1
|
Gergues M, Nagula V, Bliss SA, Eljarrah A, Ayer S, Gnanavel N, Sinha G, Wu Q, Yehia G, Greco SJ, Qian J, Rameshwar P. Neuroimmune/Hematopoietic Axis with Distinct Regulation by the High-Mobility Group Box 1 in Association with Tachykinin Peptides. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:879-891. [PMID: 31924647 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is tightly regulated by the bone marrow (BM) niche. The niche is robust, allowing for the return of hematopoietic homeostasis after insults such as infection. Hematopoiesis is partly regulated by soluble factors, such as neuropeptides, substance P (SP), and neurokinin A (NK-A), which mediate hematopoietic stimulation and inhibition, respectively. SP and NK-A are derived from the Tac1 gene that is alternately spliced into four variants. The hematopoietic effects of SP and NK-A are mostly mediated via BM stroma. Array analyses with 2400 genes indicated distinct changes in SP-stimulated BM stroma. Computational analyses indicated networks of genes with hematopoietic regulation. Included among these networks is the high-mobility group box 1 gene (HMGB1), a nonhistone chromatin-associated protein. Validation studies indicated that NK-A could reverse SP-mediated HMGB1 decrease. Long-term culture-initiating cell assay, with or without NK-A receptor antagonist (NK2), showed a suppressive effect of HMGB1 on hematopoietic progenitors and increase in long-term culture-initiating cell assay cells (primitive hematopoietic cells). These effects occurred partly through NK-A. NSG mice with human hematopoietic system injected with the HMGB1 antagonist glycyrrhizin verified the in vitro effects of HMGB1. Although the effects on myeloid lineage were suppressed, the results suggested a more complex effect on the lymphoid lineage. Clonogenic assay for CFU- granulocyte-monocyte suggested that HMGB1 may be required to prevent hematopoietic stem cell exhaustion to ensure immune homeostasis. In summary, this study showed how HMGB1 is linked to SP and NK-A to protect the most primitive hematopoietic cell and also to maintain immune/hematopoietic homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gergues
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103.,Rutgers School of Graduate Studies at New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Vipul Nagula
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103.,Rutgers School of Graduate Studies at New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Sarah A Bliss
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103.,Rutgers School of Graduate Studies at New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Adam Eljarrah
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103.,Rutgers School of Graduate Studies at New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Seda Ayer
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103.,Rutgers School of Graduate Studies at New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Nikhil Gnanavel
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Garima Sinha
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103.,Rutgers School of Graduate Studies at New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Qunfeng Wu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103; and
| | - Ghassan Yehia
- Genome Editing Shared Resource, Office of Research and Economic Development, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - Steven J Greco
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Jing Qian
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Pranela Rameshwar
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103; .,Rutgers School of Graduate Studies at New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nahas GR, Murthy RG, Patel SA, Ganta T, Greco SJ, Rameshwar P. The RNA-binding protein Musashi 1 stabilizes the oncotachykinin 1 mRNA in breast cancer cells to promote cell growth. FASEB J 2015; 30:149-59. [PMID: 26373800 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-278770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Substance P and its truncated receptor exert oncogenic effects. The high production of substance P in breast cancer cells (BCCs) is caused by the enhancement of tachykinin (TAC)1 translation by cytosolic factor. In vitro translational studies and mRNA stabilization analyses indicate that BCCs contain the factor needed to increase TAC1 translation and to stabilize the mRNA. Prediction of protein folding, RNA-shift analysis, and proteomic analysis identified a 40 kDa molecule that interacts with the noncoding exon 7. Western blot analysis and RNA supershift identified Musashi 1 (Msi1) as the binding protein. Ectopic expression of TAC1 in nontumorigenic breast cells (BCs) indicates that TAC1 regulates its stability by increasing Msi1. Using a reporter gene system, we showed that Msi1 competes with microRNA (miR)130a and -206 for the 3' UTR of exon 7/TAC1. In the absence of Msi1 and miR130a and -206, reporter gene activity decreased, indicating that Msi1 expression limits TAC1 expression. Tumor growth was significantly decreased when nude BALB/c mice were injected with Msi1-knockdown BCCs. In summary, the RNA-binding protein Msi1 competes with miR130a and -206 for interaction with TAC1 mRNA, to stabilize and increase its translation. Consequently, these interactions increase tumor growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George R Nahas
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Raghav G Murthy
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Shyam A Patel
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Teja Ganta
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Steven J Greco
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Pranela Rameshwar
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Navarro P, Ramkissoon SH, Shah S, Park JM, Murthy RG, Patel SA, Greco SJ, Rameshwar P. An indirect role for oncomir-519b in the expression of truncated neurokinin-1 in breast cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:2604-15. [PMID: 22981979 PMCID: PMC3645290 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurokinin 1 (NK1) encodes full-length (NK1-FL) and truncated (NK1-Tr) receptors, with distinct 3' UTR. NK1-Tr exerts oncogenic functions and is increased in breast cancer (BC). Enhanced transcription of NK1 resulted in higher level of NK1-Tr. The 3' UTR of these two transcripts are distinct with NK1-Tr terminating at a premature stop codon. NK1-Tr mRNA gained an advantage over NK1-FL with regards to translation. This is due to the ability of miR519B to interact with sequences within the 3' UTR of NK1-FL, but not NK1-Tr since the corresponding region is omitted. MiR519b suppressed the translation of NK1-FL in T47D and MDA-MB-231 resulting in increased NK1-Tr protein. Cytokines can induce the transcription of NK1. However, our studies indicated that translation appeared to be independent of cytokine production by the BC cells (BCCs). This suggested that transcription and translation of NK1 might be independent. The findings were validated in vivo. MiR-519b suppressed the growth of MDA-MB-231 in 7/10 nude BALB/c. In total, increased NK1-Tr in BCCs is due to enhanced transcription and suppressed translation of NK1-FL by miR-519b to reduced tumor growth. In summary, we report on miRNA as a method to further regulate the expression of a spiced variant to promote oncogenesis. In addition, the findings have implications for therapy with NK1 antagonists. The oncogenic effect of NK1-Tr must be considered to improve the efficacy of current drugs to NK1.
Collapse
|
4
|
Humes DJ, Simpson J, Smith J, Sutton P, Zaitoun A, Bush D, Bennett A, Scholefield JH, Spiller RC. Visceral hypersensitivity in symptomatic diverticular disease and the role of neuropeptides and low grade inflammation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012; 24:318-e163. [PMID: 22276853 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2011.01863.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrent abdominal pain is reported by a third of patients with diverticulosis, particularly those with previous episodes of acute diverticulitis. The current understanding of the etiology of this pain is poor. Our aim was to assess visceral sensitivity in patients with diverticular disease and its association with markers of previous inflammation and neuropeptides. METHODS Patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic diverticular disease underwent a flexible sigmoidoscopy and biopsy followed 5-10 days later by visceral sensitivity testing with barostat-mediated rectal distension. Inflammation was assessed by staining of serotonin (5HT) and CD3 positive cells. mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were quantitated using RT-PCR. Neuropeptide expression was assessed from percentage area staining with substance P (SP) and mRNA levels of the neurokinin 1 & 2 receptors (NK1 & NK2), and galanin 1 receptor (GALR1). KEY RESULTS Thirteen asymptomatic and 12 symptomatic patients were recruited. The symptomatic patients had a lower first reported threshold to pain (28.4 mmHg i.q.r 25.0-36.0) than the asymptomatic patients (47 mmHg i.q.r 36.0-52.5, P < 0.001). Symptomatic patients had a higher median overall pain rating for the stimuli than the asymptomatic patients (P < 0.02). Symptomatic patients had greater median relative expression of NK1 and TNF alpha mRNA compared with asymptomatic patients. There was a significant correlation between barostat VAS pain scores and NK 1 expression (Figure 4, r(2) 0.54, P < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Patients with symptomatic diverticular disease exhibit visceral hypersensitivity, and this may be mediated by ongoing low grade inflammation and upregulation of tachykinins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Humes
- Nottingham Digestive Disease Centre and Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospital NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Klassert TE, Patel SA, Rameshwar P. Tachykinins and Neurokinin Receptors in Bone Marrow Functions: Neural-Hematopoietic Link. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 2010:51-61. [PMID: 20593004 DOI: 10.2147/jrlcr.s6509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
After many decades of neuropeptide research, advances in the field of tachykinins have considerably increased and shown their implications in several physiological processes. In this review we focus on the role of the tachykinins in the regulation of hematopoietic functions. Evidence has shown that neural control of this process is emerging as a significant category in hematopoietic modulation. In the context of this regulation, we discuss the existence of a complex network involving the neurokinin receptors, tachykinins and cytokines. This network is tightly regulated by each of its components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tilman E Klassert
- Department of Medicine - Division of Hematology/Oncology, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Substance P expression by human dental pulp fibroblasts: a potential role in neurogenic inflammation. J Endod 2009; 35:73-7. [PMID: 19084129 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenic inflammation describes the local release of neuropeptides, notably substance P (SP), from afferent neurons and might play a role in the pathogenesis of pulpal disease. The fibroblast is the most numerous cell type in the dental pulp, and recent work has suggested that it is involved in the inflammatory response. Primary pulp fibroblast cell populations were isolated by enzymatic digestion. Whole pulp tissue was obtained from freshly extracted sound (n = 35) and carious (n = 39) teeth. Expression of SP and neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1) mRNA by pulp fibroblasts was determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). SP was expressed by pulpal fibroblasts at both mRNA and protein levels. In addition, NK-1 mRNA and protein expression was detected in fibroblast cultures by RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. SP levels, determined by radioimmunoassay, were significantly greater (P < .05) in carious compared with sound teeth. These findings suggest that pulp fibroblasts play a role in neurogenic inflammation in pulpal disease.
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu K, Castillo MD, Murthy RG, Patel N, Rameshwar P. Tachykinins and Hematopoiesis. Clin Chim Acta 2007; 385:28-34. [PMID: 17698052 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2007.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Revised: 07/03/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Originally discovered in the 1930s, tachykinins have been a subject of renewed interest. Antagonists to the tachykinin receptors have shown potential in the treatment of a variety of maladies including neurodegenerative disorders, heart disease, pain perception and malignancies. Tachykinins have been the subject of intense studies due to their impact on hematopoiesis that has significant effects on endothelial tissue and vascular conditions. Hematopoiesis relies on a relatively small subset of bone marrow-resident hematopoietic stem cells. This review discusses the network developed by cytokines and the tachykinins to regulate hematopoiesis. An understanding of tachykinin effect on normal hematopoietic functions and their involvement in hematological disorders could lead to new treatments for bone marrow disorders such as fibrosis, leukemia and anemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Liu
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UMDNJ, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Greco SJ, Liu K, Rameshwar P. Functional similarities among genes regulated by OCT4 in human mesenchymal and embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2007; 25:3143-54. [PMID: 17761754 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OCT4 is a master transcriptional regulator, which mediates pluripotency in ESCs through inhibition of tissue-specific and promotion of stem cell-specific genes. Suppression of OCT4, along with other regulators of pluripotency, such as SOX2 and NANOG, has been correlated with cell-fate specification and lineage-specific differentiation. Recent reports have shown the expression of OCT4 in adult MSCs but have not ascribed functional homology with ESCs. MSCs are mesoderm-derived cells, primarily resident in adult bone marrow, that undergo lineage-specific differentiation to generate specialized cells such as stroma, fat, bone, and cartilage. We have previously demonstrated the plasticity of MSCs through their ability to generate neuronal cells. Here, we show that OCT4 provides similar regulatory circuitries in human MSCs and ESCs, using chromatin immunoprecipitation-DNA selection and ligation technology and loss-of-function studies. MSCs were found to express the embryonic transcription factors OCT4, NANOG, and SOX2. In addition, OCT4 was found to (a) target similar genes in MSCs and ESCs, (b) promote the expression of MSC-specific genes, and (c) regulate MSC cell cycle progression. The results suggest similar regulatory mechanisms for OCT4 in MSCs and ESCs and have implications regarding MSC plasticity. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Greco
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ramkissoon SH, Patel PS, Taborga M, Rameshwar P. Nuclear factor-kappaB is central to the expression of truncated neurokinin-1 receptor in breast cancer: implication for breast cancer cell quiescence within bone marrow stroma. Cancer Res 2007; 67:1653-9. [PMID: 17308106 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a leading cause of mortality among women in the United States. Tac1 and neurokinin-1 (NK1) are involved in autocrine stimulation of breast cancer cells (BCCs). The single NK1 gene produces full-length (NK1-FL) and truncated (NK1-Tr) forms. NK1-Tr mediates malignancy in breast cells. We now report a critical role for nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) in the expression of NK1-Tr, but not NK1-FL, in human BCCs. By Western and Northern blot analyses, NK1-FL and NK1-Tr were coexpressed in BCCs but were undetectable in nontumorigenic cells. Loss of repressive activity within the 5' flanking region of the NK1 partly accounts for constitutive expression of NK1 in BCCs but could not account for the presence of NK1-Tr. Transient transfections with dominant-negative and wild-type IkappaB show that activation of NF-kappaB is required for the expression of NK1-Tr. Tac1 gene was linked to the generation of NK1-Tr because its overexpression in BCCs led to the production of multiple cytokines that can activate NF-kappaB to mediate NK1-Tr expression. Studies with Tac1 knockdown BCCs and Tac1-expressing nontumorigenic breast cells verified a role for NF-kappaB in the expression of NK1-Tr. The quiescent phenotype of BCCs on contact with bone marrow stroma was partly explained by decreased NF-kappaB activation and undetectable NK1-Tr. In summary, this study shows a role for NF-kappaB in the expression of NK1-Tr in BCCs, which seems to be reversed by bone marrow stromal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shakti H Ramkissoon
- Department of Medicine and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wan Q, Douglas SD, Wang X, Kolson DL, O'Donnell LA, Ho WZ. Morphine upregulates functional expression of neurokinin-1 receptor in neurons. J Neurosci Res 2007; 84:1588-96. [PMID: 16983662 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Neuronkinin-1 receptor (NK-1R), the neuropeptide substance P (SP) preferring receptor, is highly expressed in areas of the central nervous system (CNS) that are especially implicated in depression, anxiety, and stress. Repeated exposure to opioids may sensitize neuronal systems involved in stress response. We examined the effects of morphine, the principal metabolite of heroin, on the functional expression of NK-1R in the cortical neurons. NK-1R and mu-opioid receptor (MOR) are co-expressed in the cortical neurons. Morphine enhanced NK-1R expression in the cortical neurons at both the mRNA and protein levels. The upregulated NK-1R by morphine had functional activity, because morphine-treated cortical neurons had greater SP-induced Ca(2+) mobilization than untreated neurons. Blocking opioid receptors on the cortical neurons by naltrexone or CTAP (a mu-opioid receptor antagonist) abolished the morphine action. Investigation of the mechanism(s) responsible for the morphine action showed that morphine activated NK-1R promoter and induced the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK protein in the cortical neurons. These in vitro data provide a plausible cellular mechanism for opioid-mediated neurological disorders.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Blotting, Western/methods
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cerebral Cortex/cytology
- Drug Interactions
- Embryo, Mammalian
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique/methods
- Morphine/pharmacology
- Naltrexone/pharmacology
- Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Narcotics/pharmacology
- Neurons/drug effects
- Peptide Fragments
- Peptides/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/genetics
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Somatostatin
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Joseph Stokes Jr. Research Institute at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Singh AS, Caplan A, Corcoran KE, Fernandez JS, Preziosi M, Rameshwar P. Oncogenic and metastatic properties of preprotachykinin-I and neurokinin-1 genes. Vascul Pharmacol 2006; 45:235-42. [PMID: 16901764 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2005.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Accepted: 08/01/2005] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) remains the cancer with highest mortality among women in the United States. Entry of BC cells (BCCs) in bone marrow (BM) leads to poor prognosis. This review discusses studies showing interactions between BCCs and BM stroma, consequently providing BCCs with advantages of survival within BM. Myc transcription factor is investigated as a link between the transforming properties of peptides derived from the preprotachykinin-I gene (PPT-I) and Neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor. A co-culture method previously described to model early integration of BCC in BM is used to study timeline changes of PPT-I and TGF-beta using northern analyses and a bioassay, respectively. The results show changes of both genes in BCCs and BM stroma. Relevance of these changes to homeostasis in BM is discussed. Myc has been shown to link the expressions of TGF-beta1 and PPT-I in BCCs. We now show a role for Myc in the expression of NK1. PPT-I and the chemokine SDF-1alpha induce the expression of each other through an autocrine mechanism. Since a role for Myc in SDF-1alpha-PPT-I axis has not been studied, we speculate on this finding, based on the cell-homing property of SDF-1alpha. Since Myc could be oncogenic, it might be involved in the transforming properties of PPT-I and NK1 while SDF-1alpha could be involved in cell-homing of BCCs through the regulation of PPT-I. The findings are discussed in the context of other related reports.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Blotting, Northern
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Chemokine CXCL12
- Chemokines, CXC/genetics
- Chemokines, CXC/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Models, Biological
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Protein Precursors/genetics
- Protein Precursors/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/genetics
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/metabolism
- Review Literature as Topic
- Tachykinins/genetics
- Tachykinins/metabolism
- Transfection
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun S Singh
- Department of Medicine-Hematology/Oncology, New Jersey Medical School-University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, NJ 07103, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Castro TA, Cohen MC, Rameshwar P. The expression of neurokinin-1 and preprotachykinin-1 in breast cancer cells depends on the relative degree of invasive and metastatic potential. Clin Exp Metastasis 2006; 22:621-8. [PMID: 16642400 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-006-9001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2005] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer has a predilection for metastasis to the bone marrow. The preprotachykinin-I (PPT-I) gene has a central role in the early migration of breast cancer cells into the bone marrow, making this organ a latent repository of the cancer cells. This study investigated whether the invasive and metastatic potential of breast cancer cells correlate with the expression of the PPT-I gene and the receptors for its peptides, neurokinin-1 (NK-1) and NK-2. The studies compared cells that are non-tumorigenic (MCF12A), low metastatic and invasive potential (MCF7), and sublines of MCF with increased invasive and metastatic potential (LCC1 and LCC2). LCC2, but not LCC1 is tamoxifen resistant. Quantitative RT-PCR showed increased expression of PPT-I, NK-1 and NK-2 mRNA LCC1 and LCC2. MCF7 required stimulation by phorbol ester for NK-1 induction. The levels of NK-2 mRNA were significantly increased in LCC2. Clonogenic assays with specific receptor antagonists showed a predominant role for NK-2 in the proliferation of both LCC1 and LCC2. While the growth rate of LCC1 and LCC2 were similar, the latter showed increased migration. Use of a nude mouse model confirmed higher metastatic potential of LCC2, including increased migration to regions of the endosteum. Overall, these studies show a correlation between three neuroendocrine-related genes: PPT-I, NK-1 and NK-2 and the metastatic potential of specific breast cancer cells. These cells provide a model for future studies on bone marrow metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tammy A Castro
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UMDNJ, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Reed KL, Fruin AB, Gower AC, Gonzales KD, Stucchi AF, Andry CD, O'Brien M, Becker JM. NF-kappaB activation precedes increases in mRNA encoding neurokinin-1 receptor, proinflammatory cytokines, and adhesion molecules in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in rats. Dig Dis Sci 2005; 50:2366-78. [PMID: 16416193 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-005-3066-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2003] [Accepted: 03/12/2004] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) plays a key role in initiating inflammation associated with colitis. A systematic study was conducted in the rat DSS colitis model to determine the temporal relationship between NF-kappa B activation and expression of substance P (SP), neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R), proinflammatory cytokines, and adhesion molecules. Rats were given 5% DSS in their water and sacrificed daily for 6 days. Colon tissue was collected for assessment of histological changes, NF-kappa B activation, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and expression of NK-1R, SP, TNFalpha, IL-1beta, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin, CINC-1, MIP-1alpha, and iNOS. NF-kappa B activation increased, biphasically, on Day 1 and again on Days 4-6. The mRNA levels for ICAM-1, CINC-1, IL-1beta, TNFalpha, VCAM-1, and NK-1R rose significantly (P < 0.05) by 2-4 days. Increased iNOS mRNA levels, MPO activity, and mucosal damage occurred on Day 6. These data demonstrate that NF-kappa B activation substantially precedes the onset of physical disease signs and active inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Reed
- Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mukerji I, Ramkissoon SH, Reddy KKR, Rameshwar P. Autocrine proliferation of neuroblastoma cells is partly mediated through neurokinin receptors: relevance to bone marrow metastasis. J Neurooncol 2005; 71:91-8. [PMID: 15690122 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-004-9182-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite intensive therapy, approximately 60-80% of children who are diagnosed with metastatic neuroblastoma (NB) succumb to the disease. NB preferentially metastasizes to the bone marrow (BM). In the present study we used SY5Y and CHP212 (NB cell lines) to study the roles of the preprotachykinin-I (PPT-I) gene and the natural receptors for PPT-I peptides, neurokinin-1 (NK-1) and NK-2, in the biology of NB. PPT-I, NK-1 and NK-2 were constitutively expressed in the NB cells. Functional studies, with specific NK receptor antagonists, showed that PPT-I peptides mediate autocrine proliferation of the NB cells through both NK-1 and NK-2 receptors. Full-length and truncated NK-1 receptors were detected in NB cells. Since there is one copy of the NK-1 gene, we used NK-1-specific siRNA to suppress the expression of NK-1. The NK-1-deficient NB cells showed phenotypes consistent with cell differentiation. Suppression of NK-1 did not appear to cause cell death, as demonstrated by trypan blue exclusion and by undetectable active caspase. NK-1 suppression reduced the proliferation of the NB cells beginning by 10-fold at day 1 and reached a 10(5)-fold reduction by day 10. The NK-1 deficient cells did not proliferate when they were placed as cocultures with BM stroma, which suggests that NK-1 signaling is important for the survival of NB cells in the BM. The results show potential roles for NK receptors in the proliferation of NB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indroneil Mukerji
- New Jersey Medical School (UMDNJ-NJMS), Department of Medicine - Hematology/Oncology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, MSB, Room E-579, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Forsgren S, Danielson P, Alfredson H. Vascular NK-1 receptor occurrence in normal and chronic painful Achilles and patellar tendons: studies on chemically unfixed as well as fixed specimens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 126:173-81. [PMID: 15664664 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2004.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2004] [Revised: 08/31/2004] [Accepted: 09/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is not known as to whether the Achilles and patellar tendons contain neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptors. This is a drawback when considering the fact that pain symptoms are frequent in these and as recent studies show that the pain symptoms might be cured via interference with blood vessel function. In the present study, the human Achilles and patellar tendons were examined concerning immunohistochemical expression of the NK-1 receptor. Chemically unfixed and fixed specimens, TRITC and PAP stainings and a battery of NK-1 receptor antibodies, including antibodies against the C-terminus and the N-terminal region, were utilized. NK-1 receptor immunoreaction could be detected in inner parts of the walls of large blood vessels and in the walls of small blood vessels. To some extent, NK-1 immunoreaction was also detectable in small nerve fascicles and in tenocytes. It was found to be of utmost importance to apply both chemically unfixed and fixed specimens. The use of chemically unfixed tissue was found advantageous in order to depict the immunoreactions in the blood vessel walls. The observations represent new findings and are of relevance as substance P (SP) is known to be of importance where neurogenic angiogenesis contributes to diseases and as SP on the whole has profound effects concerning blood vessel regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sture Forsgren
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section for Anatomy, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Persson-Sjögren S, Lejon K, Holmberg D, Forsgren S. Expression of the NK-1 receptor on islet cells and invading immune cells in the non-obese diabetic mouse. J Autoimmun 2005; 24:269-79. [PMID: 15869864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2005.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2004] [Revised: 02/28/2005] [Accepted: 02/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The underlying mechanistic causes of immune cell infiltration in the islets of Langerhans and beta cell failure in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse is still to be completely revealed. Substance P (SP) is a substance known to have pro-inflammatory, endocrine, neuromodulatory and trophic effects, and its preferred receptor, the neurokinin receptor 1 (NK-1 R), is reported to be involved in extravasation of granulocytes and in inflammation and tissue derangement. Therefore, we have investigated the expression of NK-1 R during development of insulitis in the NOD mouse. We show that the magnitude of immunoreactivity scoring NK-1 R expression in the islets was increased in the 12-week-old NOD mouse. Expression of NK-1 R co-localized with expression of glucagon. In line with this expression pattern, we did not detect any effect of SP on glucose-induced insulin release. NK-1 R expression was particularly observed in islet cells in association with the clusters of immune cells. Expression of NK-1 R was also demonstrated in a fraction of the infiltrating B and T lymphocytes, as well as on infiltrating macrophages and dendritic cells. The observations show that the level of NK-1 R expression is increased in 12-week-old NOD mice, being correlated with the occurrence of islet mononuclear infiltration. Our data suggest that SP may act as a chemoattractant, contributing to the pathogenic mononuclear infiltration process in the NOD mouse. On the whole, the observations suggest that SP and the NK-1 R to certain extents are involved in the changes that occur during the development of insulitis in the NOD mouse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Solveig Persson-Sjögren
- Section for Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jönsson M, Norrgård O, Forsgren S. Substance P and the neurokinin-1 receptor in relation to eosinophilia in ulcerative colitis. Peptides 2005; 26:799-814. [PMID: 15808910 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2004.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2004] [Revised: 12/20/2004] [Accepted: 12/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Substance P (SP) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of ulcerative colitis (UC) and it has been suggested that blocking of its effect would be advantageous in this disease. Eosinophils have also been implicated in the pathophysiology of UC. In the present study, specimens from the sigmoid colon of UC patients were investigated by the use of antisera against SP and the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) and staining for demonstration of eosinophils. The degrees of SP innervation and NK-1R immunoreaction, as well as the levels of eosinophil infiltration, varied between different patients. Interestingly, NK-1R immunoreaction in the epithelium was often seen to be the most marked where there were numerous eosinophils in the underlying mucosa and where the mucosa showed a marked morphologic derangement. The observations suggest that there are marked fluctuations in effects of SP and eosinophils during the disease. The infiltrating eosinophils may be involved in the destruction of the mucosal tissue. Furthermore, for the majority of cases where there is marked derangement of the mucosa, it is apparent that there is an upregulation of the NK-1 receptor in the epithelium in parallel with the infiltration of the eosinophils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jönsson
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section of Anatomy, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pennefather JN, Lecci A, Candenas ML, Patak E, Pinto FM, Maggi CA. Tachykinins and tachykinin receptors: a growing family. Life Sci 2004; 74:1445-63. [PMID: 14729395 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The peptides of the tachykinin family are widely distributed within the mammalian peripheral and central nervous systems and play a well-recognized role as excitatory neurotransmitters. Currently, the concept that tachykinins act exclusively as neuropeptides is being challenged, since the best known members of the family, substance P, neurokinin A and neurokinin B, are also present in non-neuronal cells and in non-innervated tissues. Moreover, the recently cloned mammalian tachykinins hemokinin-1 and endokinins are primarily expressed in non-neuronal cells, suggesting a widespread distribution and important role for these peptides as intercellular signaling molecules. The biological actions of tachykinins are mediated through three types of receptors denoted NK(1), NK(2) and NK(3) that belong to the family of G protein-coupled receptors. The identification of additional tachykinins has reopened the debate of whether more tachykinin receptors exist. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of tachykinins and their receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn N Pennefather
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Pharmacology, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bandari PS, Qian J, Oh HS, Potian JA, Yehia G, Harrison JS, Rameshwar P. Crosstalk between neurokinin receptors is relevant to hematopoietic regulation: cloning and characterization of neurokinin-2 promoter. J Neuroimmunol 2003; 138:65-75. [PMID: 12742655 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(03)00096-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurokinin (NK)-1 and NK-2 receptors regulate hematopoiesis by interacting with neurotransmitters that belong to the tachykinin. This report studies the relationship between NK-1 and NK-2 in primary human bone marrow (BM) stroma, which supports hematopoiesis. Use of NK receptor antagonists and deficient stromal cells indicate that the neurotransmitter, substance P (SP), could exert dual hematopoietic effects (inhibitory or stimulatory), depending on the interacting receptor and crosstalk between NK-1 and NK-2. Cloning and identification of the minimal promoter for NK-2 and comparison with NK-1 promoter showed that the hematopoietic functions of NK receptors involve receptor crosstalk and the particular cytokine (IL-3, GM-CSF, TGF-beta or IL-1alpha). Crosstalk between NK-1 and NK-2 adds to communication within neural-hematopoietic axis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- 5' Untranslated Regions/drug effects
- Base Sequence
- Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
- Bone Marrow Cells/drug effects
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Cell Division/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cloning, Molecular/methods
- Cytokines/pharmacology
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Deletion
- Hematopoiesis/genetics
- Hematopoiesis/physiology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor Cross-Talk/physiology
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/genetics
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/physiology
- Receptors, Neurokinin-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Neurokinin-2/chemistry
- Receptors, Neurokinin-2/genetics
- Receptors, Neurokinin-2/physiology
- Stromal Cells/drug effects
- Stromal Cells/metabolism
- Substance P/pharmacology
- Transfection
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Persis S Bandari
- Department of Medicine, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, MSB, Rm. E-579, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bandari PS, Qian J, Yehia G, Joshi DD, Maloof PB, Potian J, Oh HS, Gascon P, Harrison JS, Rameshwar P. Hematopoietic growth factor inducible neurokinin-1 type: a transmembrane protein that is similar to neurokinin 1 interacts with substance P. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 2003; 111:169-78. [PMID: 12609765 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-0115(02)00288-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurokinin 1 (NK-1) is a member of seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors. NK-1 interacts with peptides belonging to the tachykinin family and showed preference for substance P (SP). NK-1 is induced in bone marrow (BM) stroma. NK-1-SP interactions could lead to changes in the functions of lymphohematopoietic stem cell (LHSC). This report describes the cloning and characterization of a cDNA clone isolated after screening of three cDNA libraries with an NK-1-specific probe. Based on its expression, the cDNA clone was designated hematopoietic growth factor inducible neurokinin-1 type (HGFIN). Computational analyses predicted that HGFIN is transmembrane with the carboxyl terminal extracellular. Proteomic studies with purified HGFIN and SP showed noncovalent interactions. HGFIN-SP interactions were supported by transient expression of HGFIN in CHO cells. Transient expression of HGFIN in unstimulated BM fibroblasts led to the induction of endogenous NK-1. Since NK-1 expression in BM fibroblasts requires cell stimulation, these studies suggest that there might be intracellular crosstalk between NK-1 and HGFIN. Northern analyses with total RNA from different BM cell subsets showed that HGFIN was preferentially expressed in differentiated cells. This suggests that HGFIN might be involved in the maturation of LHSC. HGFIN was detected in several other tissues, but not in brain where NK-1 is constitutively expressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Persis S Bandari
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|