree Y, Leman P, Smith DW, Read K, Booy R, Jones CA. Consensus guidelines for the investigation and management of encephalitis in adults and children in Australia and New Zealand. Intern Med J 2016; 45:563-76. [PMID: 25955462 DOI: 10.1111/imj.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Encephalitis is a complex neurological syndrome caused by inflammation of the brain parenchyma. The management of encephalitis is challenging because: the differential diagnosis of encephalopathy is broad; there is often rapid disease progression; it often requires intensive supportive management; and there are many aetiologic agents for which there is no definitive treatment. Patients with possible meningoencephalitis are often encountered in the emergency care environment where clinicians must consider differential diagnoses, perform appropriate investigations and initiate empiric antimicrobials. For patients who require admission to hospital and in whom encephalitis is likely, a staged approach to investigation and management is preferred with the potential involvement of multiple medical specialties. Key considerations in the investigation and management of patients with encephalitis addressed in this guideline include: Which first-line investigations should be performed?; Which aetiologies should be considered possible based on clinical features, risk factors and radiological features?; What tests should be arranged in order to diagnose the common causes of encephalitis?; When to consider empiric antimicrobials and immune modulatory therapies?; and What is the role of brain biopsy?
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Britton
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health and Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - K Eastwood
- Health Protection, Hunter New England Population Health, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Biopreparedness, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - B Paterson
- Biopreparedness, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - D N Durrheim
- Biopreparedness, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R C Dale
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health and Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - A C Cheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - C Kenedi
- Departments of, General Medicine, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand, USA.,Liaison Psychiatry, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand, USA.,Department of Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - B J Brew
- St Vincent's Centre for applied medical research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Neurology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - J Burrow
- Department of Neurology, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Y Nagree
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Emergency Department, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| | - P Leman
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Emergency Department, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - D W Smith
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - K Read
- Department of Infectious Diseases, North Shore Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand, USA
| | - R Booy
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health and Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia.,National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - C A Jones
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health and Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
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17
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Side Effects and Efficacy of Neuraxial Opioids in Pregnant Patients at Delivery: A Comprehensive Review. Drug Saf 2016; 39:381-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s40264-015-0386-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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18
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Im K, Kim J, Min H. Ginseng, the natural effectual antiviral: Protective effects of Korean Red Ginseng against viral infection. J Ginseng Res 2015; 40:309-314. [PMID: 27746682 PMCID: PMC5052424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is a heat-processed ginseng developed by the repeated steaming and air-drying of fresh ginseng. Compared with fresh ginseng, KRG has been shown to possess greater pharmacological activities and stability because of changes that occur in its chemical constituents during the steaming process. In addition to anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulatory activities, KRG and its purified components have also been shown to possess protective effects against microbial infections. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the properties of KRG and its components on infections with human pathogenic viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, influenza virus, human immunodeficiency virus, human herpes virus, hepatitis virus, norovirus, rotavirus, enterovirus, and coxsackievirus. Additionally, the therapeutic potential of KRG as an antiviral and vaccine adjuvant is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hyeyoung Min
- Corresponding author. College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseokro, Dongjakgu, Seoul 06974, Korea.
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19
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Distribution of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) in different stages of gestation sows: HP-PRRSV distribution in gestation sows. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 166:88-94. [PMID: 26143005 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) emerged in China in 2006 and caused severe reproductive losses, particularly in late-term sows. To determine whether these reproductive failures were related to the susceptibility of late-term sows to HP-PRRV, 60- and 90-days of gestation sows were infected with HP-PRRSV isolate TA-12 (GenBank accession HQ417620). A monoclonal antibody specific to the C-terminal of the nucleocapsid protein was used to evaluate viral distribution by IHC. This showed that HP-PRRSV had a similar distribution in both sets of sows. However, HP-PRRSV infection led to dramatically decreased serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and 17-β-estradiol (E2) in late-term sows, while only E2 was decreased in the 60-day sows. These results indicate that HP-PRRSV-induced reproductive failure is more likely due to reproductive hormone level imbalances rather than tissue tropism differences.
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Abstract
Infections caused by viruses are universal during childhood and adolescence. Clinicians will regularly care for children and adolescents who present with infections caused by a wide number of viral pathogens. These infections have varied presentations. Many infections may have clinical presentations that are specific to the infecting virus but present differently, based on the age and immunocompetence of the patient. Some children are directly impacted early in their lives when maternal disease results in an in utero infection (cytomegalovirus, rubella virus, or parvovirus B19). Other viruses may infect children in a predictable pattern as they grow older (rhinovirus or influenza virus). Fortunately, many viral infections frequently encountered in the past are no longer extant due to widespread immunization efforts. Recognition of these vaccine-preventable infections is important because outbreaks of some of these diseases (mumps or measles) continue to occur in the United States. Vigilance in vaccine programs against these viral agents can prevent their re-emergence. In addition, an increasing number of viral infections (herpes simplex virus, influenza virus, varicella zoster virus, or cytomegalovirus) can now be successfully treated with antiviral medications. Most viral infections in children result in self-limited illness and are treated symptomatically and infected children experience full recovery. This review will address the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of viral infections commonly encountered by the clinician.
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21
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Rapid and direct detection of herpes simplex virus in cerebrospinal fluid by use of a commercial real-time PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:4361-2. [PMID: 25274992 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02623-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system infection due to herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a medical emergency and requires rapid diagnosis and initiation of therapy. In this study, we compared a routine real-time PCR assay for HSV types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2) to a recently FDA-approved direct PCR assay (Simplexa HSV-1/2 Direct; Focus Diagnostics, Cypress, CA) using cerebrospinal fluid samples (n = 100). The Simplexa HSV-1/2 assays demonstrated a combined sensitivity and specificity of 96.2% (50/52) and 97.9% (47/48), respectively. In addition, the Simplexa assay does not require nucleic acid extraction, and the results are available in 60 min.
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22
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Clinical practice in prevention of neonatal HSV infection: a survey of obstetrical care providers in Alberta. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2014; 35:131-137. [PMID: 23470062 DOI: 10.1016/s1701-2163(15)31017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the current practice patterns of physicians providing prenatal care in Alberta with respect to prevention of neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. METHOD A 22-item questionnaire was mailed to all obstetricians and family physicians providing obstetrical care in Alberta. The questionnaire included demographic and practice details, and details of management of patients with a history or symptoms of HSV lesions, including practice in prescribing antiviral therapy, recommending elective Caesarean section, and ordering serology. Two reminders were mailed as necessary. RESULTS Responses were received from 89 obstetricians (57%) and 94 family physicians (54%). Antiviral therapy was prescribed for the prevention of neonatal HSV infection in the third trimester by 97% of obstetricians versus 84% of family physicians (P = 0.007), with acyclovir being the most commonly prescribed agent. Caesarean section was offered "most of the time" to women with primary HSV infection in the third trimester by 65% of physicians, to women with prodromal symptoms during the intrapartum period by 57% (no significant differences between groups), and to women with HSV lesions by 92% of obstetricians and 82% of family physicians (P = 0.032). Women with a negative HSV history but whose partner had known HSV were offered serological testing "most of the time" by 30% of physicians (no significant difference between groups). CONCLUSION Despite the encouraging survey results, obstetrical providers should be encouraged to offer Caesarean section to women with a primary HSV infection in the third trimester and to offer serological testing in discordant couples. These simple strategies can help to prevent neonatal HSV infection and its long-term consequences.
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23
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Goody MF, Sullivan C, Kim CH. Studying the immune response to human viral infections using zebrafish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 46:84-95. [PMID: 24718256 PMCID: PMC4067600 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Humans and viruses have a long co-evolutionary history. Viral illnesses have and will continue to shape human history: from smallpox, to influenza, to HIV, and beyond. Animal models of human viral illnesses are needed in order to generate safe and effective antiviral medicines, adjuvant therapies, and vaccines. These animal models must support the replication of human viruses, recapitulate aspects of human viral illnesses, and respond with conserved immune signaling cascades. The zebrafish is perhaps the simplest, most commonly used laboratory model organism in which innate and/or adaptive immunity can be studied. Herein, we will discuss the current zebrafish models of human viral illnesses and the insights they have provided. We will highlight advantages of early life stage zebrafish and the importance of innate immunity in human viral illnesses. We will also discuss viral characteristics to consider before infecting zebrafish with human viruses as well as predict other human viruses that may be able to infect zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle F Goody
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Con Sullivan
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Carol H Kim
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
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24
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Hemelaar SJAL, Poeran J, Steegers EAP, van der Meijden WI. Neonatal herpes infections in The Netherlands in the period 2006–2011. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2014; 28:905-9. [DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2014.937691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Randolph AG, McCulloh RJ. Pediatric sepsis: important considerations for diagnosing and managing severe infections in infants, children, and adolescents. Virulence 2013; 5:179-89. [PMID: 24225404 PMCID: PMC3916372 DOI: 10.4161/viru.27045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is the leading cause of death in children worldwide. Although the diagnosis and management of sepsis in infants and children is largely influenced by studies done in adults, there are important considerations relevant for pediatrics. This article highlights pediatric-specific issues related to the definition of sepsis and its epidemiology and management. We review how the capacity of the immune system to respond to infection develops over early life. We also bring attention to primary immune deficiencies that should be considered in children recurrently infected with specific types of organisms. The management of pediatric sepsis must be tailored to the child’s age and immune capacity, and to the site, severity, and source of the infection. It is important for clinicians to be aware of infection-related syndromes that primarily affect children. Although children in developed countries are more likely to survive severe infections than adults, many survivors have chronic health impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne G Randolph
- Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA; Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine; Boston Children's Hospital; Boston, MA USA
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26
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Bal A, Zandotti C, Nougairede A, Ninove L, Roquelaure B, Charrel RN. Fulminant Hepatitis Due to Father-to-Newborn Transmission of Herpes Simplex Virus type 1. Open Virol J 2013; 7:96-7. [PMID: 24222807 PMCID: PMC3821095 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901307010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a case of a severe neonatal infection by herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 acquired postnatally from his father. The delivery and the first days of life were normal. He developed liver failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation when he was 19 days old. He was treated with intravenous acyclovir and the outcome was favorable. This case underlines that prevention of post-natal transmission of HSV merits to be considered in educational pregnancy programs directed at mothers and fathers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bal
- IHU Mediterranee Infection, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille, 13005 Marseille, France
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27
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Liu Z, Xiang Y, Wei Z, Yu B, Shao Y, Zhang J, Yang H, Li M, Guan M, Wan J, Zhang W. Application of shRNA-containing herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-based gene therapy for HSV-2-induced genital herpes. J Virol Methods 2013; 193:353-8. [PMID: 23845900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
HSV-1-based vectors have been widely used to achieve targeted delivery of genes into the nervous system. In the current study, we aim to use shRNA-containing HSV-1-based gene delivery system for the therapy of HSV-2 infection. Guinea pigs were infected intravaginally with HSV-2 and scored daily for 100 days for the severity of vaginal disease. HSV-2 shRNA-containing HSV-1 was applied intravaginally daily between 8 and 14 days after HSV-2 challenge. Delivery of HSV-2 shRNA-containing HSV-1 had no effect on the onset of disease and acute virus shedding in animals, but resulted in a significant reduction in both the cumulative recurrent lesion days and the number of days with recurrent disease. Around half of the animals in the HSV-2 shRNA group did not develop recurrent disease 100 days post HSV-2 infection. In conclusion, HSV-2 shRNA-containing HSV-1 particles are effective in reducing the recurrence of genital herpes caused by HSV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, No. 1120, Lianhua Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, China; Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, China
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28
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Sudfeld CR, Hewett PC, Abuelezam NN, Chalasani S, Soler-Hampejsek E, Kelly CA, Mensch BS. Herpes simplex virus type 2 cross-sectional seroprevalence and the estimated rate of neonatal infections among a cohort of rural Malawian female adolescents. Sex Transm Infect 2013; 89:561-7. [PMID: 23794069 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2012-050869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) seroprevalence among rural Malawian adolescent women and estimate the number of neonatal herpes infections among infants of these adolescents. METHODS A longitudinal cohort study of adolescents (14-16 years at entry) residing in rural Malawi was initiated in 2007 with annual observation. HSV-2 testing was introduced in 2010. In this study, we (1) determined, using cross-sectional analysis, risk factors for positive serostatus, (2) adjusted for non-response bias with imputation methods and (3) estimated the incidence of neonatal herpes infection using mathematical models. RESULTS A total of 1195 female adolescents (age 17-20 years) were interviewed in 2010, with an observed HSV-2 seroprevalence of 15.2% among the 955 women tested. From a multivariate analysis, risk factors for HSV-2 seropositivity include older age (p=0.037), moving from the baseline village (p=0.020) and report of sexual activity with increasing number of partners (p<0.021). Adjusting for non-response bias, the estimated HSV-2 seroprevalence among the total female cohort (composed of all women interviewed in 2007) was 18.0% (95% CI 16.0% to 20.2%). HSV-2 seropositivity was estimated to be 25.6% (95% CI 19.6% to 32.5%) for women who refused to provide a blood sample. The estimated number of neonatal herpes infections among the total female cohort was 71.8 (95% CI 57.3 to 86.3) per 100 000 live births. CONCLUSIONS The risk of HSV-2 seroconversion is high during adolescence, when childbearing is beginning, among rural Malawian women. Research on interventions to reduce horizontal and vertical HSV-2 transmission during adolescence in resource-limited settings is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Sudfeld
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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29
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Directional spread of alphaherpesviruses in the nervous system. Viruses 2013; 5:678-707. [PMID: 23435239 PMCID: PMC3640521 DOI: 10.3390/v5020678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaherpesviruses are pathogens that invade the nervous systems of their mammalian hosts. Directional spread of infection in the nervous system is a key component of the viral lifecycle and is critical for the onset of alphaherpesvirus-related diseases. Many alphaherpesvirus infections originate at peripheral sites, such as epithelial tissues, and then enter neurons of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), where lifelong latency is established. Following reactivation from latency and assembly of new viral particles, the infection typically spreads back out towards the periphery. These spread events result in the characteristic lesions (cold sores) commonly associated with herpes simplex virus (HSV) and herpes zoster (shingles) associated with varicella zoster virus (VZV). Occasionally, the infection spreads transsynaptically from the PNS into higher order neurons of the central nervous system (CNS). Spread of infection into the CNS, while rarer in natural hosts, often results in severe consequences, including death. In this review, we discuss the viral and cellular mechanisms that govern directional spread of infection in the nervous system. We focus on the molecular events that mediate long distance directional transport of viral particles in neurons during entry and egress.
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30
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Abstract
Among the human herpes viruses, three are neurotropic and capable of producing severe neurological abnormalities: herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV). Both the acute, primary infection and the reactivation from the site of latent infection, the dorsal sensory ganglia, are associated with severe human morbidity and mortality. The peripheral nervous system is one of the major loci affected by these viruses. The present review details the virology and molecular biology underlying the human infection. This is followed by detailed description of the symtomatology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, course, therapy, and prognosis of disorders of the peripheral nervous system caused by these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Steiner
- Department of Neurology, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petach Tikva, Israel.
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31
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Abstract
Neonatal herpes, seen roughly in 1 of 3000 live births in the United States, is the most serious manifestation of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in the perinatal period. Although acyclovir therapy decreases infant mortality associated with perinatal HSV transmission, development of permanent neurological disabilities is not uncommon. Mother-to-neonate HSV transmission is most efficient when maternal genital tract HSV infection is acquired proximate to the time of delivery, signifying that neonatal herpes prevention strategies need to focus on decreasing the incidence of maternal infection during pregnancy and more precisely identifying infants most likely to benefit from prophylactic antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Cherpes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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32
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Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are highly prevalent and may have devastating consequences if transmitted to newborns. The highest risk of transmission is when the mother has primary HSV infection (rather than recurrence of chronic infection) late in pregnancy. Clinicians should obtain a careful history, performing serologic testing and counseling as appropriate. Delayed diagnosis of neonatal HSV is associated with high mortality. Even with adequate treatment, permanent sequelae, such as cerebral palsy and developmental delay, may occur. Clinicians should develop prudent strategies to avoid primary HSV acquisition during pregnancy, and provide prophylaxis or treatment when indicated.
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Vanderpluym C, Tawfik G, Hervas-Malo M, Lacaze-Masmonteil T, Kellner J, Robinson JL. Empiric acyclovir for neonatal herpes simplex virus infection. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2011; 25:1278-82. [PMID: 21992471 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2011.629249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because neonatal herpes simplex virus (NHSV) infection is difficult to diagnose, there has been a move towards using more empiric acyclovir (ACV). OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to review the use of ACV to optimize future management of NHSV. METHODS Charts were reviewed for infants started on intravenous ACV up to day 43 of life--January 2001 through February 2007--at five hospitals in Edmonton and Calgary. RESULTS ACV was started for possible (N = 115) or proven (N = 3) herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. Six of the infants with possible HSV infection later had proven HSV infection. Seizures (34%), hemodynamic instability (29%) and skin lesions (24%) were the most common indications for ACV. Among the 118 infants, 106 (90%) had cerebrospinal fluid obtained and 82 (69%) had at least one surface swab for HSV but 4 (3%) had no specimens submitted for HSV detection. ACV was continued for 3.9 ± 3.5 days in the infants with no proven HSV disease. Possible nephrotoxicity from ACV was recorded in 3 of these 109 infants and in none of the infants with proven HSV disease. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians in Alberta primarily consider the diagnosis of NHSV infection when confronted with a neonate with seizures, hemodynamic instability or suspicious skin lesions, but need to consider the diagnosis more often if all cases are to be treated at first presentation. They often perform incomplete investigations to rule out NHSV infection. Adverse events from ACV appear to be uncommon when the drug is used for suspected NHSV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Vanderpluym
- Department of Pediatrics, Stollery Children's Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Zaichick SV, Bohannon KP, Smith GA. Alphaherpesviruses and the cytoskeleton in neuronal infections. Viruses 2011; 3:941-81. [PMID: 21994765 PMCID: PMC3185784 DOI: 10.3390/v3070941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Following infection of exposed peripheral tissues, neurotropic alphaherpesviruses invade nerve endings and deposit their DNA genomes into the nuclei of neurons resident in ganglia of the peripheral nervous system. The end result of these events is the establishment of a life-long latent infection. Neuroinvasion typically requires efficient viral transmission through a polarized epithelium followed by long-distance transport through the viscous axoplasm. These events are mediated by the recruitment of the cellular microtubule motor proteins to the intracellular viral particle and by alterations to the cytoskeletal architecture. The focus of this review is the interplay between neurotropic herpesviruses and the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia V Zaichick
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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35
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HSV serologic testing for pregnant women: willingness to be tested and factors affecting testing. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2011; 2011:874820. [PMID: 21603233 PMCID: PMC3094703 DOI: 10.1155/2011/874820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This prospective study was undertaken to evaluate pregnant women's willingness to undergo HSV type-specific serologic testing and factors affecting willingness in an obstetrics/gynecology ambulatory unit. METHODS At prenatal Visit 1, pregnant women (n = 303) with no history of HSV-2 were tested for HSV-1/HSV-2 before and after they received counseling on genital and neonatal herpes. RESULTS In both the Unwilling Subgroup and the group that changed from being willing to being unwilling, the most common reasons for choosing not to be tested were not being at risk for genital herpes, being tested is too personal, and concern about what will be done with the results. Of the 134 participants in the Willing/Tested Subgroup, 27 (20%) were HSV-2 seropositive and 81 (60%) were HSV-1 seropositive. Conclusions. These results support the feasibility of HSV serologic testing and counseling in pregnant women.
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38
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Bauchat JR. Focused review: neuraxial morphine and oral herpes reactivation in the obstetric population. Anesth Analg 2010; 111:1238-41. [PMID: 20881282 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3181f57c30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Neuraxial morphine administration is a common strategy for providing postcesarean delivery analgesia. Morphine delivered via this route increases the risk of herpes labialis (oral herpes) reactivation, a disease common in women of childbearing age. A primary concern is risk of transmission to the neonate from maternal reactivation. The benefits to the mother of this form of analgesia outweigh the risk of neonatal herpes acquired postpartum from maternal recurrence because serious neonatal morbidity from recurrent herpes has not been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette R Bauchat
- Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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39
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Tang JW, Lin M, Chiu L, Koay ES. Viral loads of herpes simplex virus in clinical samples-A 5-year retrospective analysis. J Med Virol 2010; 82:1911-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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40
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate outcomes among neonates with herpes virus infection reported to the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) Registry and analyze factors associated with death before hospital discharge with this virus. Currently, scant data exist regarding extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in neonates with herpes virus infection. DESIGN Retrospective analysis of ELSO Registry data set from 1985 to 2005. SETTING A total of 114 extracorporeal membrane oxygenation centers contributing data to the ELSO Registry. PATIENTS Patients, 0 to 31 days of age, with herpes simplex virus infection supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and reported to the ELSO Registry. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Clinical characteristics, outcomes, and factors associated with death before hospital discharge were investigated for patients in the virus group. Kaplan-Meier estimates of survival to hospital discharge according to virus type were investigated. Newborns with herpes simplex virus infection requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support demonstrated much lower hospital survival rates (25%). Clinical presentation with septicemia/shock was significantly associated with mortality for the herpes simplex virus group on multivariate analysis. There was no difference in herpes simplex virus mortality when comparing two eras (> or =2000 vs. <2000). CONCLUSIONS In this cohort of neonatal patients with overwhelming infections due to herpes simplex virus who were supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, survival was dismal. Patients with disseminated herpes simplex virus infection presenting with septicemia/shock are unlikely to survive, even with aggressive extracorporeal support.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Infantile herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSVE) infection remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis is often difficult in this population, where a specific pattern of clinical and laboratory signs are lacking. This often results in unnecessary treatment of infants with empiric acyclovir. This study evaluates the use of empiric acyclovir at the Kentucky Children's Hospital and attempts to correlate any laboratory or clinical findings that may be highly suggestive of HSVE. METHODS Medical records of infants younger than 1 year admitted and treated with acyclovir were evaluated for any consistent pattern of clinical findings suggestive of HSVE. Specifically, serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) white blood cell counts, red blood cell counts, cerebrospinal glucose and protein, and clinical neurological findings upon admission were evaluated. RESULTS Two hundred eighteen infants were identified and included in the study. Three infants were identified with polymerase chain reaction-positive HSVE. Only CSF leukocytosis was consistent among HSVE-positive infants. All infants with HSVE exhibited generalized neurological findings. Neither hemorrhagic CSF nor focal neurological findings were indicative of HSVE infection. DISCUSSION Herpes simplex virus encephalitis has a very low prevalence within this population. Clinically significant neurological findings as well as specific risk factors must be present to consider treatment with empiric acyclovir. Apnea and focal seizures are not specific risk factors for herpetic meningitis in infants. Lack of a CSF leukocytosis is a strong negative predictor for HSVE, and hemorrhagic fluid is not specific for HSVE.
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Birek C, Ficarra G. The diagnosis and management of oral herpes simplex infection. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2010; 8:181-8. [PMID: 16643769 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-006-0057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Acute herpetic gingivostomatitis and recurrent herpes labialis are the most common manifestations of infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). In primary and recrudescent HSV-associated disease, the symptoms may range from subclinical to debilitating and life-threatening, depending on the host's immune responses or competence level. In this paper, the typical and atypical manifestations, and the current diagnostic and treatment options for localized, non-complicated oro-labial HSV infection are reviewed, with attention to cumulative evidence for the efficacy and safety of systemic antiviral agents. Some recent data on HSV-1 seroprevalence, viremia, and viral shedding are discussed in relation to disease transmission and global importance of herpesvirus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalena Birek
- University of Manitoba, Department of Oral Biology, 780 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0W2 Canada.
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Pan W, Ren X, Guo H, Ding Q, Zheng AC. Expression, purification of herpes simplex virus type 1 UL4 protein, and production and characterization of UL4 polyclonal antibody. J Virol Methods 2009; 163:465-9. [PMID: 19917314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) UL4 protein is a late protein encoded by the UL4 gene. To date, the function of this protein is poorly understood. To aid further investigation of the function of this protein, the UL4 gene was cloned into the vector pET28a (+) to express His-tagged UL4 protein in Escherichia coli. The recombinant fusion protein was purified from inclusion body by histidine selected nickel affinity chromatography under denaturing conditions. After refolding, the purified recombinant protein was used to produce anti-UL4 polyclonal antibody. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the polyclonal sera could recognize the purified UL4 protein specifically, and in the immunofluorescence assay, the antibody was able to probe the UL4 protein with a punctate staining in HSV-1 infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Virology and Viral Immunology Research Group, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 44 Xiaohongshan, Wuchang, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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45
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Norberg P. Divergence and genotyping of human alpha-herpesviruses: an overview. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2009; 10:14-25. [PMID: 19772930 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviruses are large DNA viruses that are highly disseminated among animals. Of the eight herpesviruses identified in humans, three are classified into the alpha-herpesvirus subfamily: herpes simplex virus types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2), which are typically associated with mucocutaneous lesions, and varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which is the cause of chicken pox and herpes zoster. All three viruses establish lifelong infections and may also induce more severe symptoms, such as neurological manifestations and fatal neonatal infections. Despite thorough investigation of the genetic variability among circulating strains of each virus in recent decades, little is known about possible associations between the genetic setups of the viruses and clinical manifestations in human hosts. This review focuses mainly on evolutionary studies of and genotyping strategies for these three human alpha-herpesviruses, emphasizing the ambiguities induced by a high frequency of circulating recombinant strains. It also aims to shed light on the challenges of establishing a uniform genotyping strategy for all three viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Norberg
- Dept. of Cell and Molecular Biology, Microbiology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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46
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Ahmadi H, Bradfield YS. Chorioretinopathy and Microcephaly with Normal Development. Ophthalmic Genet 2009; 28:210-5. [DOI: 10.1080/13816810701538554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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47
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Muller WJ, Dong L, Vilalta A, Byrd B, Wilhelm KM, McClurkan CL, Margalith M, Liu C, Kaslow D, Sidney J, Sette A, Koelle DM. Herpes simplex virus type 2 tegument proteins contain subdominant T-cell epitopes detectable in BALB/c mice after DNA immunization and infection. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:1153-1163. [PMID: 19264627 PMCID: PMC2675279 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.008771-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T cells are important in controlling herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) reactivation and peripheral lesion resolution. Humans latently infected with HSV-2 have cytotoxic T cells directed against epitopes present in tegument proteins. Studies in mice of immunity to HSV have commonly focused on immunodominant responses in HSV envelope glycoproteins. These antigens have not proved to be an effective prophylactic vaccine target for most of the human population. The murine immune response against HSV tegument proteins has not been explored. We analysed cellular responses in BALB/c mice directed against the tegument proteins encoded by UL46, UL47 and UL49 and against the envelope glycoprotein gD after DNA vaccination or HSV-2 infection. After DNA vaccination, the splenocyte T-cell response to overlapping peptides from UL46 and UL47 was more than 500 gamma interferon spot-forming units per 10(6) responder cells. Peptide truncation studies, responder cell fractionation and major histocompatibility complex binding studies identified several CD8(+) and CD4(+) epitopes. Cellular responses to tegument protein epitopes were also detected after HSV-2 infection. Tegument proteins are rational candidates for further HSV-2 vaccine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Muller
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lichun Dong
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Benjamin Byrd
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kai M. Wilhelm
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Chao Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - John Sidney
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David M. Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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48
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Schleiss MR. Persistent and recurring viral infections: the human herpesviruses. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2009; 39:7-23. [PMID: 19038775 DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Schleiss
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Department of Pediatrics, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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49
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Poeran J, Wildschut H, Gaytant M, Galama J, Steegers E, van der Meijden W. The incidence of neonatal herpes in The Netherlands. J Clin Virol 2008; 42:321-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2008.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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50
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Infection herpétique périanale chez un nourrisson. Arch Pediatr 2008; 15:1121-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2008.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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