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Bates AJ, Fan B, Greer A, Bryant RH, Doughty A. Behavioural response to gastrointestinal parasites of yearling dairy calves at pasture. N Z Vet J 2024; 72:275-287. [PMID: 38806175 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2024.2351128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the association between gastrointestinal parasites (GIP) and animal behaviour in dairy calves under New Zealand pastoral conditions, using animal-mounted, accelerometer-based sensors. METHODS Thirty-six, 5-6-month-old, Friesian-Jersey, heifer calves fitted with animal activity sensors to track behaviour were randomly allocated to one of two treatment groups. Half the animals were challenged with an oral dose of 20,000 larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophera once a week for 3 weeks and half were unchallenged. Five weeks after the last dose, seven infected and nine uninfected animals were treated with an oral anthelmintic (AHC) and data collected for a further week. Accelerometer data were classified into minutes per day eating, ruminating, in moderate-high activity or in low activity. Live weight and faecal egg counts (FEC) were recorded weekly over the study period. All animals co-grazed a newly sown pasture not previously grazed by ruminants and were moved every week to fresh grazing. Treatment status was blinded to those managing the animals which were otherwise treated identically. RESULTS Complete behavioural records were available from 30/36 calves, (13 challenged and 17 unchallenged). Before treatment with AHC, FEC increased in infected and un-treated calves over the study, while uninfected animals maintained a near zero FEC. There was no difference in live weight gain between the two groups over the study period. Bayesian, multinomial regression predicted differences in animal behaviour between infected and uninfected animals that were not treated with AHC over the 7 weeks following initial infection. Parasitised calves not treated with AHC were less active and spent up to 6 (95% highest density interval (HDI) = 1-11) minutes/day less in low level activity and up to 15 (95% HDI = 7-20) minutes/day less in moderate to high level activity. They ruminated up to 9 (95% HDI = 2-15) minutes/day more and ate up to 10 (95% HDI = 2-19) minutes/day more than control calves that were not treated with AHC. The effect of AHC on time spent in each behaviour differed between infected and uninfected calves and increased the coefficient of dispersion of the behavioural data. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Small differences in animal behaviour can be measured in calves with GIP. However, to use this to target treatment, further validation studies are required to confirm the accuracy of behavioural classification and understand the complex drivers of animal behaviour in a dynamic and variable pasture-parasite-host environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Bates
- Vetlife Scientific Ltd, Temuka, New Zealand
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - B Fan
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - A Greer
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - R H Bryant
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - A Doughty
- MSD Animal Health, Sydney, Australia
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Rodrigues VD, Borges DGL, Conde MH, de Freitas MG, do Nascimento Ramos CA, de Souza AI, Reckziegel GH, de Castro Rodrigues D, Borges FDA. Biomarkers of gastrointestinal nematodes in beef cattle raised in a tropical area. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:207. [PMID: 38713234 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08228-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Biomarkers are specific molecular, histological, or physiological characteristics of normal or pathogenic biological processes and are promising in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs). Although some biomarkers have been validated for infection by Ostertagia sp. in cattle raised in temperate regions, there is a lack of information for tropical regions. The aim of this project was to assess potential biomarkers and validate the most promising. In the first study, 36 bovines (Nelore breed) naturally infected by GINs were distributed into two groups: infected (not treated with anthelmintic) and treated (treated with fenbendazole on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, and 56). The variables of interest were live weight, fecal egg count, hemogram, serum biochemical markers, phosphorus, gastrin, and pepsinogen. In the second step, pepsinogen was assessed in cattle of the Nelore breed distributed among three groups: infected (not treated with anthelmintic), MOX (treated with moxidectin), and IVM + BZD (treated with ivermectin + albendazole). In the first study, no difference between groups was found for weight, albumin, hematocrit (corpuscular volume [CV]), erythrocytes, or hemoglobin. Negative correlations were found between pepsinogen and both CV and albumin, and albumin was negatively correlated with the percentage of Haemonchus sp. in the fecal culture. Among the biomarkers, only pepsinogen differentiated treated and infected (beginning with the 28th day of the study). In the second study, a reduction in pepsinogen was found after anthelmintic treatment. Therefore, pepsinogen is a promising biomarker of worms in cattle naturally infected by the genera Haemonchus and Cooperia in tropical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fernando de Almeida Borges
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária E Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul, Avenida Senador Filinto Müller, Campo Grande, MS, 2443, Brazil.
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Simon G, Hillmann E, Barth K. Pasture-based fattening does not cause severe nonperforating lesions in veal calves of dairy breeds. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:496-501. [PMID: 38045897 PMCID: PMC10692333 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2022-0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Abomasal damage is a known health issue in intensive veal production and is associated with improper housing and feeding. Grass-based veal production could be an improvement, as access to pasture allows the expression of natural behaviors, such as species-specific foraging, and thus can contribute to calf welfare. However, data on the abomasal health of grazed calves have not yet been reported. As feed composition can affect the severity of mucosal damage, we compared the abomasa of calves that grazed on 2 swards with different plant composition. From 2018 to 2020, 111 calves of 2 dairy breeds, German Holstein and Jersey, were kept in whole-day strip grazing on these swards. Calves were sampled regularly for intestinal parasites and anthelmintic drug use was recorded. The animals were slaughtered at an age of 32 ± 2 wk (mean ± standard deviation) after individually varying grazing periods of 75 ± 22 d. After slaughter, dissection revealed that 104 of the 111 abomasa displayed low-grade nonperforating lesions, which were primarily located in the pyloric part. A more severe nonperforating lesion was registered in one calf only. In 46 abomasa, we observed diffuse inflammation. This inflammation was characterized by normal mucosal rugae but with slight discoloration that varied in the degree of redness and proliferation of the mucosa. Sward composition and breed did not affect the occurrence of abomasal lesions, but treatment with anthelmintics was negatively correlated with diffuse inflammation. Compared with the abomasa of calves fed under intensive conditions, the abomasa of calves kept on pasture in this study were not as severely altered, but completely unaffected abomasa were rarely observed either. This raises the question to what extent the observed changes in the abomasum were caused by husbandry and feeding conditions or whether they correspond to the normal condition of grazing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Simon
- Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Institute of Organic Farming, Trenthorst 32, 23847 Westerau, Germany
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Faculty of Life Sciences, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Philippstraße 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Edna Hillmann
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Faculty of Life Sciences, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Philippstraße 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Barth
- Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Institute of Organic Farming, Trenthorst 32, 23847 Westerau, Germany
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Antibody response and abomasal histopathology of lambs with haemonchosis during supplementation with medicinal plants and organic selenium. Vet Anim Sci 2023; 19:100290. [PMID: 36845851 PMCID: PMC9945810 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2023.100290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation with medicinal plants (Herbmix) or organic selenium (Selplex) on the immune responses and histopathology of lambs infected with Haemonchus contortus. Twenty-seven lambs were infected and reinfected with approximately 11,000 third-stage larvae of H. contortus during the experiment (on days 0, 49 and 77). Lambs were divided into two supplemented experimental groups (Herbmix and Selplex) and unsupplemented group (Control). The abomasal worm counts at necropsy on day 119 were lower for Herbmix (4230) and Selplex group (3220) than to the Control (6613) which resulted in 51.3% and 36.0% of reduction, respectively. The mean length of adult female worms was in the order Control > Herbmix > Selplex (2.1, 2.08, and 2.01 cm, respectively). The specific IgG response against adults was significantly affected by time (P < 0.001). Serum-specific and total mucus levels of IgA in the Herbmix group were highest on day 15. Mean levels of serum IgM against adults were influenced by treatment (P = 0.048) and time (P < 0.001). The Herbmix group had strong local inflammation in the abomasal tissue, with the formation of lymphoid aggregates and the infiltration of immune cells, but the tissues of the Selplex group had higher numbers of eosinophils, globule leukocytes, and plasma cells. The lymph nodes of each animal had reactive follicular hyperplasia due to the infection. Dietary nutritional supplementation with a mixture of medicinal plants or organic selenium could improve local immune responses and thus enhance the resistance of animals to this parasitic infection.
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López-Leyva Y, González-Garduño R, Cruz-Tamayo AA, Arece-García J, Huerta-Bravo M, Ramírez-Valverde R, Torres-Hernández G, López-Arellano ME. Protein Supplementation as a Nutritional Strategy to Reduce Gastrointestinal Nematodiasis in Periparturient and Lactating Pelibuey Ewes in a Tropical Environment. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080941. [PMID: 36015063 PMCID: PMC9414308 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was carried out to evaluate the effect of energy and protein supplementation on parasitological and hematological response during peripartum and lactation of productive and non-productive Pelibuey ewes in a tropical environment. Forty-eight Pelibuey ewes aged 3–5 years and with a body weight of 31 ± 5 kg were used. Four groups of 12 ewes, including non-pregnant and productive ewes, were formed. A factorial treatment design was formulated, where two levels of energy (low, 9.6 MJ/kg, n = 24; and high, 10.1 MJ/kg, n = 24) and two levels of protein (high, 15% crude protein in diet, n = 24; and low, 8% crude protein in diet, n = 24) were studied. Fecal and blood samples were collected to determine the fecal egg count (FEC) of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN), packed cell volume (PCV) and peripheral eosinophil (EOS) count. These variables were rearranged with respect to the lambing date in a retrospective study. The high dietary protein level had a significant effect on reducing the FEC and increasing the PCV of ewes during lactation, in comparison with animals fed with the low protein level. Differences in the study variables were attributed to physiological stage. Lactating ewes showed the highest FEC values (2709 ± 359 EPG), the lowest PCV values (21.9 ± 0.7%) and the lowest EOS (0.59 ± 0.6 Cells × 103 µL). It is concluded that high levels of dietary protein improve the hematological response and reduce the FEC in Pelibuey ewes under grazing conditions. The non-pregnant ewes maintained some resilience and resistance to GIN infection compared to productive ewes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoel López-Leyva
- Postgraduate in Animal Production, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Texcoco 56230, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Roberto González-Garduño
- Southeast Regional University Unit, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Teapa 86800, Tabasco, Mexico
- Correspondence: (R.G.-G.); (A.A.C.-T.)
| | - Alvar Alonzo Cruz-Tamayo
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Escárcega 24350, Campeche, Mexico
- Correspondence: (R.G.-G.); (A.A.C.-T.)
| | - Javier Arece-García
- Pasture and Forage Experimental Station “Indio Hatuey”, Universidad de Matanzas, Matanzas 44280, Cuba
| | - Maximino Huerta-Bravo
- Postgraduate in Animal Production, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Texcoco 56230, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Ramírez-Valverde
- Postgraduate in Animal Production, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Texcoco 56230, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | | | - M. Eugenia López-Arellano
- Department of Helmintology, National Center for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health, INIFAP, Jiutepec 62560, Morelos, Mexico
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Liu W, McNeilly TN, Mitchell M, Burgess STG, Nisbet AJ, Matthews JB, Babayan SA. Vaccine-induced time- and age-dependent mucosal immunity to gastrointestinal parasite infection. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:78. [PMID: 35798788 PMCID: PMC9262902 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals vary broadly in their response to vaccination and subsequent challenge infection, with poor vaccine responders causing persistence of both infection and transmission in populations. Yet despite having substantial economic and societal impact, the immune mechanisms that underlie such variability, especially in infected tissues, remain poorly understood. Here, to characterise how antihelminthic immunity at the mucosal site of infection developed in vaccinated lambs, we inserted gastric cannulae into the abomasa of three-month- and six-month-old lambs and longitudinally analysed their local immune response during subsequent challenge infection. The vaccine induced broad changes in pre-challenge abomasal immune profiles and reduced parasite burden and egg output post-challenge, regardless of age. However, age affected how vaccinated lambs responded to infection across multiple immune pathways: adaptive immune pathways were typically age-dependent. Identification of age-dependent and age-independent protective immune pathways may help refine the formulation of vaccines, and indicate specificities of pathogen-specific immunity more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Tom N McNeilly
- The Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Scotland, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - Mairi Mitchell
- The Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Scotland, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Stewart T G Burgess
- The Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Scotland, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Alasdair J Nisbet
- The Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Scotland, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Jacqueline B Matthews
- The Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Scotland, EH26 0PZ, UK.,Roslin Technologies Limited, Roslin Innovation Centre, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Simon A Babayan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK. .,The Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Scotland, EH26 0PZ, UK.
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A Review: Haemonchus contortus Infection in Pasture-Based Sheep Production Systems, with a Focus on the Pathogenesis of Anaemia and Changes in Haematological Parameters. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12101238. [PMID: 35625083 PMCID: PMC9137471 DOI: 10.3390/ani12101238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Infection with Haemonchus contortus parasites (haemonchosis) is an important cause of anaemia in sheep. Haemonchosis is a global problem, although sheep that are kept in warm, high rainfall environments are at the greatest risk of infection due to the favourable conditions for H. contortus survival. Following ingestion, the parasites develop in the abomasum of sheep. Various factors such as age, breed, health, nutritional status, and larval challenge influence the severity of clinical disease. Hyperacute, acute, and chronic haemonchosis are reviewed, focusing on the pathophysiology of haemonchosis, associated clinical signs, and haematological and biochemical findings. Abstract Haemonchosis is an important cause of anaemia in sheep worldwide, particularly those that are kept in pasture-based systems in warm, high rainfall environments. Potential outcomes vary based on the severity of infection and the sheep’s immune response, however, in some sheep infection can lead to death. The consequences of Haemonchus contortus infection mean that it has been well-studied in a range of different farming systems. However, to our knowledge, there has not been a recent review focused on the pathophysiology of anaemia caused by haemonchosis. Thus, this review provides an in-depth discussion of the literature related to the pathophysiology of haemonchosis and associated clinical signs for hyperacute, acute, and chronic haemonchosis. Additionally, haematological and biochemical findings are presented, and various diagnostic methods are assessed.
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Effects of Echinococcus multilocularis metacestodes infection and drug treatment on the activities of biotransformation enzymes in mouse liver. Parasitol Int 2022; 89:102563. [PMID: 35202818 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The changes of biotransformation enzymes will substantially affect the host's ability to metabolize drugs and other xenobiotic compounds. In order to further elucidate this process and promote the development in treatment of echinococcosis, we investigated the effects of Echinococcus multilocularis infection and drug treatment on biotransformation enzymes in mouse liver. In microsomal and cytosolic fractions, from the six activities assayed, significant decrease of glutathione S-transferases (GST) activity and significant increase of 7-pentoxyresorufin (PROD) and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) activity were observed in the mice. infected with E. multilocularis metacestodes. In addition, after six weeks treatment of albendazole in E. multilocularis infected mice, significant decreased GST activity and significant increase of 7- ethoxyresorufin (EROD), PROD, and particularly 3-fold higher 7-methoxyresorufin (MROD) activity were observed. The 3-bromopyruvate treated mice only exhibited significantly lower GST activity. Our results demonstrate that E. multilocularis metacestodes infection can affect the activities of main hepatic biotransformation enzymes and such alterations of activity may further affect the hepatic biotransformation of xenobiotics. Moreover, albendazole and 3-bromopyruvate, the promising potential drug against Echinococcus, affected different hepatic biotransformation enzymes and may affect their metabolism. The findings will help to develop rational treatments with less side effects and promote the development of more efficient treatments against E. multilocularis.
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Metabolizable energy balance in hair sheep lambs artificially infected with Haemonchus contortus. Vet Parasitol 2021; 300:109620. [PMID: 34801871 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In sheep, infection with Haemonchus contortus may increase the need for energy, and this demand may vary according to the infection level. In this study, the energy intake, digestibility, and energy retention of lambs artificially infected with different levels of H. contortus were estimated. A total of 24 hair sheep lambs reared parasite-free were experimentally infected with H. contortus at one of three infection levels: non-infected (n = 6); infected with 300 infective larvae (L3) of H. contortus/kg body weight (BW) (n = 9); and infected with 500 H. contortus L3/kg BW (n = 9). The lambs were fed for an individual weight gain of 100 g/day, and intake of organic matter (OMI) and gross energy (GEI), digestible (DEI) and metabolizable energy (MEI) were measured weekly. The digestibility of organic matter (OMD) and GE (GED) and the metabolizable energy (ME) balance adjusted to zero nitrogen balance (MEadj) were measured for each lamb during the prepatent and patent periods of infection. From day 21 post-infection (PI), the individual eggs per gram (EPG) of feces and the total number of eggs in feces (TEF) were estimated weekly. After humane slaughter on day 42 PI, the worm burden (WB) was determined. Correlation and regression analyses were performed to estimate the relationships between the parasitological variables (L3, EPG, TEF and WB) and the response variables (OMI, GEI, DEI, MEI, OMD, GED, MEadj). During the prepatent period, there were no significant relationships of L3 with the response variables (OMI, GEI, DEI, MEI, OMD, GED, ME, MEadj). Similarly, during the patent period, no relationship was evident between infection (EPG, TEF or WB) and OMI, GEI, DEI, GED, OMD, ME or MEadj. Thus, the gradient of H. contortus infection examined in the present study did not influence energy balance in hair sheep lambs, and infection did not impose any detectable energy cost. Further studies are needed to fully assess the impact of H. contortus infection on energy metabolism in hair sheep.
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Kļaviņa A, Keidāne D, Šukele R, Bandere D, Kovaļčuka L. Traditional Latvian herbal medicinal plants used to treat parasite infections of small ruminants: A review. Vet World 2021; 14:1548-1558. [PMID: 34316202 PMCID: PMC8304419 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1548-1558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous treatment agents offering prophylaxis against livestock parasites are commercially available. However, because of increasing antiparasitic drug resistance, the increased popularity of environmentally friendly lifestyle choices, and organic farming, there is more demand for new alternatives to livestock anthelmintic control strategies and medications. It is important to develop antiparasitics that are safe, effective, inexpensive, and environmentally safe. Local, traditional herbal plants such as tansy, mugwort, wormwood, and heather may serve as treatments for intestinal parasites of sheep. This overview provides knowledge of traditional Latvian plants with antiparasitic activities to establish a database for further research to develop new herbal antiparasitic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alīna Kļaviņa
- Institute of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, LV-3004, Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Dace Keidāne
- Institute of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, LV-3004, Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Renāte Šukele
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rīga Stradiņš University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia.,Department of Pharmacy, Red Cross Medical College of Rīga Stradiņš University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Dace Bandere
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rīga Stradiņš University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia.,Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, Dzirciema Street 16, Riga, LV1007, Latvia
| | - Līga Kovaļčuka
- Clinical Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, LV-3004, Jelgava, Latvia
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Physiological, Immunological and Genetic Factors in the Resistance and Susceptibility to Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Sheep in the Peripartum Period: A Review. Helminthologia 2021; 58:134-151. [PMID: 34248374 PMCID: PMC8256458 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2021-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diseases of sheep involving gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) are one of the main problems that affect fl ock productivity, especially during the peripartum period. Around lambing, the ewes are immunosuppressed and the nematode faecal egg count (FEC) increases at four weeks before lambing, reaching a peak between the fourth and sixth week postpartum and subsequently decreasing towards weaning. Prolactin has been credited with a suppressive effect on immune system, along with other hormones that intervene in metabolism, such as leptin, which has an important role in the activation of other hormones. Cortisol has also been included; this is stimulated by any stressful event and inhibits the proliferation of T-cells and alters the function of immunoglobulins. Another related hormone is pepsinogen, which is considered a marker of the integrity of the abomasum mucosa, as well as the albumin concentration that increases in the presence of a GIN infection. The humoral and cellular immune response, as well as inflammatory reactions, are the main mechanisms of action against GIN. Lymphocytes direct the effector mechanisms in a Th2 cell response, including interleukins (IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) together with immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM and IgE), which prevent the invasion of pathogens. Eosinophils with a cytotoxic effect are indicators of a parasitic infection, with importance in the immune protection of infected individuals. The genetic selection of resistant individuals measured by FEC is dependent on the heritability (h2), which is moderately inheritable and highly repeatable. Effects that influence the resistance or susceptibility of sheep to GIN infections in the peripartum period are determined by the interaction of various factors, such as genotype or breed, nutrition, age, type of birth, season and production system, etc., which are studied in this review.
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Magdálek J, Makovický P, Vadlejch J. Nematode-induced pathological lesions and alterations of mucin pattern identified in abomasa of wild ruminants. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2021; 14:62-67. [PMID: 33520647 PMCID: PMC7820933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pathological lesions as well as mucin alterations in abomasa infected by nematodes have been thoroughly studied in livestock, but such data from wild ruminants are limited or completely lacking. Pathological data for Ashworthius sidemi, an invasive nematode are particularly rare. We necropsied the abomasa of 21 wild ruminants belonging to five cervid species and detected mixed nematode infections, dominated by A. sidemi. Samples from both gross lesions and mucous membranes without macroscopically apparent pathological alterations were subjected to standard histological procedures and histochemical staining. Histological examination found chronic abomasitis, manifested by edema, and hyperemia. Various degrees of lymphoplasmacytic infiltration were observed in all samples. Initial fibrosis (8/20, 40%) was detected in samples from both gross lesions and areas without macroscopically visible changes. Tissue from hemorrhagic lesions was superficially eroded. Generalized loss of surface polysaccharides was apparent in all samples. Only residual periodic acid-Schiff and Alcian blue (pH2.5) positivity was detected in the upper abomasal pits and in mucosal neck. This study found that nematode infections, mostly by A. sidemi, caused chronic inflammation and negatively affected abomasal mucin formation in wild ruminants. Histological examination of tissue samples identified nematode-induced abomasitis. Loss of superficial polysaccharides was apparent in all tissue samples. Mainly acidic residual mucins were detected in abomasal pits and mucosal neck zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Magdálek
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00, Prague, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Pavol Makovický
- J. Selye University, Faculty of Education, Department of Biology, Bratislavska 3322, 945 01, Komarno, Slovak Republic
| | - Jaroslav Vadlejch
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00, Prague, Suchdol, Czech Republic
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13
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Boggiatto PM, Crawford LS, Kanipe C, Palmer MV, Olsen SC. Case Report: Fading Elk Syndrome in a Herd of Captive Elk ( Cervus elaphus) in the North American Midwest. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:497. [PMID: 32974398 PMCID: PMC7472827 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fading elk syndrome, or chronic ill-thrift of elk, is a disease associated with abomasal parasitism with Ostertagia species, of which elk appear to be particularly susceptible. While this syndrome has been extensively reported to affect wapiti-type red deer hybrids farmed in New Zealand since the mid 1980's, there is only a single report of this disease in North America. Here, we report a case of fading elk syndrome in a herd of 34 elk (Cervus elaphus) in Ames, Iowa, at the National Animal Disease Center. Analysis of complete blood counts were unremarkable, but blood chemistry demonstrated a severe hypoalbuminemia. Fecal floatations were also unremarkable, and non-diagnostic. Histological examination of tissues collected at necropsy revealed proliferative abomasitis and nematodes consistent with Ostertagia spp. Anthelmintic treatment consisting of a combination of pour-on Cydectin® and injectable Noromectin Plus®, at double the recommended dose for cattle, showed positive results, as all remaining animals in the herd recovered. The work presented here is the first report of naturally-acquired disease in a herd of captive elk used for research and sheds light on this seldomly-reported disease in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola M Boggiatto
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Lauren S Crawford
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, KY, United States.,Immunobiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Carly Kanipe
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, KY, United States.,Immunobiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Mitchell V Palmer
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Steven C Olsen
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
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14
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Högberg N, Lidfors L, Hessle A, Arvidsson Segerkvist K, Herlin A, Höglund J. Effects of nematode parasitism on activity patterns in first-season grazing cattle. Vet Parasitol 2019; 276S:100011. [PMID: 32904765 PMCID: PMC7458373 DOI: 10.1016/j.vpoa.2019.100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Effects of GIN was evaluated for the first time in FSG using accelerometers. GIN affect activity patterns in FSG cattle on grass. Discrepancies from classic sickness behaviour may indicate discomfort. There is a potential use of automated behavioural observations as a diagnostic tool.
We investigated the effects of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) challenge on activity patterns in first season grazing (FSG) steers exposed to two different levels of Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora. At turn-out, experimental animals were allocated to one of two treatment groups grazing in different enclosures each with 32 animals. The first group (High) received 5000 third stage (L3) O. ostertagi (50%) and C. onchophora (50%) larvae; whereas the second group (Low) were dewormed monthly with 0.5 mg ivermectin (Noromectin®, Pour-on) per kg bodyweight. Activity patterns were monitored by fitting some animals in each group (High, n = 10; Low, n = 8) with leg mounted sensors (IceTag® 3D-accelerometers) during three two-week periods. In animals fitted with sensors body weight gain (BWG) was recorded every fortnight, whereas faecal and blood samples were collected every four weeks for nematode faecal egg count (FEC) and serum pepsinogen concentrations (SPC). Differences between the periods in daily (P = 0.046) and diurnal (P = 0.0502) activities were recorded between groups during the course of the study. A significant (P = 0.038) increase in the number of lying bouts was recorded in group High during the second period (days 74–86), which was correlated (r = 0.55, P = 0.018) to an increase in SPC ≈ 85 days after turn-out. BWG was reduced (P = 0.037) in group High compared to group Low, deviating from day 45. Strongyle nematode eggs were observed in both groups 29 days after turn-out, however the mean EPG remained low in group Low throughout the experiment. An increase in SPC was observed (P < 0.0038) in group High with levels peaking on day 58. In conclusion, our data supports that changes in activity patterns monitored with sensors could contribute to the identification of animals challenged with GIN, but also improve our understanding in the potential welfare impairments caused by such infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niclas Högberg
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Parasitology Unit, Sweden
- Corresponding author at: BVF, Parasitologi, Box 7036, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Lena Lidfors
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Environment and Health, Sweden
| | - Anna Hessle
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Environment and Health, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Herlin
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biosystems and Technology, Sweden
| | - Johan Höglund
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Parasitology Unit, Sweden
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15
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Rehman ZU, Knight JS, Koolaard J, Simpson HV, Pernthaner A. Immunomodulatory effects of adult Haemonchus contortus excretory/secretory products on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Parasite Immunol 2016; 37:657-69. [PMID: 26457886 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The levels of expression of surface molecules and release of cytokines and chemokines of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells were determined after their exposure to adult H. contortus excretory/secretory (ES) products or a combination of ES products and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Worm products provoked a weak response and only partial maturation of the dendritic cells, consistent with the hyporesponsiveness and more tolerogenic immune environment present in parasitized animals and humans. Co-stimulation with LPS demonstrated that H. contortus secretions, like those of other helminths, contain immunomodulators capable of reducing some aspects of the strong T(H)1/T(H)2 response evoked by bacterial LPS. There were significant reductions in the release of some cytokine/chemokines by LPS-stimulated mdDCs and a trend (although not significant at P < 0.05) for reduced expression levels of CD40, CD80 and HLA-DR. A prominent feature was the variability in responses of dendritic cells from the four donors, even on different days in repeat experiments, suggesting that generalized conclusions may be difficult to make, except in genetically related animals. Such observations may therefore be applicable only to restricted populations. In addition, previous exposure to parasites in a target population for immunomodulatory therapy may be an important factor in assessing the likelihood of adverse reactions or failures in the treatment to worm therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z U Rehman
- Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biological Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J S Knight
- The Hopkirk Research Institute, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J Koolaard
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - H V Simpson
- Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biological Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - A Pernthaner
- The Hopkirk Research Institute, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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16
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Protection of ewes against Teladorsagia circumcincta infection in the periparturient period by vaccination with recombinant antigens. Vet Parasitol 2016; 228:130-136. [PMID: 27692315 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Teladorsagiosis is a major production-limiting disease in ruminants in temperate regions throughout the world and one of the key interventions in the management of the disease is the prevention of pasture contamination with Teladorsagia circumcincta eggs by ewes during the periparturient relaxation in immunity which occurs in the period around lambing. Here, we describe the immunisation of twin-bearing ewes with a T. circumcincta recombinant subunit vaccine and the impact that vaccination has on their immune responses and shedding of parasite eggs during a continuous T. circumcincta challenge period spanning late gestation and lactation. In ewes which displayed a clear periparturient relaxation in immunity, vaccination resulted in a 45% reduction in mean cumulative faecal egg count (cFEC, p=0.027) compared to control (immunised with adjuvant only) ewes. Recombinant antigen-specific IgG and IgA, which bound each of the vaccine antigens, were detected in the serum of vaccinated ewes following each immunisation and in colostrum taken from vaccinated ewes post-partum whereas low levels of antigen-specific IgG were detected in serum and colostrum from control ewes. Antigen-specific IgG and IgA levels in blood collected within 48h of birth from lambs largely reflected those in the colostrum of their ewes.
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17
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Maratea KA, Miller MA. Abomasal Coccidiosis Associated with Proliferative Abomasitis in a Sheep. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 19:118-21. [PMID: 17459846 DOI: 10.1177/104063870701900122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abomasal coccidiosis was diagnosed in an 11-month-old female sheep that died after a 2-week period of anorexia and diarrhea. The abomasal mucosa was grossly thickened with a nodular surface and focal areas of hemorrhage. Microscopically, the middle to deep abomasal mucosa contained many intact and ruptured giant protozoal schizonts associated with hyperplasia of mucous neck cells, parietal cell atrophy, moderate lymphocytic-plasmacytic inflammation, and fibrosis centered on mineralized remnants of degenerate schizont walls. Sexual tissue stages and oocysts were not present. Microscopic features of schizonts and ultrastuctural features of merozoites were comparable to previous descriptions of Eimeria (Globidium) gilruthi, a coccidian of uncertain taxonomic status historically associated with incidental infections of the abomasum in sheep and goats. The distinctive lesions suggest that, similar to ostertagiasis, heavy coccidial infection of the abomasum should be considered as a cause of anorexia, diarrhea, and proliferative abomasitis in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Maratea
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Purdue University, 406 South University St, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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18
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Moradpour N, Borji H, Razmi G, Maleki M, Kazemi H. The Effect of Marshallagia marshalli on Serum Gastrin Concentrations in Experimentally Infected Lambs. J Parasitol 2016; 102:436-9. [PMID: 27166861 DOI: 10.1645/15-860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
: Because there appeared to be no data available on serum gastrin concentrations in animals infected with Marshallagia marshalli, and considering the high prevalence of this parasite in livestock throughout many countries, we decided to perform research in the field using experimental infection. After surgical implantation of abomasal cannula into 10 male Baluchi sheep, each animal was orally infected with 5,000 M. marshalli larvae. Serum gastrin concentrations and abomasal pH were measured with a human ELISA kit and a PHM LE438 standard pH electrode, respectively. According to the results obtained from the study, serum gastrin increased after 14 and 21 days post-infection (dpi), while abomasal pH increased after 7 dpi and reached a maximal value 16 dpi. The increase in serum gastrin concentration was revealed 6 days after elevation in abomasal pH, which could be the result of reduced acid secretion. Generally, the present study pointed out that a limited number of M. marshalli could increase serum gastrin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nona Moradpour
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hassan Borji
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Razmi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Maleki
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Kazemi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
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19
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Hoste H, Torres-Acosta JFJ, Quijada J, Chan-Perez I, Dakheel MM, Kommuru DS, Mueller-Harvey I, Terrill TH. Interactions Between Nutrition and Infections With Haemonchus contortus and Related Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Small Ruminants. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2016; 93:239-351. [PMID: 27238007 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between host nutrition and feeding behaviour are central to understanding the pathophysiological consequences of infections of the digestive tract with parasitic nematodes. The manipulation of host nutrition provides useful options to control gastrointestinal nematodes as a component of an integrated strategy. Focussed mainly on the Haemonchus contortus infection model in small ruminants, this chapter (1) illustrates the relationship between quantitative (macro- and micro-nutrients) and qualitative (plant secondary metabolites) aspects of host nutrition and nematode infection, and (2) shows how basic studies aimed at addressing some generic questions can help to provide solutions, despite the considerable diversity of epidemiological situations and breeding systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hoste
- INRA, UMR 1225 IHAP, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | - J Quijada
- INRA, UMR 1225 IHAP, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - I Chan-Perez
- Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - M M Dakheel
- University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - D S Kommuru
- Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA, United States
| | | | - T H Terrill
- Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA, United States
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20
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Rehman Z, Deng Q, Umair S, Savoian M, Knight J, Pernthaner A, Simpson H. Excretory/secretory products of adult Haemonchus contortus and Teladorsagia circumcincta which increase the permeability of Caco-2 cell monolayers are neutralised by antibodies from immune hosts. Vet Parasitol 2016; 221:104-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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21
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Kearney PE, Murray PJ, Hoy JM, Hohenhaus M, Kotze A. The 'Toolbox' of strategies for managing Haemonchus contortus in goats: What's in and what's out. Vet Parasitol 2016; 220:93-107. [PMID: 26995728 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A dynamic and innovative approach to managing the blood-consuming nematode Haemonchus contortus in goats is critical to crack dependence on veterinary anthelmintics. H. contortus management strategies have been the subject of intense research for decades, and must be selected to create a tailored, individualized program for goat farms. Through the selection and combination of strategies from the Toolbox, an effective management program for H. contortus can be designed according to the unique conditions of each particular farm. This Toolbox investigates strategies including vaccines, bioactive forages, pasture/grazing management, behavioural management, natural immunity, FAMACHA, Refugia and strategic drenching, mineral/vitamin supplementation, copper Oxide Wire Particles (COWPs), breeding and selection/selecting resistant and resilient individuals, biological control and anthelmintic drugs. Barbervax(®), the ground-breaking Haemonchus vaccine developed and currently commercially available on a pilot scale for sheep, is prime for trialling in goats and would be an invaluable inclusion to this Toolbox. The specialised behaviours of goats, specifically their preferences to browse a variety of plants and accompanying physiological adaptations to the consumption of secondary compounds contained in browse, have long been unappreciated and thus overlooked as a valuable, sustainable strategy for Haemonchus management. These strategies are discussed in this review as to their value for inclusion into the 'Toolbox' currently, and the future implications of ongoing research for goat producers. Combining and manipulating strategies such as browsing behaviour, pasture management, bioactive forages and identifying and treating individual animals for haemonchosis, in addition to continuous evaluation of strategy effectiveness, is conducted using a model farm scenario. Selecting strategies from the Toolbox, with regard to their current availability, feasibility, economical cost and potential ease of implementation depending on the systems of production and their complementary nature, is the future of managing H. contortus in farmed goats internationally and maintaining the remaining efficacy of veterinary anthelmintics.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Kearney
- The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, QLD, Australia.
| | - P J Murray
- The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, QLD, Australia
| | - J M Hoy
- The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, QLD, Australia
| | - M Hohenhaus
- The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, QLD, Australia
| | - A Kotze
- The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, QLD, Australia; CSIRO, Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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22
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Exploring the limitations of pathophysiological indicators used for targeted selective treatment in sheep experimentally infected with Haemonchus contortus. Vet Parasitol 2015; 207:85-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Tan TK, Panchadcharam C, Low VL, Lee SC, Ngui R, Sharma RSK, Lim YAL. Co-infection of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. among livestock in Malaysia as revealed by amplification and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer II DNA region. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:38. [PMID: 24502557 PMCID: PMC3922337 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. are reported to be the most prevalent and highly pathogenic parasites in livestock, particularly in small ruminants. However, the routine conventional tool used in Malaysia could not differentiate the species accurately and therefore limiting the understanding of the co-infections between these two genera among livestock in Malaysia. This study is the first attempt to identify the strongylids of veterinary importance in Malaysia (i.e., H. contortus and Trichostrongylus spp.) by amplification and sequencing of the Internal Transcribed Spacer II DNA region. Results Overall, 118 (cattle: 11 of 98 or 11.2%; deer: 4 of 70 or 5.7%; goats: 99 of 157 or 63.1%; swine: 4 of 91 or 4.4%) out of the 416 collected fecal samples were microscopy positive with strongylid infection. The PCR and sequencing results demonstrated that 93 samples (1 or 25.0% of deer; 92 or 92.9% of goats) contained H. contortus. In addition, Trichostrongylus colubriformis was observed in 75 (75.8% of 99) of strongylid infected goats and Trichostrongylus axei in 4 (4.0%) of 99 goats and 2 (50.0%) of 4 deer. Based on the molecular results, co-infection of H. contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. (H. contortus + T. colubriformis denoted as HTC; H. contortus + T. axei denoted as HTA) were only found in goats. Specifically, HTC co-infections have higher rate (71 or 45.2% of 157) compared to HTA co-infections (3 or 1.9% of 157). Conclusions The present study is the first molecular identification of strongylid species among livestock in Malaysia which is essential towards a better knowledge of the epidemiology of gastro-intestinal parasitic infection among livestock in the country. Furthermore, a more comprehensive or nationwide molecular-based study on gastro-intestinal parasites in livestock should be carried out in the future, given that molecular tools could assist in improving diagnosis of veterinary parasitology in Malaysia due to its high sensitivity and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yvonne A L Lim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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24
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McNeilly TN, Rocchi M, Bartley Y, Brown JK, Frew D, Longhi C, McLean L, McIntyre J, Nisbet AJ, Wattegedera S, Huntley JF, Matthews JB. Suppression of ovine lymphocyte activation by Teladorsagia circumcincta larval excretory-secretory products. Vet Res 2013; 44:70. [PMID: 23964850 PMCID: PMC3848371 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Teladorsagia circumcincta is an important pathogenic nematode of sheep. It has been demonstrated previously that stimulation of murine T lymphocytes with excretory-secretory (ES) products derived from fourth stage larvae of T. circumcincta (Tci-L4-ES) results in de novo expression of Foxp3, a transcription factor intimately involved in regulatory T cell function. In the current study, Foxp3+ T cell responses in the abomasum and the effects of Tci-L4-ES on ovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) following T. circumcincta infection were investigated. T. circumcincta infection resulted in a significant increase in numbers of abomasal Foxp3+ T cells, but not an increase in the proportion of T cells expressing Foxp3. Unlike in mice, Tci-L4-ES was incapable of inducing T cell Foxp3 expression but instead suppressed mitogen-induced and antigen-specific activation and proliferation of ovine PBMC in vitro. This effect was heat labile, suggesting that it is mediated by protein(s). Suppression was associated with up-regulation of interleukin-10 (IL-10) mRNA, and specific monoclonal antibody neutralisation of IL-10 resulted in a 50% reduction in suppression, indicating involvement of the IL-10 signaling pathway. Suppression was significantly reduced in PBMC isolated from T. circumcincta infected vs. helminth-naïve lambs, and this reduction in suppression was associated with an increase in Tci-L4-ES antigen-specific T cells within the PBMC. In conclusion, we have identified a mechanism by which T. circumcincta may modulate the host adaptive immune response, potentially assisting survival of the parasite within the host. However, the impact of Tci-L4-ES-mediated lymphocyte suppression during T. circumcincta infection remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom N McNeilly
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK.
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25
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Sallé G, Jacquiet P, Gruner L, Cortet J, Sauvé C, Prévot F, Grisez C, Bergeaud JP, Schibler L, Tircazes A, François D, Pery C, Bouvier F, Thouly JC, Brunel JC, Legarra A, Elsen JM, Bouix J, Rupp R, Moreno CR. A genome scan for QTL affecting resistance to Haemonchus contortus in sheep1. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:4690-705. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G. Sallé
- INRA, UR631, Station d'Amélioration Génétique des Animaux, BP 27, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- INRA, UMR1225, Interactions Hôtes—Agents Pathogènes, BP 87614, F-31076 Toulouse, France
| | - P. Jacquiet
- INRA, UMR1225, Interactions Hôtes—Agents Pathogènes, BP 87614, F-31076 Toulouse, France
| | - L. Gruner
- INRA, UR1282, Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, F-37880 Nouzilly, France
| | - J. Cortet
- INRA, UR1282, Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, F-37880 Nouzilly, France
| | - C. Sauvé
- INRA, UR1282, Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, F-37880 Nouzilly, France
| | - F. Prévot
- INRA, UMR1225, Interactions Hôtes—Agents Pathogènes, BP 87614, F-31076 Toulouse, France
| | - C. Grisez
- INRA, UMR1225, Interactions Hôtes—Agents Pathogènes, BP 87614, F-31076 Toulouse, France
| | - J. P. Bergeaud
- INRA, UMR1225, Interactions Hôtes—Agents Pathogènes, BP 87614, F-31076 Toulouse, France
| | - L. Schibler
- INRA, UMR1313, Laboratoire de Génétique Biochimique et de Cytogénétique, F-78252 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - A. Tircazes
- INRA, UR631, Station d'Amélioration Génétique des Animaux, BP 27, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - D. François
- INRA, UR631, Station d'Amélioration Génétique des Animaux, BP 27, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - C. Pery
- INRA, UE332, Domaine de la Sapinière, F-18390, Osmoy, France
| | - F. Bouvier
- INRA, UE332, Domaine de la Sapinière, F-18390, Osmoy, France
| | - J. C. Thouly
- INRA, UE332, Domaine de la Sapinière, F-18390, Osmoy, France
| | - J. C. Brunel
- INRA, UE332, Domaine de la Sapinière, F-18390, Osmoy, France
| | - A. Legarra
- INRA, UR631, Station d'Amélioration Génétique des Animaux, BP 27, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - J. M. Elsen
- INRA, UR631, Station d'Amélioration Génétique des Animaux, BP 27, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - J. Bouix
- INRA, UR631, Station d'Amélioration Génétique des Animaux, BP 27, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - R. Rupp
- INRA, UR631, Station d'Amélioration Génétique des Animaux, BP 27, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - C. R. Moreno
- INRA, UR631, Station d'Amélioration Génétique des Animaux, BP 27, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Abstract
Gastrointestinal parasites of livestock cause diseases of important socio-economic concern worldwide. The present study investigated the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in sheep and goats in lowland and highland regions of Papua New Guinea (PNG). Faecal samples were collected from a total of 165 small ruminants (110 sheep and 55 goats) from February to April 2011. Analysis by a modified McMaster technique revealed that 128 animals (72% of sheep and 89% of goats) were infected with one or more species of gastrointestinal parasites. The gastrointestinal parasites found and their prevalences in sheep (S) and in goats (G) were as follows: strongyle 67.3% (S), 85.5% (G); Eimeria 17.3% (S), 16.4% (G); Strongyloides, 8.2% (S), 23.6% (G); Fasciola, 5.5% (S), 18.2% (G); Trichuris, 1.8% (S), 3.6% (G); and Nematodirus, 1.8% (S), 3.6% (G). Two additional genera were found in goats: Moniezia (9.1%) and Dictocaulus (3.6%). This is the first study to quantitatively examine the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in goats in PNG. The high rates of parasitism observed in the present study are likely to be associated with poor farming management practices, including lack of pasture recovery time, lack of parasite control measures and poor-quality feed.
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References. Parasitology 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119968986.refs] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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RINALDI M, GELDHOF P. Immunologically based control strategies for ostertagiosis in cattle: where do we stand? Parasite Immunol 2012; 34:254-64. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2011.01313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Nagaraj SH, Harsha H, Reverter A, Colgrave ML, Sharma R, Andronicos N, Hunt P, Menzies M, Lees MS, Sekhar NR, Pandey A, Ingham A. Proteomic analysis of the abomasal mucosal response following infection by the nematode, Haemonchus contortus, in genetically resistant and susceptible sheep. J Proteomics 2012; 75:2141-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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30
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Is the establishment rate and fecundity of Haemonchus contortus related to body or abomasal measurements in sheep? Animal 2012; 5:1276-82. [PMID: 22440180 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731111000292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship among parasitological parameters, abomasal size and body size measurements was investigated in lambs following an experimental infection with Haemonchus contortus. In total, 100 lambs from five different genotypes (German Merino (GM), Texel × GM, Suffolk × GM, German Blackhead Mutton × GM and Ile de France × GM) were experimentally infected with 5000 infective third stage larvae of H. contortus at the time of weaning at 12 weeks of age. Four and six weeks after infection, individual faecal samples were collected for estimation of faecal egg counts (FECs). Furthermore, wither height, shoulder width, heart girth, loin girth and body length were taken at 18 weeks of life. Lambs were slaughtered and necropsied 7 weeks post-infection, and worm counts, abomasal volume and surface area were determined. Positive correlations were found between different body size parameters, body weight and abomasal sizes. FEC and worm counts were not significantly correlated either with body size parameters or with abomasal size. The mean worm burden was higher in GM than in crossbred lambs. There was no significant difference in abomasal size between GM and crossbred lambs. The results suggest that the variations between animals in worm burden following an experimental infection with H. contortus (worm resistance) are not influenced by body size parameters or abomasal sizes. Therefore, other factors, including genetic-based differences in resistance, must cause these findings between and within breeds.
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31
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Mejía M, Perri A, Licoff N, Miglierina M, Cseh S, Ornstein A, Becu-Villalobos D, Lacau-Mengido I. Comparison of three methods for gastrointestinal nematode diagnosis determination in grazing dairy cattle in relation to milk production. Vet Parasitol 2011; 183:174-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Mihi B, Rinaldi M, Geldhof P. Effect of an Ostertagia ostertagi infection on the transcriptional stability of housekeeping genes in the bovine abomasum. Vet Parasitol 2011; 181:354-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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33
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Knight PA, Griffith SE, Pemberton AD, Pate JM, Guarneri L, Anderson K, Talbot RT, Smith S, Waddington D, Fell M, Archibald AL, Burgess STG, Smith DW, Miller HRP, Morrison IW. Novel gene expression responses in the ovine abomasal mucosa to infection with the gastric nematode Teladorsagia circumcincta. Vet Res 2011; 42:78. [PMID: 21682880 PMCID: PMC3135528 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of sheep with the gastric nematode Teladorsagia circumcincta results in distinct Th2-type changes in the mucosa, including mucous neck cell and mast cell hyperplasia, eosinophilia, recruitment of IgA/IgE producing cells and neutrophils, altered T-cell subsets and mucosal hypertrophy. To address the protective mechanisms generated in animals on previous exposure to this parasite, gene expression profiling was carried out using samples of abomasal mucosa collected pre- and post- challenge from animals of differing immune status, using an experimental model of T. circumcincta infection. Recently developed ovine cDNA arrays were used to compare the abomasal responses of sheep immunised by trickle infection with worm-naïve sheep, following a single oral challenge of 50 000 T. circumcincta L3. Key changes were validated using qRT-PCR techniques. Immune animals demonstrated highly significant increases in levels of transcripts normally associated with cytotoxicity such as granulysin and granzymes A, B and H, as well as mucous-cell derived transcripts, predominantly calcium-activated chloride channel 1 (CLCA1). Challenge infection also induced up-regulation of transcripts potentially involved in initiating or modulating the immune response, such as heat shock proteins, complement factors and the chemokine CCL2. In contrast, there was marked infection-associated down-regulation of gene expression of members of the gastric lysozyme family. The changes in gene expression levels described here may reflect roles in direct anti-parasitic effects, immuno-modulation or tissue repair. (Funding; DEFRA/SHEFC (VT0102) and the BBSRC (BB/E01867X/1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Knight
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK.
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Nisbet AJ, Zarlenga DS, Knox DP, Meikle LI, Wildblood LA, Matthews JB. A calcium-activated apyrase from Teladorsagia circumcincta: an excretory/secretory antigen capable of modulating host immune responses? Parasite Immunol 2011; 33:236-43. [PMID: 21208222 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2011.01278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A cDNA representing the gene Teladorsagia circumcincta apyrase-1 (Tci-apy-1) was isolated, by PCR, from a T. circumcincta fourth-stage larval (L4) cDNA library. The closest orthologue of this gene is a Ca(2+)-dependent apyrase from Ostertagia ostertagi, with 92% amino acid identity across all 339 residues. Tci-apy-1 is transcribed in a stage-specific manner, the transcript being predominant in L4, detectable in the adult cDNA, but absent from eggs and infective third-stage larvae (L3). The protein, Tci-APY-1, was detected by immunoblotting in extracts of L4 nematodes and was present in excretory/secretory products from the same developmental stage. A recombinant version of Tci-APY-1 was expressed in bacteria as an active enzyme that hydrolysed nucleoside triphosphate substrates with a preference of ATP over other nucleoside triphosphates. Recombinant Tci-APY-1 hydrolysed ATP and ADP but not AMP. Apyrase activity was divalent cation-dependent, with no hydrolysis in the presence of Mg(2+), but activation in the presence of Ca(2+). Recombinant Tci-APY-1 was bound by IgG present in serum and both IgG and IgA present in abomasal mucus from trickle-infected, immune sheep but not in material derived from lambs exposed to a single infection. The potential immunomodulatory roles of this Tci-APY-1 are discussed in relation to purinergic signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Nisbet
- Parasitology Division, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, Scotland, UK.
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35
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Perri A, Mejía M, Licoff N, Lazaro L, Miglierina M, Ornstein A, Becu-Villalobos D, Lacau-Mengido I. Gastrointestinal parasites presence during the peripartum decreases total milk production in grazing dairy Holstein cows. Vet Parasitol 2011; 178:311-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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36
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Ibelli A, Nakata L, Andréo R, Coutinho L, Oliveira M, Amarante A, Furlong J, Zaros L, Regitano L. mRNA profile of Nellore calves after primary infection with Haemonchus placei. Vet Parasitol 2011; 176:195-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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37
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Immune-mediated pathology of nematode infection in sheep--is immunity beneficial to the animal? Parasitology 2011; 138:547-56. [PMID: 21272412 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182010001654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Nematode parasitism is a severe impediment to sustainable and profitable sheep production in many countries in the world. Parasite resistance to anthelmintic treatment and consumer demand for organic agricultural products has led to much research into harnessing natural immunity as a long-term control measure. However, there is evidence that many of the clinical signs of nematode infection in sheep are due to immune-mediated pathology rather than direct effects of the parasite. Therefore, the desirability of promoting a strong natural immunity in sheep has been questioned. This review attempts to clarify some of the arguments for and against promoting strong natural immunity, particularly through selective breeding of parasite-resistant animals. It is concluded that the detrimental effects of immune-mediated pathology are outweighed by epidemiological and welfare benefits. Thus, control of nematode parasites through selection of naturally resistant sheep is a sustainable and desirable objective.
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Nutritional sensitivity of periparturient resistance to nematode parasites in two breeds of sheep with different nutrient demands. Br J Nutr 2010; 104:1477-86. [PMID: 20691124 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510002503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The periparturient relaxation of immunity (PPRI) to parasites in mammals is sensitive to both metabolisable protein (MP) supply and animal genotype (different reproductive outputs). We tested the hypothesis that the sensitivity of PPRI to MP scarcity would not differ between different levels of reproductive output when nutrient intake is adjusted for associated differences in MP demand; this hypothesis assumes that PPRI has a nutritional basis only. Scottish Blackface (BF) and the more productive Mule (MU) ewes were infected with the abomasal parasite Teladorsagia circumcincta, and from day -21 to day 32 (day 0 is parturition), they were fed restrictedly at either 0.8 (low protein (LP)) or 1.3 (high protein (HP)) times their breed-specific estimated MP requirement (n 18 for each breed-feeding treatment combination). During late pregnancy, LP feeding reduced ewe body weight gain in both breeds, tended to increase faecal egg count (FEC), but it did not affect plasma pepsinogen. During lactation, LP feeding reduced litter growth rate and ewe plasma urea and plasma albumin concentrations compared with HP feeding in both breeds. However, breed and feeding treatment interacted for ewe FEC, worm egg excretion and plasma pepsinogen, which were higher for the LP-MU ewes compared with the HP-MU and BF ewes. The lower degree of PPRI of the BF ewes during lactation compared with the MU ewes at a similar degree of MP scarcity suggests that the effect of reproductive output on nutritional sensitivity of PPRI cannot be explained by associated differences in nutrient demand only.
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Teladorsagia circumcincta: Activation-associated secreted proteins in excretory/secretory products of fourth stage larvae are targets of early IgA responses in infected sheep. Exp Parasitol 2010; 125:329-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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40
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BÃRTÃKOVà H, KÅÃŽOVà V, LAMKA J, KUBÃÄEK V, SKÃLOVà L, SZOTÃKOVà B. Flubendazole metabolism and biotransformation enzymes activities in healthy sheep and sheep with haemonchosis. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2010; 33:56-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2009.01112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Woodbury MR, Parry NMA. Abomasal parasite syndrome in North American elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis). N Z Vet J 2009; 57:235-40. [PMID: 19649019 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2009.36908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
CASE HISTORY An 18-month clinical course of chronic ill-thrift, weight loss and emaciation, and eventual death occurred in a group of 520 translocated elk of mixed age and sex. Translocation was carried out without regard to animal welfare or health risks associated with the translocation. Mortality was approximately 84% (436/520) despite supportive nutritional and medical treatment. PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS General clinical and postmortem examinations indicated only Se and Cu imbalances and nutritional inadequacy. Additional purposeful post-mortem examination and histological evaluation of tissue sections from four of the affected adult elk demonstrated elevated abomasal pH and proliferative abomasal lesions as the most significant findings, consistent with Type-II ostertagiosis; intra-lesional nematodes were seen in the abomasum of two animals. DIAGNOSIS Fading elk syndrome, or abomasal parasite syndrome in elk. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Abomasal parasite syndrome initiated by Type-II ostertagiosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis in cases of ill-thrift and wasting in elk or elk-red deer hybrids. Changes to the architecture and secretory function of the abomasal wall lead to apparently irreversible digestive pathophysiology and nutritional disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Woodbury
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon SK, Canada S7N 5B4.
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42
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McNeilly TN, Devaney E, Matthews JB. Teladorsagia circumcincta in the sheep abomasum: defining the role of dendritic cells in T cell regulation and protective immunity. Parasite Immunol 2009; 31:347-56. [PMID: 19527450 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01110.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes of the small-ruminant gastrointestinal tract pose a problem worldwide. The impact of these pathogens is worsened by the emergence of anthelmintic resistance to all three available classes of drugs. In addition to causing considerable economic loss, these parasites are detrimental to the health and welfare of sheep and goats. Vaccination offers an alternative approach to drug-based control and a great deal of investment has gone into the investigation of protective antigens for some of these nematode species. However, attempts at vaccination are hindered by a lack of understanding of how best to promote protective immunity to nematode species, such as Teladorsagia circumcincta, which inhabits the abomasum of sheep. This situation contrasts with that in murine models of gastrointestinal nematode infection, where the basis of protective immunity is increasingly well understood. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of the immune effector mechanisms elicited by T. circumcincta and consider the probable role of dendritic cells in the initiation of both effector and regulatory responses in the abomasum.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N McNeilly
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, UK
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43
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Consequences of infection pressure and protein nutrition on periparturient resistance to Teladorsagia circumcincta and performance in ewes. Vet Parasitol 2009; 165:78-87. [PMID: 19631470 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The consequences of protein nutrition on the degree of periparturient relaxation of immunity to nematode parasites in sheep may be more pronounced at higher levels of infection pressure. Here, we investigated interactive effects of metabolizable protein (MP) nutrition and infection pressure on resistance and lactational performance of ewes. Twin-rearing ewes were trickle infected with either 1000, 5000 or 10,000 infective Teladorsagia circumcincta larvae and fed either at 0.8 (low protein, LP) or 1.3 (high protein, HP) times their estimated MP requirement. Expected interactions between feeding treatment and infection pressure were not observed. Periparturient relaxation of immunity, as indicated by variation in faecal egg counts, was higher in LP ewes than in HP ewes and FEC showed an inverse relationship with infection pressure indicating possible density dependency effects on worm fecundity. Plasma pepsinogen concentration linearly increased with infection pressure. Daily total nematode egg excretion, assessed at week three of lactation, was not significantly affected by infection pressure but was reduced by 65% in HP ewes compared to LP ewes. MP supplementation improved lamb performance but had little effect on ewe body weight and plasma protein concentrations, whilst lactational performance, as judged from lamb performance, tended to be reduced with increased infection pressure. The results suggest periparturient MP supplementation to ewes reduces nematode egg excretion independent of infection pressure and improves lactational performance of parasitized ewes even in the presence of moderate MP scarcity.
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Simpson H, Przemeck S, Scott I, Thomas D, Green R, Reynolds G. Pathophysiology in Teladorsagia (Ostertagia) circumcincta-infected sheep selected for high fleece weight. Vet Parasitol 2009; 163:73-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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45
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Rowe A, Gondro C, Emery D, Sangster N. Sequential microarray to identify timing of molecular responses to Haemonchus contortus infection in sheep. Vet Parasitol 2009; 161:76-87. [PMID: 19200661 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Revised: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Anthelmintics are currently the most common method of worm control. The emergence of worms with multiple-drug resistance and issues of residues in the food chain make alternative parasite control measures a priority. To develop improved and sustainable methods for controlling Haemonchus contortus such as genetic selection of resistant sheep, a better understanding of the host-parasite relationship is required. A trial was undertaken using sheep surgically implanted with abomasal fistulas to enable sequential biopsy of the abomasal mucosa during trickle infection with two strains of H. contortus. These were ivermectin-resistant CAVR and ivermectin-sensitive McMaster. From a gross parasitology perspective, this approach enabled the effect of developing immunity to be observed on both the establishment and maturation of two CAVR doses within and between groups. Since the only difference in parasite treatment between the groups was the staggering of the two CAVR doses, microarray results from biopsies taken on the same day in different groups were combined and compared between different biopsy dates to observe differential gene transcription over time. Differential gene transcription was detected by comparing transcription in our array data between different biopsy dates using a low P value screen (P<0.01) and by compiling a list of 82 immunoparasitology-related genes and examining transcription in this list with a higher P value screen (P<0.05). Our microarray data were validated in silico by comparison with intelectin 2, trefoil factor 3, calcium activated chloride channel and mucin 5 from other gene transcription studies and with phenotypic data such as the response by gammadelta T cells and immunoglobulins to H. contortus. The first four genes are involved in non-specific responses to infection and mucosal healing. These were upregulated at the early time points and intelectin 2 remained prominent throughout the trial. As the trial progressed, immunoglobulin genes became strongly upregulated. These included IgCgamma IgG2a heavy chain constant region, IGHE immunoglobulin heavy constant epsilon and IGHM immunoglobulin heavy constant mu.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rowe
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, McMaster Building (B14), University of Sydney, Camperdown Campus, NSW 2006, Australia.
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46
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Goldfinch GM, Smith WD, Imrie L, McLean K, Inglis NF, Pemberton AD. The proteome of gastric lymph in normal and nematode infected sheep. Proteomics 2008; 8:1909-18. [PMID: 18384101 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lymph node cannulation allows the collection of lymph draining from a defined anatomical region. Proteomic analysis of that lymph offers a potentially valuable insight into the immunoinflammatory response of that particular region. In this study, ovine gastric lymph has been used to monitor the proteomic changes occurring in the tissue fluid of the abomasum, in response to infection with the parasitic nematode, Teladorsagia circumcincta. Lymph, collected temporally over an experimental infection period, was analysed by means of 2-DE and subsequent gel analysis using densitometry software. In addition, the composition of the lymphatic proteome was further explored by means of MALDI-TOF and MS/MS analyses. The concentration of gelsolin, alpha-1 beta glycoprotein and haemopexin were altered significantly (p<0.05) with infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian M Goldfinch
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Veterinary Centre, Edinburgh, UK.
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47
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Rowe A, Yun K, Emery D, Sangster N. Haemonchus contortus: Development of a two-step, differential-display PCR to detect differential gene expression in nematodes from immune and naïve sheep. Exp Parasitol 2008; 119:207-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2008.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Revised: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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48
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Haemonchus contortus infection in sheep: Parasite fecundity correlates with worm size and host lymphocyte counts. Vet Parasitol 2008; 153:285-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Revised: 01/20/2008] [Accepted: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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Lagapa J, Oku Y, Nonaka N, Kamiya M. Taenia taeniaeformis: Fate and proliferation of mucosal cells during gastric hyperplasia in larvae infected rats. Exp Parasitol 2008; 118:576-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2007.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Revised: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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50
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Rowe A, Gondro C, Emery D, Sangster N. Genomic analyses of Haemonchus contortus infection in sheep: abomasal fistulation and two Haemonchus strains do not substantially confound host gene expression in microarrays. Vet Parasitol 2008; 154:71-81. [PMID: 18387746 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether fistulation and differing strains of Haemonchus contortus complicate genome analysis of the host response to infection, two pilot experiments examined parasite development and gene expression in the abomasal mucosa of parasitised sheep. No significant differentially-expressed genes were detected in a comparison between ivermectin-susceptible McMaster and ivermectin-resistant CAVR strains of H. contortus. This demonstrated that the sheep response was not significantly altered by the ivermectin-resistance status of the parasite. However, sheep infected with McMaster strain had a significantly lower proportion of larvae and a higher mean FEC at post-mortem than sheep infected with CAVR, suggesting that McMaster larvae advance to patency faster than CAVR larvae. Abomasal fistulation resulted in significant upregulation of three genes and significant downregulation of two genes. Fistulated sheep had significantly lower FEC than the other groups but the proportion of larvae at post-mortem was not significantly different to other groups infected with the same strain (CAVR). Hence fistulation does not alter establishment of the CAVR isolate, but may slow its progression to patency. The observation that different H. contortus strains and abomasal fistulation induced minimal changes in mucosal gene expression validated the design of a subsequent experiment (manuscript in preparation) where sequential biopsies taken during infection were analysed by microarray to describe the molecular responses which inhibit larval establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rowe
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, McMaster Building (B14), University of Sydney, Camperdown Campus, NSW 2006, Australia.
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