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Hunter L, Ruedas-Torres I, Agulló-Ros I, Rayner E, Salguero FJ. Comparative pathology of experimental pulmonary tuberculosis in animal models. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1264833. [PMID: 37901102 PMCID: PMC10602689 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1264833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Research in human tuberculosis (TB) is limited by the availability of human tissues from patients, which is often altered by therapy and treatment. Thus, the use of animal models is a key tool in increasing our understanding of the pathogenesis, disease progression and preclinical evaluation of new therapies and vaccines. The granuloma is the hallmark lesion of pulmonary tuberculosis, regardless of the species or animal model used. Although animal models may not fully replicate all the histopathological characteristics observed in natural, human TB disease, each one brings its own attributes which enable researchers to answer specific questions regarding TB immunopathogenesis. This review delves into the pulmonary pathology induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) bacteria in different animal models (non-human primates, rodents, guinea pigs, rabbits, cattle, goats, and others) and compares how they relate to the pulmonary disease described in humans. Although the described models have demonstrated some histopathological features in common with human pulmonary TB, these data should be considered carefully in the context of this disease. Further research is necessary to establish the most appropriate model for the study of TB, and to carry out a standard characterisation and score of pulmonary lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hunter
- Pathology Department, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Inés Ruedas-Torres
- Pathology Department, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Irene Agulló-Ros
- Pathology Department, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Emma Rayner
- Pathology Department, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco J. Salguero
- Pathology Department, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
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Carrisoza-Urbina J, Bedolla-Alva MA, Hernández-Pando R, López-Macías C, Huerta-Yepez S, Baay-Guzmán G, Juárez-Ramírez M, Gutiérrez-Pabello JA. Mycobacterium bovis naturally infected calves present a higher bacterial load and proinflammatory response than adult cattle. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1105716. [PMID: 37180066 PMCID: PMC10172680 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1105716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulomas are characteristic bovine tuberculosis lesions; studying this structure has improved our understanding of tuberculosis pathogenesis. However, the immune response that develops in granulomas of young cattle naturally infected with Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) has not been fully studied. Our previous work described an atypical pattern in granulomatous lesions of cattle younger than 4 months (calves) naturally infected previously M. bovis that did not correspond to the histological classification previously proposed. Histologically, granulomas from calves lack a connective tissue capsule and have fewer multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) and more acid-fast bacilli (AFB) than the classic tuberculosis lesions found in cattle older than 1 year (adults); this suggests a deficient immune response against M. bovis infection in young animals. Therefore, we used IHC and digital pathology analysis to characterize the in situ immune response of granulomas from young and adult cattle. The immunolabeling quantification showed that granulomas from calves had more mycobacteria, CD3+ cells, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) than those of adult cattle. Furthermore, calf granulomas showed lower immunolabeling of MAC387+, CD79+, and WC1+ cells without connective tissue surrounding the lesion and were associated with less vimentin, Alpha Smooth Muscle Actin (α-SMA), and TGF-β compared with granulomas from adult cattle. Our results suggest that the immune responses in granulomas of cattle naturally infected with M. bovis may be age dependent. This implies that an exacerbated proinflammatory response may be associated with active tuberculosis, producing more necrosis and a lower microbicidal capacity in the granulomas of calves naturally infected with M. bovis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobo Carrisoza-Urbina
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Tuberculosis y Brucelosis, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario A. Bedolla-Alva
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Constantino López-Macías
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI. Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sara Huerta-Yepez
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guillermina Baay-Guzmán
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mireya Juárez-Ramírez
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José A. Gutiérrez-Pabello
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Tuberculosis y Brucelosis, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: José A. Gutiérrez-Pabello,
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3
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Hasankhani A, Bahrami A, Mackie S, Maghsoodi S, Alawamleh HSK, Sheybani N, Safarpoor Dehkordi F, Rajabi F, Javanmard G, Khadem H, Barkema HW, De Donato M. In-depth systems biological evaluation of bovine alveolar macrophages suggests novel insights into molecular mechanisms underlying Mycobacterium bovis infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1041314. [PMID: 36532492 PMCID: PMC9748370 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1041314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic respiratory infectious disease of domestic livestock caused by intracellular Mycobacterium bovis infection, which causes ~$3 billion in annual losses to global agriculture. Providing novel tools for bTB managements requires a comprehensive understanding of the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying the M. bovis infection. Nevertheless, a combination of different bioinformatics and systems biology methods was used in this study in order to clearly understand the molecular regulatory mechanisms of bTB, especially the immunomodulatory mechanisms of M. bovis infection. METHODS RNA-seq data were retrieved and processed from 78 (39 non-infected control vs. 39 M. bovis-infected samples) bovine alveolar macrophages (bAMs). Next, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed to identify the co-expression modules in non-infected control bAMs as reference set. The WGCNA module preservation approach was then used to identify non-preserved modules between non-infected controls and M. bovis-infected samples (test set). Additionally, functional enrichment analysis was used to investigate the biological behavior of the non-preserved modules and to identify bTB-specific non-preserved modules. Co-expressed hub genes were identified based on module membership (MM) criteria of WGCNA in the non-preserved modules and then integrated with protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks to identify co-expressed hub genes/transcription factors (TFs) with the highest maximal clique centrality (MCC) score (hub-central genes). RESULTS As result, WGCNA analysis led to the identification of 21 modules in the non-infected control bAMs (reference set), among which the topological properties of 14 modules were altered in the M. bovis-infected bAMs (test set). Interestingly, 7 of the 14 non-preserved modules were directly related to the molecular mechanisms underlying the host immune response, immunosuppressive mechanisms of M. bovis, and bTB development. Moreover, among the co-expressed hub genes and TFs of the bTB-specific non-preserved modules, 260 genes/TFs had double centrality in both co-expression and PPI networks and played a crucial role in bAMs-M. bovis interactions. Some of these hub-central genes/TFs, including PSMC4, SRC, BCL2L1, VPS11, MDM2, IRF1, CDKN1A, NLRP3, TLR2, MMP9, ZAP70, LCK, TNF, CCL4, MMP1, CTLA4, ITK, IL6, IL1A, IL1B, CCL20, CD3E, NFKB1, EDN1, STAT1, TIMP1, PTGS2, TNFAIP3, BIRC3, MAPK8, VEGFA, VPS18, ICAM1, TBK1, CTSS, IL10, ACAA1, VPS33B, and HIF1A, had potential targets for inducing immunomodulatory mechanisms by M. bovis to evade the host defense response. CONCLUSION The present study provides an in-depth insight into the molecular regulatory mechanisms behind M. bovis infection through biological investigation of the candidate non-preserved modules directly related to bTB development. Furthermore, several hub-central genes/TFs were identified that were significant in determining the fate of M. bovis infection and could be promising targets for developing novel anti-bTB therapies and diagnosis strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliakbar Hasankhani
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Bahrami
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
- Biomedical Center for Systems Biology Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Shayan Mackie
- Faculty of Science, Earth Sciences Building, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sairan Maghsoodi
- Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Kurdistan, Iran
| | - Heba Saed Kariem Alawamleh
- Department of Basic Scientific Sciences, AL-Balqa Applied University, AL-Huson University College, AL-Huson, Jordan
| | - Negin Sheybani
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Safarpoor Dehkordi
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rajabi
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ghazaleh Javanmard
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hosein Khadem
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Herman W. Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Marcos De Donato
- Regional Department of Bioengineering, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
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Palmer MV, Kanipe C, Boggiatto PM. The Bovine Tuberculoid Granuloma. Pathogens 2022; 11:61. [PMID: 35056009 PMCID: PMC8780557 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The bovine tuberculoid granuloma is the hallmark lesion of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) due to Mycobacterium bovis infection. The pathogenesis of bTB, and thereby the process of bovine tuberculoid granuloma development, involves the recruitment, activation, and maintenance of cells under the influence of antigen, cytokines and chemokines in affected lungs and regional lymph nodes. The granuloma is key to successful control of bTB by preventing pathogen dissemination through containment by cellular and fibrotic layers. Paradoxically, however, it may also provide a niche for bacterial replication. The morphologic and cellular characteristics of granulomas have been used to gauge disease severity in bTB pathogenesis and vaccine efficacy studies. As such, it is critical to understand the complex mechanisms behind granuloma initiation, development, and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell V. Palmer
- Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (C.K.); (P.M.B.)
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Ozturk-Gurgen H, Rieseberg B, Leipig-Rudolph M, Straubinger RK, Hermanns W. Morphology of Naturally-Occurring Tuberculosis in Cattle Caused by Mycobacterium caprae. J Comp Pathol 2020; 174:120-139. [PMID: 31955797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the pathomorphological alterations of bovine tuberculosis through gross and histopathological examinations, assessment of the distribution of lesions and the demonstration of mycobacteria. Samples from lungs, liver, small intestine, their regional lymph nodes and retropharyngeal lymph nodes were collected from 84 cattle with tuberculosis from the Allgäu, Germany. Organs were evaluated grossly, histopathologically and by transmission electron microscopy. Mycobacteria and mycobacterial antigens were demonstrated using acid-fast staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Bacteriological tests revealed Mycobacterium caprae in all animals. Gross alterations were classified into five patterns (I to V) with an additional pattern of acute exudative pulmonary inflammation (pattern VI). Histological lesions were classified into four types (1-4) with additional lesions occurring in lungs only. Acid-fast staining revealed a low number of bacteria in all tissues, while IHC showed comparatively more mycobacterial antigens within the lesions and also at their periphery. The alimentary tract (68%) was the main portal of entry followed by an aerosol infection (19%). It was assumed that the observed lesions reflect a continuous primary period of infection; there were no lesions typical of a secondary (post-primary) period, as reported in man and also described in the older literature on bovine tuberculosis. The broad spectrum of changes described formerly was not observed in the present cases and the route of infection and nature of acid fast staining showed differences when compared with previous studies of naturally-occurring bovine tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ozturk-Gurgen
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Muenchen, Germany.
| | - B Rieseberg
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Muenchen, Germany
| | - M Leipig-Rudolph
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Muenchen, Germany
| | - R K Straubinger
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - W Hermanns
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Muenchen, Germany
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Lesellier S. Immunological responses of European badgers (Meles Meles) to infection with Mycobacterium bovis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 61:9-15. [PMID: 30502833 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis is the main cause of bovine tuberculosis and its eradication is proving difficult in many countries because of wildlife reservoirs, including European badgers (Meles meles) in the UK Ireland. Following the development of badger specific immunological reagents, many studies have shown that some aspects of the cellular and serological immune responses of badgers to virulent M. bovis and the attenuated M. bovis BCG (Bacille of Calmette and Guérin) strain are similar to those seen in other animal hosts infected with M. bovis. However, badgers also appear to have developed specific immunological responses to M. bovis infection which may be associated with mild inflammatory responses. Badgers may therefore represent an interesting natural host for M. bovis that can provide a more thorough understanding of efficient immunological responses to tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Lesellier
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
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7
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Schinköthe J, Köhler H, Liebler-Tenorio EM. Characterization of tuberculous granulomas in different stages of progression and associated tertiary lymphoid tissue in goats experimentally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 47:41-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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8
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The effectiveness of parallel gamma-interferon testing in New Zealand's bovine tuberculosis eradication programme. Prev Vet Med 2016; 127:94-9. [PMID: 27094146 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In bovine tuberculosis (bTB) eradication programmes, especially where prevalence is low, sensitivity of testing in infected herds must be maximised to reduce the possibility of recrudescence of prior infection and the risk to other herds via animal movement. The gamma-interferon (γ-IFN) assay applied in parallel with intradermal tuberculin testing has been shown to increase test sensitivity. The aim of this work was to substantiate this effect in the field. A retrospective observational study was conducted on 239 New Zealand cattle breeding and dairy herds with bTB infection between 1 July 2011 and 1 September 2015 to evaluate the outcomes of new policy introduced in 2011. The investigation defined the number and proportion of reactors (animals testing positive and slaughtered) found with lesions of bTB in intradermal caudal fold testing (CFT) and parallel γ-IFN testing, at the breakdown test or first whole herd test after breakdown, WHT(1), and at the final or projected final whole herd test, WHT(F). Parallel γ-IFN testing was used in 26.8% of the 239 herds at WHT(1), and 430 animals in 49 herds were deemed reactors. One hundred and sixty (37.2%) of these reactors from 32 herds were found to have bTB lesions, despite having been negative to caudal fold testing. These 160 infected animals accounted for 29.6% of all infection found at WHT(1). At WHT(F), parallel γ-IFN testing was conducted on 93 herds and detected a total of 122 reactors in 49 herds, in addition to those found by CFT. Twenty-one of these reactors, from 13 herds, had bTB lesions at slaughter, accounting for 67.7% of all reactors found with bTB at WHT(F). Eleven of these 13 herds would have had their movement restrictions revoked based on a negative herd CFT alone, and could potentially have caused outward transmission of bTB to other herds, as well as experiencing recrudescent breakdowns. We conclude that γ-IFN testing in infected herds, in parallel with intradermal tuberculin testing, is a valuable tool in a bTB eradication programme, as it enables higher test sensitivity at both herd and animal level. The use of the γ-IFN test over a risk cohort early in a breakdown assists in removal of early infection and some cases of anergy to intradermal tuberculin testing. Parallel γ-IFN with compulsory slaughter of reactors should be considered in breeding and dairy herds in conjunction with tuberculin testing before movement control is revoked, and will assist in achieving TB freedom on a herd level and nationally.
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Parlane NA, Buddle BM. Immunity and Vaccination against Tuberculosis in Cattle. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-014-0009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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10
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Innate Resistance to Tuberculosis in Man, Cattle and Laboratory Animal Models: Nipping Disease in the Bud? J Comp Pathol 2014; 151:291-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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11
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García-Jiménez W, Salguero F, Fernández-Llario P, Martínez R, Risco D, Gough J, Ortiz-Peláez A, Hermoso-de-Mendoza J, Gómez L. Immunopathology of granulomas produced by Mycobacterium bovis in naturally infected wild boar. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 156:54-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Quevillon EL, Díaz F, Jaramillo L, Lascurain R, Gutiérrez-Pabello JA, Castañeda FA, Arriaga C, Pérez R, González XE. Comparison of immune peripheral blood cells in tuberculin reactor cattle that are seropositive or seronegative for Mycobacterium bovis antigens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 153:194-201. [PMID: 23523102 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a major economic problem in animal husbandry and is a public health risk in nonindustrialized countries. It is generally accepted that protection against TB is generated through cell-mediated immunity. Previous investigations have shown that WC1(+) γδ, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell subpopulations are important in the immune response to bTB. It is known that changes in the immune balance from a dominant T helper 1 (Th1)-type response toward a more prominent Th2 response may be observed during disease progression. In this study, we aimed to investigate immune peripheral blood cells in tuberculin reactor cattle that are seropositive or seronegative for Mycobacterium bovis antigens, using flow cytometry and hematological analysis. The evaluation of the T cell subpopulations revealed a decrease in CD8(+) T cells of the seropositive and seronegative animals compared with the control animals (p=0.0001). Moreover, the seropositive group exhibited a lower percentage of CD8(+) T cells than the seronegative group. The percentage of B cells was significantly increased in the seropositive group compared with the seronegative group and the control group (p=0.0009). No difference was observed in the percentage of WC1(+) γδ and CD4(+) T cells among the groups. Furthermore, following 24h of peripheral blood culture with bovine purified protein derivative (PPD), both apparently infected groups showed an increase in the levels of cellular activation compared with the control group (p<0.0001). The seropositive group displayed a higher level of cellular activation than the seronegative group. In both apparently infected groups, the hematological analysis showed an increase in total leukocyte (p=0.0012), lymphocyte (p=0.0057), monocyte (p=0.0010) and neutrophil (p=0.0320) counts in comparison with the healthy animals. Our results demonstrated differences in immune peripheral blood cells of tuberculin reactor cattle that are seropositive or seronegative for M. bovis antigens, probably due to different stages of bTB among the groups. The percentages of CD8(+) T cells, B cells and the T cell activation levels may represent biomarkers for the progression of the disease. However, general characteristics shared by both apparently infected groups as lymphocytosis and monocytosis may also be indicative of the disease. Further experiments are required to understand the variations between cellular and humoral immunities throughout the course of bTB infection. A detailed knowledge of the peripheral blood cells involved in all stages of the bTB immune response of naturally infected cattle is essential for the optimal exploitation of diagnosis and vaccination models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve-Lyne Quevillon
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, D.F., Mexico
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BCG vaccination against tuberculosis in European badgers (Meles meles): A review. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 35:277-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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14
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Sanchez J, Tomás L, Ortega N, Buendía A, del Rio L, Salinas J, Bezos J, Caro M, Navarro J. Microscopical and Immunological Features of Tuberculoid Granulomata and Cavitary Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Naturally Infected Goats. J Comp Pathol 2011; 145:107-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Tuberculosis immunity: opportunities from studies with cattle. Clin Dev Immunol 2010; 2011:768542. [PMID: 21197095 PMCID: PMC3004413 DOI: 10.1155/2011/768542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. bovis share >99% genetic identity and induce similar host responses and disease profiles upon infection. There is a rich history of codiscovery in the development of control measures applicable to both human and bovine tuberculosis (TB) including skin-testing procedures, M. bovis BCG vaccination, and interferon-γ release assays. The calf TB infection model offers several opportunities to further our understanding of TB immunopathogenesis. Recent observations include correlation of central memory immune responses with TB vaccine efficacy, association of SIRPα+ cells in ESAT-6:CFP10-elicited multinucleate giant cell formation, early γδ T cell responses to TB, antimycobacterial activity of memory CD4+ T cells via granulysin production, association of specific antibody with antigen burden, and suppression of innate immune gene expression in infected animals. Partnerships teaming researchers with veterinary and medical perspectives will continue to provide mutual benefit to TB research in man and animals.
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Beytut E. Immunohistochemical evaluation of surfactant proteins and lymphocyte phenotypes in the lungs of cattle with natural tuberculosis. Res Vet Sci 2010; 91:119-124. [PMID: 20800246 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of pulmonary surfactant proteins (SP-A, SP-B, SP-C) and lymphocytic phenotypes in the lungs of 12 cattle with natural tuberculosis. Grossly, the disease-affected cattle revealed numerous granulomas in the lung lobes. Histopathological examination found multiple lung granulomas with typical cellular elements. Type II pneumocytes with adenomatous proliferation around the granulomas were strongly immunopositive for SP-A and SP-B compared to normal type II cells. Clara cells showed also cytoplasmic immunopositivity for these surfactant proteins. Positive immunolabelling for proSP-C was detected exclusively in the normal and proliferative type II pneumocytes, and the reaction was marked in the perinuclear area of the cells. CD3(+) T and CD79αcy(+) B lymphocytes were predominantly localized in the fibrotic capsule margin of advanced granulomas, in greater numbers than in the early granulomas. In conclusion, the study found that type II pneumocytes proliferated highly and surrounded the tuberculous granulomas in the lungs, that hyperplastic type II pneumocytes synthesized and secreted larger amounts of surfactant proteins than the normal type II cells, and that SP-A might have played an important role in host defence against the mycobacterial agents. Additionally, the presence of high numbers of CD3(+) T cells throughout the granulomas confirmed the dominance of a cellular immune response in cattle tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enver Beytut
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kafkas, Kars, Turkey.
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Badi FA, Haroon AIA, Alluwaimi AM. The γδ cells as marker of non-seroconverted cattle naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Res Vet Sci 2010; 88:72-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ameni G, Aseffa A, Hewinson G, Vordermeier M. Comparison of different testing schemes to increase the detection Mycobacterium bovis infection in Ethiopian cattle. Trop Anim Health Prod 2009; 42:375-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-009-9429-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Acevedo-Vásquez E, Ponce de León D, Gamboa-Cárdenas R. Latent infection and tuberculosis disease in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2009; 35:163-81. [PMID: 19481003 DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
New drug classes, biologics, have been developed over the past 10 years based on human or chimeric antibodies against cytokines or receptors with pivotal roles in the inflammatory pathways of immune-mediated inflammatory disease. Anti-tumor necrosis factor agents carry the largest infection risk of all the biologics, predisposing patients to mycobacterial infections. Patients receiving biologics are at higher risk for developing tuberculosis. New cases of tuberculosis or reactivation of latent tuberculosis infections may occur during the course of treatment, so a high level of vigilance is highly recommended.
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Endsley JJ, Waters WR, Palmer MV, Nonnecke BJ, Thacker TC, Jacobs WR, Larsen MH, Hogg A, Shell E, McAlauy M, Scherer CFC, Coffey T, Howard CJ, Villareal-Ramos B, Estes DM. The calf model of immunity for development of a vaccine against tuberculosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 128:199-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.10.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Alvarez AH, Estrada-Chávez C, Flores-Valdez MA. Molecular findings and approaches spotlighting Mycobacterium bovis persistence in cattle. Vet Res 2009; 40:22. [PMID: 19220975 PMCID: PMC2695034 DOI: 10.1051/vetres/2009005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) are the etiological agents of human and bovine tuberculosis (TB, bTB) respectively, and share genetic identity over 99% at the whole genome level. Progress has been made towards explaining how mycobacteria and their infected hosts remain in balance without producing clinical symptoms of disease, a phenomenon referred to as latency or persistence, which can be mimicked by certain in vitro conditions. Latency/persistence has mainly been studied using Mtb, where the two-component signalling system, dosRS, has been assigned an instrumental role, and even constitutes the current basis for development of new diagnostic methods and treatment addressing this particular stage of TB. M. bovis conserves homolog genes that in Mtb play a role in human latent TB infection and that, by analogy, would allow it to enter a persistent state in infected cattle; nevertheless, little attention has been paid to this stage in bovine hosts. We suggest that many of the advances acquired through the study of Mtb can and should be taken into consideration by research groups and veterinary professionals dealing with bTB. The study of the infection in bovines, paying particular attention to defining the molecular and cellular markers of a M. bovis persistent infection in cattle, presents great opportunities for the development and trial of new diagnostic tests and vaccines, tools that will surely help in promoting eradication of bTB in high-burden settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel H Alvarez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencía en Tecnologá y diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ) A.C., Unidad de Biotecnología, Guadalajara, Jalisco, C.P. 44270, México
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22
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Hope JC, Villarreal-Ramos B. Bovine TB and the development of new vaccines. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 31:77-100. [PMID: 17764740 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is caused by Mycobacterium bovis. The incidence of bTB is increasing in cattle herds of developed countries that have a wild life reservoir of M. bovis, such as the UK, New Zealand and the USA. The increase in the incidence of bTB is thought to be due, at least in part, to a wildlife reservoir of M. bovis. M. bovis is also capable of infecting humans and on a worldwide basis, M. bovis is thought to account for up to 10% of cases of human TB [Cosivi O, Grange JM, Daborn CJ et al. Zoonotic tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis in developing countries. Emerg Infect Dis 1998;4(1):59-70]. Thus, the increased incidence of bTB, besides being a major economic problem, poses an increased risk to human health. In the UK, the incidence of bTB continues to rise despite the use of the tuberculin test and slaughter control policy, highlighting the need for improved control strategies. Vaccination of cattle, in combination with more specific and sensitive diagnostic tests, is suggested as the most effective strategy for bovine TB control. The only vaccine currently available for human and bovine TB is the live attenuated Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG). BCG is thought to confer protection through the induction of Th1 responses against mycobacteria. However, protection against TB conferred by BCG is variable and to this date the reasons for the successes and failures of BCG are not clear. Therefore, there is a need to develop vaccines that confer greater and more consistent protection against bTB than that afforded by BCG. Given that BCG is currently the only licensed vaccine against human TB, it is likely that any new vaccine or vaccination strategy will be based around BCG. In this review we discuss immune responses elicited by mycobacteria in cattle and the novel approaches emerging for the control of bovine TB based on our increasing knowledge of protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne C Hope
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK.
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23
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Palmer MV, Waters WR, Thacker TC. Lesion development and immunohistochemical changes in granulomas from cattle experimentally infected with Mycobacterium bovis. Vet Pathol 2007; 44:863-74. [PMID: 18039899 DOI: 10.1354/vp.44-6-863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis, persists within granulomas. Formation of granulomas involves a complex array of immune activation and cellular migration. To examine temporal changes in granuloma development, we inoculated 32 cattle with M. bovis of deer origin. Tissues from 4 calves each were examined at 15, 28, 42, 60, 90, 180, 270, and 370 days after inoculation. Granulomas in the medial retropharyngeal lymph node were staged (I-IV) on the basis of cellular composition and the presence or absence of necrosis and peripheral fibrosis. Immunohistochemistry for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), CD68, CD4, CD8, and gamma/delta T cells was performed. Fifteen days after inoculation only stage I granulomas were seen, while between 28 and 60 days, there was a steady progression through granuloma stages such that by day 60, granulomas of all 4 stages were seen. Acid-fast bacilli were present in moderate-to-large numbers in stage I granulomas 15-60 days after inoculation. Stage IV granulomas contained large numbers of acid-fast bacteria. Abundant iNOS immunoreactivity was associated with granulomas from day 15 through day 60 but was minimal from day 90 to the termination of the experiment. The relative number of CD4+ and CD68+ cells remained constant throughout the study. In contrast, at time points >60 days, numbers of CD8+ and gamma/delta T cells diminished. Tuberculous granulomas are dynamic lesions that follow an orderly progression through disease stages. Diminished expression of iNOS and reduced numbers of CD8+ and gamma/delta T cells late in the progression of tuberculous granulomas may represent a failure of the host response to control infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Palmer
- Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA.
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Liebana E, Marsh S, Gough J, Nunez A, Vordermeier HM, Whelan A, Spencer Y, Clifton-Hardley R, Hewinson G, Johnson L. Distribution and activation of T-lymphocyte subsets in tuberculous bovine lymph-node granulomas. Vet Pathol 2007; 44:366-72. [PMID: 17491079 DOI: 10.1354/vp.44-3-366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The immune response against mycobacterial infections is dependant upon a complex interaction between T lymphocytes and macrophages in the context of the granuloma. For this study, we performed the analysis of 18 stage I or II, and 13 stage III or IV granulomas found in lymph nodes from 8 experimentally and 2 naturally infected cattle. T-cell subpopulations (CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+), WC1(+), CD25(+)) were investigated by immunohistochemistry. In the majority of stage I/II lesions, CD8(+) and CD25(+) cells were predominantly found in the lymphocytic outer region of the granuloma, suggesting a possible role for activated CD8(+) cells in the initial attempt to restrain the granuloma growth. CD4(+) T cells appeared equally distributed in the lymphocytic mantle and in the internal areas of the granulomas. WC1(+) cells appeared interspersed among the macrophages. We speculated that this could indicate a role for these 2 subsets in the maintenance and the maturation of the granuloma. In stage III/IV lesions, all of the T-cell subsets investigated appeared interspersed among the mononuclear component of the granulomas. In general terms, there was a higher density of CD8(+) cells compared with CD4(+) cells. However, there was no sense of rimming effect for any of the investigated cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Liebana
- Department of Pathology, Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, Addlestone, KT15 3NB Surrey, England, UK.
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25
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Pillai MR, Lefevre EA, Carr BV, Charleston B, O'Grady P. Workshop cluster 1, a γδ T cell specific receptor is phosphorylated and down regulated by activation induced Src family kinase activity. Mol Immunol 2007; 44:1691-703. [PMID: 16997376 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Revised: 07/12/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Workshop cluster 1(+) gamma delta (WC1(+)gammadelta) T cells have been shown to play important roles in the immune response to infections. WC1 is a transmembrane glycoprotein, uniquely expressed on the surface of gammadelta T cells of ruminants and pigs. A role for WC1 in inducing a reversible growth arrest of gammadelta T cells has been previously demonstrated. WC1-induced growth inhibition has been shown to be overcome following gammadelta T cell activation with Concanavalin A (Con A). However, molecular mechanism(s) by which WC1 signalling might be modulated following activation have not been elucidated. In this paper we show that Con A activation of bovine lymphocytes induces the tyrosine phosphorylation of WC1 in a Src-family kinase-dependent manner. Src family kinases also phosphorylated WC1 in a COS-7 co-transfection system. Furthermore, a glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-WC1 cytoplasmic domain fusion protein was directly phosphorylated by recombinant Lck (rLck) in vitro. The Y(1303) of WC1 was identified by mutational analysis as the only one of the five WC1 tyrosine residues to be critical for Src family phosphorylation. The importance of activation-induced Src family activity for WC1 function was investigated with the Src-family specific inhibitor PP2. These studies show that the surface levels of WC1 are down regulated in a Src-family-dependent manner following activation of bovine lymphocytes. Down regulation of surface WC1 was accompanied by a Src-family-dependent accumulation of intracellular WC1. These data show that WC1 is modulated by activation-induced tyrosine phosphorylation thus providing a new insight into the signalling mechanisms by which WC1 and gammadelta T cell activation are regulated in this important and unique cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenu R Pillai
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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McNair J, Welsh MD, Pollock JM. The immunology of bovine tuberculosis and progression toward improved disease control strategies. Vaccine 2007; 25:5504-11. [PMID: 17363118 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2006] [Revised: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Failure to remove cattle diseased with Mycobacterium bovis has immense financial implications for disease control, animal health and agricultural trade as well as the zoonotic risk to human health. Current disease control strategies based on DTH skin testing fail to detect all diseased cattle and additional measures are urgently needed to improve detection of disease and to prevent naïve animals becoming exposed to infection. Experimental models of bovine TB traditionally based on intra-nasal instillation, intra-tracheal inoculation or placed in-contact with infected cattle, have been further developed using aerosolised bacteria delivered to the respiratory tract, allowing field-like bovine TB to be recreated under controlled, experimental conditions. Experimental infection models have already been used to improve diagnostic tests. Specificity of DTH skin testing can be improved under experimental conditions, using recombinant ESAT-6, while laboratory assays such as IFN-gamma release have benefited from the use of defined proteins to improve assay specificity. In combination, antigen cocktails may also improve test sensitivity. There is a concerted international effort to evaluate vaccines for use in cattle populations and to define vaccination strategies which will eliminate disease from infected herds. DNA, protein and genetically modified vaccines inoculated in a single dose, given as prime-boost or injected concurrently, will elicit significant protection against challenge with M. bovis under controlled conditions. However, vaccines and vaccination strategies require evaluation under field conditions. Furthermore, complementary strategies are under development to differentiate immune responses that follow vaccination from those following disease. This paper describes those recent advances which may lead to the introduction of improved disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J McNair
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
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27
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Khare S, Hondalus MK, Nunes J, Bloom BR, Garry Adams L. Mycobacterium bovis DeltaleuD auxotroph-induced protective immunity against tissue colonization, burden and distribution in cattle intranasally challenged with Mycobacterium bovis Ravenel S. Vaccine 2006; 25:1743-55. [PMID: 17240005 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2006] [Revised: 11/04/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis. Lack of definitive diagnostics and effective vaccines for domestic animals are major obstacles to the control and eradication of bovine tuberculosis. Auxotrophic mutants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis have shown promise as vaccine candidates for preventing human tuberculosis. Similarly, we constructed a leucine auxotroph of M. bovis, by using allelic exchange to delete leuD (encoding isopropyl malate isomerase), creating a strain requiring exogenous leucine for growth in vitro. We vaccinated 10 cattle subcutaneously with 10(9)CFU of M. bovis DeltaleuD and 10 age-matched, gender-matched controls were injected with phosphate-buffered saline. Vaccinated cattle had significantly increased in vitro antigen-specific T-cell-mediated responses. All cattle were challenged intranasally on day 160 post-immunization with 10(6)CFU of virulent M. bovis Ravenel S. On day 160 post-challenge vaccinated cattle had significantly reduced tissue mycobacterial burdens and 6 of 10 had complete clearance of the challenge strain and histopathological lesions were dramatically less severe in the vaccinated group. Thus, a single subcutaneous immunization of the M. bovis DeltaleuD mutant produced highly significantly protective immunity as measured by a reduction in tissue colonization, burden, bacilli dissemination, and histopathology caused by virulent M. bovis Ravenel S challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Khare
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Furst DE, Wallis R, Broder M, Beenhouwer DO. Tumor Necrosis Factor Antagonists: Different Kinetics and/or Mechanisms of Action May Explain Differences in the Risk for Developing Granulomatous Infection. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2006; 36:159-67. [PMID: 16884970 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2006.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists fall into 2 classes:etanercept (ETA) is a soluble TNF receptor, while infliximab (INF) and adalimumab (ADA) are monoclonal antibodies against TNF. All 3 drugs are effective in treating rheumatoid arthritis. However, these agents have been associated with an increased risk of granulomatous infections, such as tuberculosis and histoplasmosis. Several reports indicate that the incidence of granulomatous infections may potentially be higher in individuals treated with INF than ETA. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive literature search (1966 to 2004) to review the role of TNF in normal and disease states, and the mechanisms of action of the TNF inhibitors. Specifically, we searched for possible mechanisms for the apparent increase in granulomatous infections associated with TNF inhibitors and for reasons that there may be differences between them. RESULTS Infection may result from a number of differences between ETA and INF or ADA. First, binding avidities are different, with ETA binding in a 1:1 ratio and INF/ADA binding in 2 to 3:1 ratios. Second, the clearances of ADA, ETA, and INF are different, being about 13 times higher for ETA than INF or ADA, thus resulting in higher steady-state drug levels for ADA and INF. Also, the methods of administration are different, intravenously (for INF) versus subcutaneously (for ETA and ADA), which results in lower peak concentrations for ETA and ADA, potentially explaining some of the differences in effects on granuloma formation. Third, INF and ADA have somewhat different mechanisms of action from ETA: INF and ADA are associated with antibody-mediated cell lysis, while ETA is not; INF may induce apoptosis in some tissues (eg, gastrointestinal [GI] mucosa) while ETA does not--although this is controversial and may not be true at steady state in synovium, where both drugs seem to cause apoptosis; ETA binds lymphotoxin-alpha while INF does not (ETA may thus be more efficient at preventing granuloma formation by this mechanism than INF); finally, ADA and INF seem to inhibit IFN-gamma expression (probably indirectly), while ETA does not. CONCLUSIONS There are significant differences between the 2 classes of TNF antagonists in terms of both their kinetics and mechanisms of action. These differences may help explain the apparent differences in the incidence of granuloma-dependent infections among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Furst
- Department of Rheumatology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Ameni G, Aseffa A, Engers H, Young D, Hewinson G, Vordermeier M. Cattle husbandry in Ethiopia is a predominant factor affecting the pathology of bovine tuberculosis and gamma interferon responses to mycobacterial antigens. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2006; 13:1030-6. [PMID: 16960115 PMCID: PMC1563579 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00134-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis is a major economic problem and a potential public health risk. Improved diagnostics like the gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) test with ESAT6 and/or CFP10 could contribute to the control program. We assessed IFN-gamma responses in zebu (Ethiopian Arsi breed) and Holstein cattle kept indoors or in a pasture to tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) and an ESAT6-CFP10 protein cocktail. Furthermore, the intensity and distribution of pathology of bovine tuberculosis were compared between the two breeds. Our data demonstrated significantly (all P < 0.02) higher IFN-gamma responses to avian PPD, bovine PPD, and the ESAT6-CFP10 protein cocktail in Holstein than in zebu cattle, while lesion severities in infected animals and tuberculin skin test responses did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between the two breeds. Holstein cattle that were kept indoors produced significantly (all P < 0.01) higher IFN-gamma levels in response to avian PPD, bovine PPD, and the ESAT6-CFP10 protein cocktail than did Holstein cattle kept in a pasture. Moreover, lesion severity was significantly higher in Holstein cattle kept indoors (P = 0.001) than in those kept in the pasture. Lesions were localized predominantly in the digestive tract in cattle kept in a pasture, while they were localized in the respiratory tract in cattle kept indoors. In conclusion, in Holstein cattle, husbandry was a dominant factor influencing the severity of tuberculosis lesions and IFN-gamma responses to mycobacterial antigens compared to breed. A difference in the cellular immune response between zebu and Holstein cattle was observed, while tuberculosis lesion severities were identical in the two breeds, when both were kept in a pasture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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30
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Chambers MA, Gavier-Widen D, Hewinson RG. Histopathogenesis of experimental Mycobacterium bovis infection in mice. Res Vet Sci 2006; 80:62-70. [PMID: 15922378 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2005.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2004] [Revised: 03/02/2005] [Accepted: 03/17/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In-bred strains of mice are commonly used to model pathogenic infections due to their cost and utility. In order to understand better the nature of experimental tuberculosis in mice, we infected BALB/c mice with a virulent field isolate of Mycobacterium bovis. Mice were sacrificed at intervals in order to visualise the pathological lesions in major internal organs. Pathological lesions in tissues increased in number and severity over time and replicated many of the salient features observed in badgers and cattle infected with M. bovis. These similarities are discussed. Examination of pathological lesions at terminal stages of infection enabled us to suggest the lethal effects of M. bovis mediated through the host response. We conclude that the mouse is a relevant surrogate species in which to study the virulence of M. bovis, as well as the influence of vaccination on its pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Chambers
- TB Research Group, Department of Statutory and Exotic Bacterial Diseases, Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
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31
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Pollock JM, Rodgers JD, Welsh MD, McNair J. Pathogenesis of bovine tuberculosis: the role of experimental models of infection. Vet Microbiol 2005; 112:141-50. [PMID: 16384665 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In many countries, test-and-slaughter policies based on tuberculin skin testing have made a significant impact on the control of bovine tuberculosis (caused by infection with Mycobacterium bovis). However, in some countries these policies have not proved as effective and improved disease control strategies are required (including improved diagnostic tests and development of vaccines). The host pathogen interactions in bovine tuberculosis are very complex. While studies of the disease in naturally infected field cases of bovine tuberculosis have provided valuable information, detailed knowledge can also be gained through studies of disease models. A number of studies have developed M. bovis infection models employing a range of routes and challenge doses. An early objective was assessment of vaccine efficiency, and models of infection remain central to current work in this area. Development of the intra-nasal and intra-tracheal models have also advanced our understanding of the kinetics of the immune response. In many of these studies, understanding of pathogenesis has been improved by definition of the cells that respond to infection and those that are instrumental in modulation of host responses. Experimental models of infection have been adapted to study cattle to cattle transmission, modeling one of the fundamental routes of infection. This review provides a historical perspective on the types of experimental models used in over 100 years of research and outlines new opportunities to refine those methods for bovine and human tuberculosis and to contribute to improved diagnostics, advanced understanding of immunology and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Pollock
- Veterinary Sciences Division, The Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
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32
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Buddle BM, Wedlock DN, Denis M, Skinner MA. Identification of immune response correlates for protection against bovine tuberculosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 108:45-51. [PMID: 16140388 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Identification of an immune response correlate for protection against bovine tuberculosis would greatly facilitate the rational development of an effective vaccine. However, finding such a correlate has been a daunting task. Vaccination/challenge studies in cattle provide an ideal platform to compare induction of immune response parameters following vaccination and challenge, and assess the correlation of these parameters with protection. Protection against tuberculosis requires a Th 1-type cell-mediated immune response and induction of an antigen-specific interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) response was the logical first choice in an investigation to identify an immune response correlate for protection. Calf vaccination studies showed that the subcutaneous injection of BCG vaccine induced significant protection against experimental challenge with Mycobacterium bovis. This protection was associated with strong whole blood IFN-gamma responses to bovine PPD 2-4 weeks after vaccination, but within the BCG-vaccinated groups, these responses were not correlated with protection. Use of a variety of vaccination strategies has shown that IFN-gamma responses in isolation were not necessarily associated with protection and concurrent IL-4 mRNA expression or antibody responses could also be induced. Collation of an immunological profile may be more informative than a study of individual cytokines. An indication of vaccine efficacy can be provided by the study of immune responses following challenge of the calves with M. bovis. IFN-gamma responses to ESAT-6, antibody responses following tuberculin skin testing and antigen-specific IL-4 mRNA expression all correlated with the severity of disease and indirectly provided an indication of protection. Future studies should be directed towards obtaining immunological profiles of calves following vaccination using techniques such as DNA microarray analysis, measurement of cytokine mRNA expression by real-time PCR, protein profiling by SELDI-TOF mass spectrometry as well as determining cytokine production by specific T cell sub-sets in individual protected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce M Buddle
- AgResearch, Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, P.O. Box 40063, Upper Hutt, New Zealand.
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Cassidy JP. The pathogenesis and pathology of bovine tuberculosis with insights from studies of tuberculosis in humans and laboratory animal models. Vet Microbiol 2005; 112:151-61. [PMID: 16310979 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews key insights the discipline of pathology has contributed to our understanding of bovine tuberculosis in the context of findings of studies of tuberculosis in humans and laboratory animal models. Analysis and extrapolation of data from other species have the potential to expand our understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease in cattle. The distribution of lesions in affected cattle, humans and laboratory animals illustrate the primacy of the respiratory tract as portal of infection and raise questions about the role of the upper respiratory tract surface, tonsil and dorsal lung regions in disease pathogenesis and transmission. The mechanisms behind significant pathological processes such as necrosis, apoptosis and liquefaction, occurring within lesions, are explored and their potential practical significance assessed in the context of herd disease dynamics and vaccine development. It is proposed that effective 'innate' host defences result in many animals and humans remaining disease-free and tuberculin test negative following exposure to infection. Furthermore, the concepts of latency and disease reactivation, considered significant factors in perpetuating tuberculosis in human populations, are explored in the context of the bovine disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Cassidy
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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34
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Wangoo A, Johnson L, Gough J, Ackbar R, Inglut S, Hicks D, Spencer Y, Hewinson G, Vordermeier M. Advanced Granulomatous Lesions in Mycobacterium bovis-infected Cattle are Associated with Increased Expression of Type I Procollagen, γδ (WC1+) T Cells and CD 68+ Cells. J Comp Pathol 2005; 133:223-34. [PMID: 16154140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2005.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2004] [Accepted: 05/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The pathognomonic characteristic of tuberculosis (TB) is the formation of a tuberculous granuloma. The objective of this study was to classify lymph node granulomas from experimentally infected calves into different histopathological stages and characterize them further by studying cell types and markers of fibrosis associated with each of the stages. Four stages of granuloma were identified and mRNA and protein expression for cell markers, cytokines and pro-fibrotic markers were studied by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in-situ hybridization (ISH). In advanced stage granulomas, there was an increase in the expression of TGF-beta, and of type I procollagen as demonstrated by IHC and ISH. As the granulomas advanced, there were fewer CD3+T cells and they tended to be more prominent towards the periphery of the lesions, with a steady increase in the number of CD68+ cells and gammadelta (WC1+) T cells. Granuloma classification and application of cell cytokine markers will assist in improving understanding of the pathogenesis of bovine TB and may help to identify the immunopathology of active disease versus contained or inactive disease. Such disease correlates may help to inform the development of improved diagnostic methods and support vaccine development programmes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/genetics
- CD3 Complex/biosynthesis
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- CD79 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD79 Antigens/genetics
- Cattle
- Cattle Diseases/genetics
- Cattle Diseases/immunology
- Cattle Diseases/metabolism
- Cattle Diseases/pathology
- Collagen Type I/biosynthesis
- Collagen Type I/genetics
- Gene Expression
- Granuloma/genetics
- Granuloma/immunology
- Granuloma/pathology
- Granuloma/veterinary
- Lymphocyte Count
- Macrophages/immunology
- Male
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/biosynthesis
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/genetics
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/metabolism
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wangoo
- Department of Pathology, Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
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35
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Pollock JM, Welsh MD, McNair J. Immune responses in bovine tuberculosis: Towards new strategies for the diagnosis and control of disease. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 108:37-43. [PMID: 16150494 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In several countries, bovine tuberculosis (caused by infection with Mycobacterium bovis) is a major economic problem with the potential to be a significant public health risk. Where traditional test-and-slaughter policies based on skin testing with tuberculin have not been fully successful, new tools including additional diagnostic tests and improved vaccines are required urgently. This paper considers how recent developments in knowledge of immune responses and mycobacterial antigens can be used in the logical development of more efficient strategies for the identification of infected cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Pollock
- Veterinary Sciences Division, The Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK.
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36
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Chen ZW. Immune regulation of gammadelta T cell responses in mycobacterial infections. Clin Immunol 2005; 116:202-7. [PMID: 16087145 PMCID: PMC2869281 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2005.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Revised: 04/07/2005] [Accepted: 04/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-specific gammadelta T cells may play a role in anti-mycobacterial immunity. Studies done in humans and animal models have demonstrated complex patterns of gammadelta T cell immune responses during early mycobacterial infections and chronic tuberculosis. Recent studies have also shown a clinical correlation between major recall expansion of antigen-specific gammadelta T cells and immunity against fatal early mycobacterial diseases. Multiple host and microbial factors can regulate diverse immune responses of phosphoantigen-specific gammadelta T cells during mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng W Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine Chicago, 835 South Wolcott Avenue, MC790, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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37
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Skinner MA, Parlane N, McCarthy A, Buddle BM. Cytotoxic T-cell responses to Mycobacterium bovis during experimental infection of cattle with bovine tuberculosis. Immunology 2003; 110:234-41. [PMID: 14511237 PMCID: PMC1783035 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2003.01731.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-cell responses are thought to play a significant role in the host defence against mycobacterial infections. Little is understood about such responses of cattle to Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis. The work described in this report demonstrates the activity of cytotoxic cells during experimental infection of cattle with M. bovis. The cytotoxic cells were found to have the ability to specifically lyse macrophages infected with M. bovis and were detected in peripheral blood lymphocytes after in vitro re-exposure to M. bovis. Cytotoxic activity was detected 4 weeks after experimental infection with M. bovis; a similar level of activity was maintained during the infection and it was mediated by both WC1+gammadelta and CD8+ T cells. In addition, inhibition of the growth of M. bovis within infected macrophages was detected when they were exposed to cultures containing M. bovis-specific cytotoxic cells. The ability to detect cytotoxic cells after infection of cattle with M. bovis will allow their activity to be measured during vaccination trials. Correlation of cytotoxic activity with disease outcome may aid in the design of new vaccines and vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot A Skinner
- AgResearch, Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, Upper Hutt, New Zealand.
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38
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Kennedy HE, Welsh MD, Cassidy JP, Bryson DG, Forster F, McNair J, Gangadharan B, Howard CJ, Pollock JM. The role of WC1(+) gamma delta T-cells in the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin-test reaction of Mycobacterium bovis-infected cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2003; 93:169-76. [PMID: 12814702 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(03)00070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin-testing with mycobacterial antigens is often used as a means of identifying Mycobacterium bovis-infected cattle. Better understanding of the cellular basis underlying the DTH reaction is required if diagnostic methods are to be improved upon. Previous studies have shown that gamma delta T-cells, particularly those bearing the WC1 molecule, are present at an early stage of developing DTH responses and that such cells may modulate the developing immune response immediately following M. bovis-infection. However, their role, if any, in the DTH response remains unclear. In the present study we have used an in vivo model to deplete WC1(+) gamma delta T-cells, from cattle with established M. bovis-infection, prior to skin-testing. Results indicate that, although WC1(+) gamma delta T-cells do infiltrate the skin-test site in normal calves, they do not appear to be essential for the development of DTH skin swelling, as indicated by effective development of skin responses in calves depleted of circulating WC1(+) gamma delta T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Kennedy
- Department of Veterinary Science, Queen's University, Belfast, UK
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39
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Buddle BM, Pollock JM, Skinner MA, Wedlock DN. Development of vaccines to control bovine tuberculosis in cattle and relationship to vaccine development for other intracellular pathogens. Int J Parasitol 2003; 33:555-66. [PMID: 12782055 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(03)00060-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination of cattle against bovine tuberculosis could be an important strategy for the control of disease either where there is a wildlife reservoir of Mycobacterium bovis infection or in developing countries where it is not economically feasible to implement a 'test and slaughter' control program. Advances in the understanding of protective immune responses to M. bovis infection in cattle and the advent of new molecular biological techniques, coupled with the sequencing of the M. bovis genome have provided opportunities for the rational development of improved tuberculosis vaccines. A number of new tuberculosis vaccines including attenuated M. bovis strains, killed mycobacteria, protein and DNA vaccines are under development and many are being assessed in cattle. Recent results have revealed several promising vaccine candidates and vaccination strategies. Ways of distinguishing between vaccinated and infected cattle are becoming available and the possibility of new approaches to the eradication of tuberculosis from domestic livestock is discussed. Similarities between the mechanisms of protective immunity against M. bovis and against other intracellular parasites continue to be found and discoveries from vaccine studies on bovine tuberculosis may provide helpful insights into requirements for vaccines against other intracellular pathogens.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn/immunology
- Animals, Wild/immunology
- BCG Vaccine/immunology
- BCG Vaccine/therapeutic use
- Bacterial Proteins/immunology
- Cattle
- Developing Countries
- Genome, Bacterial
- Immunity, Cellular/immunology
- Mycobacterium bovis/genetics
- Mycobacterium bovis/immunology
- Mycobacterium bovis/pathogenicity
- Tuberculosis Vaccines/immunology
- Tuberculosis Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/diagnosis
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/prevention & control
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated/therapeutic use
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/therapeutic use
- Virulence
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce M Buddle
- AgResearch, Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, P.O. Box 40063, Upper Hutt, New Zealand.
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40
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Welsh MD, Kennedy HE, Smyth AJ, Girvin RM, Andersen P, Pollock JM. Responses of bovine WC1(+) gammadelta T cells to protein and nonprotein antigens of Mycobacterium bovis. Infect Immun 2002; 70:6114-20. [PMID: 12379688 PMCID: PMC130436 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.11.6114-6120.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
WC1(+) gammadelta T cells of Mycobacterium bovis-infected cattle are highly responsive to M. bovis sonic extract (MBSE). In mycobacterial infections of other species, gammadelta T cells have been shown to respond to protein and nonprotein antigens, but the bovine WC1(+) gammadelta T-cell antigenic targets within MBSE require further definition in terms of the dominance of protein versus nonprotein components. The present study sought to characterize the WC1(+) gammadelta T-cell antigenic targets, together with the role of interleukin-2 (IL-2), in the context of M. bovis infection. This was achieved by testing crude and defined antigens to assess protein versus nonprotein recognition by WC1(+) gammadelta T cells in comparison with CD4(+) alphabeta T cells. Both cell types proliferated strongly in response to MBSE, with CD4(+) T cells being the major producers of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma). However, enzymatic digestion of the protein in MBSE removed its ability to stimulate CD4(+) T-cell responses, whereas some WC1(+) gammadelta T-cell proliferation remained. The most antigenic protein inducing proliferation and IFN-gamma secretion in WC1(+) gammadelta T-cell cultures was found to be ESAT-6, which is a potential novel diagnostic reagent and vaccine candidate. In addition, WC1(+) gammadelta T-cell proliferation was observed in response to stimulation with prenyl pyrophosphate antigens (isopentenyl pyrophosphate and monomethyl phosphate). High levels of cellular activation (CD25 expression) resulted from MBSE stimulation of WC1(+) gammadelta T cells from infected animals. A similar degree of activation was induced by IL-2 alone, but for WC1(+) gammadelta T-cell division IL-2 was found to act only as a costimulatory signal, enhancing antigen-driven responses. Overall, the data indicate that protein antigens are important stimulators of WC1(+) gammadelta T-cell proliferation and IFN-gamma secretion in M. bovis infection, with nonprotein antigens inducing significant proliferation. These findings have important implications for diagnostic and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Welsh
- Veterinary Sciences Division, The Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Queen's University of Belfast, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, United Kingdom.
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41
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Pollock JM, Welsh MD. The WC1(+) gammadelta T-cell population in cattle: a possible role in resistance to intracellular infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2002; 89:105-14. [PMID: 12383642 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(02)00200-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular infections are important in veterinary medicine and detailed understanding of the associated immune responses is needed for optimal development of strategies based on diagnosis and vaccination. It is generally accepted that cell-mediated immune responses are of greatest importance in intracellular infections and recent studies from several bovine models of infection indicate that WC1(+) gammadelta T-cells have a number of possible levels of involvement, which remain incompletely defined. Investigations of experimental infection with Mycobacterium bovis in cattle have indicated that WC1(+) gammadelta T-cells are among the first cells to accumulate at initial sites of infection, an observation which has been linked with decreased numbers of these cells in the circulation within days of infection. These WC1(+) gammadelta T-cells have been shown to respond in vitro, both to protein antigens and to non-protein, phosphate containing antigens of M. bovis and to be capable of producing IFN-gamma. Studies of M. bovis infection in calves depleted of WC1(+) gammadelta T-cells by monoclonal antibody have suggested that the presence of these cells is associated with development of a Th1-biased acquired immune response. In combination, these observations allow speculation regarding a possible role for WC1(+) gammadelta T-cells as a link between the innate and acquired immune systems which is instrumental in establishing an appropriate response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Pollock
- The Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK.
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42
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Canfield PJ, Day MJ, Gavier-Widen D, Hewinson RG, Chambers MA. Immunohistochemical characterization of tuberculous and non-tuberculous lesionsin naturally infected European badgers (Meles meles). J Comp Pathol 2002; 126:254-64. [PMID: 12056773 DOI: 10.1053/jcpa.2002.0549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A panel of species cross-reactive antibodies was established for the immunohistochemical labelling of phagocytic and lymphoid cells in formalin-fixed normal badger tissues. These reagents were used to investigate the immunopathogenesis of both tuberculous and non-tuberculous granulomas in badgers. In normal badger tissues, antisera specific for the CD79a and CD79b epitopes strongly labelled follicular B lymphocytes and plasma cells in lymph nodes, bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue and Peyer's patches. Rabbit anti-dog IgG, IgM and IgA, and goat anti-human lambda light chain strongly labelled plasma cells, but goat anti-ferret IgA produced weak labelling. Interfollicular and occasional follicular lymphocytes and gut intraepithelial lymphocytes expressed the CD3 epitope. Mouse anti-human HLA-DR (MHC Class II) antigen strongly labelled macrophages, some follicular lymphocytes and some intestinal and respiratory epithelial cells. Mouse anti-human calprotectin (MAC387) labelled a limited number of macrophages. In infected badgers, all fusiform to angular macrophages (epithelioid cells) of all tuberculous granulomas strongly expressed HLA-DR antigen, but only a small, variable proportion of these were labelled by MAC387 antiserum. Lymphocytes in the peripheral rims of granulomas and those scattered sparsely amongst the epithelioid cells were labelled primarily with CD3 antiserum. Peripheral plasma cells were more common in larger than in smaller tubercles and usually expressed IgA or IgG. Small unencapsulated siliceous granulomas, which were present in both tuberculous and non-tuberculous badgers, consisted of aggregates of round to polyhedral epithelioid cells expressing the MHC Class II but not the MAC387 epitope. Granulomas caused by infection with presumed fungal adiaspores of Chrysosporium sp. consisted of aggregates of variably shaped macrophages that expressed MHC Class II antigen, but only a proportion expressed MAC387 antigen. The majority of lymphocytes within the peripheral rims of these granulomas were T cells, accompanied by sparse to moderate numbers of plasma cells that primarily expressed IgG or IgA. In conclusion, species cross-reactive antibodies can be used to identify the cellular components of tuberculous and non-tuberculous granulomas. Immunohistochemical examination failed to distinguish small tuberculous granulomas from adiaspiromycotic granulomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Canfield
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Bristol, Langford, BS40 5DU, UK
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43
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Wedlock DN, Skinner MA, de Lisle GW, Buddle BM. Control of Mycobacterium bovis infections and the risk to human populations. Microbes Infect 2002; 4:471-80. [PMID: 11932198 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(02)01562-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Conventional control methods based on test-and-slaughter policies have, in several countries, led to the successful eradication of bovine tuberculosis in cattle. However, new approaches for control of bovine tuberculosis are required in developing countries and those with a wildlife reservoir of infection. Recent developments include improved diagnostics and evaluation of new vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Neil Wedlock
- AgResearch Limited, Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, P.O. Box 40063, Upper Hutt, New Zealand.
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44
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Kennedy HE, Welsh MD, Bryson DG, Cassidy JP, Forster FI, Howard CJ, Collins RA, Pollock JM. Modulation of immune responses to Mycobacterium bovis in cattle depleted of WC1(+) gamma delta T cells. Infect Immun 2002; 70:1488-500. [PMID: 11854237 PMCID: PMC127737 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.3.1488-1500.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is accepted that cell-mediated immune responses predominate in mycobacterial infections. Many studies have shown that CD4(+) T cells produce Th1 cytokines, such as gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), in response to mycobacterial antigens and that the cytolytic activity of CD8(+) cells toward infected macrophages is important. However, the extent and manner in which gamma delta T cells participate in this response remain unclear. In ruminants, gamma delta T cells comprise a major proportion of the peripheral blood mononuclear cell population. We have previously shown that WC1(+) gamma delta T cells are involved early in Mycobacterium bovis infection of cattle, but their specific functions are not well understood. Here we describe an in vivo model of bovine tuberculosis in which the WC1(+) gamma delta T cells were depleted from the peripheral circulation and respiratory tract, by infusion of WC1(+)-specific monoclonal antibody, prior to infection. While no effects on disease pathology were observed in this experiment, results indicate that WC1(+) gamma delta T cells, which become significantly activated (CD25(+)) in the circulation of control calves from 21 days postinfection, may play a role in modulating the developing immune response to M. bovis. WC1(+)-depleted animals exhibited decreased antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferative response, an increased antigen-specific production of interleukin-4, and a lack of specific immunoglobulin G2 antibody. This suggests that WC1(+) gamma delta TCR(+) cells contribute, either directly or indirectly, toward the Th1 bias of the immune response in bovine tuberculosis--a hypothesis supported by the decreased innate production of IFN-gamma, which was observed in WC1(+)-depleted calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary E Kennedy
- Department of Veterinary Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
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