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Billaud E, Balembois L, Le Dantec M, Rančić M, Albertinale E, Bertaina S, Chanelière T, Goldner P, Estève D, Vion D, Bertet P, Flurin E. Microwave Fluorescence Detection of Spin Echoes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:100804. [PMID: 37739386 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.100804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Counting the microwave photons emitted by an ensemble of electron spins when they relax radiatively has recently been proposed as a sensitive method for electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, enabled by the development of operational single microwave photon detectors at millikelvin temperature. Here, we report the detection of spin echoes in the spin fluorescence signal. The echo manifests itself as a coherent modulation of the number of photons spontaneously emitted after a π/2_{X}-τ-π_{Y}-τ-π/2_{Φ} sequence, dependent on the relative phase Φ. We demonstrate experimentally this detection method using an ensemble of Er^{3+} ion spins in a scheelite crystal of CaWO_{4}. We use fluorescence-detected echoes to measure the erbium spin coherence time, as well as the echo envelope modulation due to the coupling to the ^{183}W nuclear spins surrounding each ion. We finally compare the signal-to-noise ratio of inductively detected and fluorescence-detected echoes, and show that it is larger with the fluorescence method.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Billaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - L Balembois
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - M Le Dantec
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - M Rančić
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - E Albertinale
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - S Bertaina
- CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, IM2NP (UMR 7334), Institut Matériaux Microélectronique et Nanosciences de Provence, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - T Chanelière
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - P Goldner
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - D Estève
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - D Vion
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - P Bertet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - E Flurin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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2
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Wiedemann HTA, Ruloff S, Richter R, Zollitsch CW, Kay CWM. Towards high performance dielectric microwave resonators for X-band EPR spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2023; 354:107519. [PMID: 37541024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2023.107519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Microwave (MW) resonators in Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy concentrate the MW magnetic field (B1) at the sample and separate the MW electric field from the sample. There are numerous experimental methods in EPR spectroscopy which all impose different requirements on MW resonators (e.g. high or low quality factor, MW conversion, and B1-field homogeneity). Although commercial spectrometers offer standardized MW resonators for a broad application range, newly emerging and highly-specialized research fields push these spectrometers to or beyond their sensitivity limits. Optimizing the MW resonator offers one direct approach to improve the sensitivity. Here we present three low-cost optimization approaches for a commercially available X-band (9-10 GHz) MW resonator for three experimental purposes (continuous-wave (CW), transient and pulse EPR). We obtain enhanced MW conversion factors for all three optimized resonators and higher quality factors for two optimized resonators. The latter is important for CW and transient EPR. Furthermore, we fabricated a resonator which features an extended area of homogeneous B1-field and, hence, improved pulse EPR performance. Our results demonstrate that small changes to a commercial MW resonator can enhance its performance in general or for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haakon T A Wiedemann
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Saarland, Germany.
| | - Stefan Ruloff
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Saarland, Germany
| | - Rudolf Richter
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Saarland, Germany
| | - Christoph W Zollitsch
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Saarland, Germany; London Centre of Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom; Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher W M Kay
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Saarland, Germany; London Centre of Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
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Tailoring crosstalk between localized 1D spin-wave nanochannels using focused ion beams. Sci Rep 2023; 13:764. [PMID: 36641510 PMCID: PMC9840641 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27249-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
1D spin-wave conduits are envisioned as nanoscale components of magnonics-based logic and computing schemes for future generation electronics. À-la-carte methods of versatile control of the local magnetization dynamics in such nanochannels are highly desired for efficient steering of the spin waves in magnonic devices. Here, we present a study of localized dynamical modes in 1-[Formula: see text]m-wide permalloy conduits probed by microresonator ferromagnetic resonance technique. We clearly observe the lowest-energy edge mode in the microstrip after its edges were finely trimmed by means of focused Ne[Formula: see text] ion irradiation. Furthermore, after milling the microstrip along its long axis by focused ion beams, creating consecutively [Formula: see text]50 and [Formula: see text]100 nm gaps, additional resonances emerge and are attributed to modes localized at the inner edges of the separated strips. To visualize the mode distribution, spatially resolved Brillouin light scattering microscopy was used showing an excellent agreement with the ferromagnetic resonance data and confirming the mode localization at the outer/inner edges of the strips depending on the magnitude of the applied magnetic field. Micromagnetic simulations confirm that the lowest-energy modes are localized within [Formula: see text]15-nm-wide regions at the edges of the strips and their frequencies can be tuned in a wide range (up to 5 GHz) by changing the magnetostatic coupling (i.e., spatial separation) between the microstrips.
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Dayan N, Artzi Y, Jbara M, Cristea D, Blank A. Pulsed Electron-Nuclear Double Resonance in the Fourier Regime. Chemphyschem 2022; 24:e202200624. [PMID: 36464644 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy provides atomic-level molecular structural information. However, in molecules containing unpaired electron spins, NMR signals are difficult to measure directly. In such cases, data is obtained using the electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) method, where nuclei are detected through their interaction with nearby unpaired electron spins. Unfortunately, electron spins spread the ENDOR signals, which challenges current acquisition techniques, often resulting in low spectral resolution that provides limited structural details. Here, we show that by using miniature microwave resonators to detect a small number of electron spins, integrated with miniature NMR coils, one can excite and detect a wide bandwidth of ENDOR data in a single pulse. This facilitates the measurement of ENDOR spectra with narrow lines spread over a large frequency range at much better spectral resolution than conventional approaches, which helps reveal details of the paramagnetic molecules' chemical structure that were not accessible before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Dayan
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yaron Artzi
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003, Haifa, Israel
| | - Moamen Jbara
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003, Haifa, Israel
| | - David Cristea
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003, Haifa, Israel
| | - Aharon Blank
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003, Haifa, Israel
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Abhyankar N, Agrawal A, Campbell J, Maly T, Shrestha P, Szalai V. Recent advances in microresonators and supporting instrumentation for electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:101101. [PMID: 36319314 PMCID: PMC9632321 DOI: 10.1063/5.0097853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy characterizes the magnetic properties of paramagnetic materials at the atomic and molecular levels. Resonators are an enabling technology of EPR spectroscopy. Microresonators, which are miniaturized versions of resonators, have advanced inductive-detection EPR spectroscopy of mass-limited samples. Here, we provide our perspective of the benefits and challenges associated with microresonator use for EPR spectroscopy. To begin, we classify the application space for microresonators and present the conceptual foundation for analysis of resonator sensitivity. We summarize previous work and provide insight into the design and fabrication of microresonators as well as detail the requirements and challenges that arise in incorporating microresonators into EPR spectrometer systems. Finally, we provide our perspective on current challenges and prospective fruitful directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amit Agrawal
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Jason Campbell
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Thorsten Maly
- Bridge12 Technologies, Inc., Natick, Massachusetts 01760, USA
| | | | - Veronika Szalai
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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6
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Teucher M, Sidabras JW, Schnegg A. Milliwatt three- and four-pulse double electron electron resonance for protein structure determination. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:12528-12540. [PMID: 35579184 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05508a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments for protein structure determination using double electron-electron resonance (DEER) spectroscopy rely on high-power microwave amplifiers (>300 W) to create the short pulse lengths needed to excite a sizable portion of the spectrum. The recently introduced self-resonant microhelix combines a high B1 conversion efficiency with an intrinsically large bandwidth (low Q-value) and a high absolute sensitivity. We report dead times in 3-pulse DEER experiments as low as 14 ± 2 ns achieved using less than 1 W of power at X-band (nominally 9.5 GHz) for experiments on a molecular ruler and a T4 lysozyme sample for concentrations down to 100 μM. These low-power experiments were performed using an active volume 120 times smaller than that of a standard pulse EPR resonator, while only a 11-fold decrease in the signal-to-noise ratio was observed. Small build sizes, as realized with the microhelix, give access to volume-limited samples, while shorter dead times allow the investigation of fast relaxing spin species. With the significantly reduced dead times, the 3-pulse DEER experiment can be revisited. Here, we show experimentally that 3-pulse DEER offers superior sensitivity over 4-pulse DEER. We assert that the microhelix paves the road for low-cost benchtop X-band pulse EPR spectrometers by eliminating the need for high-power amplifiers, accelerating the adoption of pulse EPR to a broader community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Teucher
- EPR Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stift-straße 34-36, Mülheim an der Ruhr, 45470, Germany.
| | - Jason W Sidabras
- EPR Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stift-straße 34-36, Mülheim an der Ruhr, 45470, Germany.
| | - Alexander Schnegg
- EPR Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stift-straße 34-36, Mülheim an der Ruhr, 45470, Germany.
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7
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Artzi Y, Yishay Y, Fanciulli M, Jbara M, Blank A. Superconducting micro-resonators for electron spin resonance - the good, the bad, and the future. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2022; 334:107102. [PMID: 34847488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2021.107102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The field of electron spin resonance (ESR) is in constant need of improving its capabilities. Among other things, this means having better resonators to reach improved spin sensitivity and enable larger microwave-power-to-microwave-magnetic-field conversion factors. Surface micro-resonators, made of small metallic patches on a dielectric substrate, provide very good absolute spin sensitivity and high conversion factors due to their very small mode volume. However, such resonators suffer from relatively low spin concentration sensitivity and a low-quality factor, a fact that offsets some of their significant potential advantages. The use of superconducting patches to replace the metallic layer seems a reasonable and straightforward solution to the quality factor issue, at least for measurements carried out at cryogenic temperatures. Nevertheless, superconducting materials, especially those that can operate at moderate cryogenic temperatures, are not easily incorporated into setups requiring high magnetic fields due to the electric current vortices generated in the latter's surface. This makes the transition from normal conducting materials to superconductors highly nontrivial. Here we present the design, fabrication, and testing results of surface micro-resonators made of yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO), a superconducting material that operates also at high magnetic fields and makes it possible to pursue ESR at moderate cryogenic temperatures (up to ∼ 80 K). We show that with a unique experimental setup, these resonators can be made to operate well even at high fields of ∼ 1.2 T. Furthermore, we analyze the effect of current vortices on the ESR signal and the spins' coherence times. Finally, we provide a head-to-head comparison of YBCO vs copper resonators of the same dimensions, which clearly shows their pros and cons and directs us to future potential developments and improvements in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Artzi
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yakir Yishay
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Marco Fanciulli
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, Italy
| | - Moamen Jbara
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Aharon Blank
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
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8
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Tesi L, Bloos D, Hrtoň M, Beneš A, Hentschel M, Kern M, Leavesley A, Hillenbrand R, Křápek V, Šikola T, van Slageren J. Plasmonic Metasurface Resonators to Enhance Terahertz Magnetic Fields for High-Frequency Electron Paramagnetic Resonance. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2100376. [PMID: 34928064 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale magnetic systems play a decisive role in areas ranging from biology to spintronics. Although, in principle, THz electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) provides high-resolution access to their properties, lack of sensitivity has precluded realizing this potential. To resolve this issue, the principle of plasmonic enhancement of electromagnetic fields that is used in electric dipole spectroscopies with great success is exploited, and a new type of resonators for the enhancement of THz magnetic fields in a microscopic volume is proposed. A resonator composed of an array of diabolo antennas with a back-reflecting mirror is designed and fabricated. Simulations and THz EPR measurements demonstrate a 30-fold signal increase for thin film samples. This enhancement factor increases to a theoretical value of 7500 for samples confined to the active region of the antennas. These findings open the door to the elucidation of fundamental processes in nanoscale samples, including junctions in spintronic devices or biological membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Tesi
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dominik Bloos
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Martin Hrtoň
- Institute of Physical Engineering and Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, 616 69, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Beneš
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mario Hentschel
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michal Kern
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Rainer Hillenbrand
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013, Spain
- CIC nanoGune BRTA and Department of Electricity and Electronics, UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Vlastimil Křápek
- Institute of Physical Engineering and Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, 616 69, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Šikola
- Institute of Physical Engineering and Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, 616 69, Czech Republic
| | - Joris van Slageren
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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9
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Microresonators and Microantennas—Tools to Explore Magnetization Dynamics in Single Nanostructures. MAGNETOCHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry7020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The phenomenon of magnetic resonance and its detection via microwave spectroscopy provide insight into the magnetization dynamics of bulk or thin film materials. This allows for direct access to fundamental properties, such as the effective magnetization, g-factor, magnetic anisotropy, and the various damping (relaxation) channels that govern the decay of magnetic excitations. Cavity-based and broadband ferromagnetic resonance techniques that detect the microwave absorption of spin systems require a minimum magnetic volume to obtain a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio (S/N). Therefore, conventional techniques typically do not offer the sensitivity to detect individual micro- or nanostructures. A solution to this sensitivity problem is the so-called planar microresonator, which is able to detect even the small absorption signals of magnetic nanostructures, including spin-wave or edge resonance modes. As an example, we describe the microresonator-based detection of spin-wave modes within microscopic strips of ferromagnetic A2 Fe60Al40 that are imprinted into a paramagnetic B2 Fe60Al40-matrix via focused ion-beam irradiation. While microresonators operate at a fixed microwave frequency, a reliable quantification of the key magnetic parameters like the g-factor or spin relaxation times requires investigations within a broad range of frequencies. Furthermore, we introduce and describe the step from microresonators towards a broadband microantenna approach. Broadband magnetic resonance experiments on single nanostructured magnetic objects in a frequency range of 2–18 GHz are demonstrated. The broadband approach has been employed to explore the influence of lateral structuring on the magnetization dynamics of a Permalloy (Ni80Fe20) microstrip.
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10
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Probst S, Zhang G, Rančić M, Ranjan V, Le Dantec M, Zhang Z, Albanese B, Doll A, Liu R, Morton J, Chanelière T, Goldner P, Vion D, Esteve D, Bertet P. Hyperfine spectroscopy in a quantum-limited spectrometer. MAGNETIC RESONANCE (GOTTINGEN, GERMANY) 2020; 1:315-330. [PMID: 37904823 PMCID: PMC10500700 DOI: 10.5194/mr-1-315-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
We report measurements of electron-spin-echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) performed at millikelvin temperatures in a custom-built high-sensitivity spectrometer based on superconducting micro-resonators. The high quality factor and small mode volume (down to 0.2 pL) of the resonator allow us to probe a small number of spins, down to 5 × 10 2 . We measure two-pulse ESEEM on two systems: erbium ions coupled to 183 W nuclei in a natural-abundance CaWO 4 crystal and bismuth donors coupled to residual 29 Si nuclei in a silicon substrate that was isotopically enriched in the 28 Si isotope. We also measure three- and five-pulse ESEEM for the bismuth donors in silicon. Quantitative agreement is obtained for both the hyperfine coupling strength of proximal nuclei and the nuclear-spin concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Probst
- Quantronics group, SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
| | - Gengli Zhang
- Department of Physics and The Hong Kong Institute of Quantum Information Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Miloš Rančić
- Quantronics group, SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
| | - Vishal Ranjan
- Quantronics group, SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
| | - Marianne Le Dantec
- Quantronics group, SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
| | - Zhonghan Zhang
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Bartolo Albanese
- Quantronics group, SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
| | - Andrin Doll
- Laboratory of nanomagnetism and oxides, SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
| | - Ren Bao Liu
- Department of Physics and The Hong Kong Institute of Quantum Information Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - John Morton
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Thierry Chanelière
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Goldner
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Denis Vion
- Quantronics group, SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
| | - Daniel Esteve
- Quantronics group, SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
| | - Patrice Bertet
- Quantronics group, SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
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11
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Gimeno I, Kersten W, Pallarés MC, Hermosilla P, Martínez-Pérez MJ, Jenkins MD, Angerer A, Sánchez-Azqueta C, Zueco D, Majer J, Lostao A, Luis F. Enhanced Molecular Spin-Photon Coupling at Superconducting Nanoconstrictions. ACS NANO 2020; 14:8707-8715. [PMID: 32441922 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We combine top-down and bottom-up nanolithography to optimize the coupling of small molecular spin ensembles to 1.4 GHz on-chip superconducting resonators. Nanoscopic constrictions, fabricated with a focused ion beam at the central transmission line, locally concentrate the microwave magnetic field. Drops of free-radical molecules have been deposited from solution onto the circuits. For the smallest ones, the molecules were delivered at the relevant circuit areas by means of an atomic force microscope. The number of spins Neff effectively coupled to each device was accurately determined combining Scanning Electron and Atomic Force Microscopies. The collective spin-photon coupling constant has been determined for samples with Neff ranging between 2 × 106 and 1012 spins, and for temperatures down to 44 mK. The results show the well-known collective enhancement of the coupling proportional to the square root of Neff. The average coupling of individual spins is enhanced by more than 4 orders of magnitude (from 4 mHz up to above 180 Hz), when the transmission line width is reduced from 400 μm down to 42 nm, and reaches maximum values near 1 kHz for molecules located on the smallest nanoconstrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Gimeno
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Wenzel Kersten
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, 1020 Vienna, Austria
| | - María C Pallarés
- Laboratorio de Microscopı́as Avanzadas, Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pablo Hermosilla
- Laboratorio de Microscopı́as Avanzadas, Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María José Martínez-Pérez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Fundación ARAID, Av. de Ranillas 1-D, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Mark D Jenkins
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Andreas Angerer
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, 1020 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - David Zueco
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Fundación ARAID, Av. de Ranillas 1-D, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Johannes Majer
- Shanghai Branch, CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, 1020 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anabel Lostao
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopı́as Avanzadas, Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Fundación ARAID, Av. de Ranillas 1-D, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Fernando Luis
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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12
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Wili N, Hintz H, Vanas A, Godt A, Jeschke G. Distance measurement between trityl radicals by pulse dressed electron paramagnetic resonance with phase modulation. MAGNETIC RESONANCE (GOTTINGEN, GERMANY) 2020; 1:75-87. [PMID: 37904888 PMCID: PMC10500722 DOI: 10.5194/mr-1-75-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Distance measurement in the nanometre range is among the most important applications of pulse electron paramagnetic resonance today, especially in biological applications. The longest distance that can be measured by all presently used pulse sequences is determined by the phase memory time T m of the observed spins. Here we show that one can measure the dipolar coupling during strong microwave irradiation by using an appropriate frequency- or phase-modulation scheme, i.e. by applying pulse sequences in the nutating frame. This decouples the electron spins from the surrounding nuclear spins and thus leads to significantly longer relaxation times of the microwave-dressed spins (i.e. the rotating frame relaxation times T 1 ρ and T 2 ρ ) compared to T m . The electron-electron dipolar coupling is not decoupled as long as both spins are excited, which can be implemented for trityl radicals at Q-band frequencies (35 GHz, 1.2 T). We show results for two bis-trityl rulers with inter-electron distances of about 4.1 and 5.3 nm and discuss technical challenges and possible next steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nino Wili
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Hintz
- Faculty of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Materials (CM2), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Agathe Vanas
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adelheid Godt
- Faculty of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Materials (CM2), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Gunnar Jeschke
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Dynamic unidirectional anisotropy in cubic FeGe with antisymmetric spin-spin-coupling. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2861. [PMID: 32071362 PMCID: PMC7029033 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59208-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong unidirectional anisotropy in bulk polycrystalline B20 FeGe has been measured by ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Such anisotropy is not present in static magnetometry measurements. B20 FeGe exhibits inherent Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction, resulting in a nonreciprocal spin-wave dispersion. Bulk and micron sized samples were produced and characterized. By X-band ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy at 276 K ± 1 K, near the Curie temperature, a distribution of resonance modes was observed in accordance with the cubic anisotropy of FeGe. This distribution exhibits a unidirectional anisotropy, i.e. shift of the resonance field under field inversion, of KUD = 960 J/m3 ± 10 J/m3, previously unknown in bulk ferromagnets. Additionally, more than 25 small amplitude standing spin wave modes were observed inside a micron sized FeGe wedge, measured at 293 K ± 2 K. These modes also exhibit unidirectional anisotropy. This effect, only dynamically measurable and not detectable in static magnetometry measurements, may open new possibilities for directed spin transport in chiral magnetic systems.
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14
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Lenz K, Narkowicz R, Wagner K, Reiche CF, Körner J, Schneider T, Kákay A, Schultheiss H, Weissker U, Wolf D, Suter D, Büchner B, Fassbender J, Mühl T, Lindner J. Magnetization Dynamics of an Individual Single-Crystalline Fe-Filled Carbon Nanotube. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1904315. [PMID: 31709700 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201904315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The magnetization dynamics of individual Fe-filled multiwall carbon-nanotubes (FeCNT), grown by chemical vapor deposition, are investigated by microresonator ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) and Brillouin light scattering (BLS) microscopy and corroborated by micromagnetic simulations. Currently, only static magnetometry measurements are available. They suggest that the FeCNTs consist of a single-crystalline Fe nanowire throughout the length. The number and structure of the FMR lines and the abrupt decay of the spin-wave transport seen in BLS indicate, however, that the Fe filling is not a single straight piece along the length. Therefore, a stepwise cutting procedure is applied in order to investigate the evolution of the ferromagnetic resonance lines as a function of the nanowire length. The results show that the FeCNT is indeed not homogeneous along the full length but is built from 300 to 400 nm long single-crystalline segments. These segments consist of magnetically high quality Fe nanowires with almost the bulk values of Fe and with a similar small damping in relation to thin films, promoting FeCNTs as appealing candidates for spin-wave transport in magnonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian Lenz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ryszard Narkowicz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kai Wagner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christopher F Reiche
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Julia Körner
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tobias Schneider
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Chemnitz, Institute of Physics, Reichenhainer Str. 70, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Attila Kákay
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Helmut Schultheiss
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Physics of Solids, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 16, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Uhland Weissker
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Transfer Office, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 9, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniel Wolf
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dieter Suter
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bernd Büchner
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Physics of Solids, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 16, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Transport and Devices of Emergent Materials, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jürgen Fassbender
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Physics of Solids, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 16, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Mühl
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Transport and Devices of Emergent Materials, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jürgen Lindner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
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15
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Sidabras JW, Duan J, Winkler M, Happe T, Hussein R, Zouni A, Suter D, Schnegg A, Lubitz W, Reijerse EJ. Extending electron paramagnetic resonance to nanoliter volume protein single crystals using a self-resonant microhelix. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaay1394. [PMID: 31620561 PMCID: PMC6777973 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay1394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy on protein single crystals is the ultimate method for determining the electronic structure of paramagnetic intermediates at the active site of an enzyme and relating the magnetic tensor to a molecular structure. However, crystals of dimensions typical for protein crystallography (0.05 to 0.3mm) provide insufficient signal intensity. In this work, we present a microwave self-resonant microhelix for nanoliter samples that can be implemented in a commercial X-band (9.5 GHz) EPR spectrometer. The self-resonant microhelix provides a measured signal-to-noise improvement up to a factor of 28 with respect to commercial EPR resonators. This work opens up the possibility to use advanced EPR techniques for studying protein single crystals of dimensions typical for x-ray crystallography. The technique is demonstrated by EPR experiments on single crystal [FeFe]-hydrogenase (Clostridium pasteurianum; CpI) with dimensions of 0.3 mm by 0.1 mm by 0.1 mm, yielding a proposed g-tensor orientation of the Hox state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W. Sidabras
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Jifu Duan
- AG Photobiotechnologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Martin Winkler
- AG Photobiotechnologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Happe
- AG Photobiotechnologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Rana Hussein
- Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Athina Zouni
- Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dieter Suter
- Experimentelle Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Straße 50, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alexander Schnegg
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Lubitz
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Edward J. Reijerse
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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16
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Abstract
Spin wave logic circuits using quantum oscillations of spins (magnons) as carriers of information have been proposed for next generation computing with reduced energy demands and the benefit of easy parallelization. Current realizations of magnonic devices have micrometer sized patterns. Here we demonstrate the feasibility of biogenic nanoparticle chains as the first step to truly nanoscale magnonics at room temperature. Our measurements on magnetosome chains (ca 12 magnetite crystals with 35 nm particle size each), combined with micromagnetic simulations, show that the topology of the magnon bands, namely anisotropy, band deformation, and band gaps are determined by local arrangement and orientation of particles, which in turn depends on the genotype of the bacteria. Our biomagnonic approach offers the exciting prospect of genetically engineering magnonic quantum states in nanoconfined geometries. By connecting mutants of magnetotactic bacteria with different arrangements of magnetite crystals, novel architectures for magnonic computing may be (self-) assembled. The capability to engineer magnon states in confined geometries is vital to future nano-magnonics. Here the authors demonstrate that the topology of the magnon bands is determined by the local arrangement and orientation of nanoparticles and can be controlled by the genotype of magnetotactic bacteria.
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17
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Dayan N, Ishay Y, Artzi Y, Cristea D, Reijerse E, Kuppusamy P, Blank A. Advanced surface resonators for electron spin resonance of single microcrystals. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:124707. [PMID: 30599630 DOI: 10.1063/1.5063367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy of paramagnetic species in single crystals is a powerful tool for characterizing the latter's magnetic interaction parameters in detail. Conventional ESR systems are optimized for millimeter-size samples and make use of cavities and resonators that accommodate tubes and capillaries in the range 1-5 mm. Unfortunately, in the case of many interesting materials such as enzymes and inorganic catalytic materials (e.g., zeolites), single crystals can only be obtained in micron-scale sizes (1-200 µm). To boost ESR sensitivity and to enable experiments on microcrystals, the ESR resonator needs to be adapted to the size and shape of these specific samples. Here, we present a unique family of miniature surface resonators, known as "ParPar" resonators, whose mode volume and shape are optimized for such micron-scale single crystals. This approach significantly improves upon the samples' filling factor and thus enables the measurement of much smaller crystals than was previously possible. We present here the design of such resonators with a typical mode dimension of 20-50 µm, as well as details about their fabrication and testing methods. The devices' resonant mode(s) are characterized by ESR microimaging and compared to the theoretical calculations. Moreover, experimental ESR spectra of single microcrystals with typical sizes of ∼25-50 µm are presented. The measured spin sensitivity for the 50-µm resonator at cryogenic temperatures of 50 K is found to be ∼1.8 × 106 spins/G √Hz for a Cu-doped single crystal sample that is representative of many biological samples of relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Dayan
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yakir Ishay
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yaron Artzi
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - David Cristea
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Edward Reijerse
- Max-Planck-Institut fuer Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Muelheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Periannan Kuppusamy
- Department of Radiology and Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA
| | - Aharon Blank
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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18
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Matheoud AV, Sahin N, Boero G. A single chip electron spin resonance detector based on a single high electron mobility transistor. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2018; 294:59-70. [PMID: 30005194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Single-chip microwave oscillators are promising devices for inductive electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) experiments on nanoliter and subnanoliter samples. Two major problems of the previously reported designs were the large minimum microwave magnetic field (0.1-0.7 mT) and large power consumption (0.5-200 mW), severely limiting their use for the investigation of samples having long relaxation times and for operation at low temperatures. Here we report on the design and characterization of a single-chip ESR detector operating with a microwave magnetic field and a power consumption orders of magnitude lower compared with previous designs. These significant improvements are mainly due to the use of a high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) technology instead of a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The realized single-chip ESR detector, which operates at 11.2 GHz, consists of an LC Colpitts oscillator realized with a single high-electron mobility transistor and a co-integrated single turn planar coil having a diameter of 440 μm. The realized detector operates from 300 K down to 1.4 K, at least. Its minimum microwave magnetic field is 0.4 μT at 300 K and 0.06 μT at 1.4 K, whereas its power consumption is 90 μW at 300 K and 4 μW at 1.4 K, respectively. The experimental spin sensitivity on a sensitive volume of about 30 nL, as measured with a single crystal of α,γ-bisdiphenylene-β-phenylallyl (BDPA)/benzene complex, is of 8 × 1010 spins/Hz1/2 at 300 K and 2 × 109 spins/Hz1/2 at 10 K, respectively. In a volume of about 100 pL, located in proximity to the coil wire, the spin sensitivity improves by two orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nergiz Sahin
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Boero
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland.
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19
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Twig Y, Sorkin A, Cristea D, Feintuch A, Blank A. Surface loop-gap resonators for electron spin resonance at W-band. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:123901. [PMID: 29289191 DOI: 10.1063/1.5000946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Electron spin resonance (ESR) is a spectroscopic method used to detect paramagnetic materials, reveal their structure, and also image their position in a sample. ESR makes use of a large static magnetic field to split the energy levels of the electron magnetic moment of the paramagnetic species. A strong microwave magnetic field is applied to excite the spins, and subsequently the ESR system detects their faint microwave signal response. The sensitivity of an ESR system is greatly influenced by the magnitude of the static field and the properties of the microwave resonator used to detect the spin signal. In general terms, the higher the static field (microwave frequency) and the smaller the resonator, the more sensitive the system will be. Previous work aimed at high-sensitivity ESR was focused on the development and testing of very small resonators operating at moderate magnetic fields in the range of ∼0.1-1.2 T (maximum frequency of ∼35 GHz). Here, we describe the design, construction, and testing of recently developed miniature surface loop-gap resonators used in ESR and operating at a much higher frequency of ∼95 GHz (W-band, corresponding to a field of ∼3.4 T). Such resonators can greatly enhance the sensitivity of ESR and also improve the resulting spectral resolution due to the higher static field employed. A detailed description of the resonator's design and coupling mechanism, as well as the supporting probe head, is provided. We also discuss the production method of the resonators and probe head and, in the end, provide preliminary experimental results that show the setup's high spin sensitivity and compare it to theoretical predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ygal Twig
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Anton Sorkin
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - David Cristea
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Akiva Feintuch
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Aharon Blank
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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20
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Goncalves FJT, Paterson GW, McGrouther D, Drysdale T, Togawa Y, Schmool DS, Stamps RL. Probing microwave fields and enabling in-situ experiments in a transmission electron microscope. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11064. [PMID: 28894134 PMCID: PMC5593874 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A technique is presented whereby the performance of a microwave device is evaluated by mapping local field distributions using Lorentz transmission electron microscopy (L-TEM). We demonstrate the method by measuring the polarisation state of the electromagnetic fields produced by a microstrip waveguide as a function of its gigahertz operating frequency. The forward and backward propagating electromagnetic fields produced by the waveguide, in a specimen-free experiment, exert Lorentz forces on the propagating electron beam. Importantly, in addition to the mapping of dynamic fields, this novel method allows detection of effects of microwave fields on specimens, such as observing ferromagnetic materials at resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J T Goncalves
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, 599-8570, Japan.
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - G W Paterson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - D McGrouther
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - T Drysdale
- Department of Engineering and Innovation, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Y Togawa
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, 599-8570, Japan
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - D S Schmool
- Groupe d'Etude de la Matière Condensée GEMaC, CNRS (UMR 8635), Université de Versailles/Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 45 Avenue des États-Unis, 78035, Versailles, France
| | - R L Stamps
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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21
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Schaffers T, Meckenstock R, Spoddig D, Feggeler T, Ollefs K, Schöppner C, Bonetti S, Ohldag H, Farle M, Ney A. The combination of micro-resonators with spatially resolved ferromagnetic resonance. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:093703. [PMID: 28964194 DOI: 10.1063/1.4996780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present two new and complementary approaches to realize spatial resolution for ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) on the 100 nm-scale. Both experimental setups utilize lithographically fabricated micro-resonators. They offer a detection sensitivity that is increased by four orders of magnitude compared with resonator-based FMR. In the first setup, the magnetic properties are thermally modulated via the thermal near-field effect generated by the thermal probe of an atomic force microscope. In combination with lock-in detection of the absorbed microwave power in the micro-resonator, a spatial resolution of less than 100 nm is achieved. The second setup is a combination of a micro-resonator with a scanning transmission x-ray microscope (STXM). Here a conventional FMR is excited by the micro-resonator while focused x-rays are used for a time-resolved snap-shot detection of the FMR excitations via the x-ray magnetic circular dichroism effect. This technique allows a lateral resolution of nominally 35 nm given by the STXM. Both experimental setups combine the advantage of low-power FMR excitation in the linear regime with high spatial resolution to study single and coupled nanomagnets. As proof-of-principle experiments, two perpendicular magnetic micro-stripes (5 μm × 1 μm) were grown and their FMR excitations were investigated using both setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Schaffers
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Str. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - R Meckenstock
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - D Spoddig
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - T Feggeler
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - K Ollefs
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - C Schöppner
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - S Bonetti
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - H Ohldag
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M Farle
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - A Ney
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Str. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
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22
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Blank A, Twig Y, Ishay Y. Recent trends in high spin sensitivity magnetic resonance. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2017; 280:20-29. [PMID: 28545918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance is a very powerful methodology that has been employed successfully in many applications for about 70years now, resulting in a wealth of scientific, technological, and diagnostic data. Despite its many advantages, one major drawback of magnetic resonance is its relatively poor sensitivity and, as a consequence, its bad spatial resolution when examining heterogeneous samples. Contemporary science and technology often make use of very small amounts of material and examine heterogeneity on a very small length scale, both of which are well beyond the current capabilities of conventional magnetic resonance. It is therefore very important to significantly improve both the sensitivity and the spatial resolution of magnetic resonance techniques. The quest for higher sensitivity led in recent years to the development of many alternative detection techniques that seem to rival and challenge the conventional "old-fashioned" induction-detection approach. The aim of this manuscript is to briefly review recent advances in the field, and to provide a quantitative as well as qualitative comparison between various detection methods with an eye to future potential advances and developments. We first offer a common definition of sensitivity in magnetic resonance to enable proper quantitative comparisons between various detection methods. Following that, up-to-date information about the sensitivity capabilities of the leading recently-developed detection approaches in magnetic resonance is provided, accompanied by a critical comparison between them and induction detection. Our conclusion from this comparison is that induction detection is still indispensable, and as such, it is very important to look for ways to significantly improve it. To do so, we provide expressions for the sensitivity of induction-detection, derived from both classical and quantum mechanics, that identify its main limiting factors. Examples from current literature, as well as a description of new ideas, show how these limiting factors can be mitigated to significantly improve the sensitivity of induction detection. Finally, we outline some directions for the possible applications of high-sensitivity induction detection in the field of electron spin resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aharon Blank
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
| | - Ygal Twig
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Yakir Ishay
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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23
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Matheoud AV, Gualco G, Jeong M, Zivkovic I, Brugger J, Rønnow HM, Anders J, Boero G. Single-chip electron spin resonance detectors operating at 50GHz, 92GHz, and 146GHz. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2017; 278:113-121. [PMID: 28388496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report on the design and characterization of single-chip electron spin resonance (ESR) detectors operating at 50GHz, 92GHz, and 146GHz. The core of the single-chip ESR detectors is an integrated LC-oscillator, formed by a single turn aluminum planar coil, a metal-oxide-metal capacitor, and two metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistors used as negative resistance network. On the same chip, a second, nominally identical, LC-oscillator together with a mixer and an output buffer are also integrated. Thanks to the slightly asymmetric capacitance of the mixer inputs, a signal at a few hundreds of MHz is obtained at the output of the mixer. The mixer is used for frequency down-conversion, with the aim to obtain an output signal at a frequency easily manageable off-chip. The coil diameters are 120μm, 70μm, and 45μm for the U-band, W-band, and the D-band oscillators, respectively. The experimental frequency noises at 100kHz offset from the carrier are 90Hz/Hz1/2, 300Hz/Hz1/2, and 700Hz/Hz1/2 at 300K, respectively. The ESR spectra are obtained by measuring the frequency variations of the single-chip oscillators as a function of the applied magnetic field. The experimental spin sensitivities, as measured with a sample of α,γ-bisdiphenylene-β-phenylallyl (BDPA)/benzene complex, are 1×108spins/Hz1/2, 4×107spins/Hz1/2, 2×107spins/Hz1/2 at 300K, respectively. We also show the possibility to perform experiments up to 360GHz by means of the higher harmonics in the microwave field produced by the integrated single-chip LC-oscillators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriele Gualco
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Minki Jeong
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Ivica Zivkovic
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Brugger
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Henrik M Rønnow
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | | | - Giovanni Boero
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland.
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24
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Kiss SZ, Rostas AM, Heidinger L, Spengler N, Meissner MV, MacKinnon N, Schleicher E, Weber S, Korvink JG. A microwave resonator integrated on a polymer microfluidic chip. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2016; 270:169-175. [PMID: 27497077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe a novel stacked split-ring type microwave (MW) resonator that is integrated into a 10mm by 10mm sized microfluidic chip. A straightforward and scalable batch fabrication process renders the chip suitable for single-use applications. The resonator volume can be conveniently loaded with liquid sample via microfluidic channels patterned into the mid layer of the chip. The proposed MW resonator offers an alternative solution for compact in-field measurements, such as low-field magnetic resonance (MR) experiments requiring convenient sample exchange. A microstrip line was used to inductively couple MWs into the resonator. We characterised the proposed resonator topology by electromagnetic (EM) field simulations, a field perturbation method, as well as by return loss measurements. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra at X-band frequencies were recorded, revealing an electron-spin sensitivity of 3.7·10(11)spins·Hz(-1/2)G(-1) for a single EPR transition. Preliminary time-resolved EPR experiments on light-induced triplet states in pentacene were performed to estimate the MW conversion efficiency of the resonator.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Z Kiss
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - A M Rostas
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC), University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - L Heidinger
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC), University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - N Spengler
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - M V Meissner
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - N MacKinnon
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - E Schleicher
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC), University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - S Weber
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC), University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - J G Korvink
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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25
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Aloisi G, Dolci D, Carlà M, Mannini M, Piuzzi B, Caneschi A. A capacitive probe for Electron Spin Resonance detection. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2016; 263:116-121. [PMID: 26774649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of the magnetic field associated with Maxwell displacement current in a capacitor is proposed for the detection of Electron Spin Resonance. A probe based on this concept is realized and successfully tested with CW radio-frequency in the band going from 200MHz to 1GHz with a DPPH sample. A significant increase of Signal to Noise Ratio is observed while increasing the frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Aloisi
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM Research Unit, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - David Dolci
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM Research Unit, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy; Department of Physics, University of Florence, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Marcello Carlà
- Department of Physics, University of Florence, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Matteo Mannini
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM Research Unit, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Barbara Piuzzi
- AllTek Innovation S.r.l., Piazza Divisione Julia 4, 33040 Corno di Rosazzo, UD, Italy
| | - Andrea Caneschi
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM Research Unit, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
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26
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Franck JM, Barnes RP, Keller TJ, Kaufmann T, Han S. Active cancellation - A means to zero dead-time pulse EPR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2015; 261:199-204. [PMID: 26507308 PMCID: PMC4688155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The necessary resonator employed in pulse electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) rings after the excitation pulse and creates a finite detector dead-time that ultimately prevents the detection of signal from fast relaxing spin systems, hindering the application of pulse EPR to room temperature measurements of interesting chemical or biological systems. We employ a recently available high bandwidth arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) to produce a cancellation pulse that precisely destructively interferes with the resonant cavity ring-down. We find that we can faithfully detect EPR signal at all times immediately after, as well as during, the excitation pulse. This is a proof of concept study showcasing the capability of AWG pulses to precisely cancel out the resonator ring-down, and allow for the detection of EPR signal during the pulse itself, as well as the dead-time of the resonator. However, the applicability of this approach to conventional EPR experiments is not immediate, as it hinges on either (1) the availability of low-noise microwave sources and amplifiers to produce the necessary power for pulse EPR experiment or (2) the availability of very high conversion factor micro coil resonators that allow for pulse EPR experiments at modest microwave power.
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27
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Narkowicz R, Suter D. Tuner and radiation shield for planar electron paramagnetic resonance microresonators. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:024701. [PMID: 25725864 DOI: 10.1063/1.4906898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Planar microresonators provide a large boost of sensitivity for small samples. They can be manufactured lithographically to a wide range of target parameters. The coupler between the resonator and the microwave feedline can be integrated into this design. To optimize the coupling and to compensate manufacturing tolerances, it is sometimes desirable to have a tuning element available that can be adjusted when the resonator is connected to the spectrometer. This paper presents a simple design that allows one to bring undercoupled resonators into the condition for critical coupling. In addition, it also reduces radiation losses and thereby increases the quality factor and the sensitivity of the resonator.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dieter Suter
- Fakultät Physik, TU Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
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28
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Katz I, Fehr M, Schnegg A, Lips K, Blank A. High resolution in-operando microimaging of solar cells with pulsed electrically-detected magnetic resonance. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2015; 251:26-35. [PMID: 25557860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The in-operando detection and high resolution spatial imaging of paramagnetic defects, impurities, and states becomes increasingly important for understanding loss mechanisms in solid-state electronic devices. Electron spin resonance (ESR), commonly employed for observing these species, cannot meet this challenge since it suffers from limited sensitivity and spatial resolution. An alternative and much more sensitive method, called electrically-detected magnetic resonance (EDMR), detects the species through their magnetic fingerprint, which can be traced in the device's electrical current. However, until now it could not obtain high resolution images in operating electronic devices. In this work, the first spatially-resolved electrically-detected magnetic resonance images (EDMRI) of paramagnetic states in an operating real-world electronic device are provided. The presented method is based on a novel microwave pulse sequence allowing for the coherent electrical detection of spin echoes in combination with powerful pulsed magnetic-field gradients. The applicability of the method is demonstrated on a device-grade 1-μm-thick amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) solar cell and an identical device that was degraded locally by an electron beam. The degraded areas with increased concentrations of paramagnetic defects lead to a local increase in recombination that is mapped by EDMRI with ∼20-μm-scale pixel resolution. The novel approach presented here can be widely used in the nondestructive in-operando three-dimensional characterization of solid-state electronic devices with a resolution potential of less than 100 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itai Katz
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Matthias Fehr
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Institut für Silizium-Photovoltaik and Berlin Joint EPR Laboratory (BeJEL), Kekuléstr. 5, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Schnegg
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Institut für Silizium-Photovoltaik and Berlin Joint EPR Laboratory (BeJEL), Kekuléstr. 5, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Lips
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Institut für Silizium-Photovoltaik and Berlin Joint EPR Laboratory (BeJEL), Kekuléstr. 5, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Aharon Blank
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
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29
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Gualco G, Anders J, Sienkiewicz A, Alberti S, Forró L, Boero G. Cryogenic single-chip electron spin resonance detector. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2014; 247:96-103. [PMID: 25261743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report on the design and characterization of a single-chip electron spin resonance detector, operating at a frequency of about 20 GHz and in a temperature range extending at least from 300 K down to 4 K. The detector consists of an LC oscillator formed by a 200 μm diameter single turn aluminum planar coil, a metal-oxide-metal capacitor, and two metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors used as negative resistance network. At 300 K, the oscillator has a frequency noise of 20 Hz/Hz(1/2) at 100 kHz offset from the 20 GHz carrier. At 4 K, the frequency noise is about 1 Hz/Hz(1/2) at 10 kHz offset. The spin sensitivity measured with a sample of DPPH is 10(8)spins/Hz(1/2) at 300 K and down to 10(6)spins/Hz(1/2) at 4 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Gualco
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jens Anders
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrzej Sienkiewicz
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Alberti
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - László Forró
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Boero
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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30
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Quantum Computation with Molecular Nanomagnets: Achievements, Challenges, and New Trends. MOLECULAR NANOMAGNETS AND RELATED PHENOMENA 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/430_2014_145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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31
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Narkowicz R, Ogata H, Reijerse E, Suter D. A cryogenic receiver for EPR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2013; 237:79-84. [PMID: 24161681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cryogenic probes have significantly increased the sensitivity of NMR. Here, we present a compact EPR receiver design capable of cryogenic operation. Compared to room temperature operation, it reduces the noise by a factor of ≈2.5. We discuss in detail the design and analyze the resulting noise performance. At low microwave power, the input noise density closely follows the emission of a cooled 50Ω resistor over the whole measurement range from 20K up to room temperature. To minimize the influence of the microwave source noise, we use high microwave efficiency (≈1.1-1.7mTW(-1/2)) planar microresonators. Their efficient conversion of microwave power to magnetic field permits EPR measurements with very low power levels, typically ranging from a few μW down to fractions of nW.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Narkowicz
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - H Ogata
- Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftsraße 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim a.d. Ruhr, Germany
| | - E Reijerse
- Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftsraße 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim a.d. Ruhr, Germany
| | - D Suter
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
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32
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Klein K, Hauer B, Stoib B, Trautwein M, Matich S, Huebl H, Astakhov O, Finger F, Bittl R, Stutzmann M, Brandt MS. The electrically detected magnetic resonance microscope: combining conductive atomic force microscopy with electrically detected magnetic resonance. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:103911. [PMID: 24182133 DOI: 10.1063/1.4827036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present the design and implementation of a scanning probe microscope, which combines electrically detected magnetic resonance (EDMR) and (photo-)conductive atomic force microscopy ((p)cAFM). The integration of a 3-loop 2-gap X-band microwave resonator into an AFM allows the use of conductive AFM tips as a movable contact for EDMR experiments. The optical readout of the AFM cantilever is based on an infrared laser to avoid disturbances of current measurements by absorption of straylight of the detection laser. Using amorphous silicon thin film samples with varying defect densities, the capability to detect a spatial EDMR contrast is demonstrated. Resonant current changes as low as 20 fA can be detected, allowing the method to realize a spin sensitivity of 8×10(6)spins/√Hz at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Klein
- Walter Schottky Institut, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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33
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Yap YS, Yamamoto H, Tabuchi Y, Negoro M, Kagawa A, Kitagawa M. Strongly driven electron spins using a K(u) band stripline electron paramagnetic resonance resonator. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2013; 232:62-67. [PMID: 23703225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This article details our work to obtain strong excitation for electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments by improving the resonator's efficiency. The advantages and application of strong excitation are discussed. Two 17 GHz transmission-type, stripline resonators were designed, simulated and fabricated. Scattering parameter measurements were carried out and quality factor were measured to be around 160 and 85. Simulation results of the microwave's magnetic field distribution are also presented. To determine the excitation field at the sample, nutation experiments were carried out and power dependence were measured using two organic samples at room temperature. The highest recorded Rabi frequency was rated at 210 MHz with an input power of about 1 W, which corresponds to a π/2 pulse of about 1.2 ns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung Szen Yap
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Japan.
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34
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Benningshof OWB, Mohebbi HR, Taminiau IAJ, Miao GX, Cory DG. Superconducting microstrip resonator for pulsed ESR of thin films. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2013; 230:84-87. [PMID: 23454577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This article describes a superconducting microstrip resonator operating at 9.5 GHz (X-band) that is specially designed for pulsed ESR on thin films. A novel configuration consisting of an array of half-wave length microstrip transmission lines generates a uniform magnetic field over a 2-D region of 100×1000 μm(2) with field homogeneity better than 5×10(-2). Using the device, we demonstrate strong coupling of the resonator to an electron spin ensemble and pulsed ESR on Si:P.
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35
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Malissa H, Schuster DI, Tyryshkin AM, Houck AA, Lyon SA. Superconducting coplanar waveguide resonators for low temperature pulsed electron spin resonance spectroscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:025116. [PMID: 23464260 DOI: 10.1063/1.4792205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We discuss the design and implementation of thin film superconducting coplanar waveguide micro-resonators for pulsed electron spin resonance experiments. The performance of the resonators with P doped Si epilayer samples is compared to waveguide resonators under equivalent conditions. The high achievable filling factor even for small sized samples and the relatively high Q-factor result in a sensitivity of 4.5 × 10(8) spins per shot, which is superior to that of conventional waveguide resonators, in particular to spins close to the sample surface. The peak microwave power is on the order of a few milliwatts, which is compatible with measurements at ultra-low temperatures. We also discuss the effect of the nonuniform microwave magnetic field on the Hahn echo power dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Malissa
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Olden Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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36
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Twig Y, Dikarov E, Blank A. Ultra miniature resonators for electron spin resonance: Sensitivity analysis, design and construction methods, and potential applications. Mol Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2012.762463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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37
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Anders J, Angerhofer A, Boero G. K-band single-chip electron spin resonance detector. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2012; 217:19-26. [PMID: 22405529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report on the design, fabrication, and characterization of an integrated detector for electron spin resonance spectroscopy operating at 27 GHz. The microsystem, consisting of an LC-oscillator and a frequency division module, is integrated onto a single silicon chip using a conventional complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology. The achieved room temperature spin sensitivity is about 10(8)spins/G Hz(1/2), with a sensitive volume of about (100 μm)(3). Operation at 77K is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Anders
- Ecole Polytechninque Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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38
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Banholzer A, Narkowicz R, Hassel C, Meckenstock R, Stienen S, Posth O, Suter D, Farle M, Lindner J. Visualization of spin dynamics in single nanosized magnetic elements. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:295713. [PMID: 21693797 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/29/295713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The design of future spintronic devices requires a quantitative understanding of the microscopic linear and nonlinear spin relaxation processes governing the magnetization reversal in nanometer-scale ferromagnetic systems. Ferromagnetic resonance is the method of choice for a quantitative analysis of relaxation rates, magnetic anisotropy and susceptibility in a single experiment. The approach offers the possibility of coherent control and manipulation of nanoscaled structures by microwave irradiation. Here, we analyze the different excitation modes in a single nanometer-sized ferromagnetic stripe. Measurements are performed using a microresonator set-up which offers a sensitivity to quantitatively analyze the dynamic and static magnetic properties of single nanomagnets with volumes of (100 nm)(3). Uniform as well as non-uniform volume modes of the spin wave excitation spectrum are identified and found to be in excellent agreement with the results of micromagnetic simulations which allow the visualization of the spatial distribution of these modes in the nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Banholzer
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
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39
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Schuster DI, Sears AP, Ginossar E, DiCarlo L, Frunzio L, Morton JJL, Wu H, Briggs GAD, Buckley BB, Awschalom DD, Schoelkopf RJ. High-cooperativity coupling of electron-spin ensembles to superconducting cavities. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:140501. [PMID: 21230817 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.140501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Electron spins in solids are promising candidates for quantum memories for superconducting qubits because they can have long coherence times, large collective couplings, and many qubits could be encoded into spin waves of a single ensemble. We demonstrate the coupling of electron-spin ensembles to a superconducting transmission-line cavity at strengths greatly exceeding the cavity decay rates and comparable to the spin linewidths. We also perform broadband spectroscopy of ruby (Al₂O₃:Cr(3+)) at millikelvin temperatures and low powers, using an on-chip feedline. In addition, we observe hyperfine structure in diamond P1 centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Schuster
- Department of Applied Physics and Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
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40
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Twig Y, Suhovoy E, Blank A. Sensitive surface loop-gap microresonators for electron spin resonance. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:104703. [PMID: 21034106 DOI: 10.1063/1.3488365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the design, construction, and experimental testing of unique sensitive surface loop-gap microresonators for electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements. These resonators are made of "U"-shaped gold structures with typical sizes of 50 and 150 μm that are deposited on a thin (220 μm) rutile substrate and fed from the rear by a microstrip line. This allows accommodating a large flat sample above the resonator in addition to having variable coupling properties. Such resonators have a very small volume which, compared to previous designs, improves their absolute spin sensitivity by a factor of more than 2 (based on experimental results). They also have a very high microwave field-power conversion ratio of up to 86 gauss/√Hz. This could facilitate the use of very short excitation pulses with relatively low microwave power. Following the presentation and the discussion of the experimental results, ways to further increase sensitivity significantly are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ygal Twig
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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Torrezan AC, Mayer Alegre TP, Medeiros-Ribeiro G. Microstrip resonators for electron paramagnetic resonance experiments. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2009; 80:075111. [PMID: 19655985 DOI: 10.1063/1.3186054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this article we evaluate the performance of an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) setup using a microstrip resonator (MR). The design and characterization of the resonator are described and parameters of importance to EPR and spin manipulation are examined, including cavity quality factor, filling factor, and microwave magnetic field in the sample region. Simulated microwave electric and magnetic field distributions in the resonator are also presented and compared with qualitative measurements of the field distribution obtained by a perturbation technique. Based on EPR experiments carried out with a standard marker at room temperature and a MR resonating at 8.17 GHz, the minimum detectable number of spins was found to be 5 x 10(10) spins/GHz(1/2) despite the low MR unloaded quality factor Q0=60. The functionality of the EPR setup was further evaluated at low temperature, where the spin resonance of Cr dopants present in a GaAs wafer was detected at 2.3 K. The design and characterization of a more versatile MR targeting an improved EPR sensitivity and featuring an integrated biasing circuit for the study of samples that require an electrical contact are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Torrezan
- Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron, Caixa Postal 6192, Campinas, São Paulo 13084-971, Brazil
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