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Cai Y, Li Z, Sun C, Zhao X, Wu S, Huang G, Tang S, Dai P, Wei X, You H. A centrifugal-driven spiral microchannel microfiltration chip for emulsion and deformable particle sorting. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:3738-3751. [PMID: 38978468 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00260a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Droplet sorting and enrichment, as a prominent field within microfluidic technology, represent a pivotal stage in the manipulation of droplets and particles. In recent times, droplet sorting methods based on lab-on-disk (LOD) have garnered significant interest among researchers for their inherent merits, including high throughput, ease of operation, seamless device integration, and independence from supplementary driving forces. This study introduces a centrifugal force-driven microfluidic chip comprising spiral microchannels. The chip incorporates microhole arrays along the sidewall of the spiral channels, enabling size-based sorting and enrichment of microdroplets under the influence of multiple forces. Firstly, a comparative analysis was performed to assess the influence of the separation port structure and rotational speed on efficiency, and a mechanical modeling approach was employed to conduct kinetic analyses of droplet behavior during instantaneous separation. Those findings demonstrated a good agreement with the experimental results at ω < 100 rpm. Subsequently, sorting experiments on homogeneous droplets indicated that repetitive sorting could increase the recovery ratios, RT(α), of high-concentration droplets (20.7%) from 35.3% to over 80%. We also conducted a sorting experiment on three-component homogeneous-phase emulsions using a serially connected chip array, and the sorting throughput was 0.58 mL min-1. As a result, the RT(α) for 60 and 160 μm droplets were 99.4% and 88.9%, respectively. Lastly, we conducted elution experiments and dual-sample sorting on a single chip, and the fluorescence results demonstrated that this study provided an efficient and non-cross-contaminating sorting method for non-homogenous phase multi-sample microreactor units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchao Cai
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
| | - Zekun Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
| | - Cuimin Sun
- School of Computer, Electronics and Information, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
| | - Xuan Zhao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
| | - Shixiong Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
| | - Guangyong Huang
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Shengchang Tang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
| | - Peng Dai
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
| | - Xiangfu Wei
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
| | - Hui You
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
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Alsved J, Rezayati Charan M, Ohlsson P, Urbansky A, Augustsson P. Label-free separation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from whole blood by gradient acoustic focusing. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8748. [PMID: 38627566 PMCID: PMC11021555 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59156-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Efficient techniques for separating target cells from undiluted blood are necessary for various diagnostic and research applications. This paper presents acoustic focusing in dense media containing iodixanol to purify peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from whole blood in a label-free and flow-through format. If the blood is laminated or mixed with iodixanol solutions while passing through the resonant microchannel, all the components (fluids and cells) rearrange according to their acoustic impedances. Red blood cells (RBCs) have higher effective acoustic impedance than PBMCs. Therefore, they relocate to the pressure node despite the dense medium, while PBMCs stay near the channel walls due to their negative contrast factor relative to their surrounding medium. By modifying the medium and thus tuning the contrast factor of the cells, we enriched PBMCs relative to RBCs by a factor of 3600 to 11,000 and with a separation efficiency of 85%. That level of RBC depletion is higher than most other microfluidic methods and similar to that of density gradient centrifugation. The current acoustophoretic chip runs up to 20 µl/min undiluted whole blood and can be integrated with downstream analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Alsved
- AcouSort AB, Medicon Village, S-223 81, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mahdi Rezayati Charan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Ole Römers väg 3, 22363, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pelle Ohlsson
- AcouSort AB, Medicon Village, S-223 81, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Ole Römers väg 3, 22363, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anke Urbansky
- AcouSort AB, Medicon Village, S-223 81, Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Augustsson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Ole Römers väg 3, 22363, Lund, Sweden.
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Wan TY, Hwa HL, Lee TT, Lu YW. High efficiency sperm enrichment from forensic mock samples in bubble-based acoustic filtration devices for short tandem repeat (STR) analysis. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:434-445. [PMID: 38086663 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00632h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
A bubble-based acoustofluidic filtration (BAF) microfluidic device, which employs cross-flow filtration (CFF) and acoustic streaming, separates cells with high efficiency for forensic analysis. Forensic samples are typically complex and contain a substantial number of squamous epithelial cells from the female vagina, which tend to have fouling problems during filtration due to their morphological and cell adhesion differences. To overcome this issue, the BAF device utilizes bubble oscillation by bulk acoustic wave (BAW) to generate acoustic streaming, which offers additional hydrodynamic forces for side flushing cleaning and achieves effective removal within a mere 0.5 seconds. Our device is tested with imbalanced cell mixtures of sperm and epithelial cells with large disparity ratios. By concurrently employing CFF and acoustic streaming, the samples with our sperm-enrichment can achieve 91.72-97.78% for the recovery rate and 74.58-89.26% for the purity in the sperm enrichment. They are further subjected to short tandem repeat (STR) profiling, enabling the identification of perpetrators. Notably, even samples with minimal sperm cells demonstrated a significant increase in the male donor DNA ratio, while the peak heights of female alleles became virtually undetectable. The exceptional cell separation capability demonstrated by our BAF device highlights its potential applications in forensic sciences and other areas of cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Wan
- Department of Biomechatronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiao-Lin Hwa
- Graduate Institute of Forensic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsui-Ting Lee
- Graduate Institute of Forensic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Wen Lu
- Department of Biomechatronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Iqbal M, Mukhamedshin A, Lezzar DL, Abhishek K, McLennan AL, Lam FW, Shevkoplyas SS. Recent advances in microfluidic cell separation to enable centrifugation-free, low extracorporeal volume leukapheresis in pediatric patients. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2023; 21:494-513. [PMID: 37146298 PMCID: PMC10645346 DOI: 10.2450/bloodtransfus.506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Leukapheresis is a common extracorporeal procedure for leukodepletion and cellular collection. During the procedure, a patient's blood is passed through an apheresis machine to separate white blood cells (WBCs) from red blood cells (RBCs) and platelets (PLTs), which are then returned to the patient. Although it is well-tolerated by adults and older children, leukapheresis poses a significant risk to neonates and low-weight infants because the extracorporeal volume (ECV) of a typical leukapheresis circuit represents a particularly large fraction of their total blood volume. The reliance of existing apheresis technology on centrifugation for separating blood cells limits the degree to which the circuit ECV could be miniaturized. The rapidly advancing field of microfluidic cell separation holds excellent promise for devices with competitive separation performance and void volumes that are orders of magnitude smaller than their centrifugation-based counterparts. This review discusses recent advancements in the field, focusing on passive separation methods that could potentially be adapted to perform leukapheresis. We first outline the performance requirements that any separation method must meet to replace centrifugation-based methods successfully. We then provide an overview of the passive separation methods that can remove WBCs from whole blood, focusing on the technological advancements made in the last decade. We describe and compare standard performance metrics, including blood dilution requirements, WBC separation efficiency, RBC and PLT loss, and processing throughput, and discuss the potential of each separation method for future use as a high-throughput microfluidic leukapheresis platform. Finally, we outline the primary common challenges that must still be overcome for these novel microfluidic technologies to enable centrifugation-free, low-ECV leukapheresis in the pediatric setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubasher Iqbal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Anton Mukhamedshin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Dalia L. Lezzar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Kumar Abhishek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Alexandra L. McLennan
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Fong W. Lam
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Sergey S. Shevkoplyas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
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Experimental Characterization of a Microfluidic Device Based on Passive Crossflow Filters for Blood Fractionation. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10122698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The separation of red blood cells (RBCs) from blood plasma and the analysis of individual RBCs are of great importance, as they provide valuable information regarding the health of their donor. Recent developments in microfluidics and microfabrication have contributed to the fabrication of microsystems with complex features to promote the separation and analysis of RBCs. In this work, the separation capacity of a multi-step crossflow microfluidic device was evaluated by using a blood analogue fluid made by Brij L4 micelles and human RBCs separated from whole blood, suspended in a solution with hematocrits (Ht) of 0.5 and 1%. All the samples collected at the outlets of the device were experimentally analyzed and compared. The absorbance spectrum was also measured for the prepared blood samples. The results indicate that the tested blood analogue fluid has exhibited a flow behavior similar to that of blood. In addition, the optical absorbance spectrophotometry revealed that it was possible to evaluate the separation efficiency of the microfluidic device, concluding that the concentration of cells was lower at the most lateral outside outlets of the microchannel due to the cumulative effect of the multiple cross-flow filters.
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Separation of White Blood Cells in a Wavy Type Microfluidic Device Using Blood Diluted in a Hypertonic Saline Solution. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-022-00074-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Geometry effect in multi-step crossflow microfluidic devices for red blood cells separation and deformability assessment. Biomed Microdevices 2022; 24:20. [PMID: 35670892 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-022-00616-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The efficient separation of blood components using microfluidic systems can help to improve the detection and diagnosis of several diseases, such as malaria and diabetes. Therefore, a novel multi-step microfluidic device, based on passive crossflow filters was developed. Three different designs were proposed, fabricated and tested in order to evaluate the most suitable geometry to perform, simultaneously, blood cells separation and cell deformability measurements. All the proposed geometries include a main channel and three sequential separation steps, all comprised of symmetrical crossflow filters, with multiple rows of pillars, to reduce the amount of red blood cells (RBCs) flowing to the outlets of the microfluidic device (MD). Sets of hyperbolic constrictions located at the outlets allow the assessment of cells deformability. Based on the proposed geometries, the three correspondent MD were evaluated and compared, by measuring the RBCs velocities, the cell-free layer (CFL) effect through the microchannels and by quantifying the amount of RBCs at the outlets. The results suggest that the proposed MD 3 configuration was the most effective one for the desired application, due to the formation of a wider CFL. As a result, a minor amount of RBCs flow through the hyperbolic contraction at the third separation level of the device. Nevertheless, for all the proposed geometries, the existence of three separation levels shows that it is possible to achieve a highly efficient cell separation. If needed, such microdevices have the potential for further improvements by increasing the number of separation levels, aiming the total separation of blood cells from plasma.
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Sabirova A, Florica CF, Pisig F, Syed A, Buttner U, Li X, Nunes SP. Nanoporous membrane fabrication by nanoimprint lithography for nanoparticle sieving. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:1119-1124. [PMID: 36131770 PMCID: PMC9417922 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00812a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
An isoporous membrane with strictly controlled pore size, shape and distribution could provide an efficient, precise and mild sieving of particles in nanotechnology and biomedical applications. However there is a lack of highly porous polymeric membranes combining isoporosity and high permeance in the range below 500 nm. Track-etched membranes are practically the only commercial option. Membranes prepared by phase inversion typically have a broad pore size distribution. Most nanofabrication methods have limited the preparation of membranes with pores in the micrometer range. In this work, we present a nanotechnology-based fabrication methodology to manufacture a stable and flexible nanoporous polymeric membrane with 300 nm isopores using UV nanoimprint lithography. The highly porous membrane has a pore density of 4 × 109 pores per cm2 and stable permeance of 108 000 L m-2 h-1 bar-1. Uniform ZIF-8 nanoparticles were synthesized and the isoporous membrane successfully demonstrated as high as 100% rejection and size-based sieving performance of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainur Sabirova
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center 23955-6900 Thuwal Saudi Arabia
| | - Camelia F Florica
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Nanofabrication Core Laboratory 23955-6900 Thuwal Saudi Arabia
| | - Florencio Pisig
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Nanofabrication Core Laboratory 23955-6900 Thuwal Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahad Syed
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Nanofabrication Core Laboratory 23955-6900 Thuwal Saudi Arabia
| | - Ulrich Buttner
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Nanofabrication Core Laboratory 23955-6900 Thuwal Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiang Li
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center 23955-6900 Thuwal Saudi Arabia
| | - Suzana P Nunes
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center 23955-6900 Thuwal Saudi Arabia
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Choi G, Tang Z, Guan W. Microfluidic high-throughput single-cell mechanotyping: Devices and
applications. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND PRECISION ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1063/10.0006042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gihoon Choi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802,
USA
| | - Zifan Tang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802,
USA
| | - Weihua Guan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802,
USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802,
USA
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Wu TH, Wu CH, Huang CJ, Chang YC. Anticlogging Hemofiltration Device for Mass Collection of Circulating Tumor Cells by Ligand-Free Size Selection. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:3399-3409. [PMID: 33689353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A new hemofiltration system was developed to continuously capture circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from a large volume of whole blood using a column that was packed with antifouling zwitterionized silica microspheres. The silica microspheres were modified with sulfobetaine silane (SBSi) to inhibit fouling, resist clogging, and give a high surface wettability and prolonged operation time. Packed microspheres with different diameters formed size-controllable interstitial pores that effectively captured CTCs by ligand-free size selection. For optimized performance of the hemofiltration system, operational factors, including the size of microspheres, flow rate, and cross-sectional area of the column, were considered with respect to the removal rate for colorectal cancer cells and the retention rate for white blood cells and red blood cells. The captured CTCs were collected from the column by density sedimentation. A large quantity of colorectal cancer cells was spiked into sheep blood, and the sample was circulated for 5 h with a total operational volume of 2 L followed by collection and culture in vitro. The results showed that the proposed hemofiltration device selectively removed abundant CTCs from in vitro circulatory blood. The viable cells were harvested for amplification and potential applications for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Hsien Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Jhong-Li, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Jhong-Li, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jen Huang
- Chemical & Materials Engineering Department, National Central University, Jhong-Li, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
- R&D Center for Membrane Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, 200 Chung Pei Road, Chung-Li City 32023, Taiwan
- NCU-DSM Research Center, National Central University, Jhong-Li, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chih Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Sec 2, Academic Road, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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11
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Sengul E, Kara O, Yildizhan Y, Martinez-Duarte R, Elitas M. Single Cell Level Dielectrophoretic Responses & Dielectrophoretic Deformations of Monocytes to Quantify Population Heterogeneity. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:2221-2226. [PMID: 33018449 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell dielectrophoretic movement and dielectrophoretic deformation of monocyte cells were interrogated applying 20 Vpp, 50 kHz to 1 MHz signal in the 3D carbon electrode array. Heterogeneity of the monocyte population is shown in terms of the crossover frequencies, translational movement, and deformation index of the cells. The results presented that crossover range for monocytes was 100 kHz - 200 kHz, the translational movement of the cells was rapidly altered when the initial positions of the cells were in the negative dielectrophoretic region. Finally, the deformation index of the monocyte population varied from 0.5 to 1.5.
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Yunas J, Mulyanti B, Hamidah I, Mohd Said M, Pawinanto RE, Wan Ali WAF, Subandi A, Hamzah AA, Latif R, Yeop Majlis B. Polymer-Based MEMS Electromagnetic Actuator for Biomedical Application: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1184. [PMID: 32455993 PMCID: PMC7284590 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we present a comprehensive review of polymer-based microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) electromagnetic (EM) actuators and their implementation in the biomedical engineering field. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary on the latest development of electromagnetically driven microactuators for biomedical application that is focused on the movable structure development made of polymers. The discussion does not only focus on the polymeric material part itself, but also covers the basic mechanism of the mechanical actuation, the state of the art of the membrane development and its application. In this review, a clear description about the scheme used to drive the micro-actuators, the concept of mechanical deformation of the movable magnetic membrane and its interaction with actuator system are described in detail. Some comparisons are made to scrutinize the advantages and disadvantages of electromagnetic MEMS actuator performance. The previous studies and explanations on the technology used to fabricate the polymer-based membrane component of the electromagnetically driven microactuators system are presented. The study on the materials and the synthesis method implemented during the fabrication process for the development of the actuators are also briefly described in this review. Furthermore, potential applications of polymer-based MEMS EM actuators in the biomedical field are also described. It is concluded that much progress has been made in the material development of the actuator. The technology trend has moved from the use of bulk magnetic material to using magnetic polymer composites. The future benefits of these compact flexible material employments will offer a wide range of potential implementation of polymer composites in wearable and portable biomedical device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumril Yunas
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (W.A.F.W.A.); (A.S.); (A.A.H.); (R.L.); (B.Y.M.)
| | - Budi Mulyanti
- Faculty of Engineering and Vocational Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Jl. Dr. Setiabudhi 207, Bandung 40154, Indonesia; (B.M.); (I.H.)
| | - Ida Hamidah
- Faculty of Engineering and Vocational Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Jl. Dr. Setiabudhi 207, Bandung 40154, Indonesia; (B.M.); (I.H.)
| | - Muzalifah Mohd Said
- Faculty of Electronics and Computer Engineering (FKEKK), Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Melaka, Malaysia;
| | - Roer Eka Pawinanto
- Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia;
| | - Wan Amar Fikri Wan Ali
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (W.A.F.W.A.); (A.S.); (A.A.H.); (R.L.); (B.Y.M.)
| | - Ayub Subandi
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (W.A.F.W.A.); (A.S.); (A.A.H.); (R.L.); (B.Y.M.)
| | - Azrul Azlan Hamzah
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (W.A.F.W.A.); (A.S.); (A.A.H.); (R.L.); (B.Y.M.)
| | - Rhonira Latif
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (W.A.F.W.A.); (A.S.); (A.A.H.); (R.L.); (B.Y.M.)
| | - Burhanuddin Yeop Majlis
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (W.A.F.W.A.); (A.S.); (A.A.H.); (R.L.); (B.Y.M.)
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Lombodorj B, Tseng HC, Chang HY, Lu YW, Tumurpurev N, Lee CW, Ganbat B, Wu RG, Tseng FG. High-Throughput White Blood Cell (Leukocyte) Enrichment from Whole Blood Using Hydrodynamic and Inertial Forces. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11030275. [PMID: 32155862 PMCID: PMC7143169 DOI: 10.3390/mi11030275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A microfluidic chip, which can separate and enrich leukocytes from whole blood, is proposed. The chip has 10 switchback curve channels, which are connected by straight channels. The straight channels are designed to permit the inertial migration effect and to concentrate the blood cells, while the curve channels allow the Dean flow to further classify the blood cells based on the cell sizes. Hydrodynamic suction is also utilized to remove smaller blood cells (e.g., red blood cell (RBC)) in the curve channels for higher separation purity. By employing the inertial migration, Dean flow force, and hydrodynamic suction in a continuous flow system, our chip successfully separates large white blood cells (WBCs) from the whole blood with the processing rates as high as 1 × 108 cells/sec at a high recovery rate at 93.2% and very few RBCs (~0.1%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Batzorig Lombodorj
- School of Information and Communication Technology, Mongolian University of Science and Technology, Ulaanbaatar 14191, Mongolia;
- Department of Engineering and System Science, Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (H.C.T.); (C.-W.L.)
| | - Horas Cendana Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Science, Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (H.C.T.); (C.-W.L.)
| | - Hwan-You Chang
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
| | - Yen-Wen Lu
- Department of Biomechatronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-W.L.); (R.-G.W.); (F.-G.T.)
| | - Namnan Tumurpurev
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mongolian University of Science and Technology, Ulaanbaatar 14191, Mongolia;
| | - Chun-Wei Lee
- Department of Engineering and System Science, Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (H.C.T.); (C.-W.L.)
| | - Batdemberel Ganbat
- Department of Physics, Mongolian University of Science and Technology, Ulaanbaatar 14191, Mongolia;
| | - Ren-Guei Wu
- Department of Engineering and System Science, Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (H.C.T.); (C.-W.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-W.L.); (R.-G.W.); (F.-G.T.)
| | - Fan-Gang Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Science, Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (H.C.T.); (C.-W.L.)
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-W.L.); (R.-G.W.); (F.-G.T.)
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Balyan P, Saini D, Das S, Kumar D, Agarwal A. Flow induced particle separation and collection through linear array pillar microfluidics device. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:024103. [PMID: 32206158 PMCID: PMC7082176 DOI: 10.1063/1.5143656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Particle filtration and concentration have great significance in a multitude of applications. Physical filters are nearly indispensable in conventional separation processes. Similarly, microfabrication-based physical filters are gaining popularity as size-based particle sorters, separators, and prefiltration structures for microfluidics platforms. The work presented here introduces a linear combination of obstructions to provide size contrast-based particle separation. Polystyrene particles that are captured along the crossflow filters are packed in the direction of the dead-end filters. Separation of polydisperse suspension of 5 μm and 10 μm diameter polystyrene microspheres is attained with capture efficiency for larger particles as 95%. Blood suspension is used for biocharacterization of the device. A flow induced method is used to improve particle capture uniformity in a single microchannel and reduce microgap clogging to about 30%. This concept is extended to obtain semiquantification obtained by comparison of the initial particle concentration to captured-particle occupancy in a microfiltration channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Balyan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-CEERI) Campus, Pilani Rajasthan 333031, India
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
| | - Deepika Saini
- CSIR-Central Electronics and Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-CEERI) Campus, Pilani Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Supriyo Das
- CSIR-Central Electronics and Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-CEERI) Campus, Pilani Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Dhirendra Kumar
- CSIR-Central Electronics and Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-CEERI) Campus, Pilani Rajasthan 333031, India
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15
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Zhou J, Papautsky I. Size-dependent enrichment of leukocytes from undiluted whole blood using shear-induced diffusion. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:3416-3426. [PMID: 31490514 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00786e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Little work has been done in microfluidics with separation of cells directly from whole blood, and the handful of microfluidic systems reported the literature offer only limited throughput. Yet high throughput is highly desirable to avoid degradation of samples, which can result in loss of information critical to disease diagnosis or monitoring. In this work, we investigated particle migration dynamics in whole blood flow at a single-particle level and subsequently successfully demonstrated the preferential enrichment of white blood cells (WBCs) in unprocessed whole blood flows flanking a buffer flow. Our in-depth investigation reveals a counter-intuitive, size-based migration of cells in whole blood flow and their tendency to accumulate in the regions near flow interfaces, which is employed for inherent enrichment of WBCs. More importantly, we found the strong size-dependent migration in blood flow stemming from the differentiated downstream velocity of particles, which inversely scales with particle size. Our new insights improve understanding of this counterintuitive microfluidics field, offering guidance for new device design to directly handle whole blood and to expand the applications to meet the real-world need for ultra-fast cell separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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16
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Volpe A, Gaudiuso C, Ancona A. Sorting of Particles Using Inertial Focusing and Laminar Vortex Technology: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E594. [PMID: 31510006 PMCID: PMC6780945 DOI: 10.3390/mi10090594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The capability of isolating and sorting specific types of cells is crucial in life science, particularly for the early diagnosis of lethal diseases and monitoring of medical treatments. Among all the micro-fluidics techniques for cell sorting, inertial focusing combined with the laminar vortex technology is a powerful method to isolate cells from flowing samples in an efficient manner. This label-free method does not require any external force to be applied, and allows high throughput and continuous sample separation, thus offering a high filtration efficiency over a wide range of particle sizes. Although rather recent, this technology and its applications are rapidly growing, thanks to the development of new chip designs, the employment of new materials and microfabrication technologies. In this review, a comprehensive overview is provided on the most relevant works which employ inertial focusing and laminar vortex technology to sort particles. After briefly summarizing the other cells sorting techniques, highlighting their limitations, the physical mechanisms involved in particle trapping and sorting are described. Then, the materials and microfabrication methods used to implement this technology on miniaturized devices are illustrated. The most relevant evolution steps in the chips design are discussed, and their performances critically analyzed to suggest future developments of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Volpe
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Bari 'Aldo Moro', Via G. Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy.
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN), National Research Council, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Caterina Gaudiuso
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Bari 'Aldo Moro', Via G. Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN), National Research Council, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Ancona
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN), National Research Council, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy
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17
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Dalili A, Samiei E, Hoorfar M. A review of sorting, separation and isolation of cells and microbeads for biomedical applications: microfluidic approaches. Analyst 2019; 144:87-113. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an01061g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We have reviewed the microfluidic approaches for cell/particle isolation and sorting, and extensively explained the mechanism behind each method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Dalili
- The University of British
- School of Engineering
- Kelowna
- Canada V1 V 1 V7
| | - Ehsan Samiei
- University of Victoria
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Victoria
- Canada
| | - Mina Hoorfar
- The University of British
- School of Engineering
- Kelowna
- Canada V1 V 1 V7
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18
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19
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Cho HY, Hossain MK, Lee JH, Han J, Lee HJ, Kim KJ, Kim JH, Lee KB, Choi JW. Selective isolation and noninvasive analysis of circulating cancer stem cells through Raman imaging. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 102:372-382. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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20
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Tan JKS, Park SY, Leo HL, Kim S. Continuous Separation of White Blood Cells From Whole Blood Using Viscoelastic Effects. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2017; 11:1431-1437. [PMID: 28981424 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2017.2748232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
White blood cells (WBCs) are the only cellular constituent containing genetic materials, and, hence, are candidate biomarkers for a host of diseases. However, conventional methods for WBC separation tend to have low sample purity and separation efficiency, which will have adverse implications on downstream polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses. In this study, we introduce a two-stage microfluidic device which harnesses the elastic property of a non-Newtonian fluid for size-based separation of WBCs from whole blood. The device displayed high resolution and efficiency in separating polystyrene particles and blood cells of different sizes up to a flow rate of 150 μL/min in polyvinylpyrrolidone solutions. We performed a separate parametric study to evaluate the effects of the fluid elasticity and flow rate on the separation performance. The hematocrit of the blood sample was varied from 0.01% to 20% to investigate the effect of increased intercellular interactions on the separation efficiency. An optimized set of parameters was selected to demonstrate the applicability of the device to the separation of WBCs from diluted whole blood, with excellent efficiency and purity (>90%). This microfluidic device will be especially useful for blood fractionation applications requiring high sample purity and speedy processing. Additionally, the apparent flow-rate insensitivity of the separation allows for its potential use in point-of-care applications.
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21
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Ahmad IL, Ahmad MR, Takeuchi M, Nakajima M, Hasegawa Y. Tapered Microfluidic for Continuous Micro-Object Separation Based on Hydrodynamic Principle. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2017; 11:1413-1421. [PMID: 29293427 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2017.2764118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in microfluidic technologies have created a demand for a simple and efficient separation intended for various applications such as food industries, biological preparation, and medical diagnostic. In this paper, we report a tapered microfluidic device for passive continuous separation of microparticles by using hydrodynamic separation. By exploiting the hydrodynamic properties of the fluid flow and physical characteristics of micro particles, effective size based separation is demonstrated. The tapered microfluidic device has widening geometries with respect to specific taper angle which amplify the sedimentation effect experienced by particles of different sizes. A mixture of 3-μm and 10-μm polystyrene microbeads are successfully separated using 20° and 25° taper angles. The results obtained are in agreement with three-dimensional finite element simulation conducted using Abaqus 6.12. Moreover, the feasibility of this mechanism for biological separation is demonstrated by using polydisperse samples consists of 3-μm polystyrene microbeads and human epithelial cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells. 98% of samples purity is recovered at outlet 1 and outlet 3 with flow rate of 0.5-3.0 μl/min. Our device is interesting despite adopting passive separation approach. This method enables straightforward, label-free, and continuous separation of multiparticles in a stand-alone device without the need for bulky apparatus. Therefore, this device may become an enabling technology for point of care diagnosis tools and may hold potential for micrototal analysis system applications.
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22
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A Radial Pillar Device (RAPID) for continuous and high-throughput separation of multi-sized particles. Biomed Microdevices 2017; 20:6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-017-0246-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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23
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Ferreira AM, Cruz-Moreira D, Cerqueira L, Miranda JM, Azevedo NF. Yeasts identification in microfluidic devices using peptide nucleic acid fluorescence in situ hybridization (PNA-FISH). Biomed Microdevices 2017; 19:11. [PMID: 28144839 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-017-0150-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Peptide nucleic acid fluorescence in situ hybridization (PNA-FISH) is a highly specific molecular method widely used for microbial identification. Nonetheless, and due to the detection limit of this technique, a time-consuming pre-enrichment step is typically required before identification. In here we have developed a lab-on-a-chip device to concentrate cell suspensions and speed up the identification process in yeasts. The PNA-FISH protocol was optimized to target Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a common yeast that is very relevant for several types of food industries. Then, several coin-sized microfluidic devices with different geometries were developed. Using Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), we modeled the hydrodynamics inside the microchannels and selected the most promising options. SU-8 structures were fabricated based on the selected designs and used to produce polydimethylsiloxane-based microchips by soft lithography. As a result, an integrated approach combining microfluidics and PNA-FISH for the rapid identification of S. cerevisiae was achieved. To improve fluid flow inside microchannels and the PNA-FISH labeling, oxygen plasma treatment was applied to the microfluidic devices and a new methodology to introduce the cell suspension and solutions into the microchannels was devised. A strong PNA-FISH signal was observed in cells trapped inside the microchannels, proving that the proposed methodology works as intended. The microfluidic designs and PNA-FISH procedure described in here should be easily adaptable for detection of other microorganisms of similar size.
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Affiliation(s)
- André M Ferreira
- LEPABE- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s, /n 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.,CEFT-Transport Phenomena Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s, /n 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniela Cruz-Moreira
- LEPABE- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s, /n 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.,CEFT-Transport Phenomena Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s, /n 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Laura Cerqueira
- LEPABE- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s, /n 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.,Biomode 2, S.A.-Edifício GNRation, Praça Conde de Agrolongo, n°, 123 4700-312, Braga, Portugal
| | - João M Miranda
- CEFT-Transport Phenomena Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s, /n 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno F Azevedo
- LEPABE- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s, /n 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
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24
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Chen K, Georgiev TZ, Sheng W, Zheng X, Varillas JI, Zhang J, Hugh Fan Z. Tumor cell capture patterns around aptamer-immobilized microposts in microfluidic devices. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:054110. [PMID: 29034054 PMCID: PMC5624804 DOI: 10.1063/1.5000707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have shown potential for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Affinity-based CTC isolation methods have been proved to be efficient for CTC detection in clinical blood samples. One of the popular choices for affinity-based CTC isolation is to immobilize capture agents onto an array of microposts in microchannels, providing high CTC capture efficiency due to enhanced interactions between tumor cells and capture agents on the microposts. However, how the cells interact with microposts under different flow conditions and what kind of capture pattern results from the interactions have not been fully investigated; a full understanding of these interactions will help to design devices and choose experimental conditions for higher CTC capture effeciency. We report our study on their interaction and cell distribution patterns around microposts under different flow conditions. Human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells (CCRF-CEM) were used as target cancer cells in this study, while the Sgc8 aptamer that has specific binding with CCRF-CEM cells was employed as a capture agent. We investigated the effects of flow rates and micropost shapes on the cell capture efficiency and capture patterns on microposts. While a higher flow rate decreased cell capture efficiency, we found that the capture pattern around microposts also changed, with much more cells captured in the front half of a micropost than at the back half. We also found the ratio of cells captured on microposts to the cells captured by both microposts and channel walls increased as a function of the flow rate. We compared circular microposts with an elliptical shape and found that the geometry affected the capture distribution around microposts. In addition, we have developed a theoretical model to simulate the interactions between tumor cells and micropost surfaces, and the simulation results are in agreement with our experimental observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangfu Chen
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group (IMG), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116250, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Teodor Z Georgiev
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group (IMG), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116250, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Weian Sheng
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group (IMG), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116250, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Xiangjun Zheng
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group (IMG), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116250, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Jose I Varillas
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116131, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Jinling Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group (IMG), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116250, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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25
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Guo Q, Duffy SP, Matthews K, Islamzada E, Ma H. Deformability based Cell Sorting using Microfluidic Ratchets Enabling Phenotypic Separation of Leukocytes Directly from Whole Blood. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6627. [PMID: 28747668 PMCID: PMC5529452 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06865-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The separation of leukocytes from whole blood is a prerequisite for many biological assays. Traditional methods require significant sample volumes and are often undesirable because they expose leukocytes to harsh physical or chemical treatment. Existing microfluidic approaches can work with smaller volumes, but lack selectivity. In particular, the selectivity of microfluidic systems based on microfiltration is limited by fouling due to clogging. Here, we developed a method to separate leukocytes from whole blood using the microfluidic ratchet mechanism, which filters the blood sample using a matrix of micrometer-scale tapered constrictions. Deforming single cells through such constrictions requires directionally asymmetrical forces, which enables oscillatory flow to create a ratcheting transport that depends on cell size and deformability. Simultaneously, oscillatory flow continuously agitates the cells to limit the contact time with the filter microstructure to prevent adsorption and clogging. We show this device is capable of isolating leukocytes from whole blood with 100% purity (i.e. no contaminant erythrocytes) and <2% leukocytes loss. We further demonstrate the potential to phenotypically sort leukocytes to enrich for granulocytes and lymphocytes subpopulations. Together, this process provides a sensitive method to isolate and sort leukocytes directly from whole blood based on their biophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Guo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Simon P Duffy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kerryn Matthews
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Emel Islamzada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Hongshen Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Department of Urologic Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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26
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Chen TF, Siow KS, Ng PY, Majlis BY. Enhancing the biocompatibility of the polyurethane methacrylate and off-stoichiometry thiol-ene polymers by argon and nitrogen plasma treatment. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017. [PMID: 28629060 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Our studies focused on improving the biocompatibility properties of two microfluidic prototyping substrates i.e. polyurethane methacrylate (PUMA) and off-stoichiometry thiol-ene (OSTE-80) polymer by Ar and N2 plasma treatment. The contact angle (CA) measurement showed that both plasma treatments inserted oxygen and nitrogen moieties increased the surface energy and hydrophilicity of PUMA and OSTE-80 polymer which corresponded to an increase of nitrogen to carbon ratios (N/C), as measured by XPS, to provide a conducive environment for cell attachments and proliferation. Under the SEM observation, the surface topography of PUMA and OSTE-80 polymer showed minimal changes after the plasma treatments. Furthermore, ageing studies showed that plasma-treated PUMA and OSTE-80 polymer had stable hydrophilicity and nitrogen composition during storage in ambient air for 15days. After in vitro cell culture of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) on these surfaces for 24h and 72h, both trypan blue and alamar blue assays indicated that PUMA and OSTE-80 polymer treated with N2 plasma had the highest viability and proliferation. The polar nitrogen moieties, specifically amide groups, encouraged the HUVECs adhesion on the plasma-treated PUMA and OSTE-80 surfaces. Interestingly, PUMA polymer treated with Ar and N2 plasma showed different HUVECs morphology which was spindle and cobblestone-shaped respectively after 72h of incubation. On the contrary, a monolayer of well-spread HUVECs formed on the Ar and N2 plasma-treated OSTE-80 polymers. These variable morphologies observed can be ascribed to the adherence HUVECs on the different elastic moduli of these surfaces whereby further investigation might be needed. Overall, Ar and N2 plasma treatment had successfully altered the surface properties of PUMA and OSTE-80 polymer by increasing its surface energy, hydrophilicity and chemical functionalities to create a biocompatible surface for HUVECs adhesion and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiam Foo Chen
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | - Kim Shyong Siow
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia.
| | - Pei Yuen Ng
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Burhanuddin Yeop Majlis
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
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27
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Chen TF, Siow KS, Ng PY, Nai MH, Lim CT, Yeop Majlis B. Ageing properties of polyurethane methacrylate and off-stoichiometry thiol-ene polymers after nitrogen and argon plasma treatment. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiam Foo Chen
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Bangi Selangor 43600 Malaysia
| | - Kim Shyong Siow
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Bangi Selangor 43600 Malaysia
| | - Pei Yuen Ng
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Kuala Lumpur 50300 Malaysia
| | - Mui Hoon Nai
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore; 5A Engineering Drive 1 Singapore 117411 Singapore
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore; 5A Engineering Drive 1 Singapore 117411 Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; National University of Singapore; 9 Engineering Drive 1 Singapore 117575 Singapore
| | - Burhanuddin Yeop Majlis
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Bangi Selangor 43600 Malaysia
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28
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Md Ali MA, Ostrikov K(K, Khalid FA, Majlis BY, Kayani AA. Active bioparticle manipulation in microfluidic systems. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20080j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The motion of bioparticles in a microfluidic environment can be actively controlled using several tuneable mechanisms, including hydrodynamic, electrophoresis, dielectrophoresis, magnetophoresis, acoustophoresis, thermophoresis and optical forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Anuar Md Ali
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
- Bangi
- Malaysia
| | - Kostya (Ken) Ostrikov
- School of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
- CSIRO-QUT Joint Sustainable Processes and Devices Laboratory
| | - Fararishah Abdul Khalid
- Faculty of Technology Management and Technopreneurship
- Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
- Malaysia
| | - Burhanuddin Y. Majlis
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
- Bangi
- Malaysia
| | - Aminuddin A. Kayani
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
- Bangi
- Malaysia
- Center for Advanced Materials and Green Technology
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29
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Chiu YY, Huang CK, Lu YW. Enhancement of microfluidic particle separation using cross-flow filters with hydrodynamic focusing. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:011906. [PMID: 26858812 PMCID: PMC4723399 DOI: 10.1063/1.4939944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic chip is proposed to separate microparticles using cross-flow filtration enhanced with hydrodynamic focusing. By exploiting a buffer flow from the side, the microparticles in the sample flow are pushed on one side of the microchannels, lining up to pass through the filters. Meanwhile a larger pressure gradient in the filters is obtained to enhance separation efficiency. Compared with the traditional cross-flow filtration, our proposed mechanism has the buffer flow to create a moving virtual boundary for the sample flow to actively push all the particles to reach the filters for separation. It further allows higher flow rates. The device only requires soft lithograph fabrication to create microchannels and a novel pressurized bonding technique to make high-aspect-ratio filtration structures. A mixture of polystyrene microparticles with 2.7 μm and 10.6 μm diameters are successfully separated. 96.2 ± 2.8% of the large particle are recovered with a purity of 97.9 ± 0.5%, while 97.5 ± 0.4% of the small particle are depleted with a purity of 99.2 ± 0.4% at a sample throughput of 10 μl/min. The experiment is also conducted to show the feasibility of this mechanism to separate biological cells with the sample solutions of spiked PC3 cells in whole blood. By virtue of its high separation efficiency, our device offers a label-free separation technique and potential integration with other components, thereby serving as a promising tool for continuous cell filtration and analysis applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Yen Chiu
- Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chen-Kang Huang
- Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yen-Wen Lu
- Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China
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30
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Cheng Y, Ye X, Ma Z, Xie S, Wang W. High-throughput and clogging-free microfluidic filtration platform for on-chip cell separation from undiluted whole blood. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:014118. [PMID: 26909124 PMCID: PMC4752536 DOI: 10.1063/1.4941985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Rapid separation of white blood cells from whole blood sample is often required for their subsequent analyses of functions and phenotypes, and many advances have been made in this field. However, most current microfiltration-based cell separation microfluidic chips still suffer from low-throughput and membrane clogging. This paper reports on a high-throughput and clogging-free microfluidic filtration platform, which features with an integrated bidirectional micropump and commercially available polycarbonate microporous membranes. The integrated bidirectional micropump enables the fluid to flush micropores back and forth, effectively avoiding membrane clogging. The microporous membrane allows red blood cells passing through high-density pores in a cross-flow mixed with dead-end filtration mode. All the separation processes, including blood and buffer loading, separation, and sample collection, are automatically controlled for easy operation and high throughput. Both microbead mixture and undiluted whole blood sample are separated by the platform effectively. In particular, for white blood cell separation, the chip recovered 72.1% white blood cells with an over 232-fold enrichment ratio at a throughput as high as 37.5 μl/min. This high-throughput, clogging-free, and highly integrated platform holds great promise for point-of-care blood pretreatment, analysis, and diagnosis applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinuo Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University , Beijing, China
| | - Xiongying Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University , Beijing, China
| | - Zengshuai Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University , Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University , Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University , Beijing, China
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Alvankarian J, Majlis BY. Tunable Microfluidic Devices for Hydrodynamic Fractionation of Cells and Beads: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 15:29685-701. [PMID: 26610519 PMCID: PMC4701354 DOI: 10.3390/s151129685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The adjustable microfluidic devices that have been developed for hydrodynamic-based fractionation of beads and cells are important for fast performance tunability through interaction of mechanical properties of particles in fluid flow and mechanically flexible microstructures. In this review, the research works reported on fabrication and testing of the tunable elastomeric microfluidic devices for applications such as separation, filtration, isolation, and trapping of single or bulk of microbeads or cells are discussed. Such microfluidic systems for rapid performance alteration are classified in two groups of bulk deformation of microdevices using external mechanical forces, and local deformation of microstructures using flexible membrane by pneumatic pressure. The main advantage of membrane-based tunable systems has been addressed to be the high capability of integration with other microdevice components. The stretchable devices based on bulk deformation of microstructures have in common advantage of simplicity in design and fabrication process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Alvankarian
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, National University of Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Burhanuddin Yeop Majlis
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, National University of Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Nguyen J, Wei Y, Zheng Y, Wang C, Sun Y. On-chip sample preparation for complete blood count from raw blood. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:1533-44. [PMID: 25631744 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc01251h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a monolithic microfluidic device capable of on-chip sample preparation for both RBC and WBC measurements from whole blood. For the first time, on-chip sample processing (e.g. dilution, lysis, and filtration) and downstream single cell measurement were fully integrated to enable sample preparation and single cell analysis from whole blood on a single device. The device consists of two parallel sub-systems that perform sample processing and electrical measurements for measuring RBC and WBC parameters. The system provides a modular environment capable of handling solutions of various viscosities by adjusting the length of channels and precisely controlling mixing ratios, and features a new 'offset' filter configuration for increased duration of device operation. RBC concentration, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), cell distribution width, WBC concentration and differential are determined by electrical impedance measurement. Experimental characterization of over 100,000 cells from 10 patient blood samples validated the system's capability for performing on-chip raw blood processing and measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Nguyen
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Alvankarian J, Majlis BY. Exploiting the oxygen inhibitory effect on UV curing in microfabrication: a modified lithography technique. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119658. [PMID: 25747514 PMCID: PMC4351881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid prototyping (RP) of microfluidic channels in liquid photopolymers using standard lithography (SL) involves multiple deposition steps and curing by ultraviolet (UV) light for the construction of a microstructure layer. In this work, the conflicting effect of oxygen diffusion and UV curing of liquid polyurethane methacrylate (PUMA) is investigated in microfabrication and utilized to reduce the deposition steps and to obtain a monolithic product. The conventional fabrication process is altered to control for the best use of the oxygen presence in polymerization. A novel and modified lithography technique is introduced in which a single step of PUMA coating and two steps of UV exposure are used to create a microchannel. The first exposure is maskless and incorporates oxygen diffusion into PUMA for inhibition of the polymerization of a thin layer from the top surface while the UV rays penetrate the photopolymer. The second exposure is for transferring the patterns of the microfluidic channels from the contact photomask onto the uncured material. The UV curing of PUMA as the main substrate in the presence of oxygen is characterized analytically and experimentally. A few typical elastomeric microstructures are manufactured. It is demonstrated that the obtained heights of the fabricated structures in PUMA are associated with the oxygen concentration and the UV dose. The proposed technique is promising for the RP of molds and microfluidic channels in terms of shorter processing time, fewer fabrication steps and creation of microstructure layers with higher integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Alvankarian
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Burhanuddin Yeop Majlis
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Patil P, Madhuprasad M, Kumeria T, Losic D, Kurkuri M. Isolation of circulating tumour cells by physical means in a microfluidic device: a review. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16489c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolation and enumeration of circulating tumour cells (CTCs) from human blood has a huge significance in diagnosis and prognosis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Patil
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences
- Jain University
- Bangalore-562112
- India
| | | | - Tushar Kumeria
- School of Chemical Engineering
- University of Adelaide
- Adelaide
- Australia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
| | - Dusan Losic
- School of Chemical Engineering
- University of Adelaide
- Adelaide
- Australia
| | - Mahaveer Kurkuri
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences
- Jain University
- Bangalore-562112
- India
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Campo-Deaño L, Dullens RPA, Aarts DGAL, Pinho FT, Oliveira MSN. Viscoelasticity of blood and viscoelastic blood analogues for use in polydymethylsiloxane in vitro models of the circulatory system. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2013; 7:34102. [PMID: 24404022 PMCID: PMC3669138 DOI: 10.1063/1.4804649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The non-Newtonian properties of blood are of great importance since they are closely related with incident cardiovascular diseases. A good understanding of the hemodynamics through the main vessels of the human circulatory system is thus fundamental in the detection and especially in the treatment of these diseases. Very often such studies take place in vitro for convenience and better flow control and these generally require blood analogue solutions that not only adequately mimic the viscoelastic properties of blood but also minimize undesirable optical distortions arising from vessel curvature that could interfere in flow visualizations or particle image velocimetry measurements. In this work, we present the viscoelastic moduli of whole human blood obtained by means of passive microrheology experiments. These results and existing shear and extensional rheological data for whole human blood in the literature enabled us to develop solutions with rheological behavior analogous to real whole blood and with a refractive index suited for PDMS (polydymethylsiloxane) micro- and milli-channels. In addition, these blood analogues can be modified in order to obtain a larger range of refractive indices from 1.38 to 1.43 to match the refractive index of several materials other than PDMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Campo-Deaño
- Centro de Estudos de Fenómenos de Transporte, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Roel P A Dullens
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk G A L Aarts
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando T Pinho
- Centro de Estudos de Fenómenos de Transporte, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mónica S N Oliveira
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XJ, United Kingdom
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