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Tosefsky KN, Zhu J, Wang YN, Lam JST, Cammalleri A, Appel-Cresswell S. The Role of Diet in Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2024:JPD230264. [PMID: 38251061 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-230264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to examine the intersection of Parkinson's disease (PD) with nutrition, to identify best nutritional practices based on current evidence, and to identify gaps in the evidence and suggest future directions. Epidemiological work has linked various dietary patterns and food groups to changes in PD risk; however, fewer studies have evaluated the role of various diets, dietary components, and supplements in the management of established PD. There is substantial interest in exploring the role of diet-related interventions in both symptomatic management and potential disease modification. In this paper, we evaluate the utility of several dietary patterns, including the Mediterranean (MeDi), Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND), Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI), vegan/vegetarian, and ketogenic diet in persons with PD. Additionally, we provide an overview of the evidence relating several individual food groups and nutritional supplements to PD risk, symptoms and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira N Tosefsky
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- MD Undergraduate Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Julie Zhu
- MD Undergraduate Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yolanda N Wang
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joyce S T Lam
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Amanda Cammalleri
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Silke Appel-Cresswell
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Tresserra-Rimbau A, Thompson AS, Bondonno N, Jennings A, Kühn T, Cassidy A. Plant-Based Dietary Patterns and Parkinson's Disease: A Prospective Analysis of the UK Biobank. Mov Disord 2023; 38:1994-2004. [PMID: 37602951 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant-based diets have been associated with a lower risk of several chronic diseases, but the relationship with PD is unknown. OBJECTIVES We examined the association of three different plant-based diets with PD incidence in the UK Biobank cohort. METHODS We conducted a prospective study among 126,283 participants from the UK Biobank cohort. Three plant-based diet indices (overall plant-based diet index, PDI; healthful plant-based diet index, hPDI; and unhealthful plant-based diet index, uPDI) were derived from 24-hour dietary recalls based on 17 food groups. Multivariable Cox regression models were used to estimate the risk of PD across quartiles of the PDIs and for each of the food groups that constituted the score. Further analyses were carried out to assess potential heterogeneity in associations between hPDI and PD across strata of some hypothesized effect modifiers. RESULTS During 11.8 years of follow-up (1,490,139 person-years), 577 cases of PD incidence were reported. After multivariable adjustment, participants in the highest hPDI and overall PDI quartile had lower risk of PD (22% and 18%, respectively), whereas a higher uPDI was associated with a 38% higher PD risk. In food-based analyses, higher intakes of vegetables, nuts, and tea were associated with a lower risk of PD (28%, 31% and 25%, respectively). Stratifying by Polygenic Risk Score (PRS), results were significant only for those with a lower PRS for PD. CONCLUSIONS Following a healthful plant-based diet and in particular the inclusion of readily achievable intakes of vegetables, nuts and tea in the habitual diet are associated with a lower risk of PD. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tresserra-Rimbau
- The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, XIA, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, INSA, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alysha S Thompson
- The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Bondonno
- The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- Danish Cancer Society Research Centre (DCRC), Copenhagen, Denmark
- Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Amy Jennings
- The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Tilman Kühn
- The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- University of Vienna, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Medical University of Vienna, Centre for Public Health, Vienna, Austria
| | - Aedín Cassidy
- The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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Tan LY, Yeo XY, Bae HG, Lee DPS, Ho RC, Kim JE, Jo DG, Jung S. Association of Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis with Neurodegeneration: Can Gut Microbe-Modifying Diet Prevent or Alleviate the Symptoms of Neurodegenerative Diseases? Life (Basel) 2021; 11:698. [PMID: 34357070 PMCID: PMC8305650 DOI: 10.3390/life11070698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system was classically perceived as anatomically and functionally independent from the other visceral organs. But in recent decades, compelling evidence has led the scientific community to place a greater emphasis on the role of gut microbes on the brain. Pathological observations and early gastrointestinal symptoms highlighted that gut dysbiosis likely precedes the onset of cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. The delicate balance in the number and functions of pathogenic microbes and alternative probiotic populations is critical in the modulation of systemic inflammation and neuronal health. However, there is limited success in restoring healthy microbial biodiversity in AD and PD patients with general probiotics interventions and fecal microbial therapies. Fortunately, the gut microflora is susceptible to long-term extrinsic influences such as lifestyle and dietary choices, providing opportunities for treatment through comparatively individual-specific control of human behavior. In this review, we examine the impact of restrictive diets on the gut microbiome populations associated with AD and PD. The overall evidence presented supports that gut dysbiosis is a plausible prelude to disease onset, and early dietary interventions are likely beneficial for the prevention and treatment of progressive neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang Tan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667, Singapore; (L.Y.T.); (X.Y.Y.)
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore;
| | - Xin Yi Yeo
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667, Singapore; (L.Y.T.); (X.Y.Y.)
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore;
| | - Han-Gyu Bae
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Delia Pei Shan Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore;
| | - Roger C. Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore;
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Jung Eun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore;
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Sangyong Jung
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667, Singapore; (L.Y.T.); (X.Y.Y.)
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
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Lerner A. The intestinal luminal sources of α-synuclein: a gastroenterologist perspective. Nutr Rev 2021; 80:282-293. [PMID: 33942062 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by nonmotor/motor dysfunction, midbrain dopaminergic neuronal death, and α-synuclein (aSN) deposits. The current hypothesis is that aSN accumulates in the enteric nervous system to reach the brain. However, invertebrate, vertebrate, and nutritional sources of aSN reach the luminal compartment. Submitted to local amyloidogenic forces, the oligomerized proteins' cargo can be sensed and sampled by a specialized mucosal cell to be transmitted to the adjacent enteric nervous system, starting their upward journey to the brain. The present narrative review extends the current mucosal origin of Parkinson's disease, presenting the possibility that the disease starts in the intestinal lumen. If substantiated, eliminating the nutritional sources of aSN (eg, applying a vegetarian diet) might revolutionize the currently used dopaminergic pharmacologic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Lerner
- A. Lerner is with the Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
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5
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McCarty MF, Lerner A. Perspective: Low Risk of Parkinson's Disease in Quasi-Vegan Cultures May Reflect GCN2-Mediated Upregulation of Parkin. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:355-362. [PMID: 32945884 PMCID: PMC8009740 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra (SN) appears to be a key mediating feature of Parkinson's disease (PD), a complex neurodegenerative disorder of still unknown etiology. Parkin is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that promotes mitophagy of damaged depolarized mitochondria while also boosting mitochondrial biogenesis-thereby helping to maintain efficient mitochondrial function. Boosting Parkin expression in the SN with viral vectors is protective in multiple rodent models of PD. Conversely, homozygosity for inactivating mutations of Parkin results in early-onset PD. Moderate protein plant-based diets relatively low in certain essential amino acids have the potential to boost Parkin expression by activating the kinase GCN2, which in turn boosts the expression of ATF4, a factor that drives transcription of the Parkin gene. Protein-restricted diets also upregulate the expression of PINK1, a protein that binds to the outer membrane of depolarized mitochondria and then recruits and activates Parkin. This effect of protein restriction is mediated by the downregulation of the kinase activity of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1; the latter suppresses PINK1 expression at the transcriptional level. During the 20th century, cultures in East Asia and sub-Sahara Africa consuming quasi-vegan diets were found to be at notably decreased risk of PD compared with the USA or Europe. It is proposed that such diets may provide protection from PD by boosting Parkin and PINK1 expression in the SN. Other measures that might be expected to upregulate protective mitophagy include supplemental N-acetylcysteine (precursor for hydrogen sulfide) and a diet rich in spermidine-a polyamine notably high in corn.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron Lerner
- Research Department, Rapaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Kohnert E, Kreutz C, Binder N, Hannibal L, Gorkiewicz G, Müller A, Storz MA, Huber R, Lederer AK. Changes in Gut Microbiota after a Four-Week Intervention with Vegan vs. Meat-Rich Diets in Healthy Participants: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Microorganisms 2021; 9:727. [PMID: 33807447 PMCID: PMC8066554 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An essential role of the gut microbiota in health and disease is strongly suggested by recent research. The composition of the gut microbiota is modified by multiple internal and external factors, such as diet. A vegan diet is known to show beneficial health effects, yet the role of the gut microbiota is unclear. Within a 4-week, monocentric, randomized, controlled trial with a parallel group design (vegan (VD) vs. meat-rich (MD)) with 53 healthy, omnivore, normal-weight participants (62% female, mean 31 years of age), fecal samples were collected at the beginning and at the end of the trial and were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing (Clinical Trial register: DRKS00011963). Alpha diversity as well as beta diversity did not differ significantly between MD and VD. Plotting of baseline and end samples emphasized a highly intra-individual microbial composition. Overall, the gut microbiota was not remarkably altered between VD and MD after the trial. Coprococcus was found to be increased in VD while being decreased in MD. Roseburia and Faecalibacterium were increased in MD while being decreased in VD. Importantly, changes in genera Coprococcus, Roseburia and Faecalibacterium should be subjected to intense investigation as markers for physical and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kohnert
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (E.K.); (C.K.)
| | - Clemens Kreutz
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (E.K.); (C.K.)
| | - Nadine Binder
- Institute of Digitalization in Medicine, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Luciana Hannibal
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Gregor Gorkiewicz
- Diagnostic & Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Alexander Müller
- Center for Complementary Medicine, Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (A.M.); (M.A.S.); (R.H.)
| | - Maximilian Andreas Storz
- Center for Complementary Medicine, Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (A.M.); (M.A.S.); (R.H.)
| | - Roman Huber
- Center for Complementary Medicine, Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (A.M.); (M.A.S.); (R.H.)
| | - Ann-Kathrin Lederer
- Center for Complementary Medicine, Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (A.M.); (M.A.S.); (R.H.)
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7
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Liu T, Gatto NM, Chen Z, Qiu H, Lee G, Duerksen-Hughes P, Fraser G, Wang C. Vegetarian diets, circulating miRNA expression and healthspan in subjects living in the Blue Zone. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2021; 3:245-259. [PMID: 33391847 PMCID: PMC7757436 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbaa037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A long-term vegetarian diet plays a role in the longevity and maintenance of the healthspan, but the underlying mechanisms for these observations are largely unknown. Particularly, it is not known whether a long-term vegetarian dietary pattern may affect the circulating miRNA expression in such a way as to modulate the healthspan. The Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2) cohort includes a large number of older adults who primarily follow vegetarian dietary patterns and reside in Loma Linda, California, one of five “Blue Zones” in the world in which a higher proportion of the population enjoys a longer than average lifespan. We performed miRNA-seq in 96 subjects selected from the AHS-2 cohort with different dietary patterns. We identified several differentially expressed miRNAs between vegetarians and non-vegetarians, which are involved in immune response and cytokine signaling, cell growth and proliferation as well as age-related diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative diseases. Overall, our study showed that a vegetarian diet modulates aging-associated circulating miRNAs in a sex-dependent manner of differential expression for certain miRNAs, which may be related in a beneficial manner to the healthspan. Further investigation is needed to validate these miRNAs as potential biomarkers for diet-modulated longevity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Liu
- Center for Genomics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Nicole M Gatto
- School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - Zhong Chen
- Center for Genomics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Hongyu Qiu
- Center of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institution of Biomedical Science, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Grace Lee
- Department of Psychology, School of Behavioral Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Penelope Duerksen-Hughes
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Gary Fraser
- School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Charles Wang
- Center for Genomics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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Nutraceuticals Targeting Generation and Oxidant Activity of Peroxynitrite May Aid Prevention and Control of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103624. [PMID: 32455532 PMCID: PMC7279222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic low-grade inflammatory process in which activated microglia generate cytotoxic factors-most prominently peroxynitrite-which induce the death and dysfunction of neighboring dopaminergic neurons. Dying neurons then release damage-associated molecular pattern proteins such as high mobility group box 1 which act on microglia via a range of receptors to amplify microglial activation. Since peroxynitrite is a key mediator in this process, it is proposed that nutraceutical measures which either suppress microglial production of peroxynitrite, or which promote the scavenging of peroxynitrite-derived oxidants, should have value for the prevention and control of PD. Peroxynitrite production can be quelled by suppressing activation of microglial NADPH oxidase-the source of its precursor superoxide-or by down-regulating the signaling pathways that promote microglial expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Phycocyanobilin of spirulina, ferulic acid, long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, good vitamin D status, promotion of hydrogen sulfide production with taurine and N-acetylcysteine, caffeine, epigallocatechin-gallate, butyrogenic dietary fiber, and probiotics may have potential for blunting microglial iNOS induction. Scavenging of peroxynitrite-derived radicals may be amplified with supplemental zinc or inosine. Astaxanthin has potential for protecting the mitochondrial respiratory chain from peroxynitrite and environmental mitochondrial toxins. Healthful programs of nutraceutical supplementation may prove to be useful and feasible in the primary prevention or slow progression of pre-existing PD. Since damage to the mitochondria in dopaminergic neurons by environmental toxins is suspected to play a role in triggering the self-sustaining inflammation that drives PD pathogenesis, there is also reason to suspect that plant-based diets of modest protein content, and possibly a corn-rich diet high in spermidine, might provide protection from PD by boosting protective mitophagy and thereby aiding efficient mitochondrial function. Low-protein diets can also promote a more even response to levodopa therapy.
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Nutritional Risk Factors, Microbiota and Parkinson's Disease: What Is the Current Evidence? Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081896. [PMID: 31416163 PMCID: PMC6722832 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a frequent neurodegenerative disease among elderly people. Genetic and underlying environmental factors seem to be involved in the pathogenesis of PD related to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the striatum. In previous experimental researches oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, homocysteine, and neuroinflammation have been reported as potential mechanisms. Among environmental factors, nutrition is one of the most investigated areas as it is a potentially modifiable factor. The purpose of this review is to provide current knowledge regarding the relation between diet and PD risk. We performed a comprehensive review including the most relevant studies from the year 2000 onwards including prospective studies, nested case-control studies, and meta-analysis. Among dietary factors we focused on specific nutrients and food groups, alcoholic beverages, uric acid, and dietary patterns. Furthermore, we included studies on microbiota as recent findings have shown a possible impact on neurodegeneration. As a conclusion, there are still many controversies regarding the relationship between PD and diet which, beside methodological differences among studies, may be due to underlying genetic and gender-specific factors. However, some evidence exists regarding a potential protective effect of uric acid, poly-unsaturated fatty acids, coffee, and tea but mainly in men, whereas dairy products, particularly milk, might increase PD risk through contaminant mediated effect.
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Dietary Variations in a Multiethnic Parkinson's Disease Cohort and Possible Influences on Nonmotor Aspects: A Cross-Sectional Multicentre Study. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2018; 2018:7274085. [PMID: 30662706 PMCID: PMC6312592 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7274085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Dietary habits may differ between Parkinson's disease (PD) patients of different ethnicities. The primary aim of this cross-sectional analysis was to compare dietary habits in a multiethnic PD population and investigate potential nonmotor differences. All patients completed a dietary habits questionnaire. Besides basic demographics, patients' motor involvement (Hoehn and Yahr (HY)) and nonmotor symptoms (Nonmotor Symptoms Scale; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) were assessed. 139 PD patients were included (mean age 66.8 ± 11.6 years; 61.2% male; mean disease duration 6.2 ± 5.2 years; median HY 3): 47.5% were White, 24.5% Asian, and 28.0% Black African and Caribbean (BAC). We found dietary differences between the groups, including a greater frequency of vegetarians and greater consumption of cumin, turmeric, and cinnamon as well as lower consumption of beef in Asian patients than in White and BAC and greater consumption of chili than in White patients and higher consumption of pork in White than Asian and BAC patients. There were no significant differences in dietary supplement consumption after correction for multiple comparisons. None of the dietary factors examined were associated with differences in nonmotor symptoms. Diet and supplement use vary in PD patients across ethnicities, this is both a problem and opportunity for nutritional medicine research. These data support the importance of considering ethnic diversity as part of recruitment strategy in nutrition and clinical studies.
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Thygesen LC, Gimsing LNØ, Bautz A, Hvidt NC, Johansen C. Chronic Neurodegenerative Illnesses and Epilepsy in Danish Adventists and Baptists: A Nationwide Cohort Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 56:1429-1435. [PMID: 28128767 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited knowledge of the influence of lifestyle risk factors and religious living on chronic neurological diseases exists. Seventh-day Adventists (SDA) do not consume tobacco, alcohol, or pork, and many adhere to lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet, and Baptists discourage excessive use of alcohol and tobacco. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether the incidence of four common chronic neurological illnesses: dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and epilepsy in a large cohort of Danish Adventists and Baptists was different compared to the general Danish population. Three of the illnesses are neurodegenerative, whereas epilepsy can occur at any age. METHODS We compared hospital admission rates for some major neurological diseases among members of the Danish Religious Societies Health Study comprising 6,532 SDA and 3,720 Baptists with the general Danish population. Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) stratified by sex, age, and calendar time were calculated. RESULTS SIR of dementia or Alzheimer's disease was significantly decreased for members of both communities (SDA, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.67-#x2013;0.90 and Baptists, 0.59; 0.47-#x2013;0.73). The SIRs of Parkinson's disease and epilepsy were not significantly different compared to the general population. CONCLUSIONS We observe reduced incidence for dementia or Alzheimer's disease in a large cohort of members of two religious communities characterized by lifestyle recommendations. More studies are needed to disentangle the interaction between such lifestyle and other components of the religious belief system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lau Caspar Thygesen
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Andrea Bautz
- Survivorship, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Christian Hvidt
- Research Unit of General Practice, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Johansen
- Survivorship, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Oncology Clinic, Finsen Center, 5073 Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Erro R, Brigo F, Tamburin S, Zamboni M, Antonini A, Tinazzi M. Nutritional habits, risk, and progression of Parkinson disease. J Neurol 2017; 265:12-23. [PMID: 29018983 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-017-8639-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a multifactorial disease, where a genetic predisposition combines with putative environmental risk factors. Mounting evidence suggests that the initial PD pathological manifestations may be located in the gut to subsequently affect brain areas. Moreover, several lines of research demonstrated that there are bidirectional connections between the central nervous system and the gut, the "gut-brain axis" that influences both brain and gastrointestinal function. This opens a potential therapeutic window suggesting that specific dietary strategies may interact with the disease process and influence the risk of PD or modify its course. Dietary components can also theoretically modulate the chronic activation of the inflammatory response that is associated with aging, the strongest risk factor for PD, that has been suggested to hasten the underlying neurodegenerative process in PD. Here, we reviewed the evidence supporting an association between certain dietary compound and either the risk or progression of PD and have provided an overview of the possible pathomechanisms linking nutrition and neurodegeneration. The results of our review would not support a clear role for any dietary components in reducing the risk or progression of PD. However, the evidence favouring a connection between gut abnormalities, inflammation, and neurodegeneration in PD have become too compelling to be ignored, so that further research, also in the field of nutritional genomics, is highly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Erro
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37134, Verona, Italy. .,Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Francesco Brigo
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37134, Verona, Italy.,Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital, Merano, Italy
| | - Stefano Tamburin
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Mauro Zamboni
- Section of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Angelo Antonini
- Parkinson Unit, IRCCS Hospital San Camillo and 1st Neurology Clinic, AO Universitaria Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Michele Tinazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37134, Verona, Italy
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Zheng J, Wang M, Wei W, Keller JN, Adhikari B, King JF, King ML, Peng N, Laine RA. Dietary Plant Lectins Appear to Be Transported from the Gut to Gain Access to and Alter Dopaminergic Neurons of Caenorhabditis elegans, a Potential Etiology of Parkinson's Disease. Front Nutr 2016; 3:7. [PMID: 27014695 PMCID: PMC4780318 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2016.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectins from dietary plants have been shown to enhance drug absorption in the gastrointestinal tract of rats, be transported trans-synaptically as shown by tracing of axonal and dendritic paths, and enhance gene delivery. Other carbohydrate-binding protein toxins are known to traverse the gut intact in dogs. Post-feeding rhodamine- or TRITC-tagged dietary lectins, the lectins were tracked from gut to dopaminergic neurons (DAergic-N) in transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) [egIs1(Pdat-1:GFP)] where the mutant has the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene fused to a dopamine transport protein gene labeling DAergic-N. The lectins were supplemented along with the food organism Escherichia coli (OP50). Among nine tested rhodamine/TRITC-tagged lectins, four, including Phaseolus vulgaris erythroagglutinin (PHA-E), Bandeiraea simplicifolia (BS-I), Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA), and Arachis hypogaea agglutinin (PNA), appeared to be transported from gut to the GFP-DAergic-N. Griffonia Simplicifolia and PHA-E, reduced the number of GFP-DAergic-N, suggesting a toxic activity. PHA-E, BS-I, Pisum sativum (PSA), and Triticum vulgaris agglutinin (Succinylated) reduced fluorescent intensity of GFP-DAergic-N. PHA-E, PSA, Concanavalin A, and Triticum vulgaris agglutinin decreased the size of GFP-DAergic-N, while BS-I increased neuron size. These observations suggest that dietary plant lectins are transported to and affect DAergic-N in C. elegans, which support Braak and Hawkes' hypothesis, suggesting one alternate potential dietary etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). A recent Danish study showed that vagotomy resulted in 40% lower incidence of PD over 20 years. Differences in inherited sugar structures of gut and neuronal cell surfaces may make some individuals more susceptible in this conceptual disease etiology model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolene Zheng
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Mingming Wang
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Wenqian Wei
- Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jeffrey N. Keller
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Binita Adhikari
- Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, LA, USA
- Louisiana Biomedical Research Network (LBRN) Summer Research Program (2010), Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Jason F. King
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Michael L. King
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Nan Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Roger A. Laine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Domenichiello AF, Kitson AP, Bazinet RP. Is docosahexaenoic acid synthesis from α-linolenic acid sufficient to supply the adult brain? Prog Lipid Res 2015; 59:54-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Pistollato F, Battino M. Role of plant-based diets in the prevention and regression of metabolic syndrome and neurodegenerative diseases. Trends Food Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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16
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Domenichiello AF, Chen CT, Trepanier MO, Stavro PM, Bazinet RP. Whole body synthesis rates of DHA from α-linolenic acid are greater than brain DHA accretion and uptake rates in adult rats. J Lipid Res 2013; 55:62-74. [PMID: 24212299 PMCID: PMC3927474 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m042275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is important for brain function, however, the exact
amount required for the brain is not agreed upon. While it is believed that the
synthesis rate of DHA from α-linolenic acid (ALA) is low, how this
synthesis rate compares with the amount of DHA required to maintain brain DHA
levels is unknown. The objective of this work was to assess whether DHA
synthesis from ALA is sufficient for the brain. To test this, rats consumed a
diet low in n-3 PUFAs, or a diet containing ALA or DHA for 15 weeks. Over the 15
weeks, whole body and brain DHA accretion was measured, while at the end of the
study, whole body DHA synthesis rates, brain gene expression, and DHA uptake
rates were measured. Despite large differences in body DHA accretion, there was
no difference in brain DHA accretion between rats fed ALA and DHA. In rats fed
ALA, DHA synthesis and accretion was 100-fold higher than brain DHA accretion of
rats fed DHA. Also, ALA-fed rats synthesized approximately 3-fold more DHA than
the DHA uptake rate into the brain. This work indicates that DHA synthesis from
ALA may be sufficient to supply the brain.
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Fond G, Macgregor A, Leboyer M, Michalsen A. Fasting in mood disorders: neurobiology and effectiveness. A review of the literature. Psychiatry Res 2013; 209:253-8. [PMID: 23332541 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Clinicians have found that fasting was frequently accompanied by an increased level of vigilance and a mood improvement, a subjective feeling of well-being, and sometimes of euphoria. Therapeutic fasting, following an established protocol, is safe and well tolerated. We aim in this article to explore the biological mechanisms activated during fasting that could have an effect on brain function with particular focus on mood (we do not discuss here the mechanisms regulating eating behavior) and to provide a comprehensive review on the potential positive impact of therapeutic fasting on mood. We explored Medline, Web of Science and PsycInfo according to the PRISMA criteria (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis). The initial research paradigm was: [(fasting OR caloric restriction) AND (mental health OR depressive disorders OR mood OR anxiety)]. Many neurobiological mechanisms have been proposed to explain fasting effects on mood, such as changes in neurotransmitters, quality of sleep, and synthesis of neurotrophic factors. Many clinical observations relate an early (between day 2 and day 7) effect of fasting on depressive symptoms with an improvement in mood, alertness and a sense of tranquility reported by patients. The persistence of mood improvement over time remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Fond
- INSERM U1061, Université Montpellier 1, Hôpital la Colombière, CHU Montpellier F-34000, France; INSERM U955, University Paris-Est, FondaMental Fondation, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Mondor, 40, Rue de Mesly, Creteil F-94000, France.
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Baroni L, Bonetto C, Tessan F, Goldin D, Cenci L, Magnanini P, Zuliani G. Pilot dietary study with normoproteic protein-redistributed plant-food diet and motor performance in patients with Parkinson's disease. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 14:1-9. [DOI: 10.1179/174313211x12966635733231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Kiyohara C, Miyake Y, Koyanagi M, Fujimoto T, Shirasawa S, Tanaka K, Fukushima W, Sasaki S, Tsuboi Y, Yamada T, Oeda T, Shimada H, Kawamura N, Sakae N, Fukuyama H, Hirota Y, Nagai M. Genetic polymorphisms involved in dopaminergic neurotransmission and risk for Parkinson's disease in a Japanese population. BMC Neurol 2011; 11:89. [PMID: 21781348 PMCID: PMC3199768 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-11-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by alterations in dopaminergic neurotransmission. Genetic polymorphisms involved in dopaminergic neurotransmission may influence susceptibility to PD. Methods We investigated the relationship of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), monoamine oxidase B (MAOB), dopamine receptor (DR) D2 and DRD4 polymorphisms and PD risk with special attention to the interaction with cigarette smoking among 238 patients with PD and 369 controls in a Japanese population. Results Subjects with the AA genotype of MAOB rs1799836 showed a significantly increased risk of PD (odds ratio (OR) = 1.70, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.12 - 2.58) compared with the AG and GG genotypes combined. The AA genotype of COMT rs4680 was marginally associated with an increased risk of PD (OR = 1.86, 95% CI = 0.98 - 3.50) compared with the GG genotype. The DRD2 rs1800497 and DRD4 rs1800955 polymorphisms showed no association with PD. A COMT -smoking interaction was suggested, with the combined GA and AA genotypes of rs4680 and non-smoking conferring significantly higher risk (OR = 3.97, 95% CI = 2.13 - 7.41) than the AA genotype and a history of smoking (P for interaction = 0.061). No interactions of smoking with other polymorphisms were observed. Conclusions The COMT rs4680 and MAOB rs1799836 polymorphisms may increase susceptibility to PD risk among Japanese. Future studies involving larger control and case populations and better pesticide exposure histories will undoubtedly lead to a more thorough understanding of the role of the polymorphisms involved in the dopamine pathway in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Kiyohara
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Feillet F, Agostoni C. Nutritional issues in treating phenylketonuria. J Inherit Metab Dis 2010; 33:659-64. [PMID: 20151202 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-010-9043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A phenylalanine (Phe)-restricted diet is the mainstay of phenylketonuria (PKU) treatment, and, in recent years, the nutritional management of PKU has become more complex in order to optimize patients' growth, development and diet compliance. Dietary restriction of Phe creates a diet similar to a vegan diet, and many of the nutritional concerns and questions applicable to vegans who wish to avoid animal products are also relevant to patients with PKU. Owing to their nutritional characteristics, breast milk and breastfeeding should be given greater consideration as a useful food in patients with PKU and in those with other inborn errors of metabolism. Further key issues for consideration include the quality of the available amino acid substitutes, the neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects of added long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (e.g. docosahexaenoic acid), micronutrient deficiencies, bone disease and antioxidant status. Long-term dietary guidance and monitoring of the nutritional status of patients with PKU should be part of a follow-up programme that continues for life.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Feillet
- Centre de référence des maladies héréditaires du métabolisme de Nancy, INSERM U 954, Hôpital d'Enfants, CHU Brabois, Allée du Morvan, Vandoeuvre les Nancy 54500, France.
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21
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Murakami K, Miyake Y, Sasaki S, Tanaka K, Fukushima W, Kiyohara C, Tsuboi Y, Yamada T, Oeda T, Miki T, Kawamura N, Sakae N, Fukuyama H, Hirota Y, Nagai M. Dietary glycemic index is inversely associated with the risk of Parkinson's disease: a case-control study in Japan. Nutrition 2009; 26:515-21. [PMID: 19628370 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2009.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High glycemic index (GI) or glycemic load (GL) carbohydrates might be expected to decrease the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) by an insulin-induced increase in brain dopamine. We conducted a hospital-based case-control study in Japan to examine associations between dietary GI and GL and other dietary carbohydrate variables, including intake of available carbohydrate and dietary fiber, and PD. METHODS Patients with PD diagnosed using the U.K. Parkinson's Disease Society Brain Bank criteria (n=249) and controls without neurodegenerative diseases (n=368) were recruited. Dietary intake during the preceding month was assessed at the time of study recruitment using a validated, self-administered, semiquantitative, comprehensive diet history questionnaire. RESULTS After adjustment for potential dietary and non-dietary confounding factors, dietary GI was significantly inversely associated with the risk of PD. Multivariate odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for PD in the first, second, third, and fourth quartiles of dietary GI were 1.00 (reference), 1.03 (0.64-1.66), 0.68 (0.41-1.15), and 0.61 (0.34-1.09), respectively (P for trend=0.04). Conversely, no significant association was observed for other dietary carbohydrates, including dietary GL (P for trend=0.77), available carbohydrate intake (P for trend=0.28), or dietary fiber intake (P for trend=0.73). CONCLUSION This preliminary case-control study based on current dietary habits found an independent inverse relation between dietary GI and PD. Considering the plausibility of the putative mechanism, further investigation using a case-control design with accurate assessment of past dietary habits or a prospective design is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Murakami
- Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, School of Public Health, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, which unfortunately is still fatal. Since the discovery of dopamine (DA) neuronal cell loss within the substantia nigra in PD, the past decades have seen the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the degenerative process advance at a very impressive rate. Nevertheless, there is at present no cure for PD. Although there are no proven therapies for prevention, a large body of evidence from animal studies has highlighted the paramount role of dietary factors in counteracting DA degeneration. Consistently, associations between the risk of developing PD and the intake of nutrients, individual foods, and dietary patterns have been recently shown. Therefore, promoting healthy lifestyle choices such as a Mediterranean diet might be the key to reducing the risk of PD.
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Abstract
As individuals age, they face many choices to promote healthy aging. One important consideration relates to nutritional choices. It is easy to become overwhelmed with the information in the media that suggests the superiority of some new diet or breakthrough dietary supplement. This article reminds us to focus on holistic approaches to nutrition on the premise that balance is paramount in our lives. As nurses, we need to guide others to make thoughtful choices for healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan H Crocker
- College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA.
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24
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On the key role played by altered protein conformation in Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2008; 115:1285-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-008-0072-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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25
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Julien C, Berthiaume L, Hadj-Tahar A, Rajput AH, Bédard PJ, Di Paolo T, Julien P, Calon F. Postmortem brain fatty acid profile of levodopa-treated Parkinson disease patients and parkinsonian monkeys. Neurochem Int 2006; 48:404-14. [PMID: 16442670 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2005.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Revised: 12/08/2005] [Accepted: 12/09/2005] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids play a critical role in brain function but their specific role in the pathophysiology of Parkinson disease (PD) and levodopa-induced motor complications is still unknown. From a therapeutic standpoint, it is important to determine the relation between brain fatty acids and PD because the brain fatty acid content depends on nutritional intake, a readily manipulable environmental factor. Here, we report a postmortem analysis of fatty acid profile by gas chromatography in the brain cortex of human patients (12 PD patients and nine Controls) as well as in the brain cortex of monkeys (four controls, five drug-naive MPTP monkeys and seven levodopa-treated MPTP monkeys). Brain fatty acid profile of cerebral cortex tissue was similar between PD patients and Controls and was not correlated with age of death, delay to autopsy or brain pH. Levodopa administration in MPTP monkeys increased arachidonic acid content (+7%; P < 0 .05) but decreased docosahexaenoic acid concentration (-15%; P < 0.05) and total n-3:n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio (-27%; P < 0.01) compared to drug-naive MPTP animals. Interestingly, PD patients who experienced motor complications to levodopa had higher arachidonic acid concentrations in the cortex compared to Controls (+13.6%; P < 0.05) and to levodopa-treated PD patients devoid of motor complications (+14.4%; P < 0.05). Furthermore, PD patients who took an above-median cumulative dose of levodopa had a higher relative amount of saturated fatty acids but lower monounsaturated fatty acids in their brain cortex (P < 0.01). These results suggest that changes in brain fatty acid relative concentrations are associated with levodopa treatment in PD patients and in a non-human primate model of parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Julien
- Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval Research Centre (CHUL), Que., Canada
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McCarty MF. Down-regulation of microglial activation may represent a practical strategy for combating neurodegenerative disorders. Med Hypotheses 2006; 67:251-69. [PMID: 16513287 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 01/02/2006] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by activation of microglia in the affected neural pathways. Peroxynitrite, prostanoids, and cytokines generated by these microglia can potentiate the excitotoxicity that contributes to neuronal death and dysfunction in these disorders--both by direct effects on neurons, and by impairing the capacity of astrocytes to sequester and metabolize glutamate. This suggests a vicious cycle in which the death of neurons leads to microglial activation, which in turn potentiates neuronal damage. If this model is correct, measures which down-regulate microglial activation may have a favorable effect on the induction and progression of neurodegenerative disease, independent of the particular trigger or target involved in a given disorder. Consistent with this possibility, the antibiotic minocycline, which inhibits microglial activation, shows broad utility in rodent models of neurodegeneration. Other agents which may have potential in this regard include PPARgamma agonists, genistein, vitamin D, COX-2 inhibitors, statins (and possibly policosanol), caffeine, cannabinoids, and sesamin; some of these agents could also be expected to be directly protective to neurons threatened with excitotoxicity. To achieve optimal clinical outcomes, regimens which down-regulate microglial activation could be used in conjunction with complementary measures which address other aspects of excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F McCarty
- Natural Alternatives International, 1185 Linda Vista Dr., San Marcos, CA 92078, USA.
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27
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McCarty MF. Induction of heat shock proteins may combat insulin resistance. Med Hypotheses 2005; 66:527-34. [PMID: 16309849 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2004] [Accepted: 08/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism responsible for obesity-associated insulin resistance has been partially clarified: increased fatty acid levels in muscle fibers promote diacylglycerol synthesis, which activates certain isoforms of protein kinase C (PKC). This in turn triggers a kinase cascade which activates both IkappaB kinase-beta (IKK-beta) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), each of which can phosphorylate a key serine residue in IRS-1, rendering it a poor substrate for the activated insulin receptor. Heat shock proteins Hsp27 and Hsp72 have the potential to prevent the activation of IKK-beta and JNK, respectively; this suggests that induction of heat shock proteins may blunt the adverse impact of fat overexposure on insulin function. Indeed, bimoclomol--a heat shock protein co-inducer being developed for treatment of diabetic neuropathy--and lipoic acid--suspected to be a heat shock protein inducer--have each demonstrated favorable effects on the insulin sensitivity of obese rodents, and parenteral lipoic acid is reported to improve the insulin sensitivity of type 2 diabetics. Moreover, there is reason to believe that heat shock protein induction may have a favorable impact on the microvascular complications of diabetes, and on the increased risk for macrovascular disease associated with diabetes and insulin resistance syndrome. Heat shock protein induction may also have potential for preventing or treating neurodegenerative disorders, controlling inflammation, and possibly even slowing the aging process. The possible complementarity of bimoclomol and lipoic acid for heat shock protein induction should be assessed, and further efforts to identify well-tolerated agents active in this regard are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F McCarty
- Natural Alternatives International, 1185 Linda Vista Dr., San Marcos, CA 92078, USA.
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