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Nahas AE, Hagag U. Magnetic resonance imaging of the dromedary camel carpus. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:394. [PMID: 39242548 PMCID: PMC11378426 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04184-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) carpal joint presents multiple joints and constitutes several bones and soft tissues. Radiography and/or ultrasonography of the carpus are challenging due to structural superimposition. High-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique precludes superimposed tissues and offers high soft tissue contrast in multiple sequences and planes. Hence, understanding the normal MRI anatomy is crucial during clinical investigations. Magnetic resonance imaging is highly sensitive for investigation of soft tissues and articular cartilage; therefore, it is extensively used for outlining joint anatomy and evaluation of a wide range of musculoskeletal conditions. MRI images of a specific anatomical region acquired by using multiple sequences in various planes are necessary for a complete MRI examination. Given the dearth of information on the MRI features of the dromedary camel carpus, the current study demonstrates the MRI appearance of the clinically significant structures in the camel carpus in various sequences and planes using a high-field 1.5 Tesla superconducting magnet. For this purpose, twelve cadaveric forelimbs, obtained from 6 clinically sound lameness free adult dromedary camels, were examined. RESULTS The cortex and medulla of the radius, carpal bones and metacarpus were evaluated. Articular cartilage of the carpal joints was depicted and showed intermediate intensity. Carpal tendons expressed lower signal intensity in all pulse sequences. The collateral and inter-carpal ligaments showed mixed signal intensity. CONCLUSIONS The obtained data outlines the validation of MRI for investigation of the camel carpus and could set as a reference for interpretation in clinical patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman El Nahas
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, PO Box 400, Al-Ahasa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Usama Hagag
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, PO Box 400, Al-Ahasa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
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Gadallah SM, Sharshar AM, Elsharkawy SA, Fadel MS. Ultrasonographic description of tendons and ligaments at the palmar (plantar) aspect of the distal limb in the one humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Aust Vet J 2023; 101:397-408. [PMID: 37544650 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide complete anatomical and ultrasonographic description of tendons and ligaments at the palmar (plantar) aspect of the cannon and phalangeal regions of the one-humped camel. DESIGN Forty-two (21 fore and 21 hind) clinically normal camel cadavers' limbs disarticulated at the carpal and tarsal joints and three clinically normal mature camels were included in the study. Six cadaver limbs (three fore and three hind) were dissected, and another six limbs specimens (three fore and three hind) were frozen at -20° for 1 week then sectioned transversely with an electric band saw at different distances distal to the carpometacarpal and tarsometatarsal joints. The ultrasonographic study was carried out on the live camels and 30 cadaveric limbs. The shape, echogenicity and measurements (thickness, width and cross-sectional area) of superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT), deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT), suspensory ligament (SL), and sesamoidean ligaments were recorded and the differences in values between live animals and cadaveric specimens were statistically analysed. RESULTS The shape and echogenicity of SDFT, DDFT, and SL, varied between proximal, middle, and distal thirds of the cannon bone and the phalangeal region. There was no significant difference between live animal and cadaveric specimens. CONCLUSION This study provided complete description of tendons and ligaments at the palmar (plantar) aspect of the cannon and phalangeal region of the one humped camel. The data obtained serves as a reference guide for practicing veterinarians and for future studies on injury to ligaments and tendons of camel's distal extremity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Gadallah
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - A M Sharshar
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - S A Elsharkawy
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - M S Fadel
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Endoscopy, Animal Reproduction and Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
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Hagag U, Nahas AE, Almohamad ZA, Brehm W, Gerlach K. 3T Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography of the bovine carpus. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:236. [PMID: 35733155 PMCID: PMC9214995 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03346-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lameness in cattle is a major health problem and causes great economic losses. Carpal injury is a common cause of forelimb lameness in cattle. Radiography and/or ultrasonography of the carpus is a challenge due to complex anatomy of the joint. Additional imaging using computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be indispensable for reaching a decisive diagnosis. Precise evaluation of the clinical CT and MRI images necessitates an in-depth knowledge of the normal CT and MRI tissue variants. Therefore, our purpose was to provide a detailed description of the normal CT and MRI appearance of the osseous and soft tissue structures of twelve cadaveric bovine carpi using CT and 3 Tesla MRI. Carpi were frozen, transected in sagittal, dorsal and transverse planes then adjoined to their corresponding CT and MRI images. Results The clinically significant articular and peri-articular structures of the bovine carpus were identified and characterized on the CT and MRI images. CT images provided a remarkable delineation of the cortical, subchondral, and cancellous bone. The high-field 3 Tesla MRI offered high definition and distinction of the delicate soft tissues of the bovine carpus. Conclusions 3 Tesla high-field MRI offers new opportunities in soft tissue tomography but cannot be compared with CT in terms of bone imaging. Clinicians have to determine whether CT, MRI or both imaging techniques are required in clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usama Hagag
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
| | - Ayman El Nahas
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, PO Box 400, 31982, Al-Ahasa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zakriya Ali Almohamad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, PO Box 400, 31982, Al-Ahasa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walter Brehm
- Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 21, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerstin Gerlach
- Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 21, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Salem M, El-Shafaey ES, Farag AMM, El-Khodery S, Al Mohamad Z, Abass M. A Descriptive Study of the Carpal Joint of Healthy Donkeys Using Ultrasonography, Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Vet Sci 2022; 9:249. [PMID: 35622777 PMCID: PMC9146433 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9050249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to establish a detailed anatomic reference for the carpal joint of apparently healthy donkeys using ultrasonography (US), computed tomographic (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ten orthopedically sound adult donkeys were used for US examination of the carpal joint in each forelimb. Additionally, the carpi of ten donkey cadavers were subjected to CT and MRI examinations. The carpal joint was divided into four zones to simplify examination. US assessment of the carpal joint included transverse and longitudinal sonograms. CT was performed using three planes: axial, sagittal, and coronal. MRI was performed using axial and sagittal planes with two sequences: gradient-echo T1-weighted and proton density. The donkeys' carpus US, CT, and MRI images were labeled and serially interpreted based on references and anatomical cross-sections. The anatomical characteristics of the carpal joint and the surrounding soft tissue structures were thoroughly described and precisely differentiated on US, CT, and MRI scans. It can be concluded that US, CT, and MRI are effective noninvasive diagnostic imaging tools for evaluating the carpal joint in donkeys. Moreover, these imaging modalities can aid in establishing a reference database for the carpal joint of donkeys, which differs from that of horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Salem
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - El-Sayed El-Shafaey
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Salam Veterinary Group, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alshimaa M M Farag
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Sabry El-Khodery
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Zakriya Al Mohamad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa Abass
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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Hagag U, Tawfiek MG, Brehm W. Palmar arthroscopic approach and intra-articular anatomy of the bovine carpal joints. Vet Surg 2019; 48:537-545. [PMID: 30623470 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the palmar arthroscopic approaches to the bovine carpus and document the visible intra-articular structures in each approach. STUDY DESIGN Ex vivo study. SAMPLE POPULATION Thirty fresh cadaveric bovine forelimbs. METHODS Computed tomography (CT) and gross dissection were performed on 4 carpi. Latex models were produced from 6 carpi to define the gross anatomy and arthroscopic portals to the palmar carpal pouches. Ultrasonography and arthroscopy were performed on 20 carpi to document visualization of the local anatomy. RESULTS A single palmar pouch was present on both sides of each joint on gross dissection and evaluation of latex models. The relationship between pouches and palmar structures was observed by CT. Small anechoic areas identified on ultrasonography increased after joint distension. Palmar arthroscopy of the antebrachiocarpal joint enabled visualization of the palmar surfaces of radial, intermediate, and ulnar carpal bones; distal radius; ulnar styloid process; palmar radiocarpal ligament; and articulation of accessory and ulnar carpal bones. Palmar arthroscopy of the middle carpal joint enabled inspection of the palmar aspects of ulnar, intermediate, radial, fused second and third and fourth carpal bones, palmar carpometacarpal ligament, and the short lateral collateral ligament. Palmar aspects of the fourth and fifth metacarpal bones were explored through the palmarolateral approach to the middle carpal joint. Instrument portals for each pouch were created under arthroscopic guidance. CONCLUSION Palmar arthroscopy of the adult bovine carpus enabled visualization of the clinically relevant palmar intra-articular structures. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Palmar carpal arthroscopy should be considered as an adjunct to dorsal approach for the diagnosis and treatment of bovine carpal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usama Hagag
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohamed G Tawfiek
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Walter Brehm
- Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Germany
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Borges NC, Weissengruber GE, Huber J, Kofler J. Ultrasonographic imaging of the temporomandibular joint in healthy cattle and pathological findings in one clinical case. N Z Vet J 2016; 64:330-6. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2016.1207575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- NC Borges
- Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna, A-1210, Austria
| | - GE Weissengruber
- Department of Pathobiology, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna A-1210, Austria
| | - J Huber
- Teaching and Research Farm Kremesberg, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, A-1210, Austria
| | - J Kofler
- Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna, A-1210, Austria
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Abouelnasr K, El-Shafaey ES, Mosbah E, El-Khodery S. Utility of ultrasonography for diagnosis of superficial swellings in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1303-9. [PMID: 27181085 PMCID: PMC5053932 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied 72 buffalo with superficial swellings in the head (n=4), neck (n=5), chest wall (n=4), abdominal wall (n=28), limbs (n=16), gluteal region (n=8), perineal region (n=6) and udder (n=1). Ultrasonographically, the swellings varied according to type, duration, content and location. The clinical use of ultrasound to assess these superficial swellings allowed diagnosis of abscesses (n=21), hematomas (n=11), hernias (n=17), bursitis (n=13), urethral diverticula (n=6) and tumors (n=4). Ultrasonography could precisely discriminate each lesion type (sensitivity, 71-100%; specificity, 75-100%; odds ratio, 1.0-8.4; Confidence Interval, 74.2-20; and P value 0.001). The specificity for ultrasonographic evaluation of superficial swellings was 100% for hernias, urethral diverticula and tumors, whilst the lowest specificity was recorded for hematomas (75%) and abscesses (92%). In conclusion, ultrasonography provides a precise, non-invasive and fast technique for the evaluation, classification and subsequent treatment of a variety of superficial swellings in buffalo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Abouelnasr
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura-city, Dakahlia, 35516, Egypt
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Gonçalves PVR, Silva LAF, Silva LH, Costa APA, Bragato N, Cardoso JR, Kofler J, Borges NC. Ultrasonography of the distal limbs in Nellore and Girolando calves 8 to 12 months of age. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:102. [PMID: 24774582 PMCID: PMC4013532 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultrasonography can be used anywhere and allows rapid, noninvasive differentiation of soft tissue structures of the musculoskeletal system. The objectives of this study were to describe the ultrasonographic appearance of the structures of the metacarpo-/metatarsophalangeal and the interphalangeal joints, the appearance of the growth plates of the distal metacarpus/metatarsus and of the proximal phalanx and to measure the cross-sectional dimensions of the DDFT and SDFT in Nellore and Girolando calves eight to 12 months of age. RESULTS In the longitudinal dorsal view the common digital extensor tendon and the digital extensor tendon were depicted as echogenic parallel fiber bundles located directly under the skin. The joint spaces appeared as anechoic interruptions of the hyperechogenic bone surfaces. The normal amount of synovial fluid could not be depicted. The growth plates were seen as anechoic interruptions of the bone surface proximal and distal to the fetlock joint space. In transverse sonograms of the distal palmar/plantar regions, the flexor tendons and branchs of the suspensory ligament were imaged as echogenic structures. The lumen of the digital flexor tendon sheath could not be imaged in these normal cattle. The thin digital distal annular ligament and the reversal of positions of the DDFT and SDFT could be appreciated. No significant differences were found between the cross-sectional measurements of the DDFT and the SDFT from Nellore and Girolando in any age, thoracic/pelvic limbs, right/left sides and lateral/medial digits. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study establish important ultrasonographic reference data of the normal structures of the distal limbs and the normal dimensions of the flexor tendons in Nellore and Girolando calves for use in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Naida C Borges
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary and Animal Science School, Federal University of Goias, Campus Samambaia, Caixa Postal 131, Goiânia, Goias State CEP 74001-970, Brazil.
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Kofler J, Geissbühler U, Steiner A. Diagnostic imaging in bovine orthopedics. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2014; 30:11-53, v. [PMID: 24534658 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a radiographic unit is not standard equipment for bovine practitioners in hospital or field situations, ultrasound machines with 7.5-MHz linear transducers have been used in bovine reproduction for many years, and are eminently suitable for evaluation of orthopedic disorders. The goal of this article is to encourage veterinarians to use radiology and ultrasonography for the evaluation of bovine orthopedic disorders. These diagnostic imaging techniques improve the likelihood of a definitive diagnosis in every bovine patient but especially in highly valuable cattle, whose owners demand increasingly more diagnostic and surgical interventions that require high-level specialized techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Kofler
- Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Urs Geissbühler
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 124, CH-3001 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Steiner
- Clinical Radiology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Farm Animal Clinic, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 124, CH-3001 Berne, Switzerland
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Kofler J. Ultrasonography as a Diagnostic Aid in Bovine Musculoskeletal Disorders. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2009; 25:687-731, Table of Contents. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2009.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Kassab A. The normal anatomical, radiographical and ultrasonographic appearance of the carpal region of one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Anat Histol Embryol 2008; 37:24-9. [PMID: 18197896 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2007.00790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The macroscopic, radiographic and ultrasonographic anatomy of the carpal region of eight clinically normal camels (Camelus dromedarius) was determined with the help of a 7.5-MHz linear transducer. At the dorsal aspect of the carpus and distal radius, the extensor carpi radialis, extensor digitorum communis and extensor digitorum lateralis tendons were easily identified. The ulnaris lateralis tendon was observed laterally. The extensor carpi obliqus tendon was identified with difficulty. At the palmar aspect, the flexor carpi radialis, the flexor digitorum superficialis and the flexor digitorum profundus tendons were observed. Other soft structures examined include the lateral collateral ligament and the medial collateral ligament. Ultrasonographic findings correlated with gross anatomy in the dissected limbs. The results of the present study serve as reference data for ultrasonographic investigation of disorders of camel carpus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kassab
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh 13736, Egypt.
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Kofler J, Hittmair K. Diagnostic ultrasonography in animals – Continuation of the clinical examination? Vet J 2006; 171:393-5. [PMID: 16624705 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Nuss K. Ultrasonography of musculoskeletal disorders in cattle: a practical tool for veterinary surgeons. Vet J 2006; 173:239-40. [PMID: 16495094 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Altenbrunner-Martinek B, Grubelnik M, Kofler J. Ultrasonographic examination of important aspects of the bovine shoulder--physiological findings. Vet J 2005; 173:317-24. [PMID: 16314131 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The left and right shoulder region of 19 healthy cattle and the left and right shoulders of six bovine cadavers were examined ultrasonographically using a 7.5 MHz linear and a 3.5 MHz convex transducer. The lateral shoulder muscles were successfully imaged in all cases; the joint space appeared as a funnel shaped interruption of the hyperechoic bone surfaces of the distal part of the scapula and the proximal and lateral part of the humeral head. In healthy cattle, the synovial cavities of the scapulohumeral joint, the bicipital bursa and the infraspinous bursa could not be clearly defined. After experimental filling with water, the synovial cavities could be differentiated as discrete anechoic zones. In this study, the normal ultrasonographic appearance of the soft tissue structures and bone surfaces of the scapula and proximal humerus is presented, providing basic reference data for the ultrasonographic evaluation of the bovine shoulder region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Altenbrunner-Martinek
- Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses, Clinic for Orthopaedics in Large Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria.
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Seyrek-Intas D, Celimli N, Gorgul OS, Cecen G. Comparison of clinical, ultrasonographic, and postoperative macroscopic findings in cows with bursitis. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2005; 46:143-5. [PMID: 15869159 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2005.00028.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical, ultrasonographic, and macroscopic findings of bursitis in cows were compared to assess the contribution of diagnosis and therapy planning. Sixteen dairy cows with swelling at the carpal (n = 12) or tarsal (n = 4) region were examined clinically and ultrasonographically and the findings were compared. In 10 patients the bursae were removed in toto. According to the duration of the disease (history) and clinical findings nine and seven patients had acute and chronic bursitis, respectively. Six had fluctuation and in 10 the bursa was firm. Contents were serous (n = 3), serofibrinous (n = 4), serohemorrhagic (n = 2), or purulent (n = 1). Sonographically there was fluid in all bursa except one. Capsule echogenicity varied between hypoechoic and hyperechoic and mean capsule thickness was 9.2 +/- 4.1 mm. Fourteen of the bursae contained free-floating particles. The hyperechoic capsules represented fibrous tissue, and the echogenic/hyperechoic free-floating particles were erythrocytes, purulent exudate, or fibrin masses. Capsule thickness and large free-floating particles could not be detected by clinical examination/centesis alone. However, capsule thickness, bursa contents, and the extent of inflammation could be determined ultrasonographically and this made the decision for different invasive/ operative procedures easier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Seyrek-Intas
- Department of Surgery, Radiology Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uludag University, Mudanya cad. No. 2, 16190 Bursa, Turkey.
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