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Korevaar DA, Damen JA, Heus P, Moen MJ, Spijker R, van Veen IH, Weersink EJ, van Kemenade GJ, van Hal PTW, Hooft L. Effectiveness of FeNO-guided treatment in adult asthma patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Allergy 2023; 53:798-808. [PMID: 37293870 DOI: 10.1111/cea.14359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Asthma control is generally monitored by assessing symptoms and lung function. However, optimal treatment is also dependent on the type and extent of airway inflammation. Fraction of exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) is a noninvasive biomarker of type 2 airway inflammation, but its effectiveness in guiding asthma treatment remains disputed. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to obtain summary estimates of the effectiveness of FeNO-guided asthma treatment. DESIGN We updated a Cochrane systematic review from 2016. Cochrane Risk of Bias tool was used to assess risk of bias. Inverse-variance random-effects meta-analysis was performed. Certainty of evidence was assessed using GRADE. Subgroup analyses were performed based on asthma severity, asthma control, allergy/atopy, pregnancy and obesity. DATA SOURCES The Cochrane Airways Group Trials Register was searched on 9 May 2023. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the effectiveness of a FeNO-guided treatment versus usual (symptom-guided) treatment in adult asthma patients. RESULTS We included 12 RCTs (2,116 patients), all showing high or unclear risk of bias in at least one domain. Five RCTs reported support from a FeNO manufacturer. FeNO-guided treatment probably reduces the number of patients having ≥1 exacerbation (OR = 0.61; 95%CI 0.44 to 0.83; six RCTs; GRADE moderate certainty) and exacerbation rate (RR = 0.67; 95%CI 0.54 to 0.82; six RCTs; moderate certainty), and may slightly improve Asthma Control Questionnaire score (MD = -0.10; 95%CI -0.18 to -0.02, six RCTs; low certainty), however, this change is unlikely to be clinically important. An effect on severe exacerbations, quality of life, FEV1, treatment dosage and FeNO values could not be demonstrated. There were no indications that effectiveness is different in subgroups of patients, although evidence for subgroup analysis was limited. CONCLUSIONS FeNO-guided asthma treatment probably results in fewer exacerbations but may not have clinically important effects on other asthma outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniël A Korevaar
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna A Damen
- Cochrane Netherlands, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Pauline Heus
- Cochrane Netherlands, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike J Moen
- Dutch National Health Care Institute, Diemen, the Netherlands
| | - René Spijker
- Cochrane Netherlands, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Medical Library, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ilonka H van Veen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Els J Weersink
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Peter Th W van Hal
- Dutch National Health Care Institute, Diemen, the Netherlands
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Van Weel-Bethesda Hospital, Dirksland, the Netherlands
| | - Lotty Hooft
- Cochrane Netherlands, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Rognoni C, Milano C, Heffler E, Bonini M, Brussino L, Carpagnano GE, Ricciardolo FLM, Costa F, Armeni P. Economic impact of a more extensive use of FENO testing on the Italian population with asthma. Respir Res 2023; 24:147. [PMID: 37268938 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02437-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a common chronic inflammatory airway affecting over 260 million people worldwide, and characterized, in the large majority of cases, by the so-called "type 2 inflammation". Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) testing is noninvasive point-of-care tool to assess type 2 inflammation and therefore improve asthma management. It has been suggested to determine eligibility for a specific biologic therapy and predict likelihood to respond. The aim of this study was to estimate the overall economic impact of an extensive use of FENO testing on the Italian population with asthma, including extra costs of testing and savings generated by more appropriate prescriptions, increased adherence and lower frequency of exacerbations. METHODS A cost of illness analysis was firstly performed to estimate the yearly economic burden from the National Healthcare Service (NHS) perspective in Italy of the management of asthmatic patients with standard of care (SOC) according to the application of GINA (Global Initiative for Asthma) guidelines; then, we evaluated the changes in the economic burden in patient management by introducing FENO testing into clinical practice. The cost items considered were: visits/exams, exacerbations, drugs, management of adverse events caused by short-term oral corticosteroids use. Efficacy of FeNO test and SOC is based on literature evidence. Costs refer to published data or Diagnosis Related Group/outpatient tariffs. RESULTS Considering one asthma visit every 6 months, the total yearly cost for the management of patients with asthma in Italy is 1,599,217,876€ (409.07€ per patient), while for FENO testing strategy this figure is 1,395,029,747€ (356.84€ per patient). An increased utilization rate of FENO testing from 50 to 100% of patients may lead to savings for the NHS from about 102 to 204 million € compared to SOC. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that FeNO testing strategy may improve the management of asthmatic patients leading to significant savings for the NHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Rognoni
- Centre for Research on Health and Social Care Management (CERGAS), SDA Bocconi School of Management, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy.
| | - Carlo Milano
- Centre for Research on Health and Social Care Management (CERGAS), SDA Bocconi School of Management, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Heffler
- Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, MI, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, MI, Italy
| | - Matteo Bonini
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Brussino
- SSDDU Immunologia, Ospedale Mauriziano, Allergologia, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Luigi Massimo Ricciardolo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Severe Asthma and Rare Lung Disease Unit, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Francesco Costa
- Centre for Research on Health and Social Care Management (CERGAS), SDA Bocconi School of Management, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizio Armeni
- Centre for Research on Health and Social Care Management (CERGAS), SDA Bocconi School of Management, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy
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Guilleminault L, Demoulin-Alexikova S, de Gabory L, Varannes SBD, Brouquières D, Balaguer M, Chapron A, Grassin-Delyle S, Poussel M, Guibert N, Reychler G, Trzepizur W, Woisard V, Crestani S. Guidelines for the management of chronic cough in adults. Endorsed by the French speaking society of respiratory diseases (Société de Pneumologie de Langue Française, SPLF), the Société Française d'Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie et de Chirurgie de la Face et du Cou (SFORL), the Société Française de Phoniatrie et de Laryngologie (SFPL), the Société Nationale Française de Gastro-entérologie (SNFGE). Respir Med Res 2023; 83:101011. [PMID: 37087905 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmer.2023.101011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Patients with chronic cough experience a high alteration of quality of life. Moreover, chronic cough is a complex entity with numerous etiologies and treatments. In order to help clinicians involved in the management of patients with chronic cough, guidelines on chronic cough have been established by a group of French experts. These guidelines address the definitions of chronic cough and the initial management of patients with chronic cough. We present herein second-line tests that might be considered in patients with cough persistence despite initial management. Experts also propose a definition of unexplained or refractory chronic cough (URCC) in order to better identify patients whose cough persists despite optimal management. Finally, these guidelines address the pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions useful in URCC. Thus, amitryptilline, pregabalin, gabapentin or morphine combined with speech and/or physical therapy are a mainstay of treatment strategies in URCC. Other treatment options, such as P2 × 3 antagonists, are being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Guilleminault
- Pôle des voies respiratoires, service de pneumo-allergologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse, 24 chemin de pouvourville, 31059, Toulouse, France; Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), Inserm U1291, University of Toulouse, CNRS U5282, 31000, Toulouse, France.
| | - Silvia Demoulin-Alexikova
- CHU de Lille, Lille, France Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille - Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles Respiratoires, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017-CIIL-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Ludovic de Gabory
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, 33000, France
| | - Stanislas Bruley Des Varannes
- Gastroenterology Department, CHU de Nantes, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, IMAD CIC 1413, Université de Nantes, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Danielle Brouquières
- Pôle des voies respiratoires, service de pneumo-allergologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse, 24 chemin de pouvourville, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | - Mathieu Balaguer
- Unité de voie et déglutition, hôpital Larrey, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Anthony Chapron
- Université de Rennes 1, CHU Rennes, Département de Médecine Générale, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Stanislas Grassin-Delyle
- Respiratory Diseases Department, Foch Hospital, 92150, Suresnes, France; Infection and Inflammation, Health Biotechnology Department, Paris-Saclay University, UVSQ, INSERM, 78180, Montigny le Bretonneux, France
| | - Mathias Poussel
- CHRU-Nancy, Exploration Fonctionnelle Respiratoire-Centre Universitaire de Médecine du Sport et Activités Physiques Adaptées, F54000, Nancy, France; DevAH, Université de Lorraine, F54000, Nancy, France
| | - Nicolas Guibert
- Pôle des voies respiratoires, service de pneumo-allergologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse, 24 chemin de pouvourville, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Wojciech Trzepizur
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Angers University Hospital, INSERM 1083, UMR CNRS 6015, MITOVASC, Equipe CarME, SFR ICAT, University of Angers, 49000, Angers, France
| | - Virginie Woisard
- Unité de voie et déglutition, hôpital Larrey, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Sabine Crestani
- Unité de voie et déglutition, hôpital Larrey, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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4
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Guilleminault L, Demoulin-Alexikova S, de Gabory L, Bruley des Varannes S, Brouquières D, Balaguer M, Chapron A, Grassin Delyle S, Poussel M, Guibert N, Reychler G, Trzepizur W, Woisard V, Crestani S. [Guidelines for the management of chronic cough in adults]. Rev Mal Respir 2023; 40:432-452. [PMID: 37080877 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Patients with chronic cough experience major alteration in their quality of life. Given its numerous etiologies and treatments, this disease is a complex entity. To help clinicians involved in patient management of patients, guidelines have been issued by a group of French experts. They address definitions of chronic cough and initial management of patients with this pathology. We present herein the second-line tests that might be considered in patients whose coughing has persisted, notwithstanding initial management. The experts have also put forward a definition of unexplained or refractory chronic cough (URCC), the objective being to more precisely identify those patients whose cough persists despite optimal management. Lastly, these guidelines indicate the pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions of use in URCC. Amitriptyline, pregabalin, gabapentin or morphine combined with speech and/or physical therapy are mainstays in treatment strategies. Other treatment options, such as P2X3 antagonists, are being developed and have generated high hopes among physicians and patients alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Guilleminault
- Pôle des voies respiratoires, service de pneumo-allergologie, centre hospitalo-universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Institut toulousain des maladies infectieuses et inflammatoires (Infinity) INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, université de Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.
| | - S Demoulin-Alexikova
- CHU de Lille, Lille, France; Inserm, CNRS, U1019-UMR9017, service des explorations fonctionnelles respiratoires, centre d'infection et d'immunité de Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, university Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - L de Gabory
- Department of otorhinolaryngology - head and neck surgery, university hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - S Bruley des Varannes
- IMAD CIC 1413, gastroenterology department, Institut des maladies de l'appareil digestif, université de Nantes, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - D Brouquières
- Pôle des voies respiratoires, service de pneumo-allergologie, centre hospitalo-universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - M Balaguer
- Unité de voie et déglutition, hôpital Larrey, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - A Chapron
- Département de médecine générale, université de Rennes 1, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - S Grassin Delyle
- Respiratory diseases department, Foch hospital, Suresnes, France; Inserm, UVSQ, infection and inflammation, health biotechnology department, Paris-Saclay university, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - M Poussel
- Exploration fonctionnelle respiratoire, centre universitaire de médecine du sport et activités physiques adaptées, CHRU de Nancy, 54000 Nancy, France; DevAH, université de Lorraine, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - N Guibert
- Pôle des voies respiratoires, service de pneumo-allergologie, centre hospitalo-universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - G Reychler
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgique
| | - W Trzepizur
- Department of respiratory and sleep medicine, Angers university hospital, Angers, France; Inserm 1083, UMR CNRS 6015, MITOVASC, équipe CarME, SFR ICAT, university of Angers, 49000 Angers, France
| | - V Woisard
- Unité de voie et déglutition, hôpital Larrey, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - S Crestani
- Unité de voie et déglutition, hôpital Larrey, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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5
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Unified Airway Disease. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2023; 56:11-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2022.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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de Hond AAH, Kant IMJ, Honkoop PJ, Smith AD, Steyerberg EW, Sont JK. Machine learning did not beat logistic regression in time series prediction for severe asthma exacerbations. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20363. [PMID: 36437306 PMCID: PMC9701686 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24909-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection of severe asthma exacerbations through home monitoring data in patients with stable mild-to-moderate chronic asthma could help to timely adjust medication. We evaluated the potential of machine learning methods compared to a clinical rule and logistic regression to predict severe exacerbations. We used daily home monitoring data from two studies in asthma patients (development: n = 165 and validation: n = 101 patients). Two ML models (XGBoost, one class SVM) and a logistic regression model provided predictions based on peak expiratory flow and asthma symptoms. These models were compared with an asthma action plan rule. Severe exacerbations occurred in 0.2% of all daily measurements in the development (154/92,787 days) and validation cohorts (94/40,185 days). The AUC of the best performing XGBoost was 0.85 (0.82-0.87) and 0.88 (0.86-0.90) for logistic regression in the validation cohort. The XGBoost model provided overly extreme risk estimates, whereas the logistic regression underestimated predicted risks. Sensitivity and specificity were better overall for XGBoost and logistic regression compared to one class SVM and the clinical rule. We conclude that ML models did not beat logistic regression in predicting short-term severe asthma exacerbations based on home monitoring data. Clinical application remains challenging in settings with low event incidence and high false alarm rates with high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne A. H. de Hond
- grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Department of Information Technology and Digital Innovation, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands ,grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Clinical AI Implementation and Research Lab, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands ,grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ilse M. J. Kant
- grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Department of Information Technology and Digital Innovation, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands ,grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Clinical AI Implementation and Research Lab, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands ,grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Persijn J. Honkoop
- grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew D. Smith
- grid.417145.20000 0004 0624 9990Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Wishaw, 50 Netherton Street, Wishaw, ML2 0DP UK
| | - Ewout W. Steyerberg
- grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Clinical AI Implementation and Research Lab, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands ,grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jacob K. Sont
- grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
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Kaplan AG, Kim JW. Asthma Exacerbations and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists: a Review of the Current Evidence. Pulm Ther 2022; 8:343-358. [DOI: 10.1007/s41030-022-00203-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Guida G, Bagnasco D, Carriero V, Bertolini F, Ricciardolo FLM, Nicola S, Brussino L, Nappi E, Paoletti G, Canonica GW, Heffler E. Critical evaluation of asthma biomarkers in clinical practice. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:969243. [PMID: 36300189 PMCID: PMC9588982 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.969243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of personalized medicine has revolutionized the whole approach to the management of asthma, representing the essential basis for future developments. The cornerstones of personalized medicine are the highest precision in diagnosis, individualized prediction of disease evolution, and patient-tailored treatment. To this aim, enormous efforts have been established to discover biomarkers able to predict patients' phenotypes according to clinical, functional, and bio-humoral traits. Biomarkers are objectively measured characteristics used as indicators of biological or pathogenic processes or clinical responses to specific therapeutic interventions. The diagnosis of type-2 asthma, prediction of response to type-2 targeted treatments, and evaluation of the risk of exacerbation and lung function impairment have been associated with biomarkers detectable either in peripheral blood or in airway samples. The surrogate nature of serum biomarkers, set up to be less invasive than sputum analysis or bronchial biopsies, has shown several limits concerning their clinical applicability. Routinely used biomarkers, like peripheral eosinophilia, total IgE, or exhaled nitric oxide, result, even when combined, to be not completely satisfactory in segregating different type-2 asthma phenotypes, particularly in the context of severe asthma where the choice among different biologics is compelling. Moreover, the type-2 low fraction of patients is not only an orphan of biological treatments but is at risk of being misdiagnosed due to the low negative predictive value of type-2 high biomarkers. Sputum inflammatory cell analysis, considered the highest specific biomarker in discriminating eosinophilic inflammation in asthma, and therefore elected as the gold standard in clinical trials and research models, demonstrated many limits in clinical applicability. Many factors may influence the measure of these biomarkers, such as corticosteroid intake, comorbidities, and environmental exposures or habits. Not least, biomarkers variability over time is a confounding factor leading to wrong clinical choices. In this narrative review, we try to explore many aspects concerning the role of routinely used biomarkers in asthma, applying a critical view over the "state of the art" and contemporarily offering an overview of the most recent evidence in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Guida
- Severe Asthma and Rare Lung Disease Unit, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Diego Bagnasco
- Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, Department of Internal Medicine (DIMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Vitina Carriero
- Severe Asthma and Rare Lung Disease Unit, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Bertolini
- Severe Asthma and Rare Lung Disease Unit, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Fabio Luigi Massimo Ricciardolo
- Severe Asthma and Rare Lung Disease Unit, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefania Nicola
- Allergy and Immunology, AO Mauriziano Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Luisa Brussino
- Allergy and Immunology, AO Mauriziano Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Emanuele Nappi
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Paoletti
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Walter Canonica
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Heffler
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
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Effect of General Anesthesia Maintenance with Propofol or Sevoflurane on Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide and Eosinophil Blood Count: A Prospective, Single Blind, Randomized, Clinical Study on Patients Undergoing Thyroidectomy. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12091455. [PMID: 36143240 PMCID: PMC9505258 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12091455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nitric oxide (NO) is considered a means of detecting airway hyperresponsiveness, since even non-asthmatic patients experiencing bronchospasm intraoperatively or postoperatively display higher levels of exhaled NO. It can also be used as a non-invasive biomarker of lung inflammation and injury. This prospective, single-blind, randomized study aimed to evaluate the impact of two different anesthesia maintenance techniques on fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeΝO) in patients without respiratory disease undergoing total thyroidectomy under general anesthesia. Methods: Sixty patients without respiratory disease, atopy or known allergies undergoing total thyroidectomy were randomly allocated to receive either inhalational anesthesia maintenance with sevoflurane at a concentration that maintained Bispectral Index (BIS) values between 40 and 50 intraoperatively or intravenous anesthesia maintenance with propofol 1% targeting the same BIS values. FeΝO was measured immediately preoperatively (baseline), postoperatively in the Postanesthesia Care Unit and at 24 h post-extubation with a portable device. Other variables measured were eosinophil blood count preoperatively and postoperatively and respiratory parameters intraoperatively. Results: Patients in both groups presented lower than baseline values of FeΝO measurements postoperatively, which returned to baseline measurements at 24 h post-extubation. In the peripheral blood, a decrease in the percentage of eosinophils was demonstrated, which was significant only in the propofol group. Respiratory lung mechanics were better maintained in the propofol group as compared to the sevoflurane group. None of the patients suffered intraoperative bronchospasm. Conclusions: Both propofol and sevoflurane lead to the temporary inhibition of NO exhalation. They also seem to attenuate systemic hypersensitivity response by reducing the eosinophil count in the peripheral blood, with propofol displaying a more pronounced effect and ensuring a more favorable mechanical ventilation profile as compared to sevoflurane. The attenuation of NO exhalation by both agents may be one of the underlying mechanisms in the reduction in airway hyperreactivity. The clinical significance of this fluctuation remains to be studied in patients with respiratory disease.
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Su KC, Ko HK, Hsiao YH, Chou KT, Chen YW, Yu WK, Pan SW, Feng JY, Perng DW. Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide Guided-Therapy in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Stratified, Randomized, Controlled Trial. Arch Bronconeumol 2022; 58:601-610. [PMID: 35312525 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2021.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with eosinophilic airway inflammation represents a distinct phenotype that might respond to treatment with inhaled corticosteroids. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) might predict eosinophilic inflammation and guide treatment option. We hypothesized that COPD patients with different baseline levels of FENO might have differentiated response to treatment with salmeterol/fluticasone (SFC) or tiotropium (TIO). METHODS This open-label, randomized-controlled trial enrolled treatment-naïve COPD patients who were stratified into high- (≥23.5ppb) and low-FENO group, followed by 12-week treatment with SFC or TIO. A linear mixed model with repeated measures was applied to analyze the changes in FENO (primary outcome), COPD assessment test (CAT) score, FEV1, and parameters in induced sputum and blood after treatment. RESULTS 134 patients were divided into 4 subgroups: low-FENO/SFC (n=30), low-FENO/TIO (n=29), high-FENO/SFC (n=37), and high-FENO/TIO (n=38). At baseline, FENO 23.5ppb clearly differentiated between eosinophilic and non-eosinophilic inflammation groups based on the eosinophils in induced sputum and blood. FENO significantly correlated with sputum and blood eosinophils at baseline. High-FENO/SFC (vs. high-FENO/TIO) subgroup had significant reduction in FENO and sputum inflammation profiles (including eosinophils, macrophages, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and interlukin-8) after treatment. These differences were not replicated between low-FENO/SFC and low-FENO/TIO subgroups. The improvement in CAT and FEV1 after treatment was indiscriminate between SFC and TIO in the low- and high-FENO groups. CONCLUSION High baseline FENO can serve as an indicator of eosinophilic airway inflammation in COPD patients who may respond favorably to treatment with inhaled corticosteroids/long-acting β2-agonists. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02546349.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Cheng Su
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Road, Beitou District, Taipei City 11217, Taiwan, ROC; Center of Sleep Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Road, Beitou District, Taipei City 11217, Taiwan, ROC; School of Medicine, Yangming Campus, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Beitou District, Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsin-Kuo Ko
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Road, Beitou District, Taipei City 11217, Taiwan, ROC; School of Medicine, Yangming Campus, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Beitou District, Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Han Hsiao
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Road, Beitou District, Taipei City 11217, Taiwan, ROC; Center of Sleep Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Road, Beitou District, Taipei City 11217, Taiwan, ROC; School of Medicine, Yangming Campus, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Beitou District, Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kun-Ta Chou
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Road, Beitou District, Taipei City 11217, Taiwan, ROC; Center of Sleep Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Road, Beitou District, Taipei City 11217, Taiwan, ROC; School of Medicine, Yangming Campus, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Beitou District, Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yen-Wen Chen
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Road, Beitou District, Taipei City 11217, Taiwan, ROC; School of Medicine, Yangming Campus, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Beitou District, Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wen-Kuang Yu
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Road, Beitou District, Taipei City 11217, Taiwan, ROC; School of Medicine, Yangming Campus, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Beitou District, Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sheng-Wei Pan
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Road, Beitou District, Taipei City 11217, Taiwan, ROC; School of Medicine, Yangming Campus, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Beitou District, Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jia-Yih Feng
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Road, Beitou District, Taipei City 11217, Taiwan, ROC; School of Medicine, Yangming Campus, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Beitou District, Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Diahn-Warng Perng
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Road, Beitou District, Taipei City 11217, Taiwan, ROC; School of Medicine, Yangming Campus, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Beitou District, Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC.
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11
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Liu Y, Ma G, Mou Y, Liu X, Qiu W, Zheng Y, Zhu H, Ge H. The Combined Value of Type2 Inflammatory Markers in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11102791. [PMID: 35628917 PMCID: PMC9144416 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11102791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles of type2 inflammatory markers in chronic airway diseases have been assessed in previous studies. However, the relationship between the combined value of these biomarkers and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has not been fully elucidated. We aimed to investigate the roles of the combined value of the fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) level and blood eosinophil count in COPD and the predictive capability of these biomarkers. In total, 266 patients were included in our analysis. When the two type2 biomarkers were assessed separately, there were limited correlations between either increased FeNO level or blood eosinophil count and decreased incidence of total exacerbation or frequency of mild exacerbation. Combining these two biomarkers strengthened their association with both incidence and frequency of acute exacerbation. In addition, during further assessment, simultaneously increased FeNO level and blood eosinophil count were associated with both mild and moderate acute exacerbation. Among the subjects included in this analysis, although the predictive capability was improved when these two biomarkers were combined, the improvement was not statistically significant, indicating the need to increase the sample size. The combination of FeNO level and blood eosinophil count exhibited strong and independent additive value in the assessment of acute exacerbation in COPD; simultaneously increased FeNO level and blood eosinophil count played a protective role in progression of COPD.
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12
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Understanding the Cellular Sources of the Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) and Its Role as a Biomarker of Type 2 Inflammation in Asthma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:5753524. [PMID: 35547356 PMCID: PMC9085317 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5753524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) has gained great clinical importance as a biomarker of type 2 inflammation in chronic airway diseases such as asthma. FeNO originates primarily in the bronchial epithelium and is produced in large quantities by the enzyme inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). It should be noted that nitric oxide (NO) produced at femtomolar to picomolar levels is fundamental for respiratory physiology. This basal production is induced in the bronchial epithelium by interferon gamma (IFNγ) via Janus kinases (JAK)/STAT-1 signaling. However, when there is an increase in the expression of type 2 inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13, the STAT-6 pathway is activated, leading to overexpression of iNOS and consequently to an overproduction of airway NO. Increased NO levels contributes to bronchial hyperreactivity and mucus hypersecretion, increases vascular permeability, reduces ciliary heartbeat, and promotes free radical production, airway inflammation, and tissue damage. In asthmatic patients, FeNO levels usually rise above 25 parts per billion (ppb) and its follow-up helps to define asthma phenotype and to monitor the effectiveness of corticosteroid treatment and adherence to treatment. FeNO is also very useful to identify those severe asthma patients that might benefit of personalized therapies with monoclonal antibodies. In this review, we revised the cellular and molecular mechanisms of NO production in the airway and its relevance as a biomarker of type 2 inflammation in asthma.
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13
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Loewenthal L, Menzies-Gow A. FeNO in Asthma. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 43:635-645. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1743290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAsthma is a common disease affecting 350 million people worldwide, which is characterized by airways inflammation and hyperreactivity. Historically diagnosis and treatment have been mainly based on symptoms, which have the potential to result in misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment. Nitric oxide (NO) is exhaled in human breath and is a marker of airways inflammation. Levels of NO are increased in the exhaled breath of patients with type 2 asthma and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) provides an objective biomarker of airway inflammation. FeNO testing is an accessible, noninvasive, and easy-to-use test. Cut-off values have been established by the American Thoracic Society (ATS), the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA), and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) but vary between guidance. FeNO levels have been shown to be predictive of blood and sputum eosinophil levels but should not be used in isolation and current guidance emphasizes the importance of incorporating clinical symptoms and testing when utilizing FeNO results. The inclusion of FeNO testing can increase diagnostic accuracy of asthma, while high levels in asthmatic patients can help predict response to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and suppression of levels with ICS to monitor adherence. FeNO levels are also a predictor of asthma risk with increased exacerbation rates and accelerated decline in lung function associated with high levels as well as having an emerging role in predicting response to some biologic therapies in severe asthma. FeNO testing is cost-effective and has been shown, when combined with clinical assessment, to improve asthma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lola Loewenthal
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Menzies-Gow
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
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14
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Khatri SB, Iaccarino JM, Barochia A, Soghier I, Akuthota P, Brady A, Covar RA, Debley JS, Diamant Z, Fitzpatrick AM, Kaminsky DA, Kenyon NJ, Khurana S, Lipworth BJ, McCarthy K, Peters M, Que LG, Ross KR, Schneider-Futschik EK, Sorkness CA, Hallstrand TS. Use of Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide to Guide the Treatment of Asthma: An Official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 204:e97-e109. [PMID: 34779751 PMCID: PMC8759314 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202109-2093st] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) test is a point-of-care test that is used in the assessment of asthma. Objective: To provide evidence-based clinical guidance on whether FENO testing is indicated to optimize asthma treatment in patients with asthma in whom treatment is being considered. Methods: An international, multidisciplinary panel of experts was convened to form a consensus document regarding a single question relevant to the use of FENO. The question was selected from three potential questions based on the greatest perceived impact on clinical practice and the unmet need for evidence-based answers related to this question. The panel performed systematic reviews of published randomized controlled trials between 2004 and 2019 and followed the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) evidence-to-decision framework to develop recommendations. All panel members evaluated and approved the recommendations. Main Results: After considering the overall low quality of the evidence, the panel made a conditional recommendation for FENO-based care. In patients with asthma in whom treatment is being considered, we suggest that FENO is beneficial and should be used in addition to usual care. This judgment is based on a balance of effects that probably favors the intervention; the moderate costs and availability of resources, which probably favors the intervention; and the perceived acceptability and feasibility of the intervention in daily practice. Conclusions: Clinicians should consider this recommendation to measure FENO in patients with asthma in whom treatment is being considered based on current best available evidence.
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15
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Using FeNO Measurement in Clinical Asthma Management. Chest 2021; 161:906-917. [PMID: 34673021 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2021.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a common and heterogeneous disease, characterised by lower airway inflammation and airflow limitation. Critical factors in asthma management include establishing an accurate diagnosis and ensuring appropriate selection and dosage of anti-inflammatory therapies. The majority of asthma patients exhibit type 2 (T2) inflammation, with increased interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13 signalling, often with associated eosinophilia. Identifying lower airway eosinophilia with sputum induction improves asthma outcomes, but is time consuming and costly. Increased T2-inflammation leads to upregulation of nitric oxide (NO) release into the airway, with increasing fractional exhaled NO (FeNO) reflecting greater T2-inflammation. FeNO can be easily and quickly measured in the clinic, offering a point of care surrogate measure of the degree of lower airway inflammation. FeNO testing can be used to help confirm an asthma diagnosis, to guide inhaled corticosteroid therapy, to assess adherence to treatment, and to aid selection of appropriate biologic therapy. However, FeNO levels may also be influenced by a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic factors other than asthma, including nasal polyposis and cigarette smoking, and must be interpreted in the broader clinical context rather than viewed in isolation. This review discusses the clinical application of FeNO measurement in asthma care, from diagnosis to treatment selection, and describes its place in current international expert guidelines.
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16
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Uematsu M, Saito J, Sato S, Fukuhara A, Suzuki Y, Rikimaru M, Onuma T, Tomita H, Watanabe N, Saito M, Morimoto J, Kawamata T, Umeda T, Togawa R, Sato Y, Koizumi T, Hirai K, Minemura H, Nikaido T, Kanazawa K, Tanino Y, Munakata M, Shibata Y. Usefulness of diurnal variation of fractional exhaled nitric oxide for predicting early therapeutic response to asthma treatment. J Asthma 2021; 59:2039-2050. [PMID: 34550855 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2021.1984524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is considered to be an adjunct for asthma management, although its usefulness remains controversial. Therefore, it may be necessary for new approaches to use FeNO for asthma management. We evaluated whether diurnal variations of FeNO can predict response to asthma treatment. METHODS This pilot study consisted of 22 uncontrolled asthmatics and 16 healthy subjects. FeNO and peak expiratory flow (PEF) were measured by themselves twice daily at home for three weeks (asthmatics) or two weeks (healthy subjects), and daily mean and diurnal variations of FeNO and PEF levels were calculated. In uncontrolled asthmatics, treatment was intensified a week after study entry, and then control status was reevaluated after three to four weeks. Asthmatics were then divided into two groups; good or poor responders. RESULTS Diurnal variations of FeNO levels, as well as daily mean FeNO and PEF levels, in uncontrolled asthmatics before intensive treatment were significantly higher than those in healthy subjects, regardless of treatment response (p < 0.01). Furthermore, in the good responders, diurnal variations of FeNO levels were significantly decreased in the 1st week (p < 0.05) of intensive treatment, whereas the daily mean FeNO levels significantly dropped in the 2nd week (p < 0.05). In the poor responders, no such changes were observed in FeNO levels. In terms of PEF, only the daily mean levels were significantly elevated after the initiation of intensive treatment, regardless of treatment response. CONCLUSIONS Diurnal variations of FeNO may contribute to predicting early therapeutic response to asthma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Uematsu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Junpei Saito
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Suguru Sato
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Atsuro Fukuhara
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Suzuki
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Mami Rikimaru
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takumi Onuma
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hikaru Tomita
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Natsumi Watanabe
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Mikako Saito
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Julia Morimoto
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takaya Kawamata
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takashi Umeda
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Togawa
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yuki Sato
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Koizumi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Hirai
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Minemura
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takefumi Nikaido
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kenya Kanazawa
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Tanino
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Munakata
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yoko Shibata
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
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17
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Banić I, Lovrić M, Cuder G, Kern R, Rijavec M, Korošec P, Turkalj M. Treatment outcome clustering patterns correspond to discrete asthma phenotypes in children. Asthma Res Pract 2021; 7:11. [PMID: 34344475 PMCID: PMC8330019 DOI: 10.1186/s40733-021-00077-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite widely and regularly used therapy asthma in children is not fully controlled. Recognizing the complexity of asthma phenotypes and endotypes imposed the concept of precision medicine in asthma treatment. By applying machine learning algorithms assessed with respect to their accuracy in predicting treatment outcome, we have successfully identified 4 distinct clusters in a pediatric asthma cohort with specific treatment outcome patterns according to changes in lung function (FEV1 and MEF50), airway inflammation (FENO) and disease control likely affected by discrete phenotypes at initial disease presentation, differing in the type and level of inflammation, age of onset, comorbidities, certain genetic and other physiologic traits. The smallest and the largest of the 4 clusters- 1 (N = 58) and 3 (N = 138) had better treatment outcomes compared to clusters 2 and 4 and were characterized by more prominent atopic markers and a predominant allelic (A allele) effect for rs37973 in the GLCCI1 gene previously associated with positive treatment outcomes in asthmatics. These patients also had a relatively later onset of disease (6 + yrs). Clusters 2 (N = 87) and 4 (N = 64) had poorer treatment success, but varied in the type of inflammation (predominantly neutrophilic for cluster 4 and likely mixed-type for cluster 2), comorbidities (obesity for cluster 2), level of systemic inflammation (highest hsCRP for cluster 2) and platelet count (lowest for cluster 4). The results of this study emphasize the issues in asthma management due to the overgeneralized approach to the disease, not taking into account specific disease phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Banić
- Srebrnjak Children's Hospital, Srebrnjak 100, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mario Lovrić
- Know-Center, Infeldgasse 13, Graz, AT-8010, Austria. .,Institute of Interactive Systems and Data Science, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 16C, AT-8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Gerald Cuder
- Institute of Interactive Systems and Data Science, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 16C, AT-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Roman Kern
- Know-Center, Infeldgasse 13, Graz, AT-8010, Austria.,Institute of Interactive Systems and Data Science, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 16C, AT-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Matija Rijavec
- University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik 36, 4204, Golnik, Slovenia
| | - Peter Korošec
- University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik 36, 4204, Golnik, Slovenia
| | - Mirjana Turkalj
- Srebrnjak Children's Hospital, Srebrnjak 100, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.,Faculty of Medicine, J.J, Strossmayer University of Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000, Osijek, Croatia.,Catholic University of Croatia, Ilica 242, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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18
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Zheng Y, Lou Y, Zhu F, Wang X, Wu W, Wu X. Utility of fractional exhaled nitric oxide in interstitial lung disease. J Breath Res 2021; 15. [PMID: 34128832 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ac01c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The majority of interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) develop rapidly and are associated with a poor prognosis. Therefore, new noninvasive markers are needed to guide the classification and prognostication of ILD. We enrolled 95 patients with ILD, including dermatomyositis-associated ILD (n =69), Sjögren's syndrome-associated ILD (n= 7), mixed connective tissue disease-associated ILD (n= 9), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (n= 5) and hypersensitivity pneumonitis (n= 5), 82 patients with connective tissue disease but without ILD as well as 24 healthy controls, then evaluated fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO50; 50 ml s-1) (Bisenkovet al2006Vestn. Khir. Im. I. I. Grek.1659-14), pulmonary function and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scores. Blood samples were analyzed and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid parameters were measured. There was no significant difference in FeNO50 values between different subgroups of ILD patients or between different subgroups of ILD patients and healthy controls. However, we found that FeNO50 was negatively correlated with the HRCT score and positively correlated with forced vital capacity. FeNO50 values did not play a clinical role in the diagnosis, differential diagnosis or prognostication of ILD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- Department of Pulmonology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueyan Lou
- Department of Pulmonology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Pulmonology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanlong Wu
- Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueling Wu
- Department of Pulmonology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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19
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Lovrić M, Banić I, Lacić E, Pavlović K, Kern R, Turkalj M. Predicting Treatment Outcomes Using Explainable Machine Learning in Children with Asthma. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8050376. [PMID: 34068718 PMCID: PMC8151683 DOI: 10.3390/children8050376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Asthma in children is a heterogeneous disease manifested by various phenotypes and endotypes. The level of disease control, as well as the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory treatment, is variable and inadequate in a significant portion of patients. By applying machine learning algorithms, we aimed to predict the treatment success in a pediatric asthma cohort and to identify the key variables for understanding the underlying mechanisms. We predicted the treatment outcomes in children with mild to severe asthma (N = 365), according to changes in asthma control, lung function (FEV1 and MEF50) and FENO values after 6 months of controller medication use, using Random Forest and AdaBoost classifiers. The highest prediction power is achieved for control- and, to a lower extent, for FENO-related treatment outcomes, especially in younger children. The most predictive variables for asthma control are related to asthma severity and the total IgE, which were also predictive for FENO-based outcomes. MEF50-related treatment outcomes were better predicted than the FEV1-based response, and one of the best predictive variables for this response was hsCRP, emphasizing the involvement of the distal airways in childhood asthma. Our results suggest that asthma control- and FENO-based outcomes can be more accurately predicted using machine learning than the outcomes according to FEV1 and MEF50. This supports the symptom control-based asthma management approach and its complementary FENO-guided tool in children. T2-high asthma seemed to respond best to the anti-inflammatory treatment. The results of this study in predicting the treatment success will help to enable treatment optimization and to implement the concept of precision medicine in pediatric asthma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Lovrić
- Knowledge Discovery, Know-Center, Infeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; (M.L.); (E.L.); (K.P.)
| | - Ivana Banić
- Srebrnjak Children’s Hospital, Srebrnjak 100, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Emanuel Lacić
- Knowledge Discovery, Know-Center, Infeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; (M.L.); (E.L.); (K.P.)
| | - Kristina Pavlović
- Knowledge Discovery, Know-Center, Infeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; (M.L.); (E.L.); (K.P.)
| | - Roman Kern
- Knowledge Discovery, Know-Center, Infeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; (M.L.); (E.L.); (K.P.)
- Institute of Interactive Systems and Data Science, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 16C, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-316-873-0860
| | - Mirjana Turkalj
- Srebrnjak Children’s Hospital, Srebrnjak 100, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.B.); (M.T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Medical School, Catholic University of Croatia, Ilica 242, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Hernandez-Pacheco N, Vijverberg SJ, Herrera-Luis E, Li J, Sio YY, Granell R, Corrales A, Maroteau C, Lethem R, Perez-Garcia J, Farzan N, Repnik K, Gorenjak M, Soares P, Karimi L, Schieck M, Pérez-Méndez L, Berce V, Tavendale R, Eng C, Sardon O, Kull I, Mukhopadhyay S, Pirmohamed M, Verhamme KMC, Burchard EG, Kabesch M, Hawcutt DB, Melén E, Potočnik U, Chew FT, Tantisira KG, Turner S, Palmer CN, Flores C, Pino-Yanes M, Maitland-van der Zee AH. Genome-wide association study of asthma exacerbations despite inhaled corticosteroid use. Eur Respir J 2021; 57:2003388. [PMID: 33303529 PMCID: PMC8122045 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.03388-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Substantial variability in response to asthma treatment with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) has been described among individuals and populations, suggesting the contribution of genetic factors. Nonetheless, only a few genes have been identified to date. We aimed to identify genetic variants associated with asthma exacerbations despite ICS use in European children and young adults and to validate the findings in non-Europeans. Moreover, we explored whether a gene-set enrichment analysis could suggest potential novel asthma therapies. METHODS A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of asthma exacerbations was tested in 2681 children of European descent treated with ICS from eight studies. Suggestive association signals were followed up for replication in 538 European asthma patients. Further evaluation was performed in 1773 non-Europeans. Variants revealed by published GWAS were assessed for replication. Additionally, gene-set enrichment analysis focused on drugs was performed. RESULTS 10 independent variants were associated with asthma exacerbations despite ICS treatment in the discovery phase (p≤5×10-6). Of those, one variant at the CACNA2D3-WNT5A locus was nominally replicated in Europeans (rs67026078; p=0.010), but this was not validated in non-European populations. Five other genes associated with ICS response in previous studies were replicated. Additionally, an enrichment of associations in genes regulated by trichostatin A treatment was found. CONCLUSIONS The intergenic region of CACNA2D3 and WNT5A was revealed as a novel locus for asthma exacerbations despite ICS treatment in European populations. Genes associated were related to trichostatin A, suggesting that this drug could regulate the molecular mechanisms involved in treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Hernandez-Pacheco
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario N.S. de Candelaria, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Genomics and Health Group, Dept of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Cell Biology and Genetics, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Susanne J Vijverberg
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Dept of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Emma's Children Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Herrera-Luis
- Genomics and Health Group, Dept of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Cell Biology and Genetics, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Jiang Li
- The Channing Division of Network Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yang Yie Sio
- Dept of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raquel Granell
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Almudena Corrales
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario N.S. de Candelaria, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cyrielle Maroteau
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Ryan Lethem
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Javier Perez-Garcia
- Genomics and Health Group, Dept of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Cell Biology and Genetics, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Niloufar Farzan
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Breathomix B.V., El Reeuwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Katja Repnik
- Center for Human Molecular Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Laboratory for Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genomics, Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Mario Gorenjak
- Center for Human Molecular Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Patricia Soares
- Academic Dept of Paediatrics, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Royal Alexandra Children's Hospital, Brighton, UK
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Leila Karimi
- Dept of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maximilian Schieck
- Dept of Paediatric Pneumology and Allergy, University Children's Hospital Regensburg (KUNO), Regensburg, Germany
- Dept of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lina Pérez-Méndez
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario N.S. de Candelaria, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Dept of Clinic Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Unit, Hospital Universitario N.S. de Candelaria, Gerencia de Atención Primaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Vojko Berce
- Center for Human Molecular Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Dept of Paediatrics, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Roger Tavendale
- Population Pharmacogenetics Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Celeste Eng
- Dept of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Olaia Sardon
- Division of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
- Dept of Paediatrics, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Inger Kull
- Dept of Clinical Sciences and Education Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet and Sachs' Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Somnath Mukhopadhyay
- Academic Dept of Paediatrics, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Royal Alexandra Children's Hospital, Brighton, UK
- Population Pharmacogenetics Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Munir Pirmohamed
- Dept of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Katia M C Verhamme
- Dept of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esteban G Burchard
- Dept of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Dept of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael Kabesch
- Dept of Paediatric Pneumology and Allergy, University Children's Hospital Regensburg (KUNO), Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniel B Hawcutt
- Dept of Women's and Children's Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Erik Melén
- Dept of Clinical Sciences and Education Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet and Sachs' Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Uroš Potočnik
- Center for Human Molecular Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Laboratory for Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genomics, Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Fook Tim Chew
- Dept of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kelan G Tantisira
- The Channing Division of Network Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steve Turner
- Child Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Colin N Palmer
- Population Pharmacogenetics Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Carlos Flores
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario N.S. de Candelaria, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Maria Pino-Yanes
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario N.S. de Candelaria, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Genomics and Health Group, Dept of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Cell Biology and Genetics, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Anke H Maitland-van der Zee
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Dept of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Emma's Children Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- These authors contributed equally to this work
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21
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Songnuy T, Petchuay P, Chutiyon W, Nurak A. Correlation between fractional exhaled nitric oxide level and clinical outcomes among childhood asthmatic patients: community hospital-based perspective. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06925. [PMID: 34007928 PMCID: PMC8111257 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) device has been developed for the evaluation of clinical control in asthmatic patients, instead of for uses in only analyzing clinical data and spirometry. The implementation of the FeNO device in daily practice has demonstrated both positive and negative results. Community hospital settings in Thailand have never used this method for the evaluation of disease control in asthmatics. The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between FeNO levels and asthma control, as determined by physicians. We recruited asthmatic patients aged from 4-15-years-old (after informed consent approval was obtained from their guardians) from May 15, 2018, to July 20, 2019. All of the patients had already been diagnosed as having asthma by physicians and had been prescribed inhaled corticosteroid medications. After routine visits, skin prick tests with 8 aeroallergens were performed. If a positive result was shown for at least 1 allergen, then the FeNO device was applied for the assessment of the level of inflammation. Data were analyzed by using SPSS Statistics version 21.0. Agreement index and Kruskal Wallis tests were used to measure the correlations. From 178 asthmatic patients, the mean age was 94.9 ± 36.75 months, and 59% of them were male. The educational levels of the guardians of the patients mostly consisted of primary school, and the household income was less than 333 US dollars per month. Inhaled corticosteroids were prescribed among the patients for disease control. The correlation between the FeNO level and the control level demonstrated a high agreement (accuracy index: 91.57%). The medians of the mean wheal diameters of Dermatophagoids pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoids farinae and Cladosporium spp. were significantly related to the FeNO level (with p-values of 0.024, 0.003 and 0.045, respectively). Conversely, a number of positive skin responses to aeroallergens were not related with the FeNO level. In conclusion, a lower level of FeNO correlates with good asthma control level in pediatric allergic asthma. The medians of the mean wheal diameters of Dermatophagoids pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoids farinae and Cladosporium spp. correlated with higher FeNO levels. A device assessing FeNO seems beneficial for evaluating the level of disease control among childhood asthmatic patients in a primary care setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theerapan Songnuy
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences, Walailak University, School of Medicine, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Prachyapan Petchuay
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences, Walailak University, School of Medicine, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Wongwat Chutiyon
- Division of Pediatrics, Thasala Hospital, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Awirut Nurak
- Division of Pediatrics, Thasala Hospital, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
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22
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Chiu CJ, Huang MT. Asthma in the Precision Medicine Era: Biologics and Probiotics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4528. [PMID: 33926084 PMCID: PMC8123613 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a major global health issue. Over 300 million people worldwide suffer from this chronic inflammatory airway disease. Typical clinical symptoms of asthma are characterized by a recurrent wheezy cough, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. The main goals of asthma management are to alleviate asthma symptoms, reduce the risk of asthma exacerbations, and minimize long-term medicinal adverse effects. However, currently available type 2 T helper cells (Th2)-directed treatments are often ineffective due to the heterogeneity of the asthma subgroups, which manifests clinically with variable and poor treatment responses. Personalized precision therapy of asthma according to individualized clinical characteristics (phenotype) and laboratory biomarkers (endotype) is the future prospect. This mini review discusses the molecular mechanisms underlying asthma pathogenesis, including the hot sought-after topic of microbiota, add-on therapies and the potential application of probiotics in the management of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Juno Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
| | - Miao-Tzu Huang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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23
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Kim JH, Jin J, Park SY, Park SY, Kim HJ, Kim MH, Kwon HS, Song WJ, Kim SH, Park HW, Chang YS, Cho YS, Cho YJ, Cho SH, Moon HB, Kim TB. Discontinuation of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with controlled asthma: The DISCO (Discontinuation of Inhaled Steroid in Controlled asthmatics Over 6 months) study. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2021; 127:123-130.e1. [PMID: 33819615 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2021.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) are the recommended first-line therapy for asthma, determining whether to continue or discontinue ICS treatment in patients with mild asthma remains challenging for clinicians. Several studies have revealed that patients with mild-persistent asthma maintained a well-controlled state after ICS withdrawal. However, the long-term outcomes of ICS withdrawal have not yet been determined. OBJECTIVE To determine the possible clinical outcomes of the discontinuation of ICS in patients with well-controlled mild asthma. METHODS We investigated the clinical outcomes of discontinuing ICSs in patients with well-controlled mild asthma and compared the time to loss of control (LOC) between patients who stopped ICS treatment (ICS withdrawal group, IWG) and those who continued treatment for 3 years (continuous ICS group, CIG). RESULTS A significant difference in the time to LOC was observed between the IWG and CIG (hazard ratio, 2.56; 95% confidence interval, 1.52-4.33; P < .001). Increasing fractional exhaled nitric oxide levels (P = 0.008) and sputum eosinophil counts (%) (P = 0.015) revealed a weak but significant association with LOC risk in the CIG. The sputum eosinophil counts (P = 0.039) and serum total immunoglobulin E levels (P = 0.014) were significantly higher in the LOC group than in the non-LOC group of the CIG. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the maintenance of ICS treatment may help keep patients' asthma under control. Furthermore, patients with LOC had significantly higher sputum eosinophil counts in the CIG than those in the non-LOC group. Therefore, continuous ICS use by patients with mild, well-controlled asthma could be associated with good clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: KCT0002234.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Korean Armed Forces Capital Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhae Jin
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Young Park
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Young Park
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical care medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jung Kim
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hye Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Women University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyouk-Soo Kwon
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Jung Song
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae-Hoon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Woo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - You Sook Cho
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joo Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Women University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Heon Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Bom Moon
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Bum Kim
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Di Cicco M, Peroni DG, Ragazzo V, Comberiati P. Application of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) in pediatric asthma. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 21:151-158. [PMID: 33620882 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Fractional concentration of Nitric Oxide in the exhaled air (FeNO) is a moderately good biomarker of type-2 airway inflammation, and its measurement is feasible also in children. The available evidence is still not enough to support the routine use of FeNO to diagnose or manage asthma in every patient in clinical practice. However, its role in identifying asthma with eosinophilic inflammation is of particular interest in the management of severe asthma. RECENT FINDINGS In healthy subjects, FeNO levels increase with age and height, particularly in males, and are also influenced by ethnicity. FeNO measurement can support asthma diagnosis and help in predicting asthma development later in life in young children with recurrent wheezing. FeNO-guided asthma management is effective in reducing asthma exacerbations but may result in a higher daily dose of inhaled corticosteroids. FeNO can also be used as a marker to evaluate adherence to asthma treatment and predict response to different biologicals, especially Omalizumab and Dupilumab. SUMMARY This review outlines recent data on the application of FeNO in childhood-onset asthma diagnosis and management, as well as in phenotyping subjects with severe asthma who may benefit from monoclonal antibodies administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Di Cicco
- Pediatrics Unit, Pisa University Hospital
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa
| | - Diego Giampietro Peroni
- Pediatrics Unit, Pisa University Hospital
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa
| | - Vincenzo Ragazzo
- Pediatrics and Neonatology Division, Women's and Children's Health Department, Versilia Hospital, Lido di Camaiore, Italy
| | - Pasquale Comberiati
- Pediatrics Unit, Pisa University Hospital
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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25
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Psallidas I, Backer V, Kuna P, Palmér R, Necander S, Aurell M, Korsback K, Taib Z, Hashemi M, Gustafson P, Asimus S, Delaney S, Pardali K, Jiang F, Almquist J, Jackson S, Coffman RL, Keeling D, Sethi T. A Phase 2a, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Randomized Trial of Inhaled TLR9 Agonist AZD1419 in Asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 203:296-306. [PMID: 32809843 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202001-0133oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: To examine the potential of TLR9 (Toll-like receptor 9) activation to modulate the type 2 immune response in asthma.Objectives: To evaluate efficacy and safety of AZD1419, an inhaled TLR9 agonist, in a phase 2a, randomized, double-blind trial.Methods: Adult patients with asthma with a history of elevated eosinophils (>250 cells/μl) were randomized 1:1 to receive 13 once-weekly doses of inhaled AZD1419 (1, 4, or 8 mg; n = 40) or placebo (n = 41). Inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting β2-agonist were tapered down and then discontinued. The last four doses of AZD1419 were given without maintenance medication, followed by a 40-week observation period. Primary endpoint was time to loss of asthma control (LOC).Measurements and Main Results: AZD1419 induced a T-helper cell type 1-type IFN response with a sustained reduction in markers of type 2 inflammation. However, there were no statistically significant differences between AZD1419 and placebo for time to LOC, proportion of patients with LOC, changes in Asthma Control Questionnaire-five-item version, exacerbations, reliever use, FEV1, peak expiratory flow, or fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). LOC was predicted by an early rise in FeNO in 63% of patients. Despite withdrawal of maintenance treatment, 24 patients completed the study without LOC; AZD1419 n = 11, placebo n = 13. Adverse events were balanced across groups, with no deaths or serious adverse events judged as causally related to AZD1419.Conclusions: AZD1419 was safe and well tolerated but did not lead to improved asthma control, despite reducing markers of type 2 inflammation. Results suggest that a novel accelerated step-down approach based on FeNO is possible for patients with well-controlled asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Psallidas
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Vibeke Backer
- Center for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet and Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Piotr Kuna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Robert Palmér
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D
| | - Sofia Necander
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D
| | - Malin Aurell
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D
| | - Katarina Korsback
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D
| | - Ziad Taib
- Early Clinical Biostatistics and Statistical Innovation, Data Science & AI, BioPharmaceuticals R&D
| | - Mahdi Hashemi
- Early Clinical Biostatistics and Statistical Innovation, Data Science & AI, BioPharmaceuticals R&D
| | | | - Sara Asimus
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D
| | - Stephen Delaney
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D
| | | | - Fanyi Jiang
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; and
| | - Joachim Almquist
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D
| | | | | | - David Keeling
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D
| | - Tariq Sethi
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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26
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Abstract
Colorimetric sensing technologies have been widely used for both quantitative detection of specific analyte and recognition of a large set of analytes in gas phase, ranging from environmental chemicals to biomarkers in breath. However, the accuracy and reliability of the colorimetric gas sensors are threatened by the humidity interference in different application scenarios. Though substantial progress has been made toward new colorimetric sensors development, unless the humidity interference is well addressed, the colorimetric sensors cannot be deployed for real-world applications. Although there are comprehensive and insightful review articles about the colorimetric gas sensors, they have focused more on the progress in new sensing materials, new sensing systems, and new applications. There is a need for reviewing the works that have been done to solve the humidity issue, a challenge that the colorimetric gas sensors commonly face. In this review paper, we analyzed the mechanisms of the humidity interference and discussed the approaches that have been reported to mitigate the humidity interference in colorimetric sensing of environmental gases and breath biomarkers. Finally, the future perspectives of colorimetric sensing technologies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yu
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Di Wang
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Vishal Varun Tipparaju
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Francis Tsow
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Xiaojun Xian
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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27
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Dao VTV, Elbatreek MH, Fuchß T, Grädler U, Schmidt HHHW, Shah AM, Wallace A, Knowles R. Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors into the Clinic at Last. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 264:169-204. [PMID: 32797331 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The 1998 Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology for the discovery of nitric oxide, a nitrogen containing reactive oxygen species (also termed reactive nitrogen or reactive nitrogen/oxygen species) stirred great hopes. Clinical applications, however, have so far pertained exclusively to the downstream signaling of cGMP enhancing drugs such as phosphodiesterase inhibitors and soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators. All clinical attempts, so far, to inhibit NOS have failed even though preclinical models were strikingly positive and clinical biomarkers correlated perfectly. This rather casts doubt on our current way of target identification in drug discovery in general and our way of patient stratification based on correlating but not causal biomarkers or symptoms. The opposite, NO donors, nitrite and enhancing NO synthesis by eNOS/NOS3 recoupling in situations of NO deficiency, are rapidly declining in clinical relevance or hold promise but need yet to enter formal therapeutic guidelines, respectively. Nevertheless, NOS inhibition in situations of NO overproduction often jointly with enhanced superoxide (or hydrogen peroxide production) still holds promise, but most likely only in acute conditions such as neurotrauma (Stover et al., J Neurotrauma 31(19):1599-1606, 2014) and stroke (Kleinschnitz et al., J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1508-1512, 2016; Casas et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 116(14):7129-7136, 2019). Conversely, in chronic conditions, long-term inhibition of NOS might be too risky because of off-target effects on eNOS/NOS3 in particular for patients with cardiovascular risks or metabolic and renal diseases. Nitric oxide synthases (NOS) and their role in health (green) and disease (red). Only neuronal/type 1 NOS (NOS1) has a high degree of clinical validation and is in late stage development for traumatic brain injury, followed by a phase II safety/efficacy trial in ischemic stroke. The pathophysiology of NOS1 (Kleinschnitz et al., J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1508-1512, 2016) is likely to be related to parallel superoxide or hydrogen peroxide formation (Kleinschnitz et al., J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1508-1512, 2016; Casas et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114(46):12315-12320, 2017; Casas et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 116(14):7129-7136, 2019) leading to peroxynitrite and protein nitration, etc. Endothelial/type 3 NOS (NOS3) is considered protective only and its inhibition should be avoided. The preclinical evidence for a role of high-output inducible/type 2 NOS (NOS2) isoform in sepsis, asthma, rheumatic arthritis, etc. was high, but all clinical development trials in these indications were neutral despite target engagement being validated. This casts doubt on the role of NOS2 in humans in health and disease (hence the neutral, black coloring).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Thao-Vi Dao
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mahmoud H Elbatreek
- Department of Pharmacology and Personalised Medicine, MeHNS, FHML, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Thomas Fuchß
- Takeda GmbH (former Nycomed/Altana Pharma), Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Grädler
- Takeda GmbH (former Nycomed/Altana Pharma), Konstanz, Germany
| | - Harald H H W Schmidt
- Department of Pharmacology and Personalised Medicine, MeHNS, FHML, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ajay M Shah
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, London, UK
| | - Alan Wallace
- Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Richard Knowles
- Knowles Consulting Ltd., The Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, UK.
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Ulrik CS, Lange P, Hilberg O. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide as a determinant for the clinical course of asthma: a systematic review. Eur Clin Respir J 2021; 8:1891725. [PMID: 33708363 PMCID: PMC7919904 DOI: 10.1080/20018525.2021.1891725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Precision medicine means linking the right patient to the right management strategy including best possible pharmacological therapy, considering the individual variability of the disease characteristics, type of inflammation, genes, environment, and lifestyle. For heterogenous diseases such as asthma, reliable biomarkers are needed to facilitate the best possible disease control and reduce the risk of side effects. The present review examines fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) as a guide for the management strategy of asthma and predictor of its clinical course. Method: The literature included was identified by searching the PubMed database using specific key words and MeSH terms. Studies were not excluded based on their design alone. The search resulted in 212 hits, of which 35 articles were included in this review. Results: Several studies support a potential role for high FeNO levels as a prognostic biomarker for accelerated lung function decline in adults with newly diagnosed asthma. Furthermore, studies report an association between high FeNO levels and excess decline in FEV1 in adults with long-standing moderate to severe asthma despite optimised therapy, whereas the findings for patients with less severe disease are conflicting. Applying a FeNO-based management algorithm reduces the exacerbation rate in adults with asthma. Similar observations are seen in children, though based on fewer studies. The available studies provide evidence that the level of FeNO may be useful as a predictor of subsequent loss of asthma control in adults, though the evidence is somewhat conflicting in children and young adults. Conclusion: The present review provides evidence of the prognostic value of FeNO as a surrogate biomarker for type 2 inflammation in the airways. FeNO is likely to emerge as an important biomarker in monitoring and tailoring modern asthma treatment, either alone or in combination with other biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Suppli Ulrik
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hvidovre University Hospital, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Lange
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Medical Department, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Ole Hilberg
- Department of Medicine, Vejle Hospital, Southern Denmark University Hospital, Denmark
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Chien PJ, Suzuki T, Ye M, Toma K, Arakawa T, Iwasaki Y, Mitsubayashi K. Ultra-Sensitive Isopropanol Biochemical Gas Sensor (Bio-Sniffer) for Monitoring of Human Volatiles. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E6827. [PMID: 33260380 PMCID: PMC7730524 DOI: 10.3390/s20236827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Our groups have previously developed a biochemical gas sensor to measure isopropanol (IPA) in exhaled air and have applied it for breath IPA investigation in healthy subjects and diabetes patients. In this study, the original bio-sniffer was modified with a series of components that improved the limit of detection (LOD). First, the modified IPA bio-sniffer used a C8855-type photomultiplier tube (PMT) that performed well in the photon sensitivity at the peak wavelength of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) fluorescence. Second, the multi-core bifurcated optical fiber, which incorporated 36 fibers to replace the previous dual-core type, enhanced the fluorescence collection. Third, the optical fiber probe was reinforced for greater width, and the flow-cell was redesigned to increase the area of the enzyme-immobilized membrane in contact with the air sample. These modifications lowered the detection limit to 0.5 ppb, a significant increase over the previous 1.0 ppb. Moreover, the modified bio-sniffer successfully analyzed the IPA concentration in exhaled air from a volunteer, which confirmed its capability for real-world sample detection. The modified bio-sniffer is more applicable to breath measurement and the detection of other extremely-low-concentration samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Jen Chien
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan;
| | - Takuma Suzuki
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan;
| | - Ming Ye
- Department of Biomedical Devices and Instrumentation, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; (M.Y.); (K.T.); (T.A.)
| | - Koji Toma
- Department of Biomedical Devices and Instrumentation, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; (M.Y.); (K.T.); (T.A.)
| | - Takahiro Arakawa
- Department of Biomedical Devices and Instrumentation, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; (M.Y.); (K.T.); (T.A.)
| | - Yasuhiko Iwasaki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-Cho, Suita-Shi, Osaka 564-0836, Japan;
| | - Kohji Mitsubayashi
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan;
- Department of Biomedical Devices and Instrumentation, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; (M.Y.); (K.T.); (T.A.)
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Boer S, Honkoop PJ, Loijmans RJB, Snoeck-Stroband JB, Assendelft WJJ, Schermer TRJ, Sont JK. Personalised exhaled nitric oxygen fraction ( F ENO)-driven asthma management in primary care: a F ENO subgroup analysis of the ACCURATE trial. ERJ Open Res 2020; 6:00351-2019. [PMID: 32963989 PMCID: PMC7487343 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00351-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to identify patients who benefit most from exhaled nitric oxide fraction (FENO)-driven asthma management in primary care, based on prespecified subgroups with different levels of FENO. Methods We used data from 179 adults with asthma from a 12-month primary care randomised controlled trial with 3-monthly assessments of FENO, asthma control, medication usage, costs of medication, severe asthma exacerbations and quality of life. In the original study, patients were randomised to either a symptom-driven treatment strategy (controlled asthma (Ca) strategy) or a FENO+symptom-driven strategy (FCa). In both groups, patients were categorised by their baseline level of FENO as low (<25 ppb), intermediate (25–50 ppb) and high (>50 ppb). At 12 months, we compared, for each prespecified FENO subgroup, asthma control, asthma-related quality of life, medication usage, and costs of medication between the Ca and FCa strategy. Results We found a difference between the Ca and FCa strategy for the mean dosage of beclomethasone strategy of 223 µg (95% CI 6–439), p=0.04) and for the total costs of asthma medication a mean reduction of US$159 (95% CI US$33–285), p=0.03) in patients with a low baseline FENO level. No differences were found for asthma control, severe asthma exacerbations and asthma-related quality of life in patients with a low baseline FENO level. Furthermore, in patients with intermediate or high level of FENO, no differences were found. Conclusions In primary care, FENO-driven asthma management is effective in patients with a low FENO level, for whom it is possible to down-titrate medication, while preserving asthma control and quality of life. In primary care, FENO-driven asthma management is effective in patients with a low FENO, for whom it is possible to down-titrate medication while preserving asthma control and quality of lifehttps://bit.ly/2wC25N7d
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Boer
- Dept of Biomedical Data Sciences, Section of Medical Decision Making, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Dept of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Persijn J Honkoop
- Dept of Biomedical Data Sciences, Section of Medical Decision Making, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rik J B Loijmans
- Dept of General Practice, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jiska B Snoeck-Stroband
- Dept of Biomedical Data Sciences, Section of Medical Decision Making, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Willem J J Assendelft
- Dept of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tjard R J Schermer
- Dept of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob K Sont
- Dept of Biomedical Data Sciences, Section of Medical Decision Making, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Truong-Thanh T, Vo-Thi-Kim A, Vu-Minh T, Truong-Viet D, Tran-Van H, Duong-Quy S. The beneficial role of FeNO in association with GINA guidelines for titration of inhaled corticosteroids in adult asthma: A randomized study. Adv Med Sci 2020; 65:244-251. [PMID: 32276003 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to demonstrate the role of fractional concentration of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) in association with Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) guidelines for treatment of adult patients with asthma. METHODS It was a prospective and randomized study. The symptomatic asthmatic patients were randomly divided into two groups: GINA group (followed GINA guidelines; N = 86) or GINA + FeNO group (followed GINA guidelines + FeNO for titration of inhaled corticosteroids - ICS; N = 90). They were followed-up for 9 months. RESULTS In GINA group, 37.2% patients had no treatment and 62.8% patients discontinued treatment vs. 40.0% and 60.0% in GINA + FeNO, respectively. After 3, 6 and 9 months of treatment, the percentage of mild, moderate and severe asthma showed no significant difference between the two groups. At 9th month, Δ moderate asthma (reduction) in GINA + FeNO group was significantly higher than in the GINA group (-22.0% vs. -11.6%; P = 0.018). The improvement of asthma control test (ACT) score was not different between the groups at 9th month (12 ± 6 vs. 10 ± 5; P > 0.05); the level of FeNO reduction in GINA + FeNO group was significantly higher than that in GINA group (-42 ± 11 vs. -35 ± 9; P = 0.022). The daily dose of ICS in GINA + FeNO group was significantly lower than that in GINA group (397 ± 171 vs. 482 ± 240 mcg and 375 ± 203 vs. 424 ± 221 mcg; respectively) at the end of 6 and 9 months. CONCLUSION The use of FeNO in association with GINA guidelines has a beneficial role for accurate daily dose of ICS in adult patients with asthma.
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Oishi K, Matsunaga K, Shirai T, Hirai K, Gon Y. Role of Type2 Inflammatory Biomarkers in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082670. [PMID: 32824775 PMCID: PMC7464674 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is typically thought to be driven by Type1 immune responses, while Type2 inflammation appears to be present in definite proportions in the stable state and during exacerbations. In fact, some COPD patients showed gene expression of Type2 inflammation in the airway, and this subset was associated with the inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) response. Interestingly enough, the relationship between COPD and diseases associated with Type2 inflammation from the perspective of impaired lung development is increasingly highlighted by recent epidemiologic studies on the origin of COPD. Therefore, many researchers have shown an interest in the prevalence and the role of existent Type2 biomarkers such as sputum and blood eosinophils, exhaled nitric oxide fraction, and atopy, not only in asthma but also in COPD. Although the evidence about Type2 biomarkers in COPD is inconsistent and less robust, Type2 biomarkers have shown some potential when analyzing various clinical outcomes or therapeutic response to ICS. In this article, we review the existent and emerging Type2 biomarkers with clinically higher applicability in the management of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Oishi
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-836-22-2248
| | - Kazuto Matsunaga
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan;
| | - Toshihiro Shirai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shizuoka General Hospital, Shizuoka 420-8527, Japan;
| | - Keita Hirai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Genetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan;
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacogenomics, Shizuoka General Hospital, Shizuoka 420-8527, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Gon
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8601, Japan;
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Ngo-Minh X, Tang-Thi-Thao T, Doan-Thi-Quynh N, Craig TJ, Duong-Quy S. Study of the role of exhaled nitric oxide (NO) in predicting controlled or uncontrolled asthma in asthmatic children. Multidiscip Respir Med 2020; 15:656. [PMID: 32431811 PMCID: PMC7232017 DOI: 10.4081/mrm.2020.656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exhaled nitric oxide (NO), especially fractional concentration of exhaled NO (FENO) has been used to predict the responsiveness to inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) in children with asthma. However, the use of exhaled NO for predicting asthma control in children is still controversial. Methods This was a perspective observational study. Asthmatic children who were naïve to inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) were included in the present study. The measurements of FENO and CANO (concentration of NO in the gas phase of the alveolar), spirometry, blood eosinophil counts (BEC), and total IgE levels were done for each asthmatic child. All study subjects started proper asthma treatment after the enrollment. Results Ninety three asthmatic children (9±3 years) with moderate (63.4%) to severe (36.6%) asthma were included and finished the 3-month study. The levels of FENO and CANO at inclusion were 37±11 ppb and 5.8±1.4 ppb, respectively; the mean of BEC was 617±258 cells/μL; the level of total IgE was 1563±576 UI/mL; 89% of subjects were positive for at least one respiratory allergen. The percentage of severe asthma was reduced significantly after 3 months (P<0.001). Well controlled asthma subjects at 3 months had higher levels of FENO and lower levels of CANO at inclusion (P<0.05 and P<0.05). FENO<20 ppb or CANO>5ppb had a risk of uncontrolled asthma at 3 months (OR: 1.7, CI 95% [(0.8) - (3.3)], P<0.05; OR: 1.9, CI 95% [(0.9) - (2.7)], P<0.05; respectively). FENO>35 ppb at inclusion had a positive predictive value for asthma control at 3 months (OR: 3.5, CI 95% [2.2-5.9], P<0.01). Conclusions Exhaled NO is a biomarker of asthma which may have a potential role to predict the control of asthma in short-term follow up in asthmatic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Ngo-Minh
- Department of Medicine, Pham Ngoc Thach University, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Timothy J Craig
- Division of Immuno-Allergology, Hershey Medical Center, Penn State Medical College, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Sy Duong-Quy
- Department of Medicine, Pham Ngoc Thach University, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam.,Clinical Research Center, Lam Dong Medical College, Dalat city, Vietnam.,Division of Immuno-Allergology, Hershey Medical Center, Penn State Medical College, Hershey, PA, USA
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Dinh-Thi-Dieu H, Vo-Thi-Kim A, Tran-Van H, Tang-Thi-Thao T, Duong-Quy S. Study of the beneficial role of exhaled nitric oxide in combination with GINA guidelines for titration of inhaled corticosteroids in children with asthma. J Breath Res 2020; 14:026014. [PMID: 31905348 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab6809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of FENO in association with current guidelines in the treatment of asthma has not been studied thoroughly. This study aimed to evaluate the beneficial role of FENO in combination with GINA (Global Initiative for Asthma) guidelines for titration of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in asthmatic children. METHODS It was a prospective and descriptive study. Uncontrolled asthmatic children were randomized to two groups: group 1 (followed GINA guidelines) or group 2 (followed GINA guidelines + FENO modification for ICS titration). The two groups were followed-up for 12 months. RESULTS The mean age of the patients in the study was 10 ± 4 years for group 1 (n = 116) and 11 ± 5 years for group 2 (n = 108). There were 87.9% patients in group 1 and 82.4% in group 2 that had a familial allergic history. There were 58.6% of moderate asthma and 41.4% of severe asthma in group 1, versus 56.4% and 43.6% in group 2, respectively. The percentage of moderate and severe asthma was also significantly modified after 6th and 12th month versus at inclusion (43.1% and 35.3% versus 58.6%, P < 0.01 and P < 0.005; 23.2% and 12.9% versus 41.4%, P < 0.005 and P < 0.001, respectively). The total daily dose of ICS in group 2 at 12th months was significantly lower than that in group 1 (3515 ± 1175 versus 4785 ± 1235 mcg; P < 0.005). The daily cost of ICS treatment in group 2 was also lower than that of group 1 (18 ± 4 versus 27 ± 3 USD; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The use of FENO in combination with GINA guidelines for ICS titration is useful in reducing the daily ICS dose and treatment cost.
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Relationship between Particulate Matter (PM 10) and Airway Inflammation Measured with Exhaled Nitric Oxide Test in Seoul, Korea. Can Respir J 2020; 2020:1823405. [PMID: 32256904 PMCID: PMC7103060 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1823405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Particulate matter (PM) is increasing every year in Asia. It is not fully understood how the airway is affected when inhaling PM. We investigated the correlation between particulate matter with a diameter of less than 10 μm (PM10) and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) to determine whether PM causes airway inflammation. Material and Methods. We analyzed patients who visited our outpatient clinic and tested FeNO from January 2016 to December 2017 at the Korea University Guro Hospital. PM10 data were provided by the government of the Republic of South Korea, and measuring station of PM10 is located 800 meters from the hospital. We analyzed the correlation between PM10 and FeNO by a Pearson correlation analysis and by a multivariate linear regression analysis. To identify the most correlated times, we analyzed the correlation between the FeNO and PM10 daily average from the day of visit to 4 days before visit. Results FeNO positively correlated with PM10 at two days before hospital visit in the Pearson correlation (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.057; P-value = 0.023) and in the multivariate linear regression analysis (B = 0.051, P-value = 0.026). If the PM10 increased by 100 μg/m3, the FeNO result was expected to rise to 8.3 ppb in healthy people without respiratory disease. Conclusion The positive correlation was found in both healthy people and asthmatic patients. Therefore, PM10 can increase airway inflammation.
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Gegin S, Celikel S, Celik D, Pazarli AC. Evaluation of Interleukin-6, Leukotriene B-4, and Nitric Oxide Levels in Exhaled Breath Condensate of Asymptomatic Obese Individuals: Are Obese Patients Under Risk of Developing Asthma? Eurasian J Med 2020; 52:25-28. [PMID: 32158309 DOI: 10.5152/eurasianjmed.2019.19181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective If systemic inflammation in relation with obesity causes asthma, the detection of increased airway inflammation among obese individuals who do not have any respiratory symptoms can be also beneficial in indentifying obese patients who are at risk of developing asthma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the systemic and airway inflammation of asymptomatic obese and non-obese individuals. Materials and Methods Obese and non-obese individuals with no respiratory symptoms were included. Inflammatory biomarkers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), exhaled breath condensate (EBC) interleukin-6 (IL-6), EBC leukotriene B-4 (LTB-4), and EBC nitric oxide (NO) levels of obese and non-obese individuals were determined. Results Forty-five obese individuals (body mass index [BMI]≥30) and 31 non-obese individuals (BMI≤25) as a control group were included in this study. The mean age of the obese group (38.7±11.4 years) was significantly higher than the one of the non-obese group (29.5±8.6 years; p<0.001). There was no significant relationship between gender and BMI (χ2 =1.471, p=0.225). CRP levels were significantly higher in the obese group (6.94±8.28) than the non-obese group (3.29±0.39; p<0.001). The levels of EBC IL-6 in obese and non-obese group were found as 22.61±12.53 and 21.08±14.39, respectively (p=0.624). There was no significant difference between EBC NO levels of the obese group and non-obese group (24.35±10.9 vs. 21.56±7.83; p=0.226). No significant difference was found between the EBC LTB-4 level in the obese group and the non-obese group (36.39±89.82 vs. 16.64±17.45; p=0.231). Conclusion Increased systemic inflammation in obese individuals who had no respiratory symptoms might indicate the tendency of asthma. However, airway inflammation was not significantly different between groups. Therefore the relationship between obesity and asthma should be investigated in future large-scale studies determining the direct effects of adipokines on airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savas Gegin
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Health Sciences, Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Serhat Celikel
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, İstanbul Medipol University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Deniz Celik
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Thoracic Surgery, University of Health Sciences, Ankara Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Cemal Pazarli
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Gaziosmanpaşa University School of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey
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Morice AH, Millqvist E, Bieksiene K, Birring SS, Dicpinigaitis P, Domingo Ribas C, Hilton Boon M, Kantar A, Lai K, McGarvey L, Rigau D, Satia I, Smith J, Song WJ, Tonia T, van den Berg JWK, van Manen MJG, Zacharasiewicz A. ERS guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic cough in adults and children. Eur Respir J 2020; 55:1901136. [PMID: 31515408 PMCID: PMC6942543 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01136-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
These guidelines incorporate the recent advances in chronic cough pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. The concept of cough hypersensitivity has allowed an umbrella term that explains the exquisite sensitivity of patients to external stimuli such a cold air, perfumes, smoke and bleach. Thus, adults with chronic cough now have a firm physical explanation for their symptoms based on vagal afferent hypersensitivity. Different treatable traits exist with cough variant asthma (CVA)/eosinophilic bronchitis responding to anti-inflammatory treatment and non-acid reflux being treated with promotility agents rather the anti-acid drugs. An alternative antitussive strategy is to reduce hypersensitivity by neuromodulation. Low-dose morphine is highly effective in a subset of patients with cough resistant to other treatments. Gabapentin and pregabalin are also advocated, but in clinical experience they are limited by adverse events. Perhaps the most promising future developments in pharmacotherapy are drugs which tackle neuronal hypersensitivity by blocking excitability of afferent nerves by inhibiting targets such as the ATP receptor (P2X3). Finally, cough suppression therapy when performed by competent practitioners can be highly effective. Children are not small adults and a pursuit of an underlying cause for cough is advocated. Thus, in toddlers, inhalation of a foreign body is common. Persistent bacterial bronchitis is a common and previously unrecognised cause of wet cough in children. Antibiotics (drug, dose and duration need to be determined) can be curative. A paediatric-specific algorithm should be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyn H Morice
- Respiratory Research Group, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Eva Millqvist
- Dept of Internal Medicine/Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Bieksiene
- Dept of Pulmonology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Surinder S Birring
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Peter Dicpinigaitis
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Christian Domingo Ribas
- Pulmonary Service, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí (Sabadell), Dept of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michele Hilton Boon
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ahmad Kantar
- Pediatric Cough and Asthma Center, Istituti Ospedalieri Bergamaschi, University and Research Hospitals, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Kefang Lai
- Dept of Clinical Research, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Representing the Chinese Thoracic Society
| | - Lorcan McGarvey
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - David Rigau
- Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Imran Satia
- Dept of Medicine, Division of Respirology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- University of Manchester, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Jacky Smith
- University of Manchester, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Woo-Jung Song
- Airway Sensation and Cough Research Laboratory, Dept of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Representing the Asia Pacific Association of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology (APAAACI)
| | | | | | - Mirjam J G van Manen
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Angela Zacharasiewicz
- Dept of Pediatrics, Teaching Hospital of the University of Vienna, Wilhelminen Hospital, Vienna, Austria
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Effect of Heterointerface on NO 2 Sensing Properties of In-Situ Formed TiO 2 QDs-Decorated NiO Nanosheets. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9111628. [PMID: 31744070 PMCID: PMC6915654 DOI: 10.3390/nano9111628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this work, TiO2 QDs-modified NiO nanosheets were employed to improve the room temperature NO2 sensing properties of NiO. The gas sensing studies showed that the response of nanocomposites with the optimal ratio to 60 ppm NO2 was nearly 10 times larger than that of bare NiO, exhibiting a potential application in gas sensing. Considering the commonly reported immature mechanism that the effective charge transfer between two phases contributes to an enhanced sensitivity, the QDs sensitization mechanism was further detailed by designing a series of contrast experiments. First, the important role of the QDs size effect was revealed by comparing the little enhanced sensitivity of TiO2 particle-modified NiO with the largely enhanced sensitivity of TiO2 QDs-NiO. Second, and more importantly, direct evidence of the heterointerface charge transfer efficiency was detailed by the extracted interface bond (Ti-O-Ni) using XPS peak fitting. This work can thus provide guidelines to design more QDs-modified nanocomposites with higher sensitivity for practical applications.
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Narendra D, Blixt J, Hanania NA. Immunological biomarkers in severe asthma. Semin Immunol 2019; 46:101332. [PMID: 31735516 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.101332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Severe asthma is heterogeneous in its clinical presentation, underlying pathophysiology, course and response to therapy. Clinical and physiological assessment of severe asthma is often inadequate in predicting underlying disease mechanisms and or response to medications. With the emergence of novel targeted therapies in severe asthma, the need for reproducible, easily measured biomarkers became obvious but only few are currently available for clinical use. These biomarkers along with the clinical presentation of the patient play an important role in identifying phenotypes and endotypes, predicting the clinical course and prognosis and improving the precision therapeutic approach to asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharani Narendra
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - John Blixt
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Nicola A Hanania
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States.
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40
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Chen H, Zhang M, Fu X, Fusco Z, Bo R, Xing B, Nguyen HT, Barugkin C, Zheng J, Lau CFJ, Huang S, Ho-Baillie AWY, Catchpole KR, Tricoli A. Light-activated inorganic CsPbBr 2I perovskite for room-temperature self-powered chemical sensing. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:24187-24193. [PMID: 31658307 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03059j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Halide perovskite materials are excellent light harvesters that have generated enormous interest for photovoltaic technology and an increasing number of other optoelectronic applications. Very recently, their use for miniaturized chemical sensors has shown a promising room-temperature response. Here, we present some insights on the use of CsPbBr2I (CPBI) perovskites for self-powered room-temperature sensing of several environmentally and medically relevant compounds demonstrating rapid detection of down to concentrations of 1 ppm. Notably, the photocurrent of these self-powered CPBI-based devices increases under exposure to both reducing (e.g. acetone, propane) and oxidizing (e.g. NO2, O2) gas molecules and decreases rapidly upon reverting to an inert atmosphere. In situ photoluminescence (PL) analysis of the CPBI during exposure to oxidizing molecules reveals a strongly increased PL intensity and longer lifetime indicating a prevalent role of CPBI trap states in the sensing mechanism. These findings provide new insights for the engineering of perovskite-based materials for their future chemical sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Chen
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia.
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41
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Abstract
The presentation, pathobiology, and prognosis of asthma are highly heterogeneous and challenging for clinicians to diagnose and treat. In addition to the adaptive immune response that underlies allergic inflammation, innate immune mechanisms are increasingly recognized to be critical mediators of the eosinophilic airway inflammation present in most patients with asthma. Efforts to classify patients by severity and immune response have identified a number of different clinical and immune phenotypes, indicating that the innate and adaptive immune responses are differentially active among patients with the disease. Advances in the detection of these subgroups using clinical characteristics and biomarkers have led to the successful development of targeted biologics. This has moved us to a more personalized approach to managing asthma. Here we review the emerging endotypes of asthma and the biologics that have been developed to treat them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Lowell Chupp
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA;
| | - Ravdeep Kaur
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Anne Mainardi
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA;
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42
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Duong-Quy S. Clinical Utility Of The Exhaled Nitric Oxide (NO) Measurement With Portable Devices In The Management Of Allergic Airway Inflammation And Asthma. J Asthma Allergy 2019; 12:331-341. [PMID: 31632093 PMCID: PMC6789173 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s190489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a potential bioactive gas produced continuously and constantly in the airways of healthy subjects. In allergic airway inflammation, the level of exhaled NO is usually increased and mediated by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) enzyme presenting in the epithelium and different inflammatory cells. The measurement of NO concentration in the airway is possible with portable devices which use an electroluminescence technique. In subjects with upper airway with allergic inflammation such as in allergic rhinitis, the measurement of nasal NO (nNO) may help to diagnose and manage the disease. In the lower airway, increased fractional exhaled NO (FENO) reflects directly the inflammatory process that occurs in the airways that are typically seen in asthma. It has been shown that there is a strong correlation between FENO levels and increased activity of airway inflammation mediated by immuno-allergic cells and mediators. Thus, FENO has higher specificity and sensitivity than other methods in diagnosing the severity of inflammation in asthmatic patients. Moreover, the correlation between increased FENO levels and a high risk of bronchial hyperresponsiveness has also been demonstrated. FENO is also a relevant biomarker to evaluate asthma status due to the change of its values occurring earlier than clinical manifestations and spirometry parameters. In addition, the measurement of FENO with portable devices helps to support the diagnosis of asthma, to follow-up the control of asthma and to personalize asthmatic patients for target treatment with biologic therapy. Therefore, measuring FENO with portable devices in the diagnosis and treatment of allergic airway inflammation, especially in asthma, is one of the most essential applications of NO biomarkers in exhaled breath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sy Duong-Quy
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Medical and Biological Research Centre, Lam Dong Medical College, Dalat City, Lam Dong Province, Vietnam
- Department of Immuno-Allergology, Penn State Medical College, Hershey, PA, USA
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Bourdin A, Bjermer L, Brightling C, Brusselle GG, Chanez P, Chung KF, Custovic A, Diamant Z, Diver S, Djukanovic R, Hamerlijnck D, Horváth I, Johnston SL, Kanniess F, Papadopoulos N, Papi A, Russell RJ, Ryan D, Samitas K, Tonia T, Zervas E, Gaga M. ERS/EAACI statement on severe exacerbations in asthma in adults: facts, priorities and key research questions. Eur Respir J 2019; 54:13993003.00900-2019. [PMID: 31467120 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00900-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite the use of effective medications to control asthma, severe exacerbations in asthma are still a major health risk and require urgent action on the part of the patient and physician to prevent serious outcomes such as hospitalisation or death. Moreover, severe exacerbations are associated with substantial healthcare costs and psychological burden, including anxiety and fear for patients and their families. The European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS) set up a task force to search for a clear definition of severe exacerbations, and to also define research questions and priorities. The statement includes comments from patients who were members of the task force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Bourdin
- Université de Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, PhyMedExp, INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Leif Bjermer
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Lung and Allergy research Unit, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christopher Brightling
- Dept of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute for Lung Health, NIHR BRC Respiratory Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Guy G Brusselle
- Dept of Respiratory Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Kian Fan Chung
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Adnan Custovic
- Dept of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Zuzana Diamant
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.,Respiratory and Allergy Research, QPS Netherlands, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Diver
- Dept of Respiratory Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Ratko Djukanovic
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Ildikó Horváth
- National Koranyi Institute for Pulmonology, and Dept of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Nikos Papadopoulos
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Allergy Dept, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Alberto Papi
- Respiratory Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Richard J Russell
- Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Dept of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Dermot Ryan
- Allergy and Respiratory Research Group, Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Woodbrook Medical Centre, Loughborough, UK
| | | | - Thomy Tonia
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Mina Gaga
- 7th Respiratory Medicine Dept, Athens Chest Hospital, Athens, Greece
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44
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Huang T, Liu B, Yang D, Liu C. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide measurement: Comparison between the Sunvou-CA2122 analyzer and the NIOX VERO analyzer. J Asthma 2019; 58:52-59. [PMID: 31512532 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2019.1658206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) has been developed as a useful marker for eosinophilic airway inflammation and is widely used in clinical practice due to its convenience and noninvasiveness. There are two NO analyzers commonly used in China: the Sunvou-CA2122 Analyzer (NOS) and the NIOX VERO Analyzer (NOV). However, the relationships between the two devices have not yet been reported. The aim of our study was to determine the correlation and differences in the FeNO levels measured by the two devices. METHODS FeNO levels were measured by both NOS and NOV in 107 adult patients with asthma. The asthma control test (ACT) score and lung function were also evaluated. This study was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (http://www.chictr.org.cn). RESULTS NOS yielded generally higher FeNO values than NOV [median (range): 87.0 (16 ∼ 276) vs 58.0 (9 ∼ 228); p < .001], and the difference increased with increasing FeNO levels. There was a high degree of correlation between FeNO values obtained with both devices (r s = 0.878, p < .001). However, the Bland-Altman plot showed a low degree of agreement, with a mean difference of -0.16 between logFeNONOS and logFeNONOV (95% CI: -0.45 ∼ 0.14). The conversion equation was calculated as follows: logFeNONOS= 0.027 + 0.904× logFeNONOV. CONCLUSION This was the first report to compare FeNO levels measured by NOS and NOV, showing a strongly positive correlation and a low degree of consistency between the two devices. Further prospective studies are required to verify our conclusions and determine the validity of the equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingxuan Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China School of Medicine and West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bicui Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China School of Medicine and West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Respiratory Department, Minda Hospital of Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China School of Medicine and West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuntao Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China School of Medicine and West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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45
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Majellano EC, Clark VL, Winter NA, Gibson PG, McDonald VM. Approaches to the assessment of severe asthma: barriers and strategies. J Asthma Allergy 2019; 12:235-251. [PMID: 31692528 PMCID: PMC6712210 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s178927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic condition with great variability. It is characterized by intermittent episodes of wheeze, cough, chest tightness, dyspnea and backed by variable airflow limitation, airway inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness. Asthma severity varies uniquely between individuals and may change over time. Stratification of asthma severity is an integral part of asthma management linking appropriate treatment to establish asthma control. Precision assessment of severe asthma is crucial for monitoring the health of people with this disease. The literature suggests multiple factors that impede the assessment of severe asthma, these can be grouped into health care professional, patient and organizational related barriers. These barriers do not exist in isolation but interact and influence one another. Recognition of these barriers is necessary to promote precision in the assessment and management of severe asthma in the era of targeted therapy. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of the barriers that impede assessment in severe asthma and recommend potential strategies for overcoming these barriers. We highlight the relevance of multidimensional assessment as an ideal approach to the assessment and management of severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor C Majellano
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, National Health and Medical Research Council Centre for Research Excellence in Severe Asthma and the Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Nursing and Midwifery, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Vanessa L Clark
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, National Health and Medical Research Council Centre for Research Excellence in Severe Asthma and the Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Nursing and Midwifery, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Natasha A Winter
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, National Health and Medical Research Council Centre for Research Excellence in Severe Asthma and the Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter G Gibson
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, National Health and Medical Research Council Centre for Research Excellence in Severe Asthma and the Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Vanessa M McDonald
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, National Health and Medical Research Council Centre for Research Excellence in Severe Asthma and the Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Nursing and Midwifery, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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46
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Suzuki Y, Inui N, Karayama M, Imokawa S, Yamada T, Yokomura K, Asada K, Kusagaya H, Kaida Y, Matsuda H, Koshimizu N, Toyoshima M, Masuda M, Hayakawa H, Hozumi H, Furuhashi K, Enomoto N, Fujisawa T, Nakamura Y, Suda T. Effect of PD-1 inhibitor on exhaled nitric oxide and pulmonary function in non-small cell lung cancer patients with and without COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2019; 14:1867-1877. [PMID: 31686799 PMCID: PMC6709515 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s214610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nivolumab, a programmed death 1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint inhibitor, has been shown to improve survival in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The possible involvement of PD-1 axis in the pathogenesis of inflammatory lung disease, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has also been reported. However, effects of PD-1 blockade on the respiratory system remain unknown. Objectives This prospective study aimed to investigate whether inhibition of the PD-1 axis altered lung inflammation and pulmonary function in NSCLC patients with and without COPD. Method This was a prospective multi-center study. Measurements of fractioned exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and pulmonary function were performed before and after 4 cycles of nivolumab therapy. Results A total of 137 patients with NSCLC were initially enrolled, and subsequently 95 patients (41 COPD and 54 non-COPD) receiving 4 cycles of nivolumab administration were included. After anti-PD-1 therapy, FeNO levels were significantly elevated together with increase in peripheral eosinophils. Interestingly, significant FeNO elevation was only found in COPD patients without increased peripheral eosinophils, but this was not the case in non-COPD patients. Additionally, COPD patients exhibited significant increases in FVC and FEV1 but no changes in dyspnea scales, and acute exacerbation did not occur during the therapy. Conclusion Our observations suggest that anti-PD-1 therapy changed FeNO levels and pulmonary function in NSCLC patients. This therapy does not worsen COPD in terms of symptoms, pulmonary function, or acute exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzo Suzuki
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Naoki Inui
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Masato Karayama
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Shiro Imokawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Iwata City Hospital, Iwata, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shizuoka City Shizuoka Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Koushi Yokomura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Seirei-Mikatahara Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Asada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shizuoka General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hideki Kusagaya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shizuoka Saiseikai Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kaida
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JA Shizuoka Kohseiren Enshu Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Matsuda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shizuoka Red Cross Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Naoki Koshimizu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fujieda City Hospital, Fujieda, Japan
| | - Mikio Toyoshima
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hamamatsu Rosai Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Masafumi Masuda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shizuoka City Shimizu Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hayakawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tenryu Hospital, National Hospital Organization, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hironao Hozumi
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kazuki Furuhashi
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Enomoto
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fujisawa
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yutaro Nakamura
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Takafumi Suda
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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Polosa R, O'Leary R, Tashkin D, Emma R, Caruso M. The effect of e-cigarette aerosol emissions on respiratory health: a narrative review. Expert Rev Respir Med 2019; 13:899-915. [PMID: 31375047 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2019.1649146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Due to the uptake in the use of e-cigarettes (ECs), evidence on their health effects is needed to inform health care and policy. Some regulators and health professionals have raised concerns that the respirable aerosols generated by ECs contain several constituents of potential toxicological and biological relevance to respiratory health. Areas covered: We critically assess published research on the respiratory system investigating the effects of ECs in preclinical models, clinical studies of people who switched to ECs from tobacco cigarettes, and population surveys. We assess the studies for the quality of their methodology and accuracy of their interpretation. To adequately assess the impact of EC use on human health, addressing common mistakes and developing robust and realistic methodological recommendations is an urgent priority. The findings of this review indicate that ECs under normal conditions of use demonstrate far fewer respiratory risks than combustible tobacco cigarettes. EC users and smokers considering ECs have the right to be informed about the relative risks of EC use, and to be made aware that findings of studies published by the media are not always reliable. Expert opinion: Growing evidence supports the relative safety of EC emission aerosols for the respiratory tract compared to tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Polosa
- Centro per la Prevenzione e Cura del Tabagismo (CPCT), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Policlinico-V. Emanuele", Università of Catania , Catania , Italy.,Center of Excellence for the acceleration of HArm Reduction (CoEHAR), University of Catania , Catania , Italy
| | - Renée O'Leary
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research , Victoria , Canada
| | - Donald Tashkin
- David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Rosalia Emma
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale (MEDCLIN), University of Catania , Catania , Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze biomediche e biotecnologiche (BIOMETEC), University of Catania , Catania , Italy
| | - Massimo Caruso
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale (MEDCLIN), University of Catania , Catania , Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze biomediche e biotecnologiche (BIOMETEC), University of Catania , Catania , Italy
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48
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Korn S, Wilk M, Voigt S, Weber S, Keller T, Buhl R. Measurement of Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide: Comparison of Three Different Analysers. Respiration 2019; 99:1-8. [PMID: 31288246 DOI: 10.1159/000500727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a surrogate marker for airway inflammation, supporting the diagnostic pathway and treatment decisions for asthma patients. OBJECTIVES Aim of this study was to compare the new analyser Vivatmo pro (Bosch, BV) with NIOX VERO (Circassia, CN) and CLD (Ecomedics, EC). METHODS In 100 asthmatics (median 53 years [range 20-87], 62% female, 86% on inhaled corticosteroids [mean 1,300 μg beclomethasone dipropionate or equivalent], 35% treated with biologics) 2 FeNO measurements per device were performed. Additionally, the success rate to achieve a valid NO value was evaluated. RESULTS Sixty-eight percent of the patients had FeNO values below 50 ppb. Median NO concentrations were 31 ppb (range 6-194) for BV, 33 ppb (9-164) for CN and 31ppb (7-353) for EC. Bland-Altman plots suggested an agreement within the predefined limits of ±5 ppb for all analysers within the therapeutically relevant range (0-70 ppb). The highest agreement in FeNO levels were between BV and EC with mean differences of -0.26 (95% CI -1.48 to 0.95) vs. 1.52 (95% CI 0.4-2.6) ppb for CN and EC. The results indicate an equivalence of the methods (two-one sided t test-equivalence test: p < 0.0001, ±5 ppb margins). Acceptance of the measurements was high for all devices (97%). The highest success rate to obtain 2 valid NO values without failed attempts was achieved with the BV analyser (73 vs. 62% for the CN analyser and 46% for the EC analyser). CONCLUSIONS For the range between 0 and 70 ppb, FeNO concentrations measured with all 3 devices were statistically equivalent within predefined acceptance criteria and did not differ in a clinically relevant way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Korn
- Department of Pulmonary, Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany,
| | - Maike Wilk
- Department of Pulmonary, Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefanie Voigt
- Department of Pulmonary, Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | - Roland Buhl
- Department of Pulmonary, Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany
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Prevention and relaxation effects of Liriope platyphylla on bronchial asthma in vitro model by suppressing the activities of MAPK/NF-κB pathway. Mol Cell Toxicol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-019-0036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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50
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Asano T, Kanemitsu Y, Takemura M, Fukumitsu K, Kurokawa R, Inoue Y, Takeda N, Yap JMG, Ito K, Kitamura Y, Fukuda S, Ohkubo H, Maeno K, Ito Y, Oguri T, Niimi A. Small airway inflammation is associated with residual airway hyperresponsiveness in Th2-high asthma. J Asthma 2019; 57:933-941. [PMID: 31164013 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2019.1628251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: Asthma is characterized by airway inflammation, variable airflow obstruction, and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Generally, AHR takes longer to resolve than does airflow obstruction or clinical symptoms. AHR occasionally persists despite adequate asthma treatment.Objective: To evaluate factors which associates with residual AHR in patients with seemingly remitted airway inflammation.Methods: Patients who exhibited high fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) levels (>25 ppb) at the first visit (Visit 1) and normalized FeNO levels (<25 ppb) after adequate asthma treatment, including inhaled corticosteroid administration (Visit 2), were analyzed. Patients underwent a blood test, FeNO and small airway/alveolar nitric oxide concentration (CANO) measurements and a methacholine challenge test (continuous inhalation method) at both visits. Clinical indices were compared between patients with and without residual AHR.Results: Fifty patients were analyzed. All exhibited high FeNO levels at Visit 1 [mean, 54.0 ppb (95% confidence interval, 42.4-65.5)] and improvement of FeNO levels at Visit 2 [20.4 (19.2-21.6)] (p < 0.0001). Thirty-three patients (66%) had remission of AHR at Visit 2. No significant differences were observed between patients with and without residual AHR in terms of FeNO levels, lung function parameters and blood eosinophil counts at both visits. CANO level at Visit 2 was the only factor that significantly differed between patients with residual AHR [2.7 (1.9-3.6)] and those who achieved AHR remission [0.8 (0.5-1.0)] (p < 0.0001).Conclusion: Small airway inflammation, as assessed by CANO, was associated with residual AHR in patients with Th2-high asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamitsu Asano
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kanemitsu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masaya Takemura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kensuke Fukumitsu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryota Kurokawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Inoue
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norihisa Takeda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jennifer Maries G Yap
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keima Ito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuki Kitamura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fukuda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Ohkubo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ken Maeno
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Oguri
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akio Niimi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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